SOURCE URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke_Colony FETCHED VIA: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke_Colony DATE FETCHED: 2026-09-14 06:00 UTC CONTENT-TYPE: text/html; charset=UTF-8 SIZE: 902475 bytes ============================================================================== Jump to content Main menu Main menu move to sidebar hide Navigation * [Main page](/wiki/Main_Page "Visit the main page \[z\]") * [Contents](/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents "Guides to browsing Wikipedia") * [Current events](/wiki/Portal:Current_events "Articles related to current events") * [Random article](/wiki/Special:Random "Visit a randomly selected article \[x\]") * [About Wikipedia](/wiki/Wikipedia:About "Learn about Wikipedia and how it works") * [Contact us](//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us "How to contact Wikipedia") Contribute * [Help](/wiki/Help:Contents "Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia") * [Learn to edit](/wiki/Help:Introduction "Learn how to edit Wikipedia") * [Community 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* [ Create account](/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Roanoke+Colony "You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory") * [ Log in](/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Roanoke+Colony "You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. \[o\]") ## Contents move to sidebar hide * (Top) * 1 Background * 2 Amadas–Barlowe expedition * 3 Lane colony Toggle Lane colony subsection * 3.1 Voyage * 3.2 Establishment of the colony * 3.3 Exploration * 3.4 Hostilities and food shortages * 3.5 Evacuation * 3.6 Grenville's detachment * 4 Lost colony Toggle Lost colony subsection * 4.1 1588 relief mission * 4.2 Spanish reconnaissance * 4.3 1590 relief mission * 5 Investigations into Roanoke Toggle Investigations into Roanoke subsection * 5.1 1595–1602: Walter Raleigh * 5.2 1603: Bartholomew Gilbert * 5.3 1607–1609: John Smith * 5.4 1610–1612: William Strachey * 5.5 1625: Samuel Purchas * 5.6 1701–1709: John Lawson * 6 Scientific research Toggle Scientific research subsection * 6.1 1800s–1950: Site preservation * 6.2 1998: Climate research * 6.3 2005–2019: Genetic analysis * 7 Archaeological research Toggle Archaeological research subsection * 7.1 1887–present: Archaeological evidence * 7.2 2011–present; new archaeological sites * 8 Hypotheses about the colony's disappearance Toggle Hypotheses about the colony's disappearance subsection * 8.1 Powhatan attack at Chesapeake Bay * 8.2 Integration with local tribes * 8.3 Attempt to return to England * 8.4 Conspiracy against Raleigh * 8.5 Secret operation at Beechland * 8.6 Spanish attack * 8.7 CORA tree * 8.8 Dare Stones * 9 In popular culture * 10 See also * 11 Notes * 12 References * 13 Works cited * 14 External links Toggle External links subsection * 14.1 Historical/Archaeological organizations Toggle the table of contents # Roanoke Colony 40 languages * [العربية](https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%83 "مستعمرة روانوك – Arabic") * [مصرى](https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%83 "مستعمرة روانوك – Egyptian Arabic") * [Azərbaycanca](https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanok_koloniyas%C4%B1 "Roanok koloniyası – Azerbaijani") * [Беларуская](https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_\(%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F\) "Раанок \(калонія\) – Belarusian") * [Български](https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BA_\(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F\) "Роаноук \(колония\) – Bulgarian") * [Català](https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Col%C3%B2nia_de_Roanoke "Colònia de Roanoke – Catalan") * [Čeština](https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolonie_Roanoke "Kolonie Roanoke – Czech") * [Cymraeg](https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwladfa_Roanoke "Gwladfa Roanoke – Welsh") * [Deutsch](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke_\(Kolonie\) "Roanoke \(Kolonie\) – German") * [Esperanto](https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolonio_Roanoke "Kolonio Roanoke – Esperanto") * [Español](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia_de_Roanoke "Colonia de Roanoke – Spanish") * [Eesti](https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke%27i_koloonia "Roanoke'i koloonia – Estonian") * [فارسی](https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%DA%A9 "مستعمره روانوک – Persian") * [Suomi](https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoken_siirtokunta "Roanoken siirtokunta – Finