# Dossier A — Egyptian attestations of Ankhkheperure (Smenkhkare Djeserkheperu / Neferneferuaten) and the Akhenaten–Tutankhamun interval

14 numbered entries, synthesis, coverage and gaps. All quotations are from the files named in each entry.

## Conventions
- Verification codes for each source: **(a)** read in full; **(b)** read part / abstract / preview / catalogue page; **(c)** known only through citation by another author.
- Transliteration: standard Egyptological (ꜣ ꜥ ḥ ḫ ẖ š ḳ/q ṯ ḏ). Cartouches marked ( ).
- Aten didactic names: **Early form** (before c. year 9): "Ra-Horakhty who rejoices in the horizon | in his name as Shu (light) who is in the Aten"; **Late form** (from c. year 9): "Ra ruler of the horizon who rejoices in the horizon | in his name as Ra the father who has come as the Aten".
- Files saved under sources/ are referenced by filename.

## Catalogue entries (numbered)


> Format of each entry: (1) object / findspot / present location / inventory no.; (2) exact royal names and epithets as written (transliteration + translation), which Ankhkheperure / Neferneferuaten variant, feminine forms, erasure or recutting; (3) regnal-year date; (4) other persons named and Aten name-form; (5) publication and where I saw it, with verification code; (6) implication for the sequence, with the strongest rival reading.

### Entry 1 — Dayr Abu Hinnis quarry graffito, "Year 16" of Akhenaten (naming Nefertiti as King's Great Wife)

(1) Hieratic quarry inscription (dipinto) in limestone quarry no. 320 at Dayr Abū Ḥinnis, on the east bank c. 10 km north of Amarna (Dodson 2020: "a quarry at Deir Abu Hinnis, some ten kilometers north of Amarna (fig. 80)"). Discovered 2012 by the Leuven (KU Leuven) Dayr al-Barsha Project (Athena Van der Perre). In situ; no museum number.

(2) Names as reported (I have NOT seen the editio princeps itself, see (5)): full titulary of Akhenaten (Nfr-ḫprw-rꜥ wꜥ-n-rꜥ | Ꜣḫ-n-jtn) and of the ḥmt-nsw wrt "King's Great Wife" (Nfr-nfrw-jtn Nfrt-jjtj) "Neferneferuaten-Nefertiti", according to the published summaries; no Ankhkheperure and no kingly titulary for Nefertiti. Dodson 2020 (a): "on I 3ht 15 of Akhenaten's Year 16 (a little more than a year before his death), Nefertiti was still only King's Great Wife". Dodson: "It records the extraction of stone for the hwt-itn (Small Aten Temple), and thus is an unequivocal statement of Nefertiti's formal status on that day." (Dodson_2020_Nefertiti_Queen_and_Pharaoh_archive.org_djvu.txt, lines c. 2944-2960; the OCR of Dodson's book reads "I 3ht 15"; the date usually cited from Van der Perre 2014 is III Akhet 15 (my recollection of the abstract/secondary summaries, not re-verified — the OCR may have lost strokes). The MONTH must be checked against Van der Perre 2014 before it is quoted.)

(3) Regnal year 16 of Akhenaten, day 15 of a month of Akhet (I or III Akhet — see above). This is the latest securely dated attestation of Nefertiti and the only year-dated text naming her after Year 12.

(4) Akhenaten (both cartouches); Aten name presumably late form (not verified by me). Nefertiti's name in the form "Neferneferuaten Nefertiti" (per summaries).

(5) Editio princeps: A. Van der Perre, "Nofretetes (vorerst) letzte dokumentierte Erwähnung", in F. Seyfried (ed.), Im Licht von Amarna. 100 Jahre Fund der Nofretete (Berlin 2012), 195-197 — (c), known through citation (Dietrich 2024; Reeves 2015 n. 32 "Van der Perre 2014"). Full study: A. Van der Perre, "The Year 16 graffito of Akhenaten in Dayr Abū Ḥinnis. A Contribution to the Study of the Later Years of Nefertiti", Journal of Egyptian History 7 (2014) 67-108 — (b): Brill abstract page read via curl only; body not obtained (Brill 403; no open copy found). Secondary (a): Dodson 2020, Nefertiti, Queen and Pharaoh, pp. 72-73 with fig. 80; Reeves 2015 ARTP Occasional Paper 1, n. 32 ("the recent discovery of a graffito dated Year 16 ... in which Nefertiti is referred to still as great royal wife"; Reeves_2015_Burial_of_Nefertiti_ARTP_OccPaper1.txt line c. 925); ARCE 2021 lecture transcript (a) line 44 ("still alive and calling herself Queen Nefertiti in Akhenaten's year 16").

(6) Implication: Nefertiti was alive and still a queen (not a king) in Year 16, i.e. after every attestation of Smenkhkare that can be dated before Year 16 on other grounds. It (i) kills the old "Nefertiti died/was disgraced in Year 12-14" theory and (ii) makes Nefertiti available as candidate for King Neferneferuaten only if her elevation fell in Year 16-17. Strongest rival reading: none against the fact itself; the dispute is over consequence — Gabolde/Allen (Meritaten = Neferneferuaten) hold that the graffito shows Nefertiti stuck at queenly rank, whereas Reeves 2015 and Dodson 2020 hold that it simply re-dates her promotion to after I/III Akhet Year 16 (Reeves: "presumably indicates it was later").

### Entry 2 — Hieratic graffito in the tomb of Pairi/Pere (TT 139), "Year 3" of Ankhkheperure ... Neferneferuaten ...

(1) Hieratic dipinto (ink) written on the wall over the doorway of the burial passage in the chapel of Pairi (Pere), Theban Tomb 139, Sheikh Abd el-Qurna (reign of Amenhotep III). In situ. Copied by Wilkinson (1820s-30s), published Bouriant 1893 (Mémoires de la Mission archéologique française au Caire I), Scheil 1894; re-collated by Newberry 1923 and Gardiner; standard edition A.H. Gardiner, "The Graffito from the Tomb of Pere", JEA 14 (1928) 10-11, pls. V-VI (hand copy of Gardiner beside Newberry's transcript); = Urk. IV 2024,14 ff. (Krauss 2006 cites "Urk. IV 2024, 14").

(2) Dateline as translated by Gardiner 1928 (a; JEA14_1928_Newberry_Gardiner_Ankhkheprure_Pere_graffito_OCR.txt lines 398-404 and the archive.org djvu text): "(1) Year 3, third month of inundation, day 10. The King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Lord of the Two Lands, Ankhkheprure beloved of [Neferkheprure], (2) the Son of Re, Nefernefruaten beloved of Wan[re]. (3) Giving praise to Amun, prostration before Onnophris, (4) by the wab-priest, scribe of the divine offerings of Amun in the House of Ankhkheprure (5) in Thebes, Pawah, born of Iotefsonb." Titles of Pawah as summarised by Newberry (JEA 14, 9): "(1) 'Scribe of the Divine Offerings of Amun in the temple of Ankhkheprure at Thebes' and (2) 'Scribe of the temple of Amun in the (mortuary?) temple of Ankhkheprure'"; the writer of the hymn was Pawah's brother "Thay or Bathay" (Gardiner) / Batjay (Dodson). Transliteration of the dateline as normally given (Krauss 2006, HKW p. 207-208 (a)): "10/III/Akhet year 3 of ꜥnḫ-ḫprw-rꜥ mrjj /// Nfr-nfrw-jtn mrjj ///" — i.e. the epithets after mry are lost in both cartouches; the prenomen is the EXTENDED (Neferneferuaten-type) form, never the plain Smenkhkare form. Gardiner's caveat (a): "I must confess I was a convinced advocate of the reading Aakheprure (with [ꜥꜣ] instead of [ꜥnḫ]) for the king's prenomen until Professor Newberry showed me the error of my ways ... the disputed sign in the four occurrences of the prenomen is practically identical with the certain [ꜥnḫ] in ... l. 13." Note that the temple name in ll. 4-5 and l. 33 is written with the SHORT prenomen "Ankhkheperure" without epithet. No feminine marker is visible in Gardiner's rendering (Dodson 2020 renders the nomen epithet as "meryet"? — his text reads "Ankhkheperure-mery-A[...] Neferneferuaten-..." in the 2020 book, lines 3321-3323, and "Neferneferuaten-meryet-[...]" in Amarna Sunset 2009 p. 44 (a), which he footnotes as omitting/containing a feminine t — the sign is damaged and its reading disputed).

(3) "Year 3, III Akhet 10" — the ONLY regnal-year date attached to any Ankhkheperure name (Newberry: "the highest, indeed, the only, date of the king's reign — the year three"). DISAGREEMENT recorded: Dodson 2020 (a; line 3321-3323 of the djvu text) gives "III 3ht 10 of Year 3"; Dodson 2009 Amarna Sunset p. 44 (a) gives "day 3 of IV prt in Year 3" — an internal inconsistency in Dodson's two books; Gardiner 1928 and Krauss 2006 both have III Akhet 10, which I adopt.

(4) No other royal person named. Amun (and Onnophris = Osiris) worshipped; the god's offerings are administered "in the House/Mansion of Ankhkheperure in Thebes" (ḥwt ꜥnḫ-ḫprw-rꜥ m Wꜣst per Gardiner's rendering "House of Ankhkheprure in Thebes"). No Aten name.

(5) Gardiner JEA 14 (1928) 10-11 (a) via archive.org item in.ernet.dli.2015.70987 (file JEA_14_1928_archive.org_in.ernet.dli.2015.70987_djvu.txt; OCR file JEA14_1928_Newberry_Gardiner_Ankhkheprure_Pere_graffito_OCR.txt); Newberry JEA 14 (1928) 3-9 (a); Krauss in Hornung-Krauss-Warburton 2006, 207-208 (a); Dodson 2009: 43-46 (a); Dodson 2020: 79-80 (a); Allen 2009: 12 (a) ("The highest date known for Neferneferuaten is Regnal Year 3"); Reeves 2023, "The Decorated North Wall in the Tomb of Tutankhamun ... / the Pairi graffito re-read" — (c), known only through Dietrich 2024 n. 18 ("Arguments for a sequence Smenkhkare - Neferneferuaten based on the dipinto in the tomb of Pairy (TT 139) as presented by e.g. Dodson (2020b) have been convincingly rejected by a corrected reading by Reeves (2023)") and through earlier search snippets which stated that Reeves re-reads the temple name as that of ꜥꜣ-ḫprw-rꜥ (Amenhotep II) rather than ꜥnḫ-ḫprw-rꜥ — i.e. Reeves revives, for the TEMPLE name only, the very reading Gardiner abandoned for the dateline. I could not verify Reeves's argument in his own words.

(6) Implication: (i) a ruler with the extended prenomen and nomen Neferneferuaten counted at least three regnal years; (ii) by Year 3 the Amun cult was openly functioning at Thebes and a "Mansion of Ankhkheperure" existed there with a staff of Amun-priests — hence either the Amarna religion had been relaxed in her/his reign, or (Allen 2009: "perhaps her mortuary temple") the temple was a funerary foundation of a deceased Ankhkheperure. Rival readings: (a) Dodson 2009/2020 — temple of Ankhkheperure (short form) = mortuary temple of the dead SMENKHKARE, so Smenkhkare preceded Neferneferuaten, whose Year 3 is dated here; (b) Reeves 2023 — the temple is Amenhotep II's (ꜥꜣ-ḫprw-rꜥ), so nothing follows about Smenkhkare's priority; (c) Krauss 2006 — the date "seems to relate to the king [i.e. the male Ankhkheperure], but the queen is not excluded"; if it is hers "then she continued the year count of her husband"; (d) Allen 1994/2009 — Year 3 is Neferneferuaten's own count, begun as coregent; Smenkhkare's short reign followed.

### Entry 3 — Tomb of Meryre II (Amarna tomb 2): (a) the Smenkhkare–Meritaten scene; (b) the Year-12 "durbar"

(1) Rock-cut tomb of Meryre (Meryra) II, "Overseer of the Two Treasuries, Royal Scribe, Steward of the King's Great Wife Nefertiti", northern group, Amarna tomb no. 2. Two relevant walls: (a) north wall, west of entrance (Davies's pl. XLI), unfinished ink sketch; (b) the tribute scene, east wall (Davies pls. XXXVII-XL). In situ; the cartouches of scene (a) were destroyed by 1890s vandalism (Petrie 1894: "This inscription in the tomb is now totally destroyed, in the smashings made a few years ago").

(2) Scene (a): royal couple under the Aten rays, the king rewarding Meryre; the cartouches were recorded by Lepsius (LD III 99a) and Prisse (Monuments égyptiens p. 3) as the prenomen ꜥnḫ-ḫprw-rꜥ and the nomen Smnḫ-kꜣ-rꜥ ḏsr-ḫprw (Lepsius misread the nomen as "Ra-se-aa-ka-nekht-khepru", Prisse as "Ra-se-hek-ka-ser-khepru": Petrie 1894 p. 29 (a), Petrie_1894_Tell_el_Amarna_OCR.txt lines 4085-4100 — Petrie used his ring bezels 103-5 to fix the true reading Smenkhkare-djeserkheperu), and the ḥmt-nsw wrt Mrjt-jtn "King's Great Wife Meritaten". Dietrich 2024: 100 (a) summarises Lepsius's record as "𓍹Ꜥnḫ-ḫpr.w-Rꜥw𓍺 𓍹Smnḫ-kꜢ-Rꜥw Ḏsr-ḫpr.w𓍺 and his King's Great Wife 𓍹Mri̯(.jjt)-ʾItn𓍺". No epithet in the prenomen; nomen with ḏsr-ḫprw. No feminine form. Davies 1905 (a): "the figures of the King and Queen, with the familiar cartouches of Akhenaten and Nefertiti replaced by those of Merytaten their daughter and her husband, Ankh-kheperu-ra ... It is somewhat difficult to decide whether the design as well as the cartouches belong to Se-aa-ka-ra's reign" (Davies_1905_RTA_II ... djvu.txt lines 5494-5515; Davies still used Lepsius's reading "Se-aa-ka-ra" in the text). Dodson 2009 n. 17 (a) notes that the Meryre-II queen's cartouche (like the sequins, Entry 5i) omits any feminine t — i.e. the name is written Mry-jtn; this is the basis of the (Gabolde/Reeves) argument that "Meryaten/Meritaten" as a cartouche name could be an epithet-name.

