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You can search through the full text of this book on the web at|http : //books . google . com/ Kfx^jx;7 (is) dW®.Kockl)ill. ^"MS^^JI^^^ Hakluytus Posthumus or Purchas His Pilgrimes In Twenty Volumes Volume XVIII GLASGOW PRINTED AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS BY ROBERT MACLEHOSE ^ COMPANY LTD. FOR JAMES MACLEHOSE AND SONS, PUBLISHERS TO THE UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW MACMILLAN AND CO. LTD. LONDON THB MACMILLAN CO. NBW YORK THB MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA TORONTO SIMPKIN, HAMILTON AND CO. LONDON MACMILLAN AND BOWKS CAMBRIDGS DOUGLAS AND FOULIS BDINBURGH MCMVI Hakluytus Posthumus or Purchas His Pilgrimes Contayning a History of the World in Sea Voyages and Lande Travells by Englishmen and others By SAMUEL PURCHAS, B.D. VOLUME XVIII Glasgow James MacLehose and Sons Publishers to the University MCMVI KF2^52 7 (is) ^'^7^2 3- THE TABLE PAGB The Contents of the Chapters and Paragraphs in the Eight Booke of the Second part of Purchas his Pilgrims. CHAP. ll.^CwHnuid. §2. Sotos further Discoveries in Florida, and manifold Adventures till hee came to TuUa. ... i Indians food. A Ladies deceit. Medowes sowne with Maiz. Christians in great danger, care for provision. The Governors departure from Co9a. Women given for cariages. Canoas demanded of the Indians. Five Christians slaine. Indians slaine, the Towne entred, ornaments burnt. Indians threaten Christians. A present given to the Governour. Chica9a fired. A great flight. A terrible out-crie. Advertisement given to the Governour, three Canoes sent. Deepe River. Walnuts like bullets. The Governour wor- shipped. Crosse worshipped. Strange fish. Store of Oxen. Men and women taken. Cayas a fruitfuU Conntrie. Present of Oxe hides. §3. His departure to Autiamque, Ortiz his Death and disasters following : Soto takes thought and dyeth. Moscosco succeedeth. They leave Florida, and arrive at Panuco 34 Rough Mountaines. Indians uken. Snares for Conies. Dangerous passage. Store of Maiz. Horsemen sent downe the River. Indians unconstant Indians set THE TABLE The Contents of the Chapters — Continued. 'ace at libertie. Strait command. A present of much fish. Want of Maia:. Much Raine and Snow. Great trouble. Indians conspiracie discovered, their right hands cut off. Skum like Pitch. Great Rivers. CHAP. III. Divers expeditions from Mexico, and other parts of New Spaine and New Biskay, especially to the more Northerly parts of America, by divers Spaniards in a hundred yeeres space 52 § I . The Relation of Nunno di Gasman written to Charles the fift Emperour ; translated out of Ramusios third Tome, and abridged 52 Expeditions to America. Crosse erected; People flye. Shewes of Gold and Silver. Devill adored, hard skirmish ; Women and Children sacrificed. Embas- sadors with offers of peace. Crosses erected. § 2. The Voyage of Frier Marco de Nica, Don Fr. Vasquez de Coronado, Don Antonio de Espeio, and divers into New Mexico, and the adjoyning Coasts and Lands 61 Temples covered with straw ; Embroidered garments. Many hones lost. Oratory for the Devill. Signes of rich Mines. Spanish Discoveries on the South Sea Coast & Lands adjoyning. § 3. Extracts out of ceruine Letters of Father Martin Perez of the Societie of Jesus, from the new Mission of the Province of Cinoloa, to the Fathers of Mexico, dated in the moneth of December, 1591. With a Letter added, written 1605. of later Discoveries. H 68 Masse once a yeare. Naked People. Short Javelings. Indians Christned. The Divell forbids it. Petatlan. Marriage rites. The sicke make their owne graves. THE TABLE The Contents of the Chapters — Continued. 'aci A Letter written from Valladolid by Ludovicm Tribaldus Toletosy to Master Richard Hakluyt, translated out of Latine, touching Juan de Onate his Discoveries in New Mexico, five hundred leagues to the North from the Old Mexico. H 76 Ludovicus. Mightie Rocke. Store of Deere. Newes from Spaine. Extreme cruelties of some not to be imputed to the whole Nation. The Prologue of the Bishop Frier Bartholomew de las Casasy or Casans, to the most high and mightie Prince, Our Lord Don Philip Prince of Spaine. . 83 Bart, de Casas his Prologue to Don Philip Prince of Spaine. CHAP. nil. A briefe Narration of the destruction of the Indies by the Spaniards : written by a Frier Bartholomew de las Casas, a Spaniard, and Bishop of Chiapa in America. 8; Bart, de las Casas his Booke of Cruelties done in the Indies. Of the He of Hispaniola 89 Of the two lies Saint John, & Jamayca. ... 98 Of the He of Cuba 98 Of Terra Firma, or the firme Land 102 Of the Province of Nicaragua 106 Of New Spaine 109 Of the Province and Realme of Guatimala. . 113 Of New Spaine^ and Panuco, and Xalisco. . 116 Of the Realme of Yucaun 1 30 Of the Province of Saint Martha 125 vii THE TABLE The G>ntents of the Chapters — Continued. page Of the Province of Carthagene 128 Of the Coast of Pearles, and of Paha, and of the He of theTrinitie 129 Of the River Yuia pari 136 Of the Realme of Venesuela. 136 Of the Provinces of the firme Land, or quarter that is called Florida 141 Of the River of La plata 14* Of the mightie Realmes, and large Provinces of Peru. . 142 Of the new Realme of Granado 148 Part of a Letter written by one which saw things mentioned 160 The summe of the Disputation betweene Fner Bartholo- mew de las Casas or Casaus, and Doctor Sepulveda. 176 Many soules destroyed. CHAP. V. Notes of Voyages and Plantations of the French in the Northerne America : both in Florida and Canada. . 181 Pillar erected. Two Serpents. FcarcfiiU lightning. Utina prisoner. League with Savage Kings. Fort taken. Hand of Birds. CHAP. VL The Voyage of Samuel Champlaine of Brouage, made unto Canada, in the yeere 1603. dedicated to Charles de Montmorencie, 5cc. High Admirall of France. H. . 188 Coast of Brittaine discovered. Great Storme. Hand of Ice. Great entertainment. Faire Castles. Manner of Dancing. Point of Saint Mathew. Speech made viii THE TABLE The Contents of the Chapters — Continued. pack to the Mountainen. Strange bdiefe. The Divell appeareth to the Indians. Their Ceremonie in Marriage. A River of incredible depth. Store of Slate. Many Rockes. Dangerous Rocb and Flats. Store of Vines. Saint EI07. Moving Sand. Great Lake. Store of Vines. Wholsome River. Many lies and frnitfull trees. Low Land. Many Hands. Temperate aire. A Lake eighty leagues long. Many great Lakes. The Coast of Irocois mountainous. Many Falls of water. Store of Indian Wheat. Bay of Heat. Mine of Copper. Bay of Hete. A good Haven. Haven of Tadousac. Women starke naked. He of Saint John. Oze and Sands. The great Sagamo Anadabijou. CHAP. VII. The Patent of the French King to Monsieur de Monts, for the Inhabiting of the Countries of La Cadia Canada, and other places in New France. 226 La Cadia. The Voyage of Monsieur de Monts into New France, written by Marke Lescarbot 228 Port Moutton discovered. Saint Maries Bay. A Priest lost. Bay fortie leagues in length. Spaniards ex- ceeding cruelties. New France. Bay of Saint Marie. Common place. Cannon lodged. Unknowne sicknesses. Lakes and Bogges. Fountaine of fresh water. Woodden Pantophles or Pattins. Wilde fowle. Venison. Fresh fish. Many Hands. River of Canada. They come to Port Royall. Tabagies or Feasts. An enterprise atchieved. The Bay of Heate. Mbts and Colds. Ices like Mountaines. Birds called Hopfoyes or Liver catchers. Duskie Mists. Sweet Odours. Savages expedition in joumies. Calme weather. Good journey. White Banner displayed. Port Royall. Many Rockes and lies. He of Saint Croix. Inclosures and partitions of Gardens. Treaty of amitie. Presents. Presents given by Mons. de Pontrincourt. Boats of trees hollowed. Savages play upon long Pipes ; subtile and theevish, great danger. Great store of Grapes, ix THE TABLE The Contents of the Chapters — Continued. pace Plenty of Fowlc«. Port Fortune, Wayes through Woods. Trucking for Bread Seldome Raine. Pleasant sport. Want of Garden Hearbes. Quan- titic of Gumme. Prayers to God. Trade of Bevers. High trees. Wizard or Southsayer. Seales crie like Owles. Great store of fish. Contrarie wind. Kind entertainment. Ouurds given to the King. The Nations pacified. Store of Vines. CHAP. VIII. Collections out of a French Booke, called Additions to Nova Francia ; contayning the Accidents there, itom the yeere 1607 to 161 1 289 Commodious place for Command. Diligent search. Gentle conversation. River of the Irocois. Challenge to combat. Agreement with Captaines. Lake 100. leag. in length. Beasts great and small. Savages Baptized. Great contentment. CHAP. IX. The first Plantation of English Colonies in Virginia, briefly mentioned 298 Patent for Discovery. Large History. Secret assault upon the English. Booke of Discoveries. CHAP. X. The Relation of Captain Gosnols Voyage to the North part of Virginia, begun the six and twentieth of March, Anno 42. Elizabethae Reginae 1602. and delivered by Gabriel Archer, a Gentleman in the said Voyage. H 302 Saint Maries Iland. Savages shew themselves ; store of fish. Store of people. Many Hils and Hummocks. A ledge of Rocb. Haps Hill. In-creekes or sandie Coves. Skins of wild beasts. A Musket presented with threatning countenance. Dumpish terror. Cranes, Hernshowes, and Geese. X THE TABLE The G>ntents of the Chapters — ConHnued. '•ace CHAP. XL Notes of the same Voyage, taken out of a Tractate written hj James Rosier to Sir Walter Raileigh, and of Maces Voyage to Virginia. .314 Lakes of fresh water. Signes of gratulations. Collars and Chaines: Deeres skinnes. Sassafras, Cedar, Farres, Skinnes, and other commodities. CHAP. XIL A Voyage set out from the Citie of BristoU, at the charge of the chiefest Merchants and Inhabitants of the said Citie, with a small Ship and a Barke for the Discovery of the North part of Virginia, in the yei^Tt 1603. under the command of mee Martin Pringe. H. . 322 Voyage for discoverie. Sight of the Pike. Sundry sorts of beasts. Savages come downe in abundance. Wild Pease and Strawberries. Divers sorts of beasts. Conspiracie. Excellent Haven. A Relation of the voyage made to Virginia, in the Eliza- beth of London, a Barke of fiftie tunnes by Captaine Bartholmew Gilbert, in the yeere 1603. Written by Master Thomas Canner, a Gentleman of Bamards Inne, his Companion in the same Voyage. H. 329 Barter and trade with the Savages. Huge Tortoyse. Gulfe of Mexico. Low Land. Pleasant and goodly trees. CHAP. XIIL Extracts of a Virginian Voyage, made An. 1604. by Captaine George Waymouth, in the Archangell. Set foorth by the Right Honourable Henrie Earle of South-hampton, and the Lord Thomas Arundel, ^ written by James Rosier. H.P 335 xi THE TABLE The Contents of the Chapters — Continued. pack Store of Munition. Dangerous Rockes. Miraculous deliverance. Store of Firre, Birch and Beech. Store of Lobsters, &c. A very fruitfull Hand. Furres and Skins. Good Tobacco. Savage Women well favoured. Store of Tobacco. Furres and Tobacco. Conspiracie. Painted Eices. Good har- bours for Ships of all burthens. Store of Fish. Good and fertile ground. Armor and Shot. Goodly River. Sixe or seven miles fresh water. Exceeding great Codde. Virginian Commodities, Fowles, Beasts, Fishes, Plants, &c. CHAP. XIIII. The description of the Hands of Azores, or the Flemish Hands, taken out of Linschoten, with certaine occur- rents, and English acts. 360 The Citie Angra. Fruitfull and pleasant Hand. Strange Plant. Store of fish. Pits for preserving Come. Strange Springs. Wood turned into hard stone. Terrible Windes. Divers great Villages. Santa Maria. Great store of Victuals. He De Corvo. Of certaine notable and memorable Accidents that hap- pened during my continuance in Tercera : in which are related many English Fleets, Sea-fights, and Prizes. 374 Much foule weather. Many men drowned by a storme. He of Tercera; Roade of Angra. Spaniards losses. Cruell act. A ship taken. Happie Voyage. Navie of English ships. Fayaell af&ighted. Letters of advice. Pride and vanitie the Parents of many disasters. Cruell fight ; Sir Richard Greenfields resolution. Great curtesie shewed. The Revenge cast away in Tercera. Ship cast away upon Rockes ; Thirty ikwe. drowned. Request made to the King of Spaine. River of Lisbone. xn THE TABLE PAGE The Contents of the Chapters and Paragraphs in the Ninth Booke of the Second part of Purchas his Pilgrims. CHAP. I. Part of the fint Patent granted by his Majestie for the Plantation of Virginia, Aprill the tenth 1606. . 399 Adventurers of the Citie of London. Councell of 13. persons. CHAP. II. Observations gathered out of a Discourse of the Plantation of the Southerne Colonie in Virginia by the English, 1606. Written by that Honorable Gentleman Master George Percy. H 403 Great stormes. Bodies painted red. Feare of assault. Store of wild Fowle. Guanas, in fashion like a Serpent. Crosse set up at Chesupioc Bay. Strange manner of Dancing. Savages make resistance. Villany pretended. Most famous River. A Fort builded Triangle wise. Devillish gestures with Hellish noyse. Kinistone starved to death. CHAP. III. The Description of Virginia by Captaine John Smith, inlarged out of his written Notes. .... 420 Good temperature of the Country. Mountaines of divers natures. Many plaine Marishes. Convenient Har- bor : Store of Sturgeon. River inhabited on both sides. Strange people in attire. Arrowes five quarters long. Of such things which are naturall in Virginia, and how they use them 429 Three sorts of Plnmmes. Small fmit on which many live. Strange beasts. Sundry sorts of Beasts, ziii THE TABLE The Contents of the Chapters — Continued. '^cb Of their planted Fruits in Virginia, and how they use them 435 Great plenty of fruits. Pumpions planted amongst Come. Of the naturall Inhabitants of Virginia, and their Customes, 438 Women Barbers. Attire, Mantles ; Copper Beades, Chaines, Bracelets. Round Targets for the Warres. Savages hunting. Food conduct and assistance; Instruments of Musicke. Trading for Copper. Of their Religion. 449 Priests Ornaments. Strange passions. Dancing with Rattles and Shouts. Beliefe of the Werowance. Of the manner of the Virginians Government. . 454 Monarchiall government. Ceruine Images. Tribute paid. Many men slaine, with strange promises. Savages furie. CHAP. IIII. The proceedings of the English Colonie in Virginia, taken faithfully out of the writings of Thomas Studley, Cape-Merchant, Anas Todkill, Doctor Russell, Nathaniel Powell, William Phetiplace, and Richard Pot, Richard Wiffin, Tho. Abbay, Tho. Hope; and since enlarged out of the Writings of Captaine John Smith, principall Agent and Patient in these Virginian Occurrents, from the beginning of the Plantation 1606. till Anno 1 6 10. somewhat abbrevi- ated 459 Letters Patents for establishing a Counsell. A Fort con- trived. Rivers Navigable. Rocks and lies. First planters in Virginia. Unexpected plentie. Begin- ning of Trade. Winter Fowles. George Casson surprized. Hellish Notes. Many Snakes and Weasels. Circle of Meale. Platters of Bread. Fowle and wilde Beasts. Smiths libertie. Undervaluing our Commodities. Powhatans speech. Store of Oate- xiv THE TABLE The Contents of the Chapters — Continued. ^aci meale. Meale and Come. Amboscadoes. Messen- gen sent to make excuse. Great and furious assault. Volley of Muskets. Woods laid with Ambuscadoes. Fish plentie. Stingray very hurtful!. Fireworkes. Presents of Venison. Beares-flesh. &c Capuine adored by the Savages. The Savages attempt. Dan- cing and singing. Safe arrivall. Boates trimmed for trade. Strange Discovery. Potsticke. Message of the Presents sent. Horrible feare. Supposed Mines. Trees thunder. Lowd Oathes. Private Factors. The Proceeding and Accidents, with the second supply. 502 First Marriage in Virginia. A Substitute left ; plenty of victuals. Salt Ice melted. Demand of Swords and Gunnes. Vow kept. Many promises. Powhatans wicked intent. Colourable excuse. Newes of being betrayed. Generall resolution. Doore guarded. Commodities brought in. Boat lunke. Fields en- vironed. Savages flight. Unhappy Discovery. Ambuscado laid for Captaine Smith. Negligent guard. Savage smothered. Powhaun affrighted. Store of Sturgeon. Case argued. Many billeted among the Savages. Wicked practice. Savages offer of amitie. Mutinie. Breach of peace. Powhatan sold. Mutinies. Cap. Smith fired and drowned. Government usurped. Pocahontas kindnesse to Cap- tane Smith. Captaine Da vies arrivall. Mortall wounds. Hard incounter. Savages kind usage. XV ILLUSTRATION PAGE Qptaine John Smithy His Map of Virginia, . . 540 ZV11 THE EIGHTEENTH VOLUME or Purchas His Pilgrimes Contayning Voyages to and Land -Travels in Florida, Virginia and other parts of the IsTortherne America. French Plantings, Spanish Supplantings, English -Vir- ginian Voyages & to the Islands Azores, with the Description of Virginia A.D. I540. §. 11. Sotos further Discoveries in Florida and manifold various Adventures till hee came to Tulla. IHe Governour departed from Cutifa Chiqui the third day of May. And because the Indians had revolted, and the will of the Ladie was perceived, that if shee could, shee would depart without giving any Guides or men for burdens, for the wrongs which the Christians had done to the Indians: (for there never want some among many of a base sort, that for a little gaine doe put themselves and others in danger of undoing.) The Governour commanded her to be kept Baggage of the in safegard, and carried with him, not with so good usage Oampe. as shee deserved for the good will she shewed. And he carried her on foot with his bond-women to looke unto her. In all the Townes where the Governour passed, the Lady commanded the Indians to come and carrie the [IV. viii. burdens from one Towne to another. Wee passed iS39«] through her Countrie an hundred leagues, in which, as wee saw, shee was much obeyed. For the Indians did all that shee commanded them with great efficacie and diligence. In seven dayes space the Governour came to a Province called Chalaque, the poorest Countrie of Chalaque Maiz that was scene in Florida. The Indians fed upon ^^^ dayes Roots and Herbes which they seeke in the fields, and upon ^q!^^^^ wilde beasts, which they kill with their Bowes and ^^' Arrowes: and it is a very gentle people. All of them goe naked, and are very leane. There was a Lord, which lor a great Present, brought the Governour two Deeres XVIII I A A.D. PURCHAS HIS PILGRIMES 1540. skinnes: and there were in that Countrie many wilde 700. Hem. Hens. In one Towne they made him a Present of seven hundred Hens, and so in other Townes they sent him those which they had or coxild get. From this Province XuaUafivi to another, which is called XuaUa, hee spent five dayes : daje$ ^. here he found very little Maiz ; and for this cause, though the people were wearied, and the horses very weake, hee stayed no more but two dayes. From Ocute to Cutifa- chiqui may bee some hundred and thirtie leagues, whereof eightie are Wildemesse. From Cutifa-chiqui to Xualla, two hundred and fiftie, and it is an Hilly Countrie. The Governour departed from Xualla toward Guaxule: he Rough and passed very rough and high hils. In that journey, the high Hk. Lady of Cutifa-chiqui ^whom the Governour carried wiA him, as is aforesaid, witn purpose to carrie her to Guaxule, because her Territorie reached thither) going on a day with the bond-women which lead her, went out of the way, and entred into a Wood, saying, shee went to case her selfe, and so shee deceived them, and hid her selfe in the Wood; and though they sought her they could not find her. She carri^ away with her a little chest made of Canes in manner of a Coffer, which they call Petaca, full of unbored Pearles. Some which could judge of them, said, that they were of great value. An Indian woman that waited on her did carrie them. The Governour not to discontent her altogether, left them with her, making account that in Guaxme he would aske them of her, when he gave her leave to retume : which Coffer shee carried away, and went to Xualla with three slaves which fled from the Campe, and one Horseman which remained behind, who fafling sicke of an Ague went out of the way, and was lost. This man, whose name was Alimamos, dealt with the slaves to change their eviU purpose, and returne with him to the Christians: which two of them did; and Alimamos and they over- tooke the Governour fiftie leagues from thence in a Province called Chiaha; and reported how the Lady remayned in Xualla with a slave of Andrew de Vascon- FERDINANDO DE SOTO a.d. 1540. cellos which woxild not come backe with them, and that of a certaintie they lived as man and wife together, and meant to goe both to Cutifa-chiqui. Within five dayes the Govemour came to Guaxule. The Indians there Guaxukfive gave him a Present of three hundred Dogges, because *^^'S^ they saw the Christians esteeme them, and sought them to feed on them: for among them they are not eaten. In Guaxule, and all that way, was very little Maiz. The Govemour sent from thence an Indian with a message to the Cacique of Chiaha, to desire him to gather some Maiz thither, that he might rest a few dayes in Chiaha. The Governour departed firom Guaxule, and in two dayes joxu-ney came to a Towne called Canasagua. There Canasagua met him on the way twentie Indians everv one loaden ^^ dayes with a basket full of^ Mulberies : for there oe many, and '^q^^^J^^ ^f those very good, firom Cutifa-chiqui thither, and so Muiberie trees forward in other Provinces, and also Nuts and Plums, tomahsilke. And the trees grow in the fields without planting or dressing them, and are as bigge and as ranke, as though they grew in Gardens digg^ and watered. From the time that the Governour departed firom Canasagua, he journied five dayes through a Desert; and two leagues before he came to Chiaha, there met him fifteene In(£ans loaden with Maiz, which the Cacique had sent ; and they told him on his behalfe, that he waited his comming witli twentie Barnes full of it ; and &rther, that himseue, his Countrie, and subjects, and all things else were at his service. On the fift day of June, the Governour entred into Chiaha: The Cacique voided his owne houses, in which hee lodged, and received him with much joy. There was in this Towne much Butter in Gourds melted like Oyle: they said it was the fat of fieares. The fat of There was found also great store of Oyle of Walnuts, ^^^^^^^ which was cleere as Butter, and of a good taste, and a ^^"L pot full of Honie of Bees, which neither before nor after- ^^« of Bees, ward was scene in all the Countrie. The Towne was in CMaba seated an Hand betweene two armes of a River, and was seated ^*« ^» ^^»^- nigh one of them. The River divideth it selfe into those A.D. PURCHAS HIS PILGRIMES 1540. two branches two Crosse-bow shot above the Towne, and meeteth ag^aine a league beneath the same. The plaine betweene both the branches is sometimes one Crosse-bow shot, sometimes two Crosse-bow shot over. The branches are very broad, and both of them may be waded over. There were all along them very good Medowes, and many fields sowne with Maiz. And because the Indians stayed in their Towne, the Governour only lodged in the houses of the Cacique, and his people in the fields ; where there was ever a tree, every one tooke one for himselfe. Thus the Campe lay separated one from another, and out of order. The Governour winked at it, because the Indians were in peace, and because it was very hot, and the people shoula have suffered great extremitie, if it had not beene so. The horses came thither so weake, that for feeblenesse, they were not able to carry their Masters: because that from Cutila-chiqui, they alwayes travelled with very little Provender, and were hunger-starved and Ocuu^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^y came from the Desert of Ocute- chap. 8. And because the most of them were not in case to use in [IV. viii. battell, though need shovdd require, they sent them to 1540-] feed in the night a quarter of a league from the Campe. The Christians were there in great danger, because that if at this time the Indians had set upon them, they had beene in evill case to have defended themselves. The Thirtiedayes Govemour rested there thirtie dayes, in which time, rest. because the Countrie was very fruitfiill, the horses grew fet. A Cacique of a Province called Coste, came to this Towne to visit the Governour. After he had oflFered himselfe, and passed with him some words of tendring his service and courtesie; the Governor asking him whether he had notice of any rich Countrie ? he said, yea : to wit, that toward the North, there was a Province named Mines of Chisca : and that there was a melting of Copper, and of ^dincLca ^^^^^^^ metal of the same colour, save that it was finer, toward the^ and of a far more perfect colour, and far better to the North, sight ; and that they used it not so much, because it was softer. And the selfe same thing was told the Governour 4 FERDINANDO DE SOTO a.d. 1540. in Cutiia-chiqui ; where we saw some little Hatchets of Haukets of Copper, which were said to have a mixture of Gold. But Copper kdd- in that part the Countrie was not wel peopled, and they '"^ said there were Mountaines, which the horses could not passe: and for that cause, the Governour would not goc from Cutifa-chiqui directly thither : And he made account, C^ca is that travelling through a peopled Countrie, when his men ^^'^ ^.^'^ and horses should bee in better plight, and hee were better ■^^^. ^{^\ certified of the truth of the thmg, he wovdd returne istoiddntwo toward it, by Mountaines, and a better inhabited Countrie, ddes of Santa whereby he might have better passage. He sent two ^^^v. Christians from Chiaha, with certain Indians which knew ^^gfj^^^f^ the Countrie of Chisca, and the language thereof to view chiaha to it, and to make report of that which they should find ; seeh CMsca, where he told them that he would tarrie for them. In seven dayes he came to Coste. The second of July Coste seven he commanded his Campe to be pitched two Crosse-bow dayes from shot from the Towne : and with eight men of his guard ^^^' he went where hee found the Cacique, which to his ** thinking received him with great love. As he was talking with him, there went from the Campe certaine Footmen to the Towne to seeke some Maiz, and not contented with it, they ransacked and searched the houses, and took what they found. With this despite the Indians began to rise and to take their armes : and some of them with cudgels in their hands, ranne upon five or sixe Christians, which had done them wrong, and beat them at their pleasure. The Governour seeing them all in an uprore, and himselfe among them with so few Christians, to escape their hands used a stratagem, farre against his A wise owne disposition, being, as he was, very franke and open : Stratagem. and though it grieved him very much that any Indian should bee so bold, as with reason, or without reason to despise the Christians, he tooke up a cudgell, and tooke their parts against his owne men; which was a meanes to quiet them : And presently hee sent word by a man very secretly to the Campe, that some armed men should come toward the place where he was ; and he tooke the A.D. 1540. Those tvAich were sent to seeks Chisca retume. High Mwnunnes. A Rttkpoore Totone. AnOxeHide with hmre Tike woolL cap, 215. saith so, TaB^ me day jTotii Coste. Many Tonnes of Co^a. PURCHAS HIS PILGRIMES Cacique by the hand, using very milde words unto him> and with some principall Indians that did accompany him, he drew them out or the Towne into a plaine way, and unto the sight of the Campe, whither by little and little with good discretion the Christians began to come and to gather about them. Thus the Governour led the Cacique, and his chiefe men untill he entred with them into the Campe : and neere unto his Tent, hee commanded them to be put in safe custodie : and told them, that they should not depart without giving him a guide and Indians for burthens, and till certaine sicke Christians were come, which he had commanded to come down the River in Canoes from Chiaha; and those also which he had sent to the Province of Chisca : (for they were not returned ; and he feared that the Indians had slaine the one, and the other.) Within three dayes after, those which were sent to Chisca returned, and made report, that the Indians had carried them through a Countrie so poore of Maiz, and so rough, and over so high Mountaynes, that it was impossible for the Armie to travell that way; and that seeing the way grew very long, and that they lingred much, they consulted to returne from a little poore Towne, where they saw nothing that was of any profit, and brought an Oxe hide, which the Indians gave them, as thin as a calves skin, and the haire like a soft wool, betweene the course and fine wooll of sheepe. The Cacique gave a guide, and men for burdens, and departed with the Governours leave. The Governour departed from Coste the ninth of July, and lodged at a Towne called Tali. The Cacique commanded provision necessary for two dayes, while the Governour was there, to be brought thither: and at the time of his departure, he gave him foure women and two men, which he had need of to beare burthens. The Governour travelled sixe dayes through many Townes subject to the Cacique of Co^a : and as he entred into his Countrie many Indians came unto him every day from the Cacique, and met him on the way with messages, one going, and another comming. 6 FERDINANDO DE SOTO 1540. He came to Co^a upon Friday, the sixe and twentieth of C^a July. The Cacique came forth to receive him, two Crosse- ^^ *^- bow shot from the Towne in a chaire, which his principall men carried on their shoulders, sitting upon a cushion, and covered with a garment of Marterns, of the fashion Martemi. and bignesse of a womans Huke : hee had on his head a Diadem of feathers, and round about him many Indians playing upon Flutes, and singing. There was in the Barnes, and in the fields great store of Maiz and French Beanes : The Countrie was greatly inhabited with many great Townes, and many sowne fields, Mioiy gnat which reached from the one to the other. It was pleasant, T^'p. fet, full of good Meadowes upon Rivers. There were frus^ef^vers in the fields many Plum-trees, as well of such as grow in gorts. Spaine, as of the Countrie : and wild tall Vines, that [IV. viii. runne up the trees; and besides these, there were other '54'-] low Vines with bigge and sweet Grapes ; but for want Two sorts of of digging and dressing, they had great kernels in them. ^''^^• The Govemour used to set a guard over the Caciques, ^^' because they should not absent themselves, and carried them with him, till he came out of their Countries: because that carrying them along- with him, he looked to find people in the Townes, and they gave him guides, and men to carrie burdens : and before hee went out of their Countries, hee gave them license to retume to their houses, and to their Porters likewise, assoone as hee came to any other Lordshippe, where they gave him others. The men of Co^a seeing their Lord detained, tooke it in evill part, and revolted, and hid themselves in the Woods, aswell those of the Towne of the Cacique, as those of the other Townes of his principall subjects. The Governour sent out foure Captaines, every one his way to seeke thenoL They tooke many men and women, which were put into chaines: They seeing the hurt which they received, and how little they gained in absenting them- selves, came againe, promising to doe whatsoever they were commanded. The Governor rested in Co^a five and twentie dayes. I A.D. PURCHAS HIS PILGRIMES 1540. lo. of August. He departed from thence the twentieth of August to seeke a Province called Tascaluca: he carried with him the Cacique of Co^a. Hee passed that day by a great TaiBmuchasej Towne called Tallimuchase, the people were fled: hee aff'Mt lodged halfe a league farther neere a Brooke. The next r/wtf ^^y ^^ ^"^^ ^^ * Towne called Ytava, subject to Co^a. A mat River. ^^ Stayed there sixe dayes because of a River that passed by itj which at that time was very high ; and assoone as the River suffered him to passe, he set forward, and lodged UlRbahaB. at a Towne named Ullibahali. There came to him on the way, on the Caciques behalfe of that Province, ten or twelve principall Indians to offer him his service ; all of them had their plumes of feathers, and Bowes and Arrowes. The Governour comming to the Towne with twelve Horsemen, and some Footmen of his Guard, leaving his people a Crosse-bow shot from the Towne, entred into it, hee found all the Indians with their weapons : and as farre as he could ghesse, they seemed to have some evill meaning. It was knowne afterward, that they were determined to take the Cacique of Co^a from the Governour, if he had requested it. The Governour commanded all his people to enter the Towne, which was UlRhahafi walled about, and neere unto it passed a small River. toalkdahouL The wall, aswell of that, as of others, which afterward Srfr^^jT ^ ^^ ^^' ^^^ ^^ 8^^^ P^^^^ thrust decpe into the ground and very rough, and many long railes as bigge as ones armes laid acrosse betweene them, and the waS was about the height of a Lance, and it was daubed within and without with clay, and had loop-holes. On the other side of the River was a Towne, where at that present the Cacique was. The Governour sent to call him, and he came presently. After he had passed with the Governour some words of offering his services, he gave him such men for his carriages as he needed, and thirtie women for slaves. In that pmce was a Christian lost, called Man^ano, borne in Salamanca, of noble Parentage, which went Great store of astray to seeke for Grapes, whereof there is great store, good Grapes. ^^ ^^Qg^ y^ g^^j 8 FERDINANDO DE SOTO ad. 1540. The day that the Governour departed from thence, he lodged at a Towne subject to the Lord of Ullibahali: and die next day hec came to another Towne called Toasi. Toast. The Indians gave the Governour thirtie women, and such men for his carriages as hee needed. He travelled liutraviUed ordinarily five or sixe leagues a day when he travelled ^^^^^M^ through peopled Countries: and going through Deserts, ^^^ ^^^ he marched as fast as he could, to eschew the want of Maiz. From Toasi, passing through some Townes sub- ject to a Cacique, wmch was Lord of a Province called Tallise, he travelled five dayes : He came to Tallise the TalBsgagnat ei&[hteenth of September: The Towne was great, and P«^- siSiated neerc unto a maine River. On the other side ^^'''- of the River were other Townes, and many fields sowne ^vw'. with Maiz. On both sides it was a very plentifuU Countrie, and had store of Maiz: they had voided the Towne. The Governour commanded to call the Cacique ; who came, and betweene them passed some words of love and offer of his services, and he presented unto him fortie Indians. There came to the Governour in this Towne a prindpall Indian in the behalfe of the Cacique of Tascaluca. After hee had rested there twenty dayes, hee departed thence toward Tascaluca. That day when he went from Talisse, he lodged at a great Towne caUed Casiste. And Casisti a the next day passed by another, and came to a small gr^^Totfme. Towne of Tascaluca ; and the next day hee camped in a Tascakca. Wood two leagues from the Towne where the Cacique resided, and was at that time. And he sent the Master of the Campe, Luys de Moscoso, with fifteene Horsemen, to let him knowe how he was comming. The Cacique was in his Lod^ngs under a Canopie : and without doores, right against his Lodgings, in an high place, they spread a Mat for him, and two Cushions one upon another, where he sate him downe, and his Indians placed them- selves round about him, somewhat distant from him, so that they made a place, and a voide roome where hee sate : and his chiefest men were neerest to him, and one A.D. PURCHAS HIS PILGRIMES 1540. with a shadow of Decres skitine, which kept the Sunne from him, being round, and of the bignesse of a Target, quartered with blacke and white, having a rundell in the middest : afarre off it seemed to be of Taffata, because the colours were very perfect. It was set on a small staffe stretched wide out. This was the device which he carried in his warres. He was a man of a very tall stature, of great limmes, and spare and well proportioned, and was much feared of his neighbours and subjects. [IV. viii. Hee was Lord of many Territories and much people : In *54*-] his countenance he was grave. After the Master of the Campe had spoken with him, he and those that went with him coursed their Horses, pransing them to and fro, and now and then toward the place where the Cacique was, who with much gravitie and dissimulation now and then lifted up his eyes, and beheld them as it were with disdaine. At the Governours comming, hee made no offer at all to rise. The Governour tooke him by the hand, and both of them sate down together on a scate which was under the Cloth of Estate. When he departed from thence, he determined to carrie him along with him for some causes, and at two dayes Pidche. journey he came to a Towne called Piache, by wiiich there AgreatRtper. passed a great River. The Governour demanded Canoas of the Indians: they said, they had them not, but that they would make Rafts of canes and drie timber, on which hee might passe well enough : And they made them with all diligence and speed, and they governed them; and because the water went very slowc, the Governour and his people passed very well. The couru of From the Port de Spirito Santo to Apalache, which is ^1^ aT-^^' about an hundred leagues, the Governour went from East ^ppea^tAthat to West : and from Apalache to Cutifa-chiqui, which are hejtmmejid foiire hundred and thirtie leagues, from the South-west not fam from to the North-east : and from Cutifa-chiqui to Xualla, Firg^ma. which are about two hundred and fiftie leagues, from the South to the North : and from Xualla to Tascaluca, which are two hundred and fiftie leagues more, an hundred and 10 FERDINANDO DE SOTO ad. 1540. ninety of them he travelled from East to West, to wit, to the Province of Co9a : and the other sixtie from Co^a to Tascaluca, from the North to the South. Having passed the River of Piache, a Christian went from his companie from thence to seeke a woman-slave tiiat was runne away from him, and the Indians either tooke him captive, or slue him. The Governour lirged the Cacique that he should give account of him, and threatned him, that if he were not found, he would never let him loose. The Cacique sent an Indian from thence to Mavilla, whither they were travelling, which was a Towne of a principall Indian and his subject, saying, that he sent him to advise them to make ready victuals, and men for carriages. But (as afterward appeared) he sent him to assemble all the men of warre thither, that hee had in his countrie. The Governour travelled three dayes; and the third day he passed all day thorow a peopled Countrie : and he came to Mavilla upon Monday Mavilla. the eighteenth of October. He went before the Campe 18. of with mteenc Horsemen, and thirtie Footmen. And from ^r^r. the Town came a Christian, whom he had sent to the principall man, three or foure dayes before, because he should not absent himselfe, and also to learne in what sort the Indians were: who told him, that he thought they were in an evill purpose: for while he was there, there came many people into the Towne, and many weapons, and that they made great haste to fortifie the Mmdlla wall. Luys de Moscoso told the Governo\ir, that it would wjZfei/. bee good to lodge in the field, seeing the Indians were of such disposition: and he answered, that he would lodge in the Towne, for he was weary of lodging in the field. When he came neere unto the Towne, the Cacique came forth to receive him with many Indians playing upon Flutes and singing : and after hee had oflFered him- selfe, he presented him with three mantles of Martems. Three mautles The Governour, with both the Caciques, and seven or of Martems. ciffht men of his guard, and three or foure Horsemen, which alighted to accompanie him, entred into the Towne, II AD. PURCHAS HIS PILGRIMES 1540. and sate him downe under a Cloth of Estate. The Cacique of Tascaluca requested him, that he would let him remaine in that Towne, and trouble him no more with travelling : and seeing he would not give him leave, in his talke hee changed his purpose, and dissemblingly fained that hee would speake with some principall Indians, and rose up from the place where he sate with the Governoiir, and entred into a house, where many Indians were with their Bowes and Arrowes. The Govemour when he saw he returned not, called him, and he answered, that he would not come out from thence, neither would hee goe any further then that Towne, and that if he would goe his way in peace, hee should presently depart, and should not seeke to carrie him perforce out of his Countrie and Territorie. Baltasar de Gallegos, which stood by, tooke hold of a A gwm of Gowne of Martems which hee had on ; and he cast it over Martems. ^jg head, and left it in his hands : and because all of them immediatly began to stirre, Baltasar de Gallegos gave him such a wound with his Goutilas, that hee opened him downe the backe, and presently all the Indians with a ¥eat crie came out of the houses shooting their Arrowes, he Governour considering, that if he taried tho-e, he could not escape, and if he commanded his men to come in, which were without the Towne, the Indians within the houses might kill their Horses, and doe much hurt, ranne out of the Towne, and before he came out, he fell twice or thrice, and those that were with him did helpe him up againe; and hee and those that were with him were sore wounded: and in a moment there were five Christians slaine in the Towne. The Governour came running out of the Towne, crying out, that every man should stand further off, because from the wall they did them much hurt. The Indians seeing that the Christians retired, and some of them, or the most part, more then an ordinarie pace, shot with great boldnesse at them, and strooke downe such as they could overtake. The Indians which the Christians did leade with them in chaines, had 12 FERDINANDO DE SOTO a.d. 1540. laid down their burthens neere xinto the wall : and assoone as the Govemour and his men were retired, the men of Mavilla laid them on the Indians backes againe, and tooke them into the Towne, and loosed them presently from their chaines, and gave them Bowes and Arrowes to fight [IV. viii. withail. Thus they possessed themselves of all the '543-] Clothes and Pearles, and all that the Christians had, which Attthiclotkis their slaves carried. And because the Indians had beene ^^f^^'^ alwaies peaceable untill wee came to this place, some of ^^^^ ^^^ our men had their weapons in their fardels and remained unarmed. And from others that had entred the Towne with the Govemour they had taken Swords and Holbards, and fought with them. When the Governour was gotten into the field, he called for an Horse, and with some that accompanied him, he returned and slue two or three Indians: All the rest retired themselves to the Towne, and shot with their Bowes from the wall. And those which presumed of their nimblenesse, sallied forth to fight a stones cast from the wall : And when the Christians charged them, they retired themselves at their leasure into the Towne. At the time that the broyle beganne, there were in the Towne a Frier, and a Priest, and a servant of the Govemour, with a woman-slave : and they had no time to come out of the Towne : and they tooke an house, and so remained in the Towne. The Indians become Masters of the place, they shut the doore with a field gate : and among them was one Sword which the Governours servant had, and with it he set himselfe behind the doore, thrusting at the Indians which sought to come into them: and the Frier and the Priest stood on the other side, each of them with a barre in their hands to beate him downe that first came in. The Indians seeing they could not get in by the doore, beganne to uncover the house top. By this time, all the Horsemen and Foot- men which were behind, were come to Mavilla. As soone as the battel! and the rereward were come to Mavilla, the Governor commanded all those that were best armed to alight, and made foure squadrons of Foot- 13 A.D. PURCHAS HIS PILGRIMES 1540. men. The Indians seeing how he was setting his men A consultation in order concluded with the Cacioue that hee should goe oftheln^ns hjg ^^y^ saying unto him, as aAer it was knowne by MrC^otti ^^^^^ women that were taken there, that he was but one man, and could fight but for one man, and that they had there among them many principall Indians, very valiant and expert in feates of Armes, that any one of them was able to order the people there. The Govemour was informed how there went men out of the Towne, and he commanded the Horsemen to beset it, and sent in every squadron of Footmen one Souldier with a fire- brand to set fire on the houses, that the Indians might have no defense : all his men being set in order, he com- manded an Harquebuse to be shot off. The signe being given, the foure squadrons, every one by it selfe with great fury, gave the onset, and with great hurt on both sides they entred the Towne. The Frier and the Priest, and those that were with them in the house were saved, which cost the lives of two men of account, and valiant, which came thither to succour them. The Indians fought with such courage, that many times they drave our men out of the Towne. The fight lasted so long, that for wearinesse and great thirst many of the Christians went to a Poole, that was neere the wall, to drinke, which was all stained with the bloud of the dead, and then came againe to fight. The Governour seeing this, entred among the Footmen into the Towne on horsebake, with certaine that accompanied him, and was a meane that the Christians came to set fire on the houses, and brake and overcame the Indians, who running out of the Towne fi-om the Footmen, the Horsemen without drave in at the gates againe, where being without all hope of life, they fought valiantly, and after the Christians came among them to handy blowes, seeing themselves in great distresse without any succour, many of them fled into the burning Thi death of ^^^^es, where one upon another they were smothered 2500. and burnt in the fire. The whole number of the Indians InHans, that diexi in this Towne, were two thousand and five 14 FERDINANDO DE SOTO a.p. 1540. hundred, little more or lesse. Of the Christians there died eighteene ; of which one was Don Carlos, brother in law to the Governour, and a Nephew of his, and one John de Gamez, and Men Rodriguez Portugals, and John Vazquez de ViUanova de Barca Kota, all men of honour, and of much valour: the rest were Footmen. Besides those that were slaine, there were an hundred and fiftie wounded with seven hundred wounds of their Arrowes : and it pleased God that of very dangerous wounds they were quickly healed. Moreover, there were twelve Horses slaine, and seventy hurt. All the Clothes which the Christians carried with them to clothe themselves withall, and the ornaments to say Masse, and the Pearles, were all burnt there : and the Christians did set them on fire themselves; because they held for a greater incon- venience, the hurt which the Indians might doe them from those houses, where they had gathered all those goods together, then the losse of them. Here the Gover- nour understood, that Francisco Maldonado waited for him at the Port of Ochuse, and that it was sixe dayes The Port of journey from thence; and he dealt with John Ortiz to Ochuse 6. keepe it secret, because hee had not accomplished that ^'j^*^^ which hee determined to doe; and because the Pearles were burnt there, which he meant to have sent to Cuba for a shew, that the people hearing the newes, might he desirous to come to that Countrie. From the time that the Governoinr entred into Florida, untill his departure from Mavilla, there died an hundred and two Christians, some of sicknesse, and others which the Indians slue. He stayed in Mavilla, because of the [IV. viii. wounded men, eij^ht and twentie dayes; all which time 1544O he lay in the fiekl. It was a well inhabited and a fat Countrie, there were some great and walled Townes : and Great and msLny houses scattered all about the fields, to wit, a Cros- foalkdToums. bow shot or two, the one from the other. Upon Sunday, the eighteenth of November, when the hurt men were iZ.of knorwne to be healed, the Governour departed from November. Mavilla. Every one furnished himselfe with Maiz for A.D. I540. TaHepatava. Cabusto, A great River. Canavarales. Some Towns. A River. December XT . Ckicofa. Snotoe and much cold. PURCHAS HIS PILGRIMES two dayes, and they travelled five dayes through a Desart : they came to a Province called Pafkllaya, unto a Towne, named Taliepatava: and from thence they went to another, called Cabusto: neere unto it ranne a great River. The Indians on the other side cried out, threat- ning the Christians to kill them, if they sought to passe it. The Govemour commanded his men to make a Barge within the Towne, because the Indians should not perceive it : it was finished in foure dayes, and being ended, hee commanded it to bee carried one night upon sleds halfe a leaffue up the River. In the mommg there entred into it thirtie men well armed. The Indians perceived what was attempted, and those which were neerest, came to defend the passage. They resisted what they could, till the Christians came neere them ; and seeing that the Barge came to the shoarc, they fled away into the Groves of Canes. The Christians mounted on Horsebacke, and went up the River to make good the passage, whereby the Govemour and his companie passed the River. There were along the River some Townes well stored with Maiz» and French Beanes. From thence to Chica^a the Gover- nour travelled five dayes through a Desart. He came to a River, where on the other sicfe were Indians, to defend the passage. He made another Barge in two dayes ; and when it was finished, the Governour sent an Indian to request the Caci(jue to accept of his fi-iendship, and peace- ably to expect his conuning : whom the Indians that were on the other side the River slue before his face, and presently making a great shout went their way. Having passed the River, the next day, being the seventeenth of December, the Govemour came to Chica^a, a small Towne of twentie houses. And after they were come to Chica9a» they were much troubled with cold, because it was now Winter, and it snowed, while most of them were lodged in the field, before they had time to make themselves houses. This Countrie was very well peopled, and the houses scattered like those of Mavilla, fat and plentiful! of Maiz, and the most part of it was fielding: they i6 FERDINANDO DE SOTO a.d. 1540. gathered as much as sufficed to passe the Winter. Some Indians were taken, among^ which was one whom the Cacique esteemed greatly. The Governour sent an Indian to signifie to the Cacique, that hee desired to see him and to liave his friendship. The Cacique came unto him, to offer him his person, Countrie and Subjects, and told him, that he would cause two other Caciques to come to him in peace ; who within few dayes after came with him, and wim their Indians : The one was called Alimamu, the other Nicala. They gave a present unto the Governour of an hundred and nftie Conies, and of the Countrie Cwus. garments, to wit, of Mantles of skinnes. The Cacique of