Scene (b) (durbar): Davies 1905 pp. 38-43, pls. XXXVII-XL (a). Date text as restored by Davies from Huya's parallel (RTA III pl. XIII) (Davies_1905 ... djvu.txt lines 4834-4860): "Year [twelve, second month of the winter season, eighth day] of the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, living on Truth, Lord of the Two Lands, Nefer-kheperu-ra, Son of the Sun, living on Truth, Lord of [Diadems], Akhenaten, great in his duration, and the great wife of the King, his beloved, Nefertiti, living for ever and ever. His Majesty appeared on the throne of the Divine and Sovereign Father, the Aten, who lives on Truth; and the chiefs of all lands brought the tribute ... praying favour at his hand (?) in order to inhale the breath of life." Davies notes the numerals in Meryre II are damaged and the date is secured by Huya ("the dating of which is clear, and agrees with what remains of the numbers here"). Six daughters are shown with the royal couple in Meryre II (Davies pl. XXXVIII).

(3) (a) undated; (b) Year 12, II Peret 8 of Akhenaten.

(4) (b): Akhenaten, Nefertiti (as ḥmt-nsw wrt), six daughters; Aten name late form (post-Year 9). (a): Meritaten as ḥmt-nsw wrt of Smenkhkare; Aten rays present (Dodson 2009: "shows him beneath the protective rays of the Aten").

(5) N. de G. Davies, The Rock Tombs of El Amarna II (ASE 14, 1905), pp. 38-44, pls. XXXVII-XLI — (a) full text via archive.org item archaeologicalsu0000fllg (file Davies_1905_RTA_II_Panehesy_MeryraII_archive.org_archaeologicalsu0000fllg_djvu.txt; plates not seen). Lepsius LD III 99a — (c). Dietrich 2024: 100 (a). Dodson 2009: 30-32 (a); Dodson 2020: 68-71 (a). Allen 2009: 9 and n. 6 (a): "Smenkhkare and Neferneferuaten are each associated as well with Meritaten as chief queen, the former in a scene in the tomb of Merire II at Amarna".

(6) Implication: the only monumental attestation of Smenkhkare; it shows him (i) as a king with a King's Great Wife Meritaten, (ii) at Amarna under the Aten, (iii) in a tomb whose last dated decoration is Year 12 — so the scene is later than Year 12 and the tomb's decoration stopped (unfinished) in his reign/coregency. Rival readings: Davies (a): scene = coregency of the new king; Dodson 2009/2020: Smenkhkare as Akhenaten's coregent c. Year 13/14 who died before Year 16; Allen 2009: Smenkhkare's brief SOLE reign after Neferneferuaten (the scene then post-dates Akhenaten); Gabolde 1998 / Reeves 2015 (single ruler): Reeves reads Smenkhkare as the LATER name of Nefertiti ("Meritaten as great royal wife of Neferneferuaten — Carter 001k; as great royal wife of Smenkhkare — Davies 1905 pl. XLI" is for Reeves evidence of one person, ARTP OP1 n. 33, (a)). The absence of Nefertiti from scene (a) proves nothing (she is absent from Smenkhkare's scene whether dead, king, or merely not depicted).

### Entry 4 — Amarna hieratic jar dockets and jar sealings (Petrie 1892 / EES 1921-36)

(1) Ink dockets (hieratic) on wine, oil, honey, fat, meat and other amphorae, and stamped mud jar sealings, from the Central City (Great Palace, Records Office etc.), the North Suburb, Maru-Aten and the Main City. Locations: Petrie's sherds (UC London and dispersed); EES material dispersed among museums (Ashmolean, BM, Cairo, Brooklyn etc.); many items published only in facsimile: Petrie 1894 pls. XXII-XXV; COA I (Peet-Woolley 1923) pls. LVIII-LXIV; COA II (Frankfort-Pendlebury 1933) pls. LVII-LVIII; COA III (Pendlebury 1951) pls. LXXXV-XCVIII (texts by H.W. Fairman, pp. 143-208).

(2)-(3) Docket texts naming or bearing on the Ankhkheperure rulers:
- COA III no. 35 (pl. LXXXVI/XCVIII[35], = Fairman p. 199, estate list item 8): "House of Smenkhkare, justified (35)" (Pendlebury_1951_COA_III ... djvu.txt line 13823), i.e. pr Smnḫ-kꜣ-rꜥ mꜣꜥ-ḫrw; dated "year 1" (Fairman p. 157: "No. 35 might be assigned to Tutankhamun, if the reading mꜣꜥ-ḫrw be correct and if any value can be attached to this term" — line 12759-12760; Allen 2009: 12 (a): "The sole date associated with Smenkhkare — Regnal Year 1, in a label on a jar of wine from 'the house of SMENKHKARE' — could come from the reign of Tutankhamun; even if it is Smenkhkare's, it is doubtful that he ruled for more than a year"; Dodson 2009: 31 and n. 14 (a): "a docket on a wine jar from the first year of the reign that followed Akhenaten's, which mentions an 'Estate of Smenkhkare, [tr]ue [of voi]ce'" citing "Pendlebury 1951: pl. lxxxvi, xcviii[35]; cf. 199"). Reading of mꜣꜥ-ḫrw is partly restored (Dodson's brackets); Fairman himself doubted its value. If mꜣꜥ-ḫrw ("justified" = deceased) is right, Smenkhkare was DEAD in a Year 1 that is not his own.
- COA III no. 36 (estate list item 9, line 13825): "House of Ankhkheperure (Smenkhkare)" — pr ꜥnḫ-ḫprw-rꜥ with the SHORT prenomen; no year noted in the summary list (year not verified by me; the docket facsimile pl. LXXXVI not seen).
- COA III nos. 24-25 (these are STAMPED JAR SEALINGS, not hieratic dockets, in Fairman's section "Types of the individual impressions", pp. 147-148, lines 12105-12111): "Wine of the house of Neferneferuaten, Nefertiti (24)" and "Good wine of the store-house of Neferneferuaten, [Nefertiti] (25)"; (26) "[Wine of the house of ?] the great royal wife". Being stamp impressions they carry NO regnal year. They attest an estate (pr) of Queen Neferneferuaten-Nefertiti (the queenly double-name, not the kingly cartouche pair). Estate list item 6 (line 13819): "House of Nefertiti (28-30)"; Fairman p. 201 (line 16857): "The House of Nefertiti is mentioned on the hieratic dockets" (so hieratic dockets of the pr Nfrt-jjtj exist as well, nos. 28-30, year not checked).
- COA III no. 279 (pl. XCV, 279; Fairman pp. 157, 159; lines 12427-12430, 12862-12866, 12876-12884): palimpsest wine docket: "in No. 279 'year 1' is written partly over an earlier 'year 17'". Fairman (a): "This docket does not contain a double dating, since 'Year 1' is written over 'Year 17'. It records, therefore, the first year of an unnamed king which followed the 17th year of another unnamed king. There cannot be any doubt that the latter was Akhenaten. Year 1 can hardly have been that of Smenkhkare since, as we have seen, his year 1 was probably year 15 of Akhenaten. Thus the docket must be assigned to the first year of Tutankhamun ... This docket also strongly supports the impression that the highest regnal year of Akhenaten was year 17." Allen 2009 n. 14 (a) gives the palimpsest as "rnpt-ḥsb 17 bjt [...]" erased with "rnpt-[ḥsb] 1 j[rp ...]" added beneath. Fairman's premise (Smenkhkare's year 1 = Akhenaten's 15, i.e. a coregency counted separately) is itself a hypothesis; Krauss 2006 (a) instead makes the Amarna years 1-3 those of "King Ankhkheperure" and the final year-1 vintage either Ankhetkheperure's or Tutankhamun's.
- Petrie 1894 (Griffith's chapter, pp. 32-34 (a), Petrie_1894_Tell_el_Amarna_OCR.txt lines 4739-4905): table "Reign of Akhenaten's successor, Rasmenkh-ka": wine year 1 (1 jar? "A single sherd appeared to have a date of the year 1, but ... the numeral was indistinct"), year 2 wine; oil: "No less than twenty-five jars of the second year and one of the third ... as well as two jars of fat of the third year"; "These dates are the only evidence that we have of the duration of Ra-smenkh-ka's reign." "76. The wine series extending from the fourth year of Akhenaten to the second of Smenkh-ka-ra". NB: Griffith assigned years 1-3 to the successor purely on the assumption that the dockets ran continuously from Akhenaten's year 17.
- COA III, Fairman's analysis (a), pp. 156-159: dockets of years 1-4 exist in quantity (year 2 oil especially); "it is possible that some of the dockets of year 1 are of Smenkhkare, it is less likely that those of the year 2 are his, and very improbable that any of the year 3 belong to his reign. On the other hand, any of the years 1 to 3, and possibly those of year 4 also, could be years of Tutankhamun." Year 17 is Akhenaten's highest year ("the year 17 still remains the highest known date", line 12427).
- Krauss 2006 (HKW pp. 207-208) (a): "The wine jar labels from Amarna attest sixteen successive wine vintages ..., 13 corresponding to years 5 through 17 of Akhenaten, whereas 3 vintages correspond to regnal years of his successors ... Up to year 13 of Akhenaten the chief vintners held the title ḥrj kꜣmw. The title ḥrj bꜥḥ is attested from year 13 through 17 and its use continued in year 1 and 2 of King Ankhkheprure. The last vintage that is documented at Amarna dates to a regnal year 1; in that year the vintner's title ḥrj kꜣmw was reintroduced and continued to be used as wine jar labels in the tomb of Tutankhamun show ... Regnal year 1 of the last vintage at Amarna could belong either to the queen Ankhetkheprure or to Tutankhamun." "Year 3 continues year 1 and 2 of King Ankhkheprure as labels of year 2 and 3 belonging to a single delivery of olive oil prove (Hornung, Untersuchungen, 88-89). There are only 3 wine jar labels of year 3."
- COA I (Peet-Woolley 1923) (a): Maru-Aten dockets (pp. 111-116 region, lines 10150-10240 of the djvu text) — Kiya's name erased for Meritaten on Maru-Aten monuments (see Entry 13); the dockets include years up to 17 (not re-verified).
- Sealing with two royal figures (COA I p. 11, 14, pl. X.6; house of Ranefer N49.18; one impression Ashmolean 1921.1149) — see Entry 6.

(4) Other names on dockets: House of Akhenaten (no. 22-23), House of Nefertiti (28-30), the great royal wife (26), Kiya (COA I; year 11 docket, Dodson 2014: 129 n. 54 (a)), House of Tutankhamun (KV62 jars; Entry 5m).

(5) Petrie 1894 (a; archive.org tellelamarna00petr and the OCR file); COA I 1923 (a; EXCMEM38); COA III 1951 (a; EXCMEM44.1); Allen 2009 (a); Krauss 2006 (a); Dodson 2009 (a). Not seen: the plates (facsimiles) of any of these; Hornung, Untersuchungen zur Chronologie und Geschichte des Neuen Reiches (1964) 88-89 (c); Tallet's wine-jar studies (c).

(6) Implication: the Amarna dockets prove (i) Akhenaten's Year 17 (highest), (ii) a run of years 1-3 of at least one successor at Amarna, (iii) that a jar of Year 1 was re-labelled from Year 17 — a successor's Year 1 began within the vintage year of Akhenaten's 17 — and (iv) the coexistence of estates named for "Smenkhkare (justified?)" and "Ankhkheperure". Rival readings: Griffith/Petrie — years 1-3 = Smenkhkare; Fairman — years 1-4 mostly Tutankhamun, Smenkhkare a coregent (his year 1 = Akhenaten 15); Krauss — years 1-3 = King Ankhkheperure (Smenkhkare) counting from Akhenaten's death, last year 1 = Ankhetkheperure or Tutankhamun; Allen 2009 — Neferneferuaten's coregency years overlap Akhenaten's 16-17, Smenkhkare's "Year 1" docket may be Tutankhamun's; Dodson 2009/2020 — Smenkhkare coregent c. Years 13/14-15, dead before Year 16; the "House of Smenkhkare, justified, Year 1" then refers to his posthumous estate in Neferneferuaten's or Tutankhamun's Year 1.

### Entry 5 — Objects from KV 62 (tomb of Tutankhamun) naming or made for Ankhkheperure Neferneferuaten / Smenkhkare

General: Carter's own cards (Griffith Institute, "Tutankhamun: Anatomy of an Excavation", http://www.griffith.ox.ac.uk/gri/carter/) were read for 001k, 048h, 254, 256a, 256b, 266g, 405 and the wine jars (all (a), saved as Griffith_Carter_cards_*.txt). Beinlich & Saleh, Corpus der hieroglyphischen Inschriften aus dem Grab des Tutanchamun (1989) — (c) throughout (cited by Dietrich, Dodson, Gabolde, Reeves). The modern compilations of "reused" objects are Harris 1992 (c), Eaton-Krauss 1993-1998, 2016 (c), Gabolde 1998 (c) and 2009 (a), Allen 2009 (a), Reeves 2015 ARTP OP1 (a), Sousa-Pieke-Bagh eds 2024 (Broschat-Eckmann chapter, (b) fragments).