Chica9a came to visite him many times ; and sometimes the Governour sent to call him, and sent him an Horse to goe and come. He complained unto him, that a Subject of his was risen a^inst him, and deprived him of tribute, requesting his aide against him, for he meant to seeke him in his Countrie, and to punish him according to his desert. Which was nothing else but a fained plot. -^» I^^ For they determined, as soone as the Governour was gone ^^^^8^- with him, and the Campe was divided into two parts, the one part of them to set upon the Governour, and the other upon them that remained in Chica9a. Hee went to the Towne where he used to keepe his residence, and brought with him two hundred Indians with their Bowes and Arrowes. The Governour tooke thirtie Horsemen, and eightie Footmen, and they went to Saquechuma (for so was the Province caDed of that Chiefe ^aqueckMma, man, which he said had rebelled.) They found a walled ^ toalki Towne, without any inen: and those which went with 2^^»^- the Cacique set fire on the houses, to dissemble their treason. But by reason of the great care and heedfulnesse that was as well in the Governours people which hee carried with him, as of those which remained in Chica^a, they durst not assault them at that time. The Governour invited the Cacique, and certaine principall Indians, and gave them Hogs flesh to eate. And though they did not commonly use it, yet they were so gree(fy of it, that xvin 17 B A.D. PURCHAS HIS PILGRIMES 1540. every night there came Indians to certaine houses a Cros bow shot from the Campe, where the Hogs lay, and killed, and carried away as many as they could. And three Indians were taken in the manner. Two of them the Govemour commanded to be shot to death with Arrowes ; and to cut off the hands of the other; and he sent him so handled to the Cacique. Who made as though it grieved him that they had offended the Govemour, and that he was glad t}\at he had executed that piuiishment on them. He lay in a plaine Countrie halie a league from the place, where the Christians lodged. Foiire Horsemen went a stragling thither, to wit, Francisco Osorio, and a servant of the Marquesse of Astorga, called Reynoso, and two servants of the Governoinr, the one his Page called Ribera, and the other Fuentes his Chamber- laine : and these had taken from the Indians some Mantles, wherewith they were offended, and forsooke their houses. The Govemour knew of it, and conunanded them to be apprehended ; and condemned to death Francisco Osorio, and the Chamberlaine as principals, and all of them to losse of goods. The Friers and Priests and other princi- pall persons were earnest with him to pardon Francisco Osorio his life, and to moderate his sentence, which he would not grant for any of them. While he was ready to command them to be drawne to the Market place to cut off their heads, there came certaine Indians from the Cacique, to complaine of them. John Ortiz, at the request of Baltasar de Gallegos and other persons, changed their words, and told the Govemour, that the Cacique said, hee had notice how his Lordship held those Christians in prison for his sake, and that they were in no fault, [IV. viii. neither had they done him any wrong, and that if hee * 545] would doe him any favour, hee should set them free. And he told the Indians ; that the Govemotir said, he had them in prison, and that he would punish them in such sort, that they should be an example to others. Hereupon the Govemour commanded the prisoners to be loosed. As soone as March was come, he determined to depart 18 FERDINANDO DE SOTO ajx from Chica9a, and demanded of the Cacique two hundred men for carriages. Hee sent him answere, that he would speake with his principal! men. Upon Tuesday the eighth of March, the Governour went to the Towne where he MarcA^ i$^i. was, to aske him for the men: he told him, he would send the next day. As soone as the Governour was come to Chica^a, he told Luys de Moscoso the Camp-master, that hee misliked the Indians, and that hee should keepe a strong watch that night, which he remembred but a little. The Indians came at the second watch in fourc squadrons, every one by it selfe, and as soone as they were descried, they sounded a Drum, and gave the assault with a great crie, and with so great celeritie, that presently they entred with the scouts, that were somewhat distant from the Campe. And when they were perceived of them which were in the Towne, halfe the houses were on fire, Ckitazasetim which they had kindled. That night three Horsemen A^p ^ '^ chanced to be scouts, two of them were of base callings ^^^^' and the worst men in all the Campe, and the other, which was a Nephew of the Governour, which untill then was held for a tall man, shewed himselfe there as great a coward, as any of them : for all of them ranne away. And the Indians without any resistance came and set the Towne on fire ; and taried behind the doores for the Christians, which ranne out of the houses, not having any leasure to arme themselves ; and as they ranne hither and thither amazed with the noise, and blinded with the smoke and flame of the fire, they knew not which way they went, neither could they light upon their weapons, nor saddle their Horses, neither saw they the Indians that shot at them. Many of the Horses were burned in the Stables, and those which could breake their Halters gat loose. The disorder and flight was such, that every man fled which way he could, without leaving any to resist the Indians. But God (which chastiseth his according to his pleasure, and in the greatest necessities and dangers sus- taineth them with his hand) so blinded the Indians, that thity saw not what they had done, and thought that the 19 A.D. I54I. PURCHAS HIS PILGRIMES Horses which ratine loose, were men on Horsebacke, that gathered themselves together to set upon them. The Governour onely rode on Horsebacke, and with him a Souldier called Tapia, and set upon the Indians, and strik- ing the first he met with his Lance, the Saddle fell with him, which with haste was evill girded, and so hee fell from his Horse. And all the people that were on foot were fled to a Wood out of the Towne, and there assembled themselves together. And because it was night> and that the Indians thought the Horses were men on horsebacke which came to set upon them, as I said before, they fled; and one onely remayned dead, and that was hee whom the Governour slue with his Lance. The Towne lay all burnt to ashes. There died in this hurli- burlie eleven Christians, and fiftie Horses; and there Tki increase remayned an hundred Hogges, and foure hundred were of Hogs, The Totone where the Cacique iay, Aih Trees. burned. If any perchance had saved any clothes from the fire of Mavilla, here they were burned, and many were clad in skinnes, for they had no leasure to take their Coates. They indured much cold in this place, and the chiefest remedie were great fires. They spent all night in turnings without sleepe : for if they warmed one side, they freezSd on the other. Some invented the weaving of certaine Mats of drie Ivie, and did weare one beneath, and another above: many laughed at this device, whom afterward necessitie inforced to doe the like. The Christians were so spoyled, and in such want of Saddles and weapons which were burned, that if the Indians had come the second night, they had overcome them with little labour. They removed thence to the Towne where the Cacique was wont to lie, because it was in the champaine Countrie. Within eight dayes after, there were many Lances and Saddles made. There were Ash-trees in those parts^ whereof they made as ^ood Lances as in Biscay. Upon Wednesday the 15. of March, 1541. after the Governour had lodged eight dayes in a Plaine, halfe a leamie from the place which he had wintered in, after he had set up a forge, and tempered the Swords which ia 20 FERDINANDO DE SOTO a.d. 1541. Chica9a were burned, and made many Targets, Saddles, and Lances, on Tuesday night, at the morning watch, many Indians came to assault the Campe m three squadrons, every one by themselves : Those which watched gave the alarme. The Governour with great speed set Sis men in order three squadrons, and leaving some to defend the Campe, went out to encounter them. The Indians were overcome and put to flight. The ground was champaine and fit for the Christians to take the advantage of them ; and it was now breake of day. But there happened a disorder, whereby there were not past thirtie or fortie Indians slaine: and this it was: that a Frier cried out in the Campe without any just occasion, To the Campe, To the Campe : Whereupon the Gover- nour and all the rest repaired thither, and the Indians had time to save themselves. There were some taken, by whom the Governour informed himselfe of the Countrie, through which he was to passe. The five and Jfril 25. twentieth of Aprill, hee departed from Chica9a, and lodged at a small Towne called Alimamu. They had very little ATmamu. Maiz, and they were to passe a Desart of seven dayes journey. The next day, the Governour sent three Cap- taines every one his way with Horsemen and Footmen to seeke provision to passe the Desart. And John Danusco the Auditor went with fifteene Horsemen, and fortie Footmen that way that the Governour was to goe, [iv. viii. and found a strong Fort made, where the Indians stayed 154^-] for him, and many of them walked on the top of it with their weapons, having their bodies, thighes and armes okered and died with blacke, white, yellow and red, striped Bkcke^ whiter like unto panes, so that they shewed as though they went jtlktoandnd in hose and doublets; and some of them had Plumes, ^^^^^^^^ and others had homes on their heads, and their faces blacke, and their eyes done round about with streakes of red, to seeme more fierce, John Danusco sent three horsemen to advertise the Governour hereof. He came presently: for his intent was to drive them from thence, saying, that if he did it 21 1541. A Desert of seven dayes. A Toume of QuizqutT^ An old Prophene. Another Tofvne. RioGrandejOr Rio de Espiritu Santo. PURCHAS HIS PILGRIMES not, they would be emboldned to charge him another time, when they might doe him more harme. Hee made the horsemen to alight, and set his men in foure Sauad- rons: The signe being given, they set up the Indians, which made resistance tiff the Christians came neere the Fort, and assoone as they saw they could not defend themselves, by a place where a Brooke passed neere the Fort, they ran away, and from the otherside they shot some Arrowes: and because at that instant wee knew no ford for the horses to passe, they had time enough to get out of our danger. Three Indians were slaine there, and many Christians were hxu"t, whereof within few dayes, there died fifteene by the way. The Governour was inforced to depart presently toward Quizquiz. He travelled seven dayes through a Desert of many Marishes and thicke Woods: but it might all bee travelled on horsebacke, except some Lakes which they swamme over. Hee came to a Towne of the Pro- vince of Quizquiz without being descried, and tooke all the people in it before they came out of their houses. There came to the Campe sixe principall Indians, and said, they came to see what people they were, and that long agoe, they had beene informed by their fore-fathers. That a white people should subdue them : and that there- fore they would retume to their Cacique, and bid him come presently to obey and serve the Governour: and after they had presented him with sixe or seven skins and Mandes which they brought, they tooke their leave of him, and returned with the other, which waited for them by the Brookes side. The Cacique never came jgaine nor sent other message. And because in the Towne where the Governour Iwiged, there was small store of Maiz, he removed to another halfe a league from Rio Grande, where they found plentie of Maiz : And he went to see the River, and found, that neere unto it was great store of Timber to make Barges, and good situation of ground to incampe in. Prescndy he remooved himselfe thither. They made houses, and pitched their Campe ia FERDINANDO DE SOTO a.p. a plaine field a Crossc-bow shot from the River. And thither was gathered all the Maiz of the Townes, which they had latdy passed. They began presently to cut and hew downe Timber, and to saw pknkes for Barges. The Indians came presently downe the River : they leaped on shoare, and declared to the Govemour, That they were subjects of a great Lord, whose name was Aquixo, who Aquixo, a was Lord of many Townes, and governed many people ^/^iJ^^^T on the other side of the River, and came to tell him on l/niffQrJnde, his behalfe, that the next day he with all his men would come to see, what it woidd please him to comnumd him. The next day with speed, the Caciaue came with two 200. Cauces. hundred Canoes full of Indians witn their Bowes and Arrowes, painted, and with creat plumes of white feathers, and many other colours, with shields in their hands, where- with they defended the Rowers on both sides, and the men of Warre stood from the head to the sterne, with their Bowes and Arrowes in their hands. The Canoe wherein the Cacique was, had a Tilt over the sterne, and hee sate under the Tilt ; and so were other Canoes of the principall Indians. And from under the Tilt where the chiefe man sat, he governed and commanded the other people. All joined together, and came within a stones cast of the shoare. From thence the Cacique said to the Govemour, which walked alon^ the Rivers side with others that wayted on him, that he was come thither to visit, to honor, and to obey him ; because he knew he was the greatest and mightiest Lord on the Earth: therefore hee would see what he would command him to doe. The Govemour yeelded him thankes, and requested him to come on shoare, that they might the better communicate together. And without any answere to that point, hee sent him three Canoes, wherein was great store of fish and loaves. Loaves made made of the substance of Prunes like unto Brickes. After of Prunes. hee had received all, hee thanked him, and prayed him againe to come on shoare. And because the Caciques purpose was, to see if with dissimulation he might doe some hurt, when they saw that the Govemour and his 23 AD. PURCHAS HIS PILGRIMES 1541- men were in readinesse, they beganne to goe from the shoare : and with a great cry, the Crosse-bowmen which were ready, shot at tnem, and slue five or sixc of them. They retired with great order : none did leave his Oare, though the next to him were slaine, and shielding them- selves, they went farther off. Afterward they came many times and landed : and when any of us came toward them, Goodly great they fled unto their Gmoes, which were verv pleasant to Canoes. behold: for they were very great and well made, and had their Tilts, Plumes, Paveses, and Flagges, and with the multitude of people that were in them, they seemed to be a faire Armie of Gallies. In thirtie dayes space, Foure Barges while the Governour remayned there, they made roure made. Barges. Assoone as those that passed first, were on Land Theyfasse on the Other side, the Barges returned to the place where Brandt ^^ Governour was : and within two houres after Sunne [IV. viii. rising, all the people were over. The River was almost 1547.] halfe a league broad. If a man stood still on the other side, it could not bee discerned, whether hee were a man or no. The River was of great depth, and of a strong current: the water was alwayes muddie: there came downe the River continually many trees and timber, which the force of the water and streame brought downe. There was great store of fish in it of sundry sorts, and most of it differing from the fresh water fish of Spaine, as hereafter shall bee shewed. Having passed Rio Grande, the Governour travelled a league and an halfe, and came to a great Towne of Aquixo, which was dispeopled before hee came thither. They espied thirtie Indians comming over a plaine, which the Cacique sent to discover the Christians determination : and assoone as they had sight of them, they tooke them- selves to flight. The Horsemen pursued them, and slue tenne, and tooke fifteene. And because the Towne, whither the Governour went, was neere unto the River, hee sent a Captaine, with as many men as hee thought suflScient to carrie the Barges up the River. And because in his travelling by land, many times hee went farre from 24 FERDINANDO DE SOTO a.d. 1541. the River to compasse the aeekes that came from it, the Indians tooke occasion to set upon them of the Barges, and put them in great danger, because that by reason of the great current, they durst not leave the shoare, and from the banke they shot at them. Assoone as the Govemour was come to the Towne, hee presently sent Crosse-bowmen downe the River, which came to rescue them: and upon the comming of the Barges to the Towne, hee commanded them to be broken, and to save the Iron for others, when it should be needfiill. He lay there one night, and the day following, he set forward to seeke a Province, called Pacaha : which he was informed to bee neere unto Chisca, where the Indians told him Pacahaneere there was gold. Hee passed through great Townes of *»'* Chisca. Aquixo, which were all abandoned for feare of the ^^^^ ^^''^^' Cluistians. Hee understood by certaine Indians that were taken, that three dayes journie from thence dwelt a great Cacique, whose name was Casqui. He came to a small RivCT, where a Bridge was made, bv which they passed : that day till Sun-set, they went all in water, which in some places came to the waste, and in some to the knees. When they saw themselves on dry land, they were very glad, because they feared they should wander up and downe as forlorne men all night in the water. At noone they came to the first Towne of Casqui : they found the The first IncUans carelesse, because they had no knowledge of them. Jjf*^ ?/ There were many men and women taken, and store of ^^^^* goods, as Mantles and skinnes, as well in the first Towne, as in another, which stood in a field halfe a league from thence in sight of it ; whither the Horsemen ranne. This Countrie is higher, drier, and more champaine, then any part bordering neere the River, that until! then they had seene. There were in the fields many Walnut-trees, bear- Wahut trees ing soft shelled Walnuts, in fashion like bullets, and in mtk soft shils. the houses they found many of them, which the Indians had laid up in store. The trees differed in nothing else from those of Spaine, nor from those which we had seene before, but onely that they have a smaller leafe. There 25 A.D. PURCHAS HIS PILGRIMES 1541. Many Mul- were many Mulberie trees and Plum trees, which bare herie trees and fed Plums like those of Spaine, and other gray, sonciewhat Plum trees. differing, but farre better. And all the trees are all the yeere so fruitfull, as if they were planted in Orchards: and the Woods were very thinne. The Govemour travelled two dayes through the Countrie of Casqui, before he came to the Towne where the Cacique was : and the most of the way was alway by Champame ground, which Many great was full of great Townes, so that from one Towne, you Toumes. might see two or three. Hee sent an Indian to certifie the Cacique, that hee was comming to the place where hee was, with intent to procure his friendship, and to hold him as his brother. Whereunto hee answered. That he shoidd be welcome, and that he would receive him with speciall good will, and accomplish all that his Lordship would command him. He sent him a Present upon the way ; to wit, skinnes, Mantles, and fish : And after these complements, the Govemour found all the Townes as he Eassed, inhabited with people, which peaceably attended is comming, and offered him skinnes. Mantles, and fish. The Cacique accompanied with many Indians came out of the Towne, and stayed halfe a league on die way to receive the Govemotir. Within a while after both of them used words of great offers and courtesie the one to the other, and the Cacique requested him to lodge in his houses. The Govemour, to preserve the peace the better, excused himsclfe, sayings that hee would lodge in the fields. And because it was very hot, they camped neere certaine trees a quarter of Theckiife a league from the Towne. The Cacique went to his Towne of the Towne, and came againe with many Indians singing. Cas^^ Assoone as they came to the Govemour, all of them '^*'' prostrated themselves upon the ground. Among these came two Indians that were blind. The Cacique made a speech : that seeing the Governour was the Sonne of the Sunne, and a great Lord, he besought him to doc him the favour to give sight to those two blind men. The blind men rose up presently, and very earnestly requested 26 FERDINANDO DE SOTO aj>, 1541. the same of the Govemoiir. He answered, That in the S/^nisA high Heavens was hee that had power to give them health, ^»^» . and whatsoever they coidd aske of him ; whose servant '^^^^^^^i- he was : And that this Lord made the Heavens and the Earth, and man after his owne iikenesse, and that hee suffered upon the Crosse to save Mankind, and rose againe the third day, and that he died as he was man, and as touching his Divinitie, he was, and is immortall ; and that he ascended into Heaven, where hee standeth with his armes open to receive all such as turne imto him: and straight way hee commanded him to make a very high Crosse of wood, which was set up in the highest place [IV. viii. of the Towne; declaring unto him, that the Christians ^548.] worshipped the same in resemblance and memorie of that whereon Christ suffered. The Governour and his men kneeled downe before it, and the Indians did the like. The Governour willed him, that from thenceforth he should worship the same, and should aske whatsoever they stood in need of, of that Lord that he told him was in Heaven. Then he asked him how farre it was from thence to Pacaha : He said, one dayes journie, and that at the end of his Countrie, there was a Lake like a Brooke which felleth into Rio Grande, and that hee would send men before to make a Bridge whereby hee might passe. The same day that the Governour departed thence, hee lodged at a Towne belonging to Casqui : and the next ^ Towne day he passed in sight of other Townes, and came to the ^^^g*^i ^ Lake, which was halfe a Crosse-bow shot over, of a ereat 9ff^''\ depth and current. At the time of his commmg, the Indians had made an end of the Bridge, which was made of timber, laid one tree after another: and on one side it had a course of stakes higher then the Bridge, for them that passed to take hold on. The Cacique of Casqui came to the Governour, and brought his people with him. The Governour sent word by an Indian to the Cacique of Pacaha, that though he were enemie to the Cacique of Casqui, and though he were there, yet hee would doe him no disgrace nor hurt, if hee would attend him peace- 27 A.D. I54I- TargeU of raw Oxe kfdes. Pacahcy a verte great Toume beset with Towres, Great walled Townes, PURCHAS HIS PILGRIMES ably, and imbrace his friendship ; but rather would intreate him as a Brother. The Indian, which the Govemour sent, came againe, and said, that the Cacique made none account of that which he told him, but fled with all his men out at the other side of the Towne. Presently the Governour entred, and ranne before with the Horsemen, that way, by which the Indians fled ; and at another Towne distant a quarter of a league from thence, they tooke many Indians : and assoone as the Horsemen had taken them, they delivered them to the Indians of Casqui, whom, because they were their enemies, with much circumspection and rejoycing, they brought to the Towne where the Christians were : and the greatest griefe they had, was this, that they could not get leave to kill them. There were found in the Towne many Mantles, and Deere skinnes, Lions skinnes, and Beares skinnes, and many Cats skinnes. Many came so farre poorely apparelled, and there they clothed themselve: of the Mantles, they made them Coates and Cassocks, and some made Gownes, and lined them with Cats skinnes; and likewise their Cassocks. Of the Deeres skinnes, some made them also Jerkins, Shirts, Hose and Shooes: and of the Beare skinnes, they made them very good Clokes : for no water could pierce them. There were Targets of raw Oxe Hides found there ; with which Hides they armed their Horses. Upon Wednesday the nineteenth of June, the Gover- nour entred into Pacaha : He lodged in the Towne, where the Cacique used to reside, which was very great, walled, and beset with Towres, and many loope-holes were in the Towres and Wall. And in the Towne was great store of old Maiz, and great quantitie of new in the fields. Within a league and halfe a league were great Townes all walled. Where the Governour was lodged, was a great Lake, that came neere unto the wall : and it entred into a ditch that went round about the Towne, wanting but a little to environ it round. From the Lake to the great River was made a weare by the which the fish came into 28 FERDINANDO DE SOTO it ; which the Cacique kept for his recreation and sport : with Nets that were found in the Towne, they tooke as much as they would: and tooke they never so much, there was no want perceived. There was also great store of fish in many other Lakes that were thereabout, but it was soft, and not so good as that which came from the River, and the most of it was different from the fresh water fish of Spaine. There was a fish which they called Bagres: the third part of it was head, and it had on both sides the gils, and along the sides great prickes like very sharpe Ames : those of this kind that were in the Lakes were as bigge as Pikes: and in the River, there were some of an hundred, and of an hundred and