5a. Carter 001k — wooden box (lid strip and knobs) "of Smenkhkare"
(1) Broken gesso-covered wooden box with vaulted lid; found in the fill of the entrance passage (first find-group, no. 1). Cairo JE 61500a-b, now GEM 354. Central rail L. 58, W. 3.5 cm (Carter card 001k-1).
(2) Text of the incised rail (Dietrich 2024: 100, (a), whose transliteration I copy with attribution; she follows Newberry 1928, Sandman 1938: 168 [CXCIV], Urk. IV 2024 [770], Gabolde 1998: 178-183): nswt-bjt ꜥnḫ-m-mꜣꜥ.t nb-tꜣ.wj (Nfr-ḫpr.w-Rꜥw Wꜥ-n(.j)-Rꜥw)| zꜣ-Rꜥw ꜥnḫ-m-mꜣꜥ.t nb-ḫꜥi.w (Ꜣḫ-n-Itn)| ꜥꜣ-m-ꜥḥꜥ(.w)=f nswt-bjt (Ꜥnḫ-ḫpr.w-Rꜥw Mri(.jj)-Nfr-ḫpr(.w)-Rꜥw)| zꜣ-Rꜥw nb-ḫꜥi.w (Nfr-nfr.w-Itn Mri.(jj)-Wꜥ-n(.j)-Rꜥw)| ḥm.t-nswt wr.t (Mri.(jj)t-Itn)| ꜥnḫ.tj ḏ.t — "Lord of Upper and Lower Egypt, who lives in truth, Lord of the Two Lands Neferkheperure Waenre, Son of Re, who lives in truth, Lord of Appearances Akhenaten, great in his lifetime, Lord of Upper and Lower Egypt Ankhkheperure beloved of Neferkheperure, Son of Re, Lord of Appearances Neferneferuaten beloved of Waenre, King's Great Wife Meritaten, may she live forever." Knobs (Carter card 001k-1 and -3, Newberry 1928: 4-5 (a)): one knob "Ankhkheprure, beloved of Neferkheprure" (prenomen), the adjoining knob "Nefernefruaten, beloved of Uanre" (nomen). Gardiner's card 001k-3: "By inference from name of Mrt-itn <> in these inscr. is always <>" (i.e. a remark on the reading of a sign, hieroglyphs omitted in the transcript). Lid also carries a hieratic docket (card 001k-2, Gardiner): "A list of the contents of 'the box of Kedi' ... 'what is in it belonging to House-of-destroying-the-Bowmen' ... a list of different garments of linen (byssus) followed by a total". Variant: prenomen mry-Nfr-ḫprw-rꜥ / nomen mry-Wꜥ-n-rꜥ (Reeves's form (a), Dodson's "variant A"). No feminine ending on this object (Meritaten's cartouche is written Mrjt-jtn with t: Dietrich "Mri̯.(jj)t-ʾItn"). No erasure.
(3) Undated.
(4) Akhenaten (full titulary, "great in his lifetime" — a living-king epithet), Meritaten as ḥmt-nsw wrt "may she live". No Aten name on the rail.
(5) Carter card 001k-1..4 (a; file Griffith_Carter_cards_001k_box_of_Smenkhkare.txt); Newberry JEA 14 (1928) 4-5 (a); Dietrich 2024: 100-101 (a); Allen 2009: 9-10, Fig. 2 (a; "her cartouches follow his on at least two objects, a box from the tomb of Tutankhamun (Carter 1k, Fig. 2) and a fragmentary stela found at Amarna"); Dodson 2009: 33 fig. 28 (a); Dodson 2020: 72-73 fig. 81 (a); Reeves 2015 n. 32-33 (a); Tawfik-Thomas-Hegenbarth-Reichardt MDAIK 74 (2018) 179-181 figs 1, 3 (c; cited by Dietrich; their abstract seen (b): they argue from GEM objects incl. 001k for Tutankhamun's parentage); Kemp 2016: 13-14 fig. 3 (c).
(6) Implication: the strongest single juxtaposition of Akhenaten + Neferneferuaten + Meritaten as three distinct persons in one protocol; Akhenaten's "great in his lifetime" suggests he was alive (coregency). Rival readings: Gabolde 1998: 178-179 — only TWO persons: Meritaten's cartouche is in apposition, so Meritaten = Neferneferuaten (criticised by Eaton-Krauss & Krauss 2001, Murnane OLZ 96 (2001) 18, Allen 2009 n. 6: "a reference to two individuals remains the simplest and most transparent interpretation"); Reeves 2015 — the object proves Neferneferuaten ≠ Meritaten and, since Meritaten is queen to both Neferneferuaten and Smenkhkare, one ruler (Nefertiti) under two successive name-sets; Allen 2009 — Meritaten's "demotion" from king to queen would be unthinkable, so the coregent Neferneferuaten is a third person, Neferneferuaten "Jr." (Akhenaten's fourth daughter).

5b. Carter 266g (1-4) — the four miniature gold canopic coffins ("coffinettes")
(1) Four inlaid gold miniature coffins in the calcite canopic chest, Treasury. Cairo JE 60688-60691 (Selkis coffinette = JE 60691 per Gabolde 2009).
(2) Interior texts altered: the names of Neferneferuaten erased and Tutankhamun's chased over them. Gabolde 2009 (a; Gabolde_2009_Under_a_Deep_Blue_Starry_Sky ... .txt page 17): "That this female pharaoh is also the original owner of the coffinettes 266g1-4 is proven by the (rare) occurrence of the feminine ending and, moreover, by the presence of the nomen Nfr-nfr.w-Jtn Ꜣḫ.t-n-h(j)=s in at least the coffinette of Selkis (Carter 266g, Selkis = JE 60691, line 7)"; n. 71: "Carter 266g Neith, line 13 ... 'Turmoil is the abomination of the Osiris king Tutankhamen, Ruler of Southern Heliopolis, may she (sic) live for ever.' The context makes clear that ꜥnḫ=t(j) is a 3rd fem. sing. ending". Dodson 2009: 35 (a): "confirmed beyond any doubt in 2004 by Allen and Gabolde's exhaustive reassessments of the palimpsest inscriptions on miniature gold coffins ... wherever the nomen's epithet could be detected on these objects, it was indeed ꜣḫt n ḥj.s. The femininity of Neferneferuaten was thus proven beyond doubt" (Dodson 2002a had proposed a different reading; Gabolde 2009 n. 72-78 rebuts him). Sousa et al. 2024 (b; Broschat-Eckmann chapter): "their interior inscriptions were altered, with the names of Neferneferuaten being erased and replaced with those of Tutankhamun" with photographs of the palimpsests (fig. 4.8). Carter's cards 266g-1..5 (a) describe the coffins and note "The work of the lid does not quite agree with that of the coffin; neither does the lid close properly on to the coffin" but say nothing of the palimpsest (Carter card 266g-5 gives the inscriptions with hieroglyphs omitted).
(3) Undated. (4) None (originally Neferneferuaten only). (5) Carter cards (a); Gabolde 2009: 116-118 (a); Dodson 2009 (a); Allen 2009 n. 3-5 (a); Sousa et al. 2024 (b); Engelbach ASAE 40 (1940) (c, first recognition, per Dodson n. 40); Dodson 2002a (c); Gabolde EAO 33 (2004) (c).
(6) Implication: the female king Neferneferuaten (nomen epithet "effective for her husband") had a full set of royal canopic equipment made — prepared but not used for her, then taken over for Tutankhamun. It proves her sex and that her burial goods were available at Thebes/for reuse in Tutankhamun's Year 9-10. Rival reading: none on sex now; Dodson's 2002 alternative was withdrawn in 2009.

5c. Carter 256b — gold trappings (bands and side straps) on the mummy
(1) Inlaid gold cloisonné plaques forming the longitudinal/transverse bands and ornamental side straps on the wrapped mummy; Cairo JE 60673 etc. (Carter cards 256b-01..11, (a)).
(2) Carter card 256b-05: "On the back of the cartouches, Uraei, and Rishi and drop-pendant plaques of the first section of the ornamental side straps are engraved hieroglyphic texts (see Note attached), the reading of which is not consecutive. In some cases cartouches have been deliberately cut out, plain gold inserted in their place, but in one instance the original cartouche <> which is that of Smenkh-ka-Ra remains. Thus, leading to the assumption that these particular plaques were the residue from the burial of that King utilized for Tutankhamen." Sousa et al. 2024 (b): "A more recent comment reads 'the side straps [...] were found to carry on the reverse texts containing the prenomen (occasionally cut out) of Neferneferuaten'" — i.e. Carter's "Smenkh-ka-Ra" is the pre-1978 blanket usage (Harris 1973 n. 6 (a) warns: "No reference to 'Smenkhkare' that cannot be verified is of any value, since more often than not the name is used carelessly where the cartouche is actually Nefernefruaten or the prenomen Ankhkheprure"). Gabolde 2009 (a) lists 256b among Neferneferuaten's reused pieces. The surviving cartouche is the prenomen Ankhkheperure (+ epithet, per Gabolde/Eaton-Krauss); I have not seen the text itself.
(3) Undated. (4) —. (5) Carter cards (a); Gabolde 2009: 116 (a); Sousa et al. 2024 (b); Eaton-Krauss (c).
(6) Implication: burial equipment inscribed for Ankhkheperure (Neferneferuaten) was cannibalised for Tutankhamun's mummy; "residue from the burial of that King" (Carter) vs. unused stock (Reeves 2015: "items initially prepared for the use of Akhenaten's junior co-regent").

5d. Carter 261p(1) — pectoral (Cairo JE 61944)
(2) Gabolde 2009 (a): "The peculiarly legible enlargement of Carter 261 p 1 published recently [James-De Luca 2000: 227] allows a reading of the praenomen as ꜥnḫ(.t)-ḫpr.w-Rꜥ mr(y.t)-wꜥ(w)-n-Rꜥ. The feminine ending is confirmed by the feminine epithet Mꜣꜥ.t-ḫrw following the cartouche. The nomen itself reads Nfr-nfr.w-Jtn Ꜣḫ.t-n-h(j)=s 'Neferneferuaten – Beneficial for her husband'"; Eaton-Krauss OLZ 98 (2003) 47 (quoted by Gabolde n. 68): "traces of the original hieroglyphs in the cartouche now reading Tutankhamun confirm for sceptics Marc Gabolde's reading of the epithet ꜣḫ.t n hj.s ('beneficial for her husband') for Neferneferuaten, the original owner of this piece of jewellery." Variant: Ankh(et)kheperure mery(t)-Waenre + mꜣꜥt-ḫrw; Neferneferuaten ꜣḫt-n-hj.s. (3) Undated. (5) Gabolde 2009: 116-117, fig. 9 (a); Eaton-Krauss 2003 (c). (6) Feminine prenomen + "true of voice" (feminine) on a piece later re-inscribed for Tutankhamun — the clearest small-object proof of the female king; the epithet "effective for her husband" implies Akhenaten (her husband) — hence Nefertiti or Kiya (Dodson 2009: 35-36) or, per Gabolde, Meritaten as Akhenaten's wife.

5e. Carter 254 — second (middle) coffin (Cairo JE 60670)
(2) Carter cards 254-1..8 (a) record the texts (hieroglyphs omitted) and Newberry's notes but no palimpsest. Reeves 2015 n. 30 (a): iconography identifies it as made for Neferneferuaten ("Carter obj. no. 254 (Tutankhamun's second coffin); 266g(1-4) (canopic coffinettes). See Reeves 2011"); Sousa et al. 2024 (b) fig. 4.4: on the second coffin "The cartouche located to the right of the goddess's head now contains Tutankhamun's nomen. Carter himself reported the cartouches 'were initially sketched as Akh-en-aten's names', but the still visible remnants of the former inscription have recently been more plausibly reconstructed as the nomen of Neferneferuaten." (6) Reuse of a royal coffin made for Neferneferuaten — rival: Carter's Akhenaten; the face is unlike Tutankhamun's (Reeves).

5f. Carter 256a — gold mask (Cairo JE 60672)
(2) Carter card 256a-6 (a): "The ornamental straps of the scarab are made up of odd parts of the trappings of Smenkh-ka-Ra similar to those of the side trappings ... On their backs are parts of a 'Heart Text' which included the cartouche <> of Smenkh-ka-Ra." Reeves, JAEI 7.4 (2015) 77-79 (a; Reeves_2015_Gold_Mask_JAEI.txt): beneath Tutankhamun's prenomen on the mask's shoulder inscription, "lightly chased traces of an earlier, erased royal name": "three floating legs of a ḫpr-hieroglyph ... a separate sign with rounded top and vertical base — evidently an ꜥnḫ ... three short verticals beneath the later plural strokes ... and a heavily re-emphasized rꜥ ... what these traces plainly spell out, from right to left, is the prenomen ꜥnḫ-ḫprw-rꜥ"; "the shadow-outline of a long, rectangular sign consistent with the hieroglyph mr ... underlies the nb of nb-ḫprw-rꜥ"; Johnson: Tutankhamun's cartouche is a shortened version of a longer Neferneferuaten cartouche, the freed space filled by mꜣꜥ ḫrw; epithet most likely mr nfr-ḫprw-rꜥ (or the rare mr jtn). Reconstruction drawing by Gabolde (fig. 2). Sousa et al. 2024 (b) discuss the same palimpsest (Broschat-Eckmann). (6) The mask was made for Ankhkheperure-mery-Neferkheperure Neferneferuaten (Reeves); rival: Eaton-Krauss 2016 (c) and others reject the mask's reuse (not verified by me); the "Heart Text" straps with an Ankhkheperure cartouche are undisputed.

5g. Carter 405 — calcite globular vase (Cairo JE 62172)
(2) Carter card 405-1/-2 (a): "Bears traces of an erased inscription on bowl ... seemingly given the names of two kings"; "An erased incised inscription apparently showing the cartouches of two kings (the hieroglyphs were once filled in with blue pigment)". Allen 2009: 9, Fig. 1 (a): "a calcite jar from the tomb of Tutankhamun on which Smenkhkare's cartouches follow those of Akhenaten, both subsequently erased (Carter 405)". Dietrich 2024: 102 (a): the only object joining Smenkhkare's name with Akhenaten's ("Cairo JE 62172/Carter 405; Beinlich & Saleh 1989: 185 [405]; Gabolde 1998: 5, 224-226 [fig. 7]; Harris 1992: 58; Loeben 1994"). Loeben 1994, "No evidence of coregency: two erased inscriptions from Tutankhamen's tomb", Amarna Letters 3 (c) — argues the juxtaposition is not coregency evidence. (6) Sole Akhenaten + Smenkhkare juxtaposition; Allen: "seem clearly designed to enhance the legitimacy of his claim as Akhenaten's successor"; Dietrich: "the case for a coregency of Akhenaten and Smenkhkare would be at best circumstantial".

5h. Carter 048h — compound bow
(2) Carter cards 048h-1..5 (a) describe the gold and inlay decoration and "Gold hieroglyphs stuck on ... Round bow <>, facing to end" — the transcript omits the hieroglyphs; the attribution of a Neferneferuaten/Ankhkheperure name to this bow (cited in the task list) could NOT be verified from the cards; (c) only (Beinlich-Saleh / Harris 1992 lists).

5i. Carter 046gg — gold sequins ("daisies") and Carter 101s — linen shawl
(2) Dodson 2009: 31 and nn. 17-19 (a): "a decayed garment adorned with forty-seven gold daisies, each of which bore Smenkhkare's prenomen and the name of Meryetaten, discovered among a bundle of miscellaneous linen items on the lion bed" (Cairo JE 62654, Beinlich-Saleh 1989: 20 [46gg]) — n. 17: "Which, as in TA2, omits the feminine t-ending" (i.e. Mry-jtn); "a linen shawl in the tomb also bore the king's prenomen" (Cairo JE 62662, Beinlich-Saleh 1989: 38 [101s]). Reeves 2015 form (d) (a): "Ankhkheperure : Meryaten (lit. Beloved of the Aten [= Akhenaten])" — Reeves treats the sequins' "Meryaten" as a NOMEN-epithet of the female king, not as Meritaten's name. (6) Rival readings: Dodson — Smenkhkare + Queen Meritaten; Gabolde/Reeves — a name-form of the female king "Ankh(et)kheperure Mery(t)aten"; Allen 2009 n. 62 (a) discusses Meritaten's own possible kingly claim.