fiftie pounds weight, and many of them were taken with the hooke. There was another fish like Barbels ; and another like Breames, headed like a delicate fish, called in Spaine Besugo, betweene red and grey. This was thereof most esteeme. There was another fish called a Pele fish : it had a snowt of a Cubit long, and at the end of the upper lip it was made like a Peele. There was another fish like a Westerne Shad : And all of them had scales, except the Bagres, and the Pele fish. There was another fish, which somtimes the Indians brought us, of the bignesse of an Hogge, they call it the Pereo fish : it had rowes of teeth beneath and above. From thence he sent thirtie Horsemen, and fiftie Foot- men to the Province of Calu9a, to see if from thence he might travell to Chisca, where the Indians said there was a worke of Gold and Copper. They travelled seven dayes journie through a Desert, and returned very wearie, eating greene Plums and stalkes of Maiz, which they found in a poore Towne of sixe or seven houses. From thence forward toward the North ; the Indians said, That the Countrie was very ill inhabited, because it was very cold : And that there were such store of Oxen, that they could keepe no Corne for them: and that the Indians lived upon their flesh. The Governour seeing that toward that part the Countrie was so poore of Maiz, that 29 A.D. 154I. f^etsfiund. The divers sorts of excel- lent fish in Rio Grande, Gold^ Copper in Chisca. Apooretoume. Great store of Oxen toward the North of Pacaha, A,D. PURCHAS HIS PILGRIMES 1541. in it they could not bee sustained, demanded of the Indians, which way it was most inhabited : and they said, they had notice or a great Province, and a very plentiful! Ttis is like Countrie, which was called Quigaute, and it was toward Qtdvera. the South. [IV. viii. The Governour tooke his journie toward Quigaute. . ^549-] The fourth day of August, hee came to the Towne, where TZ^znatest ^^ Cacique used to keepe his Residencie : on the way Tnonestenin ^^ sent him a Present of many Mantles and Skinnes, Florida, and not daring to stay for him in the Towne, hee absented himselfe. The Towne was the greatest that was seene in Florida. They tooke many men and women. Now seeing the hurt which they sustained for their Rebellion, they came to see what the Governour would command them, and passed to and fro many times, and brought Presents of Cloth. Cloth and Fish. The Cacique and his two wives were in the lodging of the Governour loose, and the Halbardiers of his Guard did keepe them. The Governour asked them which way the Countrie was most inhabited ? They said, that toward the South downe the River were great Townes and Caciques, which commanded great Countries, and much people: And that toward the North-west, there was a Province neere to certaine Mountaines that Coligpaneere was called Coligoa. The Governour and all the rest to certaine thought good to goe first to Coligoa : saying, that per- Motmtaines adventure the Mountaines would make some diiFerence of soile, and that beyond them there might be some Gold or Silver : As for Quigaute, Casaui, and Pacaha, they were plaine Coimtries, fet grounds, and full of good Medowes on the Rivers, where the Indians sowed Su-ge fields of Maiz. From Tascaluca to Rio grande, or tnc great River, is about three hundred leagues : it is a very low Countrie, and hath many Lakes. From Pacaha to Quigaute may bee an hundred leagues. The Governour left the Cacique of Quigaute in his owne Towne : And an Indian, which was his Guide, led him through great Woods without any way seven dayes journie through a 30 North-west, FERDINANDO DE SOTO Desert, where at every lodging, they lodged in Lakes and Pooles in very shoald water: there was such store of fish, that they killed them with cudgels ; and the Indians which they carried in chains, with the mud troubled the waters, and the fish being therewith, as it were, astonied, came to the top of the water, and they tooke as much as they listed. The Indians of Coligoa had no knowledge of the Christians, and when they came so neere the Towne, that the Indians saw them, they fled up a River, which passed neere the Towne, and some leaped into it; but the Christians went on both sides of the River, and tooke them. There were many men and women taken, and the Cacique with them. And by his commandement within three dayes came many Indians with a Present of Mantles and Deeres skinnes, and two Oxe hides : And they reported, that five or sixe leagues from thence toward the North, there were many of these Oxen, and that because the Countrie was cold, it was evill inhabited : That the best Countrie which they knew, the most plentifull, and most inhabited, was a Province called Cayas, lyin^ toward the South. From Quiguate to Coligoa may be fortie leagues. It was a fat soile and so plentifuU of Maiz, that they cast out the old, to bring in the new. There was also great plentie of French Beanes and Pompions. The French Beanes were greater, and better then those of Spaine, and likewise the Pompions, and being roasted, they have almost the taste of Chestnuts. The Cacique of Coligoa gave a Guide to Cayas, and stayed behind in his owne Towne. We travelled five dayes, and came to the Province of Palisema. The house of the Cacique was fi^und covered with Deeres skins of divers colours and workcs diawne in them, and with the same in manner of Carpets was the ground of the house covered. The Cacique left it so, that the Governour might lodge in it, in token that hee sought peace and his friendship. But hee durst not tame his comming. The Governour, seeing he had absented himselfis, sent a Captaine with Horsemen and Footmen to seeke him : He found much people, but 31 A.D. I54I. A new v^ay to takefish. CoRgM. A River. Ttoooxehiiies, Store of oxen toward the North. The Propmce ofPoBsema. A.D. PURCHAS HIS PILGRIMES 1541. by reason of the roughnesse of the Countiy, he tooke none save a few women and children. The Towne was little and scattering, and had very little Maiz. For which cause the Governour speedily departed from thence. He Tatalkoya, came to another Towne called Tatalicoya, he carried with him the Cacique thereof, which guided him to Cayas. Cayas. From Tatalicoya are foure dayes journie to Cayas. When he came to Cayas, and saw the Towne scattered; he thought they had told him a lye, and that it was not the Provmce of Cayas, because they had informed him that it was well inhabited : He threatned the Cacique, charg- ing him to tell him where he was: and he and other Indians which were taken neere about that place, affirmed that this was the Towne of Cayas, and the best that was in that Country, and that though the houses were distant the one from the other, yet the ground that was inhabited was great, and that there was great store of people, and Tanico. many fields of Maiz. This Towne was called Tanico: he pitched his Campe in the best part of it neere unto a River. The same day that the Governour came thither, he went a league farther with certaine Horsemen, and without finding any, he found many skinnes in a pathway, which the Cacique had left there, that they might bee found, in token of peace. For so is the custome in that Countrey. The Governour rested a moneth in the Province of Cayas. In which time the horses fattened and thrived more, then in other places in a longer time, with the great plentie of Maiz and the leaves thereof, which I thinke was the best that hath beene seene, and they dranke of a A Lake of hot Lake of very hot water, and somewhat brackish, and they and somewhat dranke SO much, that it swelled in their bellies when they wau^ brought them from the watering. Untill that time the Store of Salt Christians wanted Salt, and there they made good store, made at which they carried along with them. The Indians doe Cayas, carrie it to other places to exchange it for Skins and [IV. viii. Mantles. They make it along the River, which when 1550.] it ebbeth, leaveth it upon the upper part of the sand. 32 FERDINANDO DE SOTO And because they cannot make it, without much sand mingled with it, they throw it into certaine baskets which they have for that pxirpose, broad at the mouth, and narrow at the bottome, and set it in the Aire upon a barre, and throw water into it, and set a small Vessell imder it, wherein it falleth: Seeing strained and set to boyle upon the fire, when the water is sodden away^ the Salt remayneth in the bottome of the Pan. On both sides of the River the Countrie was full of sowne fields, and there was store of Maiz. Immediately the Governour with certaine Horsemen and fifty Footmen, departed toward Tulla, hee found the Towne abandoned : for the Indians durst not tarrie his comming. The Cacique came, and eightie Indians with him. He brought a rresent of many Oxe hides : which, because the Countrie was cold, were very profitable, and served for Coverlets, because they were very soft, and woolled like sheepe. Not farre fi-om thence toward the North were many Oxen. The Christians saw them not, nor came into the Countrie where they were, because those parts were eviU inhabited, and had small store of Maiz where they were bred. The Cacique of Tulla made an Oration to the Governour, wherein he excused himselfe, and offered him his Country, subjects, and person. Aswell this Cacique as the others, and all those which came to the Governour on their behalfe, delivered their message or speech in so good order, that no Oratour could utter the same more eloquently. A.D. 154I. Maity Oxe hides toitk toool OH them^ as soft as sheeps foooU. Gomara Histor.Gener, cap, 215. Man^ Oxen toward the North. The great eloquence of the Indians, [§. III. XVUI 33 A.D. PURCHAS HIS PILGRIMES 1541. §. III. His departure to Autiamque, Ortiz his death and disasters following : Soto takes thought and dieth. Moscosco succeedeth. They leave Florida, and arrive at Panuco. |Hc Governour informed himselfe of all the Countrie round about; and understood, that toward the West was a scattered dwelling, and that toward the South-east were great Townes, especially in a Province called Autiamque, ten daies journie from TuUa; which might be about eightie leagues ; and that it was a plentiful! A winter of Countrey of Maiz. And because Winter came on, and tm or three that they could not travell two or three moneths in the mmeths. yeere for cold, waters, and snow: and fearing, that if they should stay so long in the scattered dwelEng, they could not be susteined ; and also because the Indians said, that neere to Autiamque was a great water, and according to their relation, the Governour thought it was some arme of the Sea : And because hee now desired to send newes of himselfe to Cuba, that some supply of men and horses might be sent unto him : (for it was above three yeeres, since Donna Isabella, which was in Havana, or any other person in Christendomc had heard of him, and by this time hee had lost two hxmdred and fiftie men, and one hundred and fiftie horses^ he determined to winter in Autiamque, and the next Spring, to goe to the Sea Coast, and to make two Brigantines, and send one of them to Cuba, and the other to Nueva Espanna, that that which went in safetie, might give newes of him : Hoping with the goods which he had in Cuba, to furnish himselfe againe, and to attempt the Discoverie and conquest toward the West : for he had not yet come where Cabefa de Vaca had beene. Thus having sent away the two Caciques of Cayas and Tulla, hee tooke his journie toward Autiamque : He travelled five dayes over very rough Moxmtaines, and 34 FERDINANDO DE SOTO ad. 1541. came to a Towne called Quipana, where no Indians could QmpoM^five bee taken for the roughnesse of the Cotintrie : and the d^^journU Towne being betweene Hils, there was an ambush laid, '^^ wherewith they tooke two Indians ; which told them, that Autiamque was sixe dayes journie from thence, and that there was another Province toward the South eight dayes journie oflF, plentifuU of Maiz, and very well peopled, which was called Guahate. But because Autiamque was Guakau. neerer, and the most of the Indians agreed of it, the Governor made his journie that way. In three dayes hee came to a Towne called Anoixi. He sent a Captaine Anoixi. before with thirtie Horsemen, and fiftie Footmen, and tooke the Indians carelesse, he tooke many men and women prisoners. Within two dayes after the Governour came to another Towne called Gitamaya, and lodged in Catamaya. the fields of the Towne. Two Indians came with a false message from the Cacique to know his determination. He had them tell their Lord, that hee should come and speake with him. The Indians returned and came no more, nor any other message from the Cacique. The next day the Christians went to the Towne, which was without people : they tooke as much Maiz as they needed. That day they lodged in a Wood, and the next day they came to Autiamque. They found much Maiz laid up in store, Autiamque and French Beanes, and Walnuts and Prunes, great store ^/■^^ ^y^ of all sorts. They tooke some Indians which were "p^T^*^ gathering together the stuffe which their wives had hidden. This was a Champaine Coimtrie, and well inhabited. The Governor lodged in the best part of the Towne, and commanded prcsendy to make a fence of timber round about the Campe distant from the houses, [IV. viii. that the Indians might not nurt them without by fire- ^SSi] And measuring the ground by paces, he appointed every one his part to doe according; to the number of Indians which he had : presendy the timber was brought by them ; and in three dayes there was an enclosure made of very high and thicke posts thrust into the ground, and many "^ylcs laid acrosse. Hard by this Towne passed a River, A River, 35 A.D. I54I. Three months abode in AuHamque. Frost and snow, A moneth of Conies of two sorts. March 6. 