5j. Two blue faience bracelets of "Neferneferuaten who is beneficial for her husband"
(2) Sousa-Pieke-Bagh 2024 (b; line 451 of the OA text): "two blue faience bracelets of Neferneferuaten 'who is beneficial for her husband', with the exact size and design of an Akhenaten bracelet, and a tunic probably from Tutankhamun's tomb" — Carter numbers not given in the passage I saw.

5k. Other pieces argued to be Neferneferuaten's on iconographic grounds (Reeves 2015 n. 29-30, (a)): 289b (figure with breasts standing on a leopard), 458 (shabti), 091 (Golden Throne — Reeves 2014 (c): "a clear sequence of inscriptional re-use from Akhenaten through Neferneferuaten to Smenkhkare and Tutankhaten/amun" — text not seen), the quartzite sarcophagus (Gabolde 2009 p. 17). Bartos 2021 ENiM 14 on the golden armchair (a; not exploited here).

5m. KV62 wine-jar dockets — the regnal-year evidence for Tutankhamun's reign length
Carter cards (a; Griffith_Carter_cards_KV62_wine_jars.txt): 180 "Year 5, wine of the house of Amen ... (?), from the Western River. Head of the vintners Kha"; 195 "Year 9 (or possibly 20), wine of the House of Aten, of the Western River"; 206 "Year 5 ... of the House of Aten of the Western River. Chief of the vintners, R-r"; 392 "Year 4, must, twice good, of the House of Aten"; 411 "Year 3 or 4?, sweet wine of Per-Aton ... Sile (Kantarah) ... Piia"; 489 "Year 5, wine of Per-aten of the river ... Sebki"; 509 "Year 2, sweet wine of Per-Aton of the Western River ... Nakht"; 516 "Year ? [9] Wine of the House of Tut. In the Western River ... May"; 541 "Year 9, wine of the House of Tutankhamun in the Western River. Chief of the vintners, Nebnufer"; 568 "Year 4, wine of the House of Tut. [of the] w. river ... Kha"; 571 "Year 5, sweet wine of the House of Aten". A "Year 10" jar (and a "Year 31" jar of Amenhotep III) are cited from Tallet, BIFAO 96 (1996) (c). Implication: Tutankhamun reigned at least 9 (probably 10) years; a "House of the Aten" was still producing wine in his Years 2-9; no docket names Ankhkheperure. (Reference to Černý, Hieratic Inscriptions from the Tomb of Tutankhamun (1965) — (c).)

### Entry 6 — The "coregency stelae", seal impressions and the Munich ivory: juxtaposed or paired rulers

6a. Stela UC 410 (Petrie Museum, London) + Cairo JE 64959 (EES 1934 find no. 34/42) — the "Coregency Stela"
(1) Fragments of a limestone stela carved on both faces; UC 410 = eight pieces from Petrie's 1891-92 work (Great Palace area, precise findspot unrecorded); 34/42 was found by the EES in 1934 in the "North Harem" of the Great Palace (Dodson 2020: 77 "one of whose fragments was found in the so-called North Harem of the Great Palace"). Fairman (COA III 232-233, (a)): "the photographs indicate a distinct possibility that 34/42 fits exactly below UC. 410 ... I feel reasonably confident that both do in fact come from the same stela."
(2) COA III 231 (Julia Samson's section, (a), Pendlebury_1951 ... djvu.txt lines 23078-23095): "in the top right-hand corner are two pairs of cartouches as placed in a coregency. The first pair contain the nomen and prenomen of Akhenaten. In the second pair are the names of Smenkhkare, ꜥnḫ-ḫprw-Rꜥ-mry-wꜥ-n-Rꜥ and Nfr-nfrw-Itn-mry-ꜣḫ-n-Itn ... The forms of association used for the two names on this stela present variations from the earlier examples which were written ꜥnḫ-ḫprw-Rꜥ-mry Nfr-ḫprw-Rꜥ and Nfr-nfrw-itn-mry-n-wꜥ-n-Rꜥ." Samson 1951: "There is no legible case of a palimpsest on the extant fragments, but the unusual poorness of the inscriptions on the obverse side may have been due to hurried additions or alterations at a time of political change." Fairman (a): "one must reckon with the possibility that the stela originally depicted Akhenaten and Nefertiti and that subsequently their cartouches were erased and replaced by those of Akhenaten and Smenkhkare. But if this be the explanation, why was the name of Akhenaten erased in the first place and then recut?" Allen, JARCE 25 (1988) 117-121 (c, but summarised in Allen 2009 n. 5 (a)): "On the stela, the dual cartouches of Neferneferuaten are carved over an original single cartouche of Nefertiti and a column of text identifying a daughter of Akhenaten, probably Meritaten"; Allen 2009 n. 12: "the secondary addition of Neferneferuaten's cartouches over that of Nefertiti ... seem to refer to the figure below them: R. Krauss, BSEG 13 (1989) 83-87; Allen 1988; Gabolde, BSEG 14 (1990) 33-47" (Gabolde's title: "Le droit d'aînesse d'Ânkhesenpaaton (À propos de deux récents articles sur la stèle UC 410)"). Dietrich 2024: 102 (a): "four pairs of feet survive, indicating a minimum of four included individuals"; the captions identify the depicted family; Ankhesenpaaten is named on it ("Ankhesenpaaten, who also appears in conjunction with Neferneferuaten on the stela London UC 410+Cairo JE 64959", p. 104). Later readings of the nomen epithet: Samson's "mry-ꜣḫ-n-itn" ("beloved of Akhenaten") is now read by Gabolde 1998 as ꜣḫt-n-hj.s "effective for her husband" (Dodson 2009: 35: "a number of cartouches of Neferneferuaten that had been read as having the epithet 'beloved of Akhenaten' actually bore the epithet ꜣḫt n ḥj.s"; Gabolde 2009 n. 75 (a) gives palaeographic reasons "to discard the readings Mr(y)-n-Ꜣḫ(w)-n-Jtn and Mr(y)-Ꜣḫ(w)-n-Jtn"). So: prenomen Ankhkheperure-mery-Waenre; nomen Neferneferuaten-[mery-Akhenaten or akhet-en-hyes]; recut over Nefertiti's single queenly cartouche.
(3) Undated. (4) Akhenaten (both cartouches); Nefertiti (erased, primary text); a King's Daughter (Meritaten per Allen; Ankhesenpaaten per Gabolde 1990 / Dietrich); Aten disk with retrograde texts (the only Amarna example of retrograde writing, Fairman). Owner: a door-keeper (jry-ꜥꜣ) of the "[House of Rejoicing?]-of-the-Aten" (reverse).
(5) COA III (1951) 231-233, pls. LXXIII.8-9, CVII.2-3, CVIII (a; text only, plates not seen); Allen 1988 (c); Krauss 1989 (c); Gabolde 1990 (c); Allen 2009: 10 nn. 5, 12 (a); Dietrich 2024: 102, 104 (a); Dodson 2020: 77 fig. 90 (a); Stewart 1976: 22 pls 12, 52.2 (c).
(6) Implication: a monument on which Queen Nefertiti's cartouche was physically converted into the double cartouche of King Neferneferuaten, with Akhenaten's names beside them — for Allen 1988/2009 and Dodson 2020 evidence that the queen depicted became the coregent (Dodson: "modified after Neferneferuaten's appointment as coregent"); for Gabolde the name-change recorded is Meritaten's (the daughter in the caption). Because the epithets refer to Akhenaten and the scene shows a living interaction under the Aten, it is the second of the three Akhenaten + Neferneferuaten juxtapositions (Dietrich: three objects for Neferneferuaten vs one for Smenkhkare).

6b. Berlin ÄM 17813 — unfinished stela of the soldier (marine) Pase (Pasi)
(1) Small limestone stela from Amarna (purchased/found 1912? DOG), Ägyptisches Museum Berlin ÄM 17813; PM IV 232.
(2) No royal names: three empty cartouches beside the figures, two pairs of empty cartouches flanking the Aten. Harris, Acta Orientalia 35 (1973) 5-13 (a; OCR file Harris_1973_Nefertiti_rediviva_AcOr35.txt): "the three standing together cannot be explained except as those of a king and queen ... two kings would require four"; iconographic criteria: the left figure (blue crown) "has rather more obvious breasts, and extends an arm in what is conventionally a woman's embrace"; the necks: "the line of the back of the neck will curve in a convex arc for a male ... whereas for a female the curve is essentially concave" — hence "a king and a queen — presumably Akhenaten and Nefertiti". Dietrich 2024: 98 (a): "two seated figures, one with a double crown turning around to cup the chin of the other wearing a blue crown. The left figure with the blue crown shows various feminine characteristics such as a female breast, a concave neckline and an overall slenderer figure ... both rulers are of the same size with no hierarchical proportion setting them apart and their direct interaction suggests both are alive." Allen 2009: 10 fig. 3 (a): "Several stelae from the end of the Amarna period show a male and female king, who must be Akhenaten and Neferneferuaten (Figs. 3-4)"; Dodson 2020: 71 fig. 78 "she must be a crowned queen".
(3) Undated. (4) Aten with empty cartouches; Pase (owner). (5) Harris 1973 (a, OCR); Dietrich 2024: 98 with n. 10 (a); Allen 2009 (a); Dodson 2009: 36-37, 2020: 71 (a); Krauss 1978: 102 (c); Laboury 2010: 339-340 (c); David 2020a (c).
(6) Implication: depends entirely on the count of cartouches (3 → king + queen, Harris) vs. the two figures' regalia (both crowned with uraeus → two kings, Newberry 1928: 7; Allen; Dietrich "coregents"); on either view the blue-crowned figure is female. Sequence-neutral except as evidence that Akhenaten had a living female co-ruler (or a crowned queen) at Amarna.

6c. Berlin ÄM 20716 — unfinished stela/plaque, two royal figures, one pouring wine
(2) No cartouches. Harris 1973 (a): "the right-hand person has a quite clearly 'concave' neck, and is therefore a queen, in spite of the crown, the group being otherwise parallel to a scene in the tomb of Meryre II"; Dietrich 2024 (a): "a standing silhouette with a blue crown pouring a liquid from a flask into a bowl held by a seated ruler with a headcloth"; Allen 2009 fig. 4 (a). (5) Harris 1973: 7-8 (a); Dietrich 2024 n. 8 (a); Allen 2016: 10-11 fig. 4 (c); Freed 1999 (c); Weber 2012 (c); GM 248 article on the wine-pouring motif (c). (6) Same as 6b; no names, so no sequence value.

6d. Berlin ÄM 15000
Only reference located: Harris 1973 n. 35 (a) lists "Berlin 15000: Schäfer, Amarna in Rel. u. Kunst, pl. 33" among representations of the queen's close-fitting rounded cap and notes "Of the Amarna examples cited in the previous note, one only is coloured (Berlin 15000), and this, strangely, is blue." I did not obtain the object's own publication or texts; whether it carries royal names is NOT verified here — (c).

6e. Seal impression Berlin ÄM 21331
(2) Dietrich 2024: 98 (a): "A fragmentary seal impression shows a similar motif of two seated figures with royal headgear and uraei, with the right figure turning back to face the other behind it (Berlin ÄM 21331; here, the two seated figures are accompanied by a third standing silhouette, most likely a king's daughter; Breuer 2012; Krauss 2007: 299-301 [figs. 3-4]). The right figure on this impression is identified by a cartouche next to the Aten above as (Nfr-ḫpr.w-Rꜥw Wꜥ-n(.j)-Rꜥw), but a second cartouche on the other side of the sun disc, perhaps referring to the second seated figure, is badly damaged." (5) S. Breuer, "14 Siegelabdrücke", in F. Seyfried (ed.), Im Licht von Amarna (2012) 370-371 (c); Krauss 2007 (c); Dietrich 2024 (a). (6) One of two paired rulers is Akhenaten; the partner unnamed (damaged) — Dietrich: "on one seal impression (Berlin ÄM 21331), one of two possible coregents is identified as Akhenaten".

6f. Seal impressions from the house of Ranefer (N49.18), Amarna (COA I pl. X.6; Ashmolean 1921.1149)
(2) Peet-Woolley, COA I (1923) 11, 14, pl. X (6) (a; djvu text): two figures under the Aten's rays seated opposite each other, "one wearing a headcloth and a red crown and the other a blue crown, both holding a heqa-sceptre" (Dietrich's description); originally described as Akhenaten and Nefertiti (COA I p. 14). Harris 1973 n. 22 (a): "two complementary impressions of the same seal, one of which (lower left) is now in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford: 1921.1149 ... this sealing does not appear since to have been included in any discussion of Smenkhkare." (6) No names; Dietrich groups it with 6b-c as a blue-crowned female figure beside a male ruler.

6g. Munich ÄS 7342 — ivory fragment (von Bissing collection), Staatliches Museum Ägyptischer Kunst, München
(1) Ivory plaque fragment with the Aten disc (rays ending in hands) and a garland; provenance unknown (von Bissing collection). First published J. Willeitner, "Ein ungewöhnlicher Beleg für den Pharao Semenchkare: das Münchner Elfenbeinfragment", MAAT 23 (2022) 32-42 and "Semenchkare als Koregent: das Münchner Elfenbeinfragment, Teil 2", MAAT 24 (2022) 10-23 — (c); text known to me only through Dietrich 2024: 101 (a), whose transliteration I copy with attribution:
(2) ↓|1 (Ꜥnḫ-Rꜥw-ḥḳꜣ-ꜣḫ.tj-ḥꜥi-m-ꜣḫ.t)| |2 (m-rn=f-m-Rꜥw-jt-jwi-m-Itn)| (→|3 … ↓|4-6 …) ↓|x+7 nb-tꜣ.w (Nfr-ḫpr.w-Rꜥw Wꜥ-n(.j)-Rꜥw)| |x+8 nb-ḫꜥi.w (Ꜣḫ-n-Itn)| (→|x+9 …) ↓|x+10 nb-tꜣ.w (Ꜥnḫ-ḫpr.w-Rꜥw Mri(.jj)-Wꜥ-n(.j)-Rꜥw)| ↓|x+11 nb-ḫꜥi.w (Nfr-nfr.w-Itn Ꜣḫ.t-n-hj=s)| — "(May live Re, Ruler of the Two Horizons, who rejoices in the horizon) (in his name as Re, the father, who has come as Aten) (…) Lord of the Lands (Neferkheperure Waenre) Lord of Appearances (Akhenaten) (…) Lord of the Lands (Ankhkheperure beloved of Waenre) Lord of Appearances (Neferneferuaten effective for her husband)." Variant: prenomen mery-Waenre + nomen ꜣḫt-n-hj.s (Reeves's form (b)); feminine epithet; Aten name LATE form. No erasure reported.
(3) Undated. (4) Akhenaten; Aten (late name). Dietrich: "Smenkhkare's name, again, is not among those present. Nevertheless, the object was interpreted as an attestation of 'Smenkhkare as Coregent' (Willeitner 2022b)" — i.e. Willeitner works with the one-ruler model.
(5) Willeitner 2022a-b (c); Dietrich 2024: 101-102 (a).
(6) Implication: third juxtaposition of Akhenaten with King Neferneferuaten (feminine epithet), in the fixed order Akhenaten → Neferneferuaten, under the late Aten name; Dietrich: "perhaps being a caption that accompanied a scene showing the coregents Akhenaten and Neferneferuaten". It strengthens the case for a coregency of Akhenaten with the female king, and says nothing about Smenkhkare.

### Entry 7 — Faience ring bezels, moulds and small sealings: the titulary variants and their find-spots

(1) Mass-produced blue/green faience finger-ring bezels and their pottery moulds, plus small mud sealings, from Amarna (Petrie 1891-92: Great Palace rubbish mounds and "the town"; EES 1921-36: Central City, Main City, North Suburb, Workmen's Village; Amarna Project 1979-: Workmen's Village, Grid 12, Stone Village, house of Ranefer area), with a few outside Amarna (Malqata; Canaan; Tell el-Borg). Petrie's pieces largely UC London (e.g. UC 23801 with Smenkhkare-djeserkheperu, Dodson 2009 fig. 23; UC 23806 = Petrie pl. XV 117; UC 1927 = Samson's Ankhetkheperure bezel, COA III 230 pl. CVIII); EES pieces dispersed.

(2) Name-forms attested on bezels/sealings (compiled from the sources read):
- ꜥnḫ-ḫprw-rꜥ (plain) and Smnḫ-kꜣ-rꜥ ḏsr-ḫprw: Petrie 1894 pl. XV nos. 103-105 ("of great value as shewing the true name of Akhenaten's successor", p. 29 (a)); COA III "Ring of Smenkhkare, Type I.A.3a" etc. (lines 2405, 4704, 6258, 6673, 6776, 8396, 9062, 9332, 9390, 10042; "Two dittos of Smenkhkare, Type IV.E.9" line 9915) — but Dodson 2009 n. 29 (a) warns that of the two "Smenkhkare" rings listed at COA III p. 74, "one indeed refers to Smenkhkare (reading 'Ankhkheperure'), the other actually reads 'Ankhkheperure-mery-Waenre'"; the Type codes are Petrie-1894 numbers cross-referenced only via an appendix of COA II (Frankfort-Pendlebury 1933). Small clay sealings of "Smenkhkare" COA III pl. C nos. 22-24 (a; line 15462) — reading of the specific form not given.
- ꜥnḫ-ḫprw-rꜥ mry-Nfr-ḫprw-rꜥ and ꜥnḫ-ḫprw-rꜥ mry-Wꜥ-n-rꜥ: Petrie 1894 pl. XV nos. 92-95 (a): "the earlier type of Ra-smenkh-ka-ser-khepru, with the title 'beloved of Ra-nefer-khepru' or of Uan-ra, i.e. of Akhenaten (92-95), were nearly all found in the rubbish mounds of the palace; the later types (97-102) were found in the town" — Petrie's "earlier/later" is an inference from find-spots, not from stratigraphy proper. Dodson 2009 fig. 27 / 2020 fig. 119 (a): bezels "Ankhkheperure-mery-Neferkheperure, Ankhkheperure-mery-Waenre and, far right, Ankhetkheperure-mery-Waenre".
- ꜥnḫt-ḫprw-rꜥ (feminine t): UC 1927, recognised by Julia Samson (COA III 230, pl. CVIII; Samson 1973 (c)); Reeves 2015 n. 31 (a): "The female sex of Akhenaten's co-regent was first demonstrated textually by Julia Samson from the occasional inclusion in the prenomen of faience ring bezels of the feminine marker, t – Ankhetkheperure (+ epithet)"; Reeves 1990: 24 (a) "bezels in the feminine form Ankhetkheprure".
- Nfr-nfrw-jtn + mry-Wꜥ-n-rꜥ / mry-ꜣḫ-n-jtn (now read ꜣḫt-n-hj.s) / ḥqꜣ; prenomen epithets mr-jtn and pꜣ-ḥm-ꜣḫt-jtn: Allen 2009: 12 (a): "a few of her cartouches that bear unique epithets not associated with Akhenaten: mr jtn 'desired of the Aten' and pꜣ ḥm ꜣḫt-jtn 'the incarnation of Akhetaten', in the prenomen; and ḥqꜣ 'ruler', in the nomen" (Allen: "Further indications of her sole reign"). Reeves 2015 n. 27 (a) orders the forms "(a) Ankhkheperure-beloved of Neferkheperure : Neferneferuaten-beloved of Waenre; (b) Ankhkheperure-beloved of Neferkheperure (or, beloved of Waenre) : Neferneferuaten-she who is beneficial for her husband; (c) Ankhkheperure-beloved of the Aten : Neferneferuaten-the ruler; (d) Ankhkheperure : Meryaten" — "in likely chronological order" (Reeves's own judgement). Krauss 2006 (a): "The two names of the queen, i.e. Ankhetkheprure mrjj Neferkheprure/Waenre and Nefernefruaton ꜣḫt n hj.s, are nearly the same as the king's later set ... The 'funerary' epitheton ꜣḫt n hj.s (beneficial for her husband) is hers alone and indicates that she succeeded her husband Ankhkheprure" (Krauss's own two-person model: male Ankhkheperure Smenkhkare = Neferneferuaten-mery-Waenre; female Ankhetkheperure = his widow).
- The rule (Allen 1988): plain prenomen only with Smenkhkare; extended prenomen only with Neferneferuaten (Dietrich 2024: 101 with refs to Allen 1988: 126, 1991: 84-85; Gabolde 1998: 153-157; Harris 1992: 60-61 (a)). No exception known to any source read.
(3) Undated. Find-spot chronology: Dodson 2020: 77-78 (a): Neferneferuaten's names on plaster of the Great Gateway of the North Riverside Palace (Liverpool 1973.1.545a; "at least two large-scale sets of cartouches ... of variant C ... The variant B prenomen was also present"), on the inscribed doorway of the house of Ranefer N49.18 ("variant A names and titles"), on bezels "in and around the Great Palace and houses T36.5 and T36.55"; a Smenkhkare bezel in house N49.19; "in the Workmen's Village, only a small proportion of the royal names are those of Akhenaten; a larger number name Neferneferuaten, Smenkhkare a few more, the largest group naming Tutankhaten/amun." (Dodson's variant letters A/B/C were not located in his text; from context A = mery-Neferkheperure/mery-Waenre, B and C = later forms.) Kemp 2016, "Ranefer's sovereign: who was the last ruler at Amarna?", Akhetaten Sun 22: 12-31 — (c): known only through Dietrich's citations (Kemp counted among the one-ruler/name-change authors; he uses box 001k fig. 3 and, per his title, the Ranefer doorway); text not obtained (the Amarna Research Foundation newsletter page returned 404).
(4) Outside Amarna: Malqata (Thebes) bezel of Smenkhkare (Hayes 1951: 232-33 fig. 34 [R20]; Dodson 2009 n. 16 (a)); stamped jar-handle "cartouche of Semenkhkare from Canaan" (O. Goldwasser, GM 115 (1990) 29-32; Gabolde 2009 n. 75 (a) notes its unusual sign placement); "A New Fragmentary Relief of King Ankhkheperure from Tell el-Borg (Sinai)?" (Dodson, JEA 94 (2008) 296-302 — (c), title from Dodson 2009 bibliography); Thebes: TT139 (Entry 2) and KV62 objects (Entry 5); Memphis block (Entry 9).
(5) Petrie 1894: 29, pl. XV (a; text only, plate not seen); COA III (a); Dodson 2009: 30-36, figs 23, 27 (a); Dodson 2020: 76-78, 118-119 (a); Reeves 1990, 2015 (a); Krauss 2006 (a); Allen 2009 (a); Dietrich 2024 (a). NOT seen: Allen 1994 (GM 141) variant table; Gabolde 1998: 147-185 table; Dodson 2009 Appendix 2 titulary list (not found in the OCR); Samson 1973/1977; Harris 1992; Amarna Project bezel database (only a search snippet of an "Ankhkheperure" bezel record was seen — (b)).
(6) Implication: the epigraphic distinction plain/extended prenomen is the foundation of the two-ruler model (Allen 1988), and the feminine forms prove the extended-prenomen ruler was a woman. Petrie's find-spot argument (long forms in the palace mounds, short forms in the town, hence "earlier") and Dodson 2020's Workmen's-Village counts are the only stratigraphic-ish sequence arguments, both weak. Rival readings: one ruler with name-change (Harris 1973-77, Samson, Reeves 2015: Neferneferuaten → Smenkhkare; Helck 2001 and Krauss 1978: Smenkhkare → Neferneferuaten because Year 1 goes with Smenkhkare and Year 3 with Neferneferuaten, per Dietrich n. 15).

### Entry 8 — Hermopolis (Ashmunein) talatat reused from Amarna (Roeder 1969 numbers)

(1) Limestone talatat quarried from Amarna buildings and reused in Ramesside pylons at Hermopolis; excavated by Roeder 1929-39; published G. Roeder (ed. R. Hanke), Amarna-Reliefs aus Hermopolis (1969), with block numbers of the form NNN/VII (magazine/lot); many now in the SCA magazine at Ashmunein or in museums. Roeder's plates were NOT seen by me; block texts are taken from Allen 2009 (a) and Dietrich 2024 (a).
(2) Relevant blocks:
- 406/VII (Hanke-Roeder 1969: 386, pls 12, 16), the "coregency block": a pillar block with two torus mouldings; face 406/VIIA "shows the legs and feet of three left-facing figures; two of them tall and of equal proportions in front of two offering stands followed by a third smaller ... figure shaking a sistrum which by her elongated shaved skull and streamer may be recognised as King's Daughter ... Both tall figures wear a royal apron with a row of uraei" (Dietrich 2024: 102 (a)); face 406/VIID: King's Daughter behind a tall figure in a long transparent garment. Harris 1973: 8 n. 21 (a) already: "Roeder, Amarna-Reliefs aus Hermopolis, pl. 16 (406-VIIA) ... could equally well refer to Akhenaten and Nefertiti".
- 777/VIII (Hanke-Roeder 1969: 397, pl. 6): W.R. Johnson's join to 406/VII (Johnson 2020, Guardian of Ancient Egypt: Studies in Honor of Zahi Hawass, 759-769 — (c); the Fs volume PDF I obtained contains only the front matter): 777/VIIIC gives "the torso, head and lower part of the crown of the second tall figure, showing a female with a concave neck wearing a tall – most likely blue – crown with a streamer and a dress knotted underneath her breast"; reverse 777/VIIIA: a right-facing female royal in tall crown with streamer and uraeus, double-orb earring, ankh held to her nose (Dietrich 2024: 103 (a)).
- 826/VIIIA (Hanke-Roeder 1969: 398, pls 7, 10; Gabolde, BSEG 14 (1990) 45 fig. 9; Gabolde 1998 pl. XXIVb; Helck 2001: 61-62; Laboury 2010: 343 fig. 6-6): partial titularies. Dietrich's reconstruction (copied with attribution; brackets = restored): ↓|x+1 [nswt-bjt (Nfr-ḫpr.w-Rꜥw Wꜥ-n.j-Rꜥw)| |x+2 zꜣ-Rꜥw (Ꜣḫ-n-Itn)| →|x+3 ḏi ꜥnḫ ꜥꜣ-m-ꜥḥꜥ.w=f] |x+4 [nswt]-˹bjt˺ ˹(˺[Ꜥnḫ-ḫpr.w-Rꜥw Mri(.jj)-[…])|] ↓|x+5 zꜣ-Rꜥw (Nfr-nfr.w-Itn Mri.jj-[… )| →|x+6 ḏi ꜥnḫ ḏ.t nḥḥ] ↓|x+7 zꜣ.t-nswt n(.t) ẖ.t=˹f˺ [mri.jjt=f ꜥnḫ=s-] |x+8 n-pꜣ-Itn [ꜥnḫ.tj] — "[King of Upper and Lower Egypt (Neferkheperure Waenre) Son of Re (Akhenaten) given life, great in his lifetime, King of Upper and] Lower Egypt ([Ankhkheperure beloved of…)] Son of Re (Neferneferuaten beloved of[… ) given life forever and ever] King's Daughter of his body [beloved of him, Ankhes]enpaaten [may she live]." Only the Neferneferuaten nomen (with mry-…) and the princess's name-ending "-n-pꜣ-jtn" are actually preserved; Akhenaten's names are restored from the 001k / Munich order. Allen 1991: 74 (c) first proposed that 826/VIII belongs with 406/VII; followed by Johnson 2020: 767-768 and Kawai 2023: 117-118 (c).
- 255/VI + 482/VII (Johnson 2015: 28-29; 2020: 767-768 — (c)): "the lower heads, necks and shoulders of a male with a crown and streamers and a female with a layered wig and streamers under the Aten's rays ... on the same scale, the female being slightly shorter" — no captions (Dietrich 2024: 103-104 (a)).
- 56-VIIIA + 831-VIIIC (Roeder pls 105-106; join Gabolde, Das Geheimnis des goldenen Sarges p. 26; BSFE 155 (2002) 40): the "Tutankhaten block" — text (from Allen 2009 fig. 5 and p. 14): "the King's Son of his body, his beloved, Tutankhuaten" beside a "King's Daughter of his body … [Ankhesenpaaten?]" with Akhenaten's names above (Allen: Tutankhaten's title zꜣ-nsw n ẖt.f "can therefore derive only from Smenkhkare" or Akhenaten; Allen 2009: 17 (a): "Tutankhamun's status before his accession as the son of a king can therefore derive only from Smenkhkare"; Dodson 2014 fig. 104 (a) "Pair of blocks bearing the names of Prince Tutankhuaten and a princess (Ashmunein SCA magazine)"). Allen n. 27 (a): "Gabolde's drawing indicates traces of an earlier text under the three righthand columns, but Roeder's photograph shows only incidental damage and no signs of erasure."
- 234-VI (pl. 19) and 451-VIIA (pl. 106): the granddaughters "Meritaten Jr." and "Ankhesenpaaten Jr." — altered reliefs where Kiya's name and image were replaced by Meritaten's / Ankhesenpaaten's, and Kiya's daughter's label by "King's Daughter of his body … Meritaten-tasherit / Ankhesenpaaten-tasherit, born of the King's Daughter …" (Allen 2009: 15 n. 35 (a); Dodson 2014: 130 (a)).
- 461-VII (Roeder pl. 5): head of a queen (Harris 1973 n. 21). Cooney 1965 (Amarna Reliefs from Hermopolis) nos. 12, 51a (c).
(3) None dated. (4) Akhenaten; Ankhesenpaaten; Tutankhuaten; Kiya (erased); Aten (late name presumed).
(5) Roeder 1969 (c; plates not seen); Allen 2009: 10-17 (a); Dietrich 2024: 102-105 with figs 1-5 (a); Dodson 2014: 129-130 (a); Harris 1973 (a); Gabolde 1990 (c); Johnson 2015 KMT 26 (c); Johnson 2020 (c); Kawai 2023 (c).
(6) Implication: 406/VII+777/VIII+826/VIII is the only monumental scene (as reconstructed) of two equal-sized rulers jointly offering, one female, captioned Neferneferuaten, with a King's Daughter Ankhesenpaaten — Dietrich: "the coregency of Akhenaten and Neferneferuaten currently as the only Amarnian coregency with substantial and convincing evidence"; the absence of Meritaten in the daughter-slot is explained either by her having become Neferneferuaten (Gabolde) or by her having become Smenkhkare's queen (Dietrich's alternative). The Tutankhaten block gives the prince the title King's Son, which under Allen's reading requires a royal father (Akhenaten or Smenkhkare). Rival reading (Harris 1973): the two tall figures are simply Akhenaten and Queen Nefertiti.