1542. The death of John Orlixy and the great misse ofhim^ being their Interpreter, PURCHAS HIS PILGRIMES that came out of the Province of Cayas ; and above and beneath it was very well peopled. They stayed in Autiamque three moneths with great plentie of Maiz, French Beanes, Walnuts, Prunes, and Conies: which untiU that time they knew not how to catch. And in Autiamque the Indians taught them how to take them: which was, with great springes, which lifted up their feet from the ground : And the snare was made with a strong string, whereunto was festned a knot of a cane, which ranne close about the necke of the Conie, because they should not gnaw the string. They tooke many in the fields of Maiz, especially when it freezed or snowed. The Christians stayed there one whole moneth so inclosed with snowe, that they went not out of the Towne : and when they wanted fire-wood, the Governour with his Horsmen going and comming many times to the Wood, which was two Cros-bow shot from the Towne, made a path-way, whereby the Footmen went for wood. In this meane space, some Indians which went loose, killed many Conies with their Gives, and with their Arrowes, These Conies were of two sorts, some were like those of Spaine, and the other of the same colour and fashion, and as bigge as great Hares, longer, and having greater loines. Upon Monday the sixt of March, 1542. the Governour deputed from Autiamque to seeke Nilco, which the Indians said was neere the Great River, with determina- tion to come to the Sea, and procure some succour of Men and Horses: for he had now but three hundred Men of warre, and fortie Horses, and some of them lame, which did nothing but helpe to make up the number: and for want of Iron, they had gone above a yeere unshod : and because they were used to it in the plaine Countrie, it did them no great harme. John Ortiz died in Autiamque; which grieved the Governour very much: because that without an Interpreter he feared to enter farre into the Land, where hec might bee lost : whereby it often happened, that the way that they went one day, 36 FERDINANDO DE SOTO a-d. 1542. and sometimes two or three dayes, they turned backe, and went astray through the wood here and there. The Govemour spent ten dayes in travelling from Autiamque to a Province called Ayays ; and came to a Towne that Ayays. stood neere the River that passeth by Cayas and J River. Autiamque. There hee conunanded a Barge to bee made, wherewith hee passed the River. When he had passed the River, there fell out such weather, that foure dayes he could not travell for Snow. As soone as it gave over Gnat snow snowing, he went three dayes journey through a Wilder- about tki nesse, and a Countrie so lowe, and so fiiU of Lakes and ^^J^ ^ evill wayes, that he travelled one time a whole day in water, sometimes knee deepe, sometimes to the stirrup, and sometimes they swamme. He came to a Towne called Tutelpinco, abandoned, and without Maiz: there Tutelpinco. passed by it a Lake, that entred into the River, which A great Lake, carried a great streame and force of water. The Governour went a whole day along the Lake seeking passage, and could finde none, nor any way that did passe to the other side. Comming againe at night to tne Towne he found two peaceabfe Indians, which shewed him the passage, and which way hee was to goe. There they made of canes, and of the timber of houses thatched with canes, rafts wherewith they passed the Lake. Rafts whire- They travelled three dayes, and came to a Towne of the ^*^ '^ Territorie of Nilco, called Tianto. There they tooke ^^^ thirtie Indians, and among them two principall men of Ttanto. this Towne. The Governour sent a Captaine with Horsemen and Footmen before to Nilco, oecause the Indians, might have no time to carrie away the provision. They passed through 3. or 4. great Towns; and in the i^ or ^. great Towne where the Gicique was resident, which was two ^^*^^- leagues from the place where the Govemour remained, they found many Indians with their Bowes and Arrowes, in manner as though they would have stayed to fight, which did compasse the Towne; and as soone as they saw the Christians come neere them without misdoubting ti^em, they set the Caciques house on fire, and fled over a 37 A.D. 1542. March 29. Nilco. Fery great Totones, The best Countrie of Florida, Martems skitmes, A cordon of Pearles, A River falling into Rio grande. [IV. viii. 1552.] Guachoya. Foure names of Rio grande. PURCHAS HIS PILGRIMES Lake that passed neere the Towne, through which the Horses comd not passe. The next day being Wednesday the nine and twentieth of March, the Governour came to Nilco : he lodged with all his men in the Caciques Towne, which stood in a plaine field, which was inhabited for the space of a quarter of a league : and within a league and haUe a league were other very great Townes, wherein was great store of Maiz, of French Beanes, of Walnuts, and Pnmes. This was the best inhabited Countrie, that was seene in Florida, and had most store of Maiz, except Co9a, and Apalache. There came to the Campe an Indian accompanied with others, and in the Caciques name gave the Governour a Mantle of Marterns skmnes, and a Cordon of Pearles. The Governour gave him a few small Margarites, which are certaine Beades much esteemed in Peru, and other things, wherewith he was very well contented. He promised to returne within two dayes, but never came againe: but on the contrary the Indians came by night in Canoas, and carried away all the Maiz they could, and made them Cabins on the other side of the River. This River which passed by Nilco, was that which passed by Cayas and Autiamque, and fell into Rio grande, or the Great Kiver^ which passed by Pachaha and Aquixo, neere unto the Province or Guachoya. Within few dayes the Governour determined to goe to Guachoya, to learne there whether the Sea were neere, or whether there were any habitation neere, where he might relieve his companie, while the Brigantines were makmg, which he meant to send to the Land of the Christians. He came to Guachoya upon Sunday the seventeenth of Aprill: hee lodged in the Towne of the Cacique, which was inclosed about, and seated a Cros-bow shot distant fi*om the River. Here the River is called Tamaliseu ; and in Nilco, Tapatu ; and in Co9a, Mico ; and in the Port or Mouth, Ri. The Cacique of Guachoya brought with him many Indians with great store of Fish, Dogges, Deeres skinnes, and Mantles. Hee asked him whether he had any notice 38 FERDINANDO DE SOTO aj>. 1542. of the Sea. Hce answered, no, nor of any Townes downe the River on that side. The Governour thought that the Cacique lyed unto him, to rid him out of his owne Townes, and sent John Danusco with eight Horsemen downe the River, to see what habitation there was, and to informe himselfe, if there were any notice of the Sea. He travelled eight dayes, and at his retume he said, that in all that time he was not able to goe above fourteene or fifteene leagues, because of the great creekes that came out of the River, and groves of Canes, and thicke Woods that were along the bankes of the River, and that he had foimd no habitation. The Governour fell into great The Governor dumpes, to see how hard it was to get to the Sea : and f^^^ ^^^^ rf worse, because his Men and Horses every day diminished, '^•^^^* being without succour to sustaine themselves in the Countrie: and with that thought hee fell sicke. But before he tooke his bed, he sent an Indian to the Cacique of Quigalta, to tell him, that he was the Child of the Sunne, and that all the way that he came all men obeyed and served him, that he requested him to accept of his friendship, and come unto him ; for he would be very glad to see him : and in signe of love and obedience to bring something with him of that which in his Countrie was most esteemed. The Cacique answered by the same Indian : That whereas he said, that he was the Childe of the A most witHe Sunne, if he woxild drie up the River hee woxild beleeve ^^'^^ him : and touching the rest, that he was wont to visit ^^Cadatnof none : but rather that all those of whom hee had notice Quigalta. did visit him, served, obeyed and paid him tributes willingly or perforce : therefore if hee desired to see him, it were best he should come thither : that if he came in peace, hee woxild receive him with speciall goodwill ; and if in warre, in like manner he woiild attend him in the Towne where he was, and that for him or any other he would not shrinke one foote backe. By that time the Indian returned with this answere, the Governour had betaken himselfe to bed, being evill 39 AD. PURCHAS HIS PILGRIMES 1542. handled with Fevers, and was much aggrieved, that hee was not in case to passe presently the River, and to seek him, to see if he could abate that pride of his, considering the River went now very strongly in those parts ; for it was neere halfe a league broad, and 16. fathoms deepe, & very furious, and ran with a great current ; and on both sides were many Indians, and his power was not now so great, but that he had need to helpe himselfe rather by slights then force. The Governour felt in himselfe that the houre approached, wherein he was to leave this present life, and called for the Kings Officers, Captaines and principal! persons. Hee named Luys de Moscoso de Alvarado his Captaine generall. And presently he was sworne by all that were present, and elected for Governour. The next The death of day, being the one and twentieth of May, 1542. departed Don Ferdi' q^^ of this life, the valorous, virtuous, and valiant ^tkezif C^pt^^^j 1^0^ Fernando de Soto, Governour of Cuba, Majy 1542. ^^^ Adelantado of Florida: whom fortime advanced, as at Guacoya. it useth to doe others, that he might have the higher &11. Hee departed in such a place, and at such a time, as in his sicknesse he had but little comfort: and the danger wherein all his people were of perishing in that Countrie, which appeared before their eyes, was cause sufficient, why every one of them had neede of comfort, and why they did not visite nor accompanie him as they ought to have done. Luys de Moscoso determined to concede his death from the Indians, because Ferdinando de Soto had made them beleeve. That the Christians were immortall; and also because they tooke him to be hardy, wise, and valiant : and if they should knowe that hee was dead, they would be bold to set upon the Christians, though they lived peaceably by them. In regard of their disposition, and because they were nothing constant, and beleevcd all that J wittie ly^ras told them, the Adelantado made them beleeve, that stratagem, j^^ knew some things that passed in secret among them- selves, without their knowledge, how, or in what manner he came by them : and that the figure which appeared in 40 FERDINANDO DE SOTO a,d. 1542. a Glasse, which he shewed them, did tell him whatsoever they practised and went about : and therefore neither in word nor deed durst they attempt any thing that might be prejudiciall unto him. As soone as he was dead, Luys de Moscoso comnunded to put him secretly in an house, where he remayned three dayes: and removing him from thence, commanded him to be buried in the night at one of the gates of the Towne within the wall. And as the Indians had seene him sick, and missed him, so did they suspect what might be. And passing by the place where he was buried, seeing the earth moved, they looked and spake one to another. Luys de Moscoso understanding of it, com- iranded him to be taken up by night, and to cast a great deale of sand into the Mantles, wherein he was winded up, wherein he was carried in a Canoa, and throwne into the midst of the River. The Cacique of Guachoya inquired of him, demanding what was become of his brother and Lord, the Governor : Luys de Moscoso told him, that he was gone to Heaven, as many other times he did : and because he was to stay there certaine dayes, he had left him in his place. The Cacique thought with [IV. viii. himselfe that he was dead; and commanded two young