### Entry 9 — Buildings and stamped bricks: Memphis, Thebes ("Mansion of Ankhkheperure"), Amarna ("Coronation Hall"), Ranefer's house, North Riverside Palace

9a. Memphis (Kom el-Qala'a / near the Ramesses II colossus), Hekekyan Bey 1854 — the two "Smenkhkare blocks" (lost)
(2) Newberry JEA 14 (1928) 8-9 figs 3-4 (a; OCR file lines 320-360): fig. 3 "shows the young king holding in his hand an ostrich feather fan and wearing the double crown, his brow being surmounted by the uraeus: in front of him we see the forearm and part of the flowing garments of a much larger figure that obviously represented another king. Borchardt has rightly interpreted this scene as showing Akhenaten and his co-regent Semenkhkare"; fig. 4: "A third slab ... gives the lower parts of three cartouches which can only be restored thus [Ankhkheperure | Smenkhkare-djeserkheperu | Meritaten]"; Newberry: "Nicholson rightly recognized that the cartouches of this slab gave the name of Ankhkheprure, though he supposed that the third cartouche was that of Queen Tii". Dodson 2009: 31 fig. 26 (a): "a now lost block ... bears incomplete cartouches that can only be restored as those of Smenkhkare and Meryetaten, and probably once accompanied a depiction of the pair on a temple wall"; his fig. 26 caption: "from the right: the later-form Aten cartouches; [Ankh]kheperu[re]; [Smenkhkare-djeser]kheperu; and [Meryetaten]"; n. 15: the fig.-3 block "has now been shown to be a product of overenthusiastic modern graphical restoration (Málek 1996)". Allen 2009: 10 nn. 8-11 (a): "The cartouches, however, are juxtaposed directly with those of the Aten, at the same level and approximately the same size, which must indicate that Smenkhkare was depicted as the primary figure in the scene below ... Both blocks are preserved only in drawings; additional drawings of the first block, recently published, indicate that the scene probably depicted an Amarna princess behind one of her parents" (J. Málek, in Studies Simpson II (1996) 553-559; Löhr, SAK 2 (1975) 156-158). Dietrich 2024 n. 17 (a) cites for the block: Gabolde 2015: 72, 76 fig. 12; Harris 1974: 16 [c], 17 fig. 2c; Krauss 1978: 87 [e.4]; Newberry 1928: 8-9 fig. 4. (Harris 1974 AcOr 36 — (c).)
(3) Undated. (4) Meritaten (ḥmt-nsw-wrt presumed; only the cartouche end preserved); Aten (late name, per Dodson's caption).
(6) Implication: Smenkhkare + Meritaten as a royal couple building for the Aten at Memphis — an independent (non-Amarna) attestation of the male king with Meritaten; the "coregency" block (fig. 3) is now discredited. Rival: Málek/Allen — princess behind a parent, not Smenkhkare behind Akhenaten.

9b. Thebes — "the House/Mansion of Ankhkheperure in Thebes" (ḥwt ꜥnḫ-ḫprw-rꜥ m Wꜣst)
Known only from TT139 ll. 4-5 and l. 33 (Entry 2). Newberry 1928: 9 (a): "Of this building no other record has yet been brought to light." Allen 2009: "perhaps her mortuary temple"; Reeves 2015 n. 36 (a): "The Theban mortuary temple of (pharaoh) Ankhkheperure is mentioned in the well-known Pere graffito: Gardiner 1928, 11, pl. VI, l. 33"; Reeves 2023 (c) reportedly re-reads as the temple of Aakheperure (Amenhotep II). No archaeological trace.

9c. Amarna, Great Palace, south-end brick pillared hall ("Smenkhkare Hall" / "Coronation Hall")
(2) COA III 194 (Fairman) (a; lines 16520-16531): "From the Pillared Hall at the south end of the Palace (see above, pp. 60, 150) came a few scattered bricks bearing (Pl. LXXXIII. iii): '- - - - Ankhkheperure (= Smenkhkare), the House of Rejoicing of the Aten.' The impressions, unfortunately, were destroyed at the bottom, but it is very doubtful from the general appearance of the bricks whether there was room for the addition of more than one low sign (n ? or m ?) below the name ... The full name, therefore, was probably 'The House of Ankhkheperure (in) the House of Rejoicing of the Aten'. The archaeological evidence shows that this was the last part of the Palace to be built: no inscribed stones were found in the hall." Appendix list (line 12308): "III. [The House] of Ankhkheperure (Smenkhkare) [in] the House of Rejoicing of the Aten"; line 16748: "(e) The House of Ankhkheperure: the Pillared Hall, the last part of the official [palace]". Dodson 2009: 30-31 fig. 25 (a): brick stamped "Ankhkheperure (in) the House of Rejoicing of the Aten"; "dubbed the 'Coronation Hall,' but in fact no indication of its purpose survives ... the last part of the palace to be constructed, and ... seemingly done in a hurry"; Traunecker 1984-85 (c) suggested a vine arbour. Name-form: SHORT prenomen Ankhkheperure; nothing survives to show an epithet, though Fairman judged there was room for at most one low sign.
(3) Undated. (6) Implication: a large brick building at Amarna bearing the plain prenomen, built last and hastily — attributed to Smenkhkare by all excavators, but the plain prenomen alone cannot exclude that the "House of Ankhkheperure" is a Neferneferuaten estate written short (cf. Entry 4, docket 36 "House of Ankhkheperure" and TT139's "House of Ankhkheperure" with short form). Smenkhkare's short prenomen is the same as hers minus epithet, so short-form ESTATE names are not diagnostic.

9d. Amarna, house of Ranefer (N49.18) doorway and North Riverside Palace gateway plaster
Dodson 2020: 76-77 (a): the house of the Master of Horse Ranefer "was equipped with an inscribed limestone doorway bearing Neferneferuaten's variant A names and titles (fig. 89), as part of the house's rebuilding from an earlier incarnation"; Great Gateway of the North Riverside Palace: plaster fragments "restorable to show that these were of variant C ... The variant B prenomen was also present" (Liverpool World Museum 1973.1.545a). Texts themselves not seen; Kemp 2016 (c) is the discussion ("Ranefer's sovereign"). Implication: Neferneferuaten's names on standing architecture at Amarna (a private house rebuilt in her reign; the palace gateway) — she ruled at Amarna long enough for building work in her name.

### Entry 10 — The record of Meritaten (and Nefertiti's queenly end): Meryre II, Memphis, bezels, box 001k, sequins, the Amarna Letters "Mayati", Kiya's usurped monuments, the Nefertiti shabti

10a. Meritaten as ḥmt-nsw wrt "King's Great Wife" — attestations: (i) Meryre II scene 5 with Smenkhkare (Entry 3; cartouche written without feminine t, Dodson 2009 n. 17); (ii) Memphis block with [Ankh]kheperu[re] / [Smenkhkare-djeser]kheperu / [Meritaten] (Entry 9a); (iii) box 001k with Akhenaten + Neferneferuaten + "King's Great Wife Meritaten, may she live forever" (Entry 5a; here written Mrjt-jtn WITH t per Dietrich's transliteration); (iv) 47 gold sequins Carter 46gg pairing Ankhkheperure with "Meryaten" (Entry 5i); (v) bezels of Meritaten at Amarna (COA III: "the names of Akhenaten, Nefertiti, Meritaten (3 times)" on inscribed fragments, line 15987; specific bezel types not verified); (vi) Kiya's monuments recut for Meritaten (10c). Allen 2009: 17-18 (a): "Meritaten, who clearly served as queen to Smenkhkare after the death of her father"; Allen n. 62 (a) argues that Meritaten's request to the Hittites (if she was the Dakhamunzu) "does not necessarily imply her 'demotion' from pharaoh to king". Dodson 2014: 129 (a): Meritaten's elevation to King's Great Wife "probably to be dated some time in Years 13/14".

10b. Amarna Letters: "Mayati" (= Meritaten)
- EA 155 (Abimilki of Tyre to the king): Knudtzon, Die El-Amarna-Tafeln I (1915) (a; archive.org djvu text, lines 50148-50327): "a-na arad šal-ma-ia-a-ti" / "arad Sal-ma-ia-a-ti" (Knudtzon's transliteration "Ma-ia-a-ti" preceded by "šal(?)" — later read simply "Mayati"), i.e. the writer calls himself "servant of Mayati" and asks the king to give water/provisions "to the servant of Mayati" and to the city of Tyre "the city of Mayati" (Knudtzon's German rendering not extracted here; Moran, The Amarna Letters (1992) EA 155: 47-53 "servant of Mayati" — (c)).
- EA 10 (Burna-Buriaš II of Babylon to Napḫururiya = Akhenaten): a greeting-gift is sent "to Mayati" as the king's daughter (Moran 1992: 19-20 — (c); not located in the Knudtzon OCR by grep).
- EA 11 (same sender, reverse): "Mayati" is mentioned in a damaged passage about the bride and the "mistress of the house" (Moran 1992: 21-23 — (c)).
- EA 12 (a Babylonian princess to "my lord") does not name Mayati (c). Implication: Meritaten had an international profile as the king's daughter in Akhenaten's later years (EA 10/11 belong to the later part of the reign since Burna-Buriaš's earlier letters address Nimmureya/Amenhotep III); nothing shows her as king. Note Davies 1905 n. (a) already rejected Budge's claim of a Year-12 date for a Mitanni letter ("all speak for the year 2, not 12").

10c. Kiya's monuments re-inscribed for Meritaten (and Ankhesenpaaten): see Entry 13.

10d. The shabti of Nefertiti — Louvre AF 9904 + Brooklyn 33.51
(1) Two limestone fragments of a queen's shabti, provenance unknown (probably Amarna): Louvre AF 9904 (upper part) and Brooklyn Museum 33.51 (lower part), joined on paper by C.E. Loeben, "Eine Bestattung der großen königlichen Gemahlin Nofretete in Amarna? Die Totenfigur der Nofretete", MDAIK 42 (1986) 99-107 (c) and "Une inhumation de la grande épouse royale Néfertiti à Amarna? La figurine funéraire de Néfertiti", Égypte, Afrique & Orient 13 (1999) 25-30 (c). Contra: J.-L. Bovot, "Un chaouabti pour deux reines amarniennes?", EAO 13 (1999) 31-34 (c) — "the two pieces reconstructed by Loeben as a single shawabti of Nefertiti belonged instead to two separate shawabtis, one of Nefertiti and the other of Meritaten" (Allen 2009 n. 59 (a)).
(2) Text: the museum catalogue pages (Brooklyn "Fragment of a Shabti of Nefertiti"; Louvre AF 9904) were read via Wayback captures (b) but NOT saved to file; both give the queen her QUEENLY titles — ḥmt-nsw wrt "King's Great Wife" ... (Nfr-nfrw-jtn Nfrt-jjtj)| — with no kingly cartouche/prenomen; the full string as restored by Loeben (jrjt-pꜥt, wrt ḥswt, nbt tꜣwj, ḥmt-nsw wrt mrt.f, Nfr-nfrw-jtn Nfrt-jjtj ꜥnḫ.tj ḏt) is given here from memory of the catalogue pages and is (b)/(c) — verify against Loeben 1986 before quoting. (3) Undated. (4) —.
(5) Loeben 1986/1999 (c); Bovot 1999 (c); Allen 2009: 16 n. 59 (a): "Nefertiti's candidacy was in the ascendant for a time until the publication of a shawabti of hers, evidence that she died as a queen, not a pharaoh"; Dodson 2009: 35 n. 34 (a): "a queenly shabti of Nefertiti that could suggest she was buried as a queen"; Reeves 2015 n. 35 (a): "the shawabti prepared for, but not actually employed in, the el-Amarna burial of Nefertiti as great royal wife".
(6) Implication: the strongest object against Nefertiti = Neferneferuaten IF the shabti was made for her actual burial after her death as queen. Rival readings: Reeves/Dodson — a shabti prepared in advance while she was still queen (before Year 16-17), never used; Bovot — two separate shabtis (which does not remove the queenly one of Nefertiti).

### Entry 11 — Manetho's Eighteenth Dynasty (Josephus, Contra Apionem 1.95-97; Africanus and Eusebius via Syncellus; Armenian Eusebius)

(1) No object: Greek historiographical tradition (3rd c. BC) transmitted by Josephus (1st c. AD) and the Christian chronographers.
(2) Josephus, C. Ap. 1.96-97, Greek (Niese) via Perseus (a; file Josephus_Contra_Apionem_1.95-97_Greek_Perseus.txt): "τοῦ δὲ Ὦρος τριακονταὲξ καὶ μῆνας πέντε. τοῦ δὲ θυγάτηρ Ἀκεγχερὴς δώδεκα καὶ μῆνα ἕνα. τῆς δὲ Ῥάθωτις ἀδελφὸς ἐννέα. [97] τοῦ δὲ Ἀκεγχήρης δώδεκα καὶ μῆνας πέντε. τοῦ δὲ Ἀκεγχήρης ἕτερος δώδεκα καὶ μῆνας τρεῖς. τοῦ δὲ Ἅρμαϊς τέσσαρα καὶ μῆνα ἕνα. τοῦ δὲ Ῥαμέσσης ἓν καὶ μῆνας τέσσαρας." Waddell, Manetho (Loeb 1940) fr. 50 (a): "then his son Orus for 36 years 5 months; then his daughter Acenchêrês for 12 years 1 month; then her brother Rathôtis for 9 years; then his son Acenchêrês for 12 years 5 months, his son Acenchêrês II. for 12 years 3 months, his son Harmais for 4 years 1 month, his son Ramessês for 1 year 4 months, his son Harmessês Miamûn for 66 years 2 months". Note the genitive construction (τοῦ δὲ / τῆς δὲ) — "his daughter Akencheres" (daughter of Oros) and "her brother Rathotis"; Rathotis = Tutankhamun (9 years) is generally accepted; "Oros" 36y 5m = Amenhotep III (or Horemheb); Akencheres I (daughter, 12y 1m) = the female Ankh(et)kheperure; Akencheres II and III (12y 5m; 12y 3m) = doublets or Ay/Smenkhkare; Harmais = Horemheb (4y 1m, too short) etc.
Africanus (Waddell fr. 52, (a)): "9. Orus, for 37 years. 10. Acherrês, for 32 years. 11. Rathôs, for 6 years. 12. Chebrês, for 12 years. 13. Acherrês, for 12 years. 14. Armesis, for 5 years. 15. Ramessês, for 1 year. 16. Amenôphath (Amenôph), for 19 years." Eusebius (fr. 53 (a), Syncellus): "8. Orus, for 36 years (in another copy, 38 years). 9. Achenchersês [for 12 years]. [Athôris, for 39 years (? 9).] [Cencherês] for 16 years. About this time Moses led the Jews ... "; the Armenian version of Eusebius (Waddell pp. 118-119 (a)) gives Achencheres 12 (or 16), Athoris 39, Chencheres 16, Acherres 8, Cherres 15, Armais 5, Ramesses 68, Amenophis 40 (figures as recalled; check Waddell fr. 53b).
(3) Manetho's years: 12y 1m for the daughter; Krauss 2006 (a): "Josephus lists three rulers named ΑΧΕΝΧΕΡΡΗΣ < Ankh(et)kheprure, i.e. two male rulers (one of which might be due to a corruption in the text) and a female, described as a king's daughter. In its transmitted form the Manethonian tradition ascribes 12 years and some months to either of the kings named Akhenkherres. Possibly the figures reflect an original 2 years and some months." Krauss also: "Akhenaten does not seem to have been preserved in the Manethonian tradition. The conventional identification of ΩΡΟΣ (Horos) with Akhenaten is problematic."
(4)-(5) Josephus Greek (a, Perseus/Niese); Waddell 1940 (a); Krauss 2006: 206-207 (a); Allen 2009: 16 n. 60 (a): "Manetho's tradition that a king of the late Eighteenth Dynasty was succeeded by 'his daughter Akenkherēs' points to a daughter rather than Nefertiti ... 'Akenkherēs' is evidently the Greek form of the coregent's throne name Ankh(et)kheperure" (first proposed by Krauss 1978: 43-53, argued by Gabolde 1998: 147-185); Dodson 2020: 108, 128 (a): "Support has been garnered from Manetho's calling his late Eighteenth Dynasty female ruler her predecessor's 'daughter' — but this now comes up against the apparently insurmountable problem of her being named alongside Neferneferuaten on the KV62 box fragment."
(6) Implication: the Greek tradition preserves a female "Akencheres" who was a king's DAUGHTER, and multiple Akencheres names — consistent with a female Ankh(et)kheperure and a homonymous male ruler. Pro-Meritaten (Krauss 1978, Gabolde, Allen 2009 "for what it is worth"); pro-Nefertiti reply (Dodson): the daughter-relationship is the chronographers' default genealogical link and is unreliable (Josephus's list links every ruler as child of the previous one).

### Entry 12 — Tutankhaten's earliest attestations, Ay, the Restoration Stela (Cairo CG 34183), the Ay–Ankhesenamun ring

12a. Tutankhaten before/at accession: (i) Hermopolis talatat 56-VIIIA + 831-VIIIC "King's Son of his body, his beloved, Tutankhuaten" (Entry 8; Allen 2009 fig. 5 (a); Dodson 2014 fig. 104 (a)); (ii) Amarna bezels: Petrie 1894 pl. XV nos. 118-121 (a): "Under Tutankhamen there is the curious double reading ring Aten or Amen (118) ... the return to Amen worship took place under Tut-ankh-amen, who probably then adopted this name; and afterwards placed Amen prominently forward as on Nos. 119-121"; COA III small sealings pl. C no. 25 Tutankhamun (a); Workmen's Village: "the largest group naming Tutankhaten/amun" (Dodson 2020: 78 (a)); (iii) KV62 objects with the Aten name and "Tutankhaten" form (e.g. the Golden Throne Carter 91 with both name-forms — Reeves 2014 (c)); (iv) the block of "Tutankhaten" from the Karnak/Hermopolis? — not verified. Amarna dockets of years 1-4 possibly his (Entry 4, Fairman). Allen 2009: 17 (a): "Tutankhamun's status before his accession as the son of a king can therefore derive only from Smenkhkare" (Allen's earlier view, since revised — Allen 2016 (c) now accepts Akhenaten as father); Tutankhamun calls Amenhotep III "his father" on the Soleb/Karnak lions and the surveying instrument for Thutmose IV (Allen 2009: 17-18 (a): "he who renews the monument of ..., Lord of the Two Lands, MENKHEPERURE").

12b. Ay: attested at Amarna as jt-nṯr "God's Father", Fan-bearer, Overseer of Horses, in his unfinished Amarna tomb (no. 25, with Tiy "nurse of the King's Great Wife"; Dodson 2020: 24 fig. 16 (a) "Nurse of the King's Great Wife"); as king Kheperkheperure Ay he usurped nothing on the Restoration Stela (Horemheb did). Not otherwise pursued here.

12c. Restoration Stela, Cairo CG 34183 (found at Karnak 1905; duplicate fragment Montu temple), = Urk. IV 2025-2032 (no. 772). Nederhof's transliteration/translation after Helck (a; Nederhof_Restoration_Stela_Tutankhamun_transl.txt): lunette and l. 1: "nsw-bjtj nb tꜣwj [...] [...] ḏj ꜥnḫ ḏt — The king of Upper and Lower Egypt, lord of the Two Lands [...] [...]" with notes "Usurped with Ḏsr-ḫprw-rꜥ stp.n-rꜥ" and "Usurped with Ḥr-m-ḥb mrj.n-jmn" (i.e. Tutankhamun's cartouches were recut for Horemheb); l. 1: "[rnpt-sp 1] ꜣbd 4 ꜣḫt sw 19 ḫr ḥm n Ḥr kꜣ-nḫt twt-mswt ... — [Year 1], fourth month of the Season of Inundation, day 19, under the Majesty of Horus: Mighty bull, perfect of births; Two Ladies: Beautiful of [laws, who pacifies] the Two Lands; Gold Horus: Who wears the crown, who placates the gods; ... beloved of [Amun-Re] ... of Atum ... of Re-Harakhte, of Ptah south of his wall ... and of Thoth"; ll. 5-9: "jsṯ rf ḫꜥ.n ḥm=f m nsw [j]w rꜣw-pr nw nṯrw nṯryt šꜣꜥ m ꜣbw [nfryt]-r ẖꜣwt jdḥ[w] ... [wꜣ].w r stp — Now, when His Majesty arose as king, the temples of the gods and goddesses, from Elephantine [to] the lagoons of the Delta ... had [fallen] into ruin. Their shrines had fallen into decay and had become ruins overgrown with [...]-plants. Their sanctuaries were as if they had never existed, their temples were foot paths. The land was in distress, the gods were turning away from this land. If [an army was] sent to Palestine to widen the borders of Egypt, no success of theirs came about at all. If one prayed to a god to ask a thing of him, he wouldn't come [at all] ... Their hearts were weak in their bodies. They destroyed what had been built."; l. 10: "ḫr-m-ḫt hrww swꜣ(.w) ḥr nn ḫꜥyt [ḥm=f] ḥr st jt — After (some) days had passed after this, [His Majesty] appeared on the throne of (his) father"; l. 11: "jsṯw ḥm=f m ꜥḥ=f jmj pr ꜥꜣ-ḫpr-kꜣ-rꜥ — Now, His Majesty was in his palace, which is in the House of Aakheperkare [Thutmose I; i.e. at Memphis]". (3) Year 1 (restored), IV Akhet 19, of Tutankhamun — the date restoration "[Year 1]" is Helck's; the stela is usually placed in Years 1-4. (4) Amun-Re, Mut, Ptah, Thoth; no predecessor named; "his father" = generic. (5) Nederhof (a; after Helck, Urk. IV 22 (1984) 2025-2032 and Bennett JEA 25 (1939) 8-15 (c)). (6) Implication: Tutankhamun's official account presents the temples as ruined "when His Majesty arose as king" — no reign of restoration is credited to a predecessor; this either contradicts the TT139 Year-3 Amun cult under Ankhkheperure (unless that reign was short/ineffective or is being ignored) or supports placing Neferneferuaten's Amun-friendly Year 3 immediately before Tutankhamun so that he could take the credit. Usurpation by Horemheb of the cartouches (not the text) shows Tutankhamun himself was later damnatus.

12d. Finger-ring with the cartouches of Ay and Ankhesenamun side by side: Newberry, JEA 18 (1932) 50 (a glass? ring seen in the Cairo dealer Blanchard's shop, now lost — (c)); a second example in Berlin, Ägyptisches Museum (inventory number NOT re-verified — noted as "1920/73", which may be garbled), discussed in a 2024 article (noted as "BÄB 14, 2024") — (b): only a summary was seen and it was not saved; texts: (Ḫpr-ḫprw-rꜥ jr-mꜣꜥt)| beside (ꜥnḫ.s-n-jmn)| (Ay's prenomen and Ankhesenamun's name in adjacent cartouches). Implication: Ankhesenamun survived Tutankhamun into Ay's reign and was associated with him (marriage or protection) — relevant to the Dakhamunzu identification but not to the Ankhkheperure sequence.

### Entry 13 — Kiya: titles, last dates, usurpations

(1) Objects: Maru-Aten (Amarna southern "sunshade") reliefs and inscriptions (COA I 1923 (a), where her name was already recognised as erased and replaced by Meritaten's, though Peet-Woolley did not yet know her name — Kiya was identified in 1959 (Dodson 2014 n. (a): "Kiya's existence was not noted in print until 1959")); Hermopolis talatat (Entry 8; Cooney 1965); the KV55 coffin (Cairo JE 39627) and canopic jars (Cairo JE 39637; MMA 30.8.54 lid) made for her and adapted for a king; cosmetic/unguent vessels incl. MMA 20.2.11 (calcite jar with her titulary — (c), not verified); a wine-jar docket of Year 11 "of the House of Kiya"? (Dodson 2014: 129 n. 54 (a): "at some time after Year 11, when she is named on a wine-jar docket" — docket number not given in the passage read; COA III docket list not re-checked for her name); BM fragments (Kramer/"New Light on Kiya from Texts in the British Museum", JEA 74 (1988) (c)).
(2) Titles: Dodson 2014: 129 (a): "she bears what seems to be a unique title, Greatly Beloved Wife (ḥmt mrrt ꜥꜣt), which is always found as part of a much longer string, explicitly linking her with Akhenaten" — the full string (from the standard editions, e.g. Hanke 1978, Harris CdE 49 (1974) 27-30 — (c)): ḥmt mrrt ꜥꜣt n nsw-bjt ꜥnḫ m mꜣꜥt nb tꜣwj (Nfr-ḫprw-rꜥ wꜥ-n-rꜥ)| pꜣ ẖrd nfr n pꜣ jtn ꜥnḫ ntj jw.f r ꜥnḫ ḏt nḥḥ, Kjꜣ "the greatly beloved wife of the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, living in Truth, Lord of the Two Lands Neferkheperure-Waenre, the goodly child of the living Aten, who shall live for ever and ever, Kiya" — given here from general knowledge, NOT verified against an edition. She is never ḥmt-nsw (King's Wife) nor wrt.
(3) Latest date: Year 11 docket (Dodson 2014 (a)); her disgrace "after Year 11 ... probably after Year 12" and "before Meryetaten was elevated to the status of a King's Great Wife ... Years 13/14" (Dodson 2014: 129); Dodson 2020: 63 (a): "Her coffin and canopic jars — made before Year 9 — were subsequently reused for the burial of a king who seems to have been Smenkhkare ... Kiya's disgrace thus must have preceded the latter's death — which may have occurred around Year 14 ... The fact that Meryetaten was still a princess when these changes were made indicates that Kiya's disgrace occurred before Meryetaten transitioned to being a queen, which appears to have happened around Year 13."
(4) Usurpations: "The vast majority of Kiya's monuments were expropriated for Meryetaten, whose name and titles were cut over those of Kiya, while the shapes of the heads of Kiya's two-dimensional images were recut to show the distinctive extended skull of representations of Akhenaten's daughters ... This includes the decoration of the Maru-Aten temple complex and canopic jars later reused for the burial of an Amarna king in Valley of the Kings tomb KV55" (Dodson 2014: 129-130 (a)); at Hermopolis "in all known cases her image and its label texts were later reworked, not only in the name of Meryetaten but also for Ankhesenpaaten ... Kiya's daughter's names and title strings have been replaced by new ones citing daughters of both Meryetaten and Ankhesenpaaten, named Meryetaten-tasherit and Ankhesenpaaten-tasherit" (ibid.; Allen 2009: 15 (a) and n. 35 with Roeder pls 19, 106). The KV55 coffin foot-text alteration (address by a woman to Akhenaten → Akhenaten to Re-Harakhti; Allen 2009 n. 24-26 (a)).
(5) COA I (a); Allen 2009 (a); Dodson 2014: 129-131 (a); Dodson 2020: 63 (a); Harris 1974 CdE 49 (c); Hanke 1978 (c); Reeves 1988 (c); Gabolde 1992 (c).
(6) Implication: Kiya's disappearance c. Year 11-12 and the transfer of her monuments to Meritaten (as still "King's Daughter") fix a sequence: Kiya out → Meritaten prominent as daughter → Meritaten King's Great Wife (c. 13/14) → Nefertiti still Great Wife in Year 16 → female king Neferneferuaten by Year 17. Kiya as Neferneferuaten (Dodson 2009: 36 mentions the idea) is excluded by her early erasure and non-royal title; the epithet ꜣḫt-n-hj.s "effective for her husband" nevertheless requires that the female king was a WIFE of Akhenaten (Nefertiti, Kiya — or Meritaten, if Meritaten was Akhenaten's wife as the granddaughter-blocks may imply).

### Entry 14 — Attestations and re-readings published after 2010

1. Dayr Abu Hinnis Year-16 graffito (Van der Perre 2012; 2014) — Entry 1. NEW OBJECT.
2. Munich ÄS 7342 ivory: Akhenaten + Ankhkheperure-mery-Waenre Neferneferuaten-akhet-en-hyes under the late Aten name (Willeitner 2022a-b; Dietrich 2024) — Entry 6g. NEW OBJECT (first edition).
3. Hermopolis joins 406/VII+777/VIII (Johnson 2020) and 255/VI+482/VII (Johnson 2015, 2020) — Entry 8. NEW JOINS.
4. Hanover, Museum August Kestner, Amarna royal head argued to be King Ankhkheperure Neferneferuaten: W.R. Johnson, "An Amarna royal head at Hanover's Museum August Kestner: evidence for King Ankhkheperure Neferneferuaten", KMT 26/4 (2015) 22-29 — (c), title only (Dietrich's bibliography); inventory number not obtained.
5. Gold mask palimpsest (Reeves, JAEI 7.4, 2015) — Entry 5f; Reeves 2014 (BES 19) on the mask and the Golden Throne (c); Reeves 2015 ARTP OP 1 "The Burial of Nefertiti?" (a).
6. Broschat–Eckmann / Sousa-Pieke-Bagh (eds), Tutankhamun and Carter (2024) (b): new photographs of the palimpsests on 254, 256a, 256b, 266g; the two faience bracelets of Neferneferuaten ꜣḫt-n-hj.s.
7. Tawfik, Thomas, Hegenbarth-Reichardt, "New evidence for Tutankhamun's parents: revelations from the Grand Egyptian Museum", MDAIK 74 (2018) 177-192 — (b) abstract only: uses GEM objects (incl. 001k = GEM 354) to argue about Tutankhamun's parentage; the "new evidence" object itself was not identified by me — (c).
8. Berlin ÄM 21331 seal impression with Akhenaten + a second ruler (Breuer 2012, Im Licht von Amarna 370-371; Krauss 2007) — Entry 6e.
9. Kemp 2016, "Ranefer's sovereign" (Akhetaten Sun 22) — (c): the Ranefer doorway of Neferneferuaten and the one-ruler thesis.
10. Reeves 2023 (re-reading of the TT139 temple name; sequence Neferneferuaten → Smenkhkare) — (c) via Dietrich 2024 n. 15, 18.
11. Kawai 2023 (agreement that 826/VIII joins the coregency block; Kawai 2023: 117-118) — (c) via Dietrich.
12. Dietrich 2024 (CRE 2023) — (a): the current critical synthesis; conclusion: "the coregency of Akhenaten and Neferneferuaten currently as the only Amarnian coregency with substantial and convincing evidence"; no direct evidence for a coregency of Akhenaten and Smenkhkare.
13. Allen 2016 ("The Amarna Succession Revisited", GM 249?) — (c): Allen reversed his 1994/2009 sequence to Smenkhkare → Neferneferuaten (Dietrich n. 18: "He later changed his view and supported the order Smenkhkare – Neferneferuaten (Allen 2016; Dodson 2009, 2020a)").
14. Amarna Project post-2010 finds: Horizon newsletters 20-23 (a; files AmarnaProject_Horizon_2*.txt) contain no new Ankhkheperure/Smenkhkare/Neferneferuaten inscriptions (grep negative); an Amarna Project object-record for an "Ankhkheperure" bezel was seen only as a search snippet (b). Great Aten Temple report 2020 (a): no relevant names.
15. Ay–Ankhesenamun ring in Berlin (2024 publication) — Entry 12d (b).
16. ARCE 2021 lecture transcript (a): popular summary only.
Not found post-2010: any new year-dated text of Smenkhkare or Neferneferuaten; any object joining Smenkhkare's nomen with a feminine marker; any object joining the plain prenomen with Neferneferuaten.

## Synthesis — what the Egyptian evidence fixes, and where the models diverge

| Fixed point | Evidence (entry) | Status |
|---|---|---|
| Akhenaten's highest year = 17; a successor's Year 1 began within the Year-17 vintage | dockets, esp. COA III 279 palimpsest (4) | (a) primary edition read |
| Nefertiti still King's Great Wife, alive, on day 15 of a month of Akhet, Year 16 | Dayr Abu Hinnis graffito (1) | (b)/(a) secondary; month uncertain (I vs III Akhet) |
| A king with extended prenomen + nomen Neferneferuaten reached Year 3 (III Akhet 10) and had a Theban "House of Ankhkheperure" with Amun-priests | TT139 (2) | (a) Gardiner |
| The extended-prenomen ruler was female (ꜥnḫt-ḫprw-rꜥ; mꜣꜥt-ḫrw; ꜣḫt-n-hj.s) | bezel UC 1927; 261p; 266g; UC 410; Munich ivory (5, 6, 7) | (a) Gabolde 2009 / Dietrich 2024 |
| Neferneferuaten's names follow Akhenaten's on three objects, once with Meritaten as Great Wife; Smenkhkare's follow Akhenaten's on one (405) | 001k, UC 410, Munich ÄS 7342; Carter 405 (5, 6) | (a) |
| A male-style king Ankhkheperure Smenkhkare-djeserkheperu had Meritaten as Great Wife (Amarna tomb 2; Memphis) and a hall at Amarna; no feminine form ever with his nomen; no year date of his own beyond "Year 1 ... House of Smenkhkare [justified?]" | (3, 9, 4) | (a) |
| Tutankhaten was "King's Son of his body" at Amarna; Tutankhamun reigned ≥ 9-10 years; the Restoration Stela credits no predecessor with restoring Amun | (8, 5m, 12) | (a) |
| Manetho: a king's DAUGHTER "Akencheres" (12y 1m), then her brother Rathotis (9y), then two more Akencheres | (11) | (a) |

Divergent models (all consistent with the fixed points above):
- A. Two rulers, Smenkhkare first (coregent c. Y13/14, dies c. Y14/15) then Neferneferuaten = Nefertiti (coregent Y16/17, sole ruler to her Year 3, then Tutankhaten): Dodson 2009/2020; Allen 2016; Eaton-Krauss. Weak points: no object shows Smenkhkare with Akhenaten in a coregency composition; the docket "House of Smenkhkare, justified, Year 1" must be Neferneferuaten's or Tutankhamun's Year 1.
- B. Two rulers, Neferneferuaten first (coregent Y16-17, Year 3 = her own count), then a brief Smenkhkare, then Tutankhaten: Allen 1994/2009 (with Neferneferuaten = a daughter, ultimately "Neferneferuaten-tasherit"); Gabolde 1998 (Neferneferuaten = Meritaten, later Smenkhkare's queen). Weak points: Meritaten's "demotion"; the Meryre II scene must post-date Akhenaten though the tomb's decoration stops with the Year-12 durbar and the scene is under the Aten.
- C. One ruler with name change: Nefertiti as Neferneferuaten (coregent) → Smenkhkare (sole king): Harris 1973-77, Samson, Reeves 2001/2015/2023, Kemp 2016 (order Smenkhkare → Neferneferuaten in Helck 2001, Krauss 1978). Weak points: the strict complementary distribution of plain/extended prenomen; the male body in KV55 if it is Smenkhkare; Meritaten as "Great Wife" of a female king.
- D. Krauss 1978/2006: male Ankhkheperure Smenkhkare (= Neferneferuaten-mery-Waenre, 2-3 years) followed by his widow Ankhetkheperure ... ꜣḫt-n-hj.s (= Meritaten). Weak points: 001k names Neferneferuaten and Meritaten as distinct; the feminine forms occur with the SAME epithets as the "male" set.

## Coverage and gaps

### Verified from primary or full text — code (a)
- Petrie, Tell el Amarna (1894): Griffith's docket chapter and the ring-bezel chapter (pp. 29, 32-34) — archive.org full text; plates NOT seen.
- Davies, Rock Tombs of El Amarna II (1905): Meryre II chapters (durbar date; scene 5 with Ankhkheperure + Meritaten) — archive.org full text; plates NOT seen.
- Peet-Woolley, City of Akhenaten I (1923): Maru-Aten; sealing pl. X.6 (text only).
- Pendlebury/Fairman/Samson, City of Akhenaten III (1951): Fairman's dockets and chronology (pp. 143-159, 194, 199-201), sealings 24-26 (Neferneferuaten-Nefertiti), docket 279 palimpsest, bricks of the Pillared Hall, small sealings pl. C, UC 410 (pp. 231-233) — archive.org full text; plates NOT seen.
- Newberry and Gardiner, JEA 14 (1928) 3-11: box 001k, Memphis blocks, TT139 translation — archive.org full text and the OCR file.
- Griffith Institute Carter cards: 001k (1-4), 048h, 254, 256a (card 6), 256b (1-11), 266g, 405, wine jars 180-571 — fetched and saved.
- Harris, "Nefertiti rediviva", AcOr 35 (1973) — OCR'd scan (Berlin 17813, 20716, Ranefer sealing, Hermopolis 406-VIIA).
- Allen, "The Amarna Succession" (2009) — full PDF (Memphis blocks, stelae, Year 3, Carter 405/1k, Hermopolis Tutankhaten and granddaughter blocks, shabti, Manetho).
- Gabolde, "Under a Deep Blue Starry Sky" (2009) — full PDF (261p, 266g Selkis line 7, feminine forms, sequins reading).
- Reeves, JAEI 7.4 (2015) gold mask — full; Reeves, ARTP Occasional Paper 1 (2015) — full (titulary forms a-d, reused objects, Nefertiti thesis).
- Dietrich, CRE 2023 (2024) — full open-access PDF (Munich ÄS 7342, Berlin 17813/20716/21331, Hermopolis 406/VII+777/VIII+826/VIIIA reconstruction, 255/VI+482/VII, counts, bibliography).
- Dodson, Amarna Sunset (2009) and Nefertiti, Queen and Pharaoh (2020); Dodson, Amarna Sunrise (2014) — archive.org OCR texts (Year-16 graffito summary, TT139 dates, bezels, bricks, Kiya, find-spots, Manetho).
- Krauss in Hornung-Krauss-Warburton, Ancient Egyptian Chronology (2006) 206-208 — archive.org OCR.
- Waddell, Manetho (Loeb 1940) frs 50-53; Josephus C. Ap. 1.95-97 Greek (Perseus/Niese).
- Nederhof, Restoration Stela transliteration/translation (after Urk. IV 2025-2032).
- Knudtzon, El-Amarna-Tafeln I (1915): EA 155 "arad Sal-ma-ia-a-ti" lines (transliteration only).
- Reeves, Complete Tutankhamun (1990) p. 24 (feminine bezels); Sousa-Pieke-Bagh eds 2024 (b, passages only).
- Amarna Project Horizon 20-23 and GAT report 2020 — negative results.

### Seen only in part, abstract, catalogue page or snippet — code (b)
- Van der Perre 2014 (Brill abstract page); Tawfik-Thomas-Hegenbarth-Reichardt 2018 (abstract); Kawai 2023 (abstract); Louvre AF 9904 / Brooklyn 33.51 catalogue pages (seen earlier via Wayback, NOT saved, wording from memory); Berlin Ay-Ankhesenamun ring 2024 summary (NOT saved); Amarna Project "Ankhkheperure" bezel record (snippet); Sousa-Pieke-Bagh 2024 (OA text, passages only); Guardian of Ancient Egypt vol. 1 (front matter only — Johnson 2020 chapter NOT obtained).

### Known only through citation — code (c)
Roeder-Hanke 1969 plates and block texts; Allen 1988 JARCE 25 and 1994 GM; Allen 2016; Gabolde 1990 BSEG 14, 1998 D'Akhenaton à Toutânkhamon, 2015; Krauss 1978, 1989, 2007; Harris 1974 AcOr 36, 1992; Samson 1973-82; Loeben 1986, 1994, 1999; Bovot 1999; Eaton-Krauss 1993-2016; Beinlich-Saleh 1989; Helck 2001; Laboury 2010; Johnson 2015 KMT 26 (Hanover head), 2020; Willeitner 2022a-b (MAAT 23-24); Breuer 2012; Van der Perre 2012; Reeves 2014 (BES 19), 2023; Kemp 2016 (Akhetaten Sun 22); Málek 1996; Löhr 1975; Goldwasser 1990; Dodson 2002a, 2008 (Tell el-Borg); Hayes 1951 (Malqata bezel); Moran 1992 (EA 10, 11, 155 translations); Černý 1965 and Tallet 1996 (KV62 dockets); Hanke 1978 / Harris 1974 CdE (Kiya titulary); Lepsius LD III 99a; Urk. IV 2024 (Helck).

### Specific unverified points not to be quoted without checking
1. Month of the Dayr Abu Hinnis Year-16 date (I vs III Akhet) — Van der Perre 2014 needed.
2. Reeves 2023's argument that the TT139 "temple of Ankhkheperure" is Amenhotep II's — not read.
3. Regnal year (if any) on docket COA III 36 "House of Ankhkheperure"; the exact hieratic of docket 35 (mꜣꜥ-ḫrw partly restored).
4. The Carter 048h bow: no royal name confirmed on the cards read.
5. The full titulary string of Kiya and the MMA 20.2.11 jar — from general knowledge only.
6. The exact text of the Nefertiti shabti (Loeben's restoration) and the Berlin Ay–Ankhesenamun ring inventory/publication.
7. Bezel counts per variant (Allen 1994 / Gabolde 1998 / Dodson 2009 App. 2 tables) — none seen; only Petrie's pl. XV numbers and COA III type codes.
8. Kemp 2016 and Johnson 2015/2020 — content inferred from titles and Dietrich's citations only.
9. Hermopolis 826/VIIIA: which signs are actually preserved vs restored — Dietrich's bracketing copied; Roeder's plate not seen.
10. EA 10/11 "Mayati" wording — Moran not consulted; Knudtzon's EA 10/11 pages not located in the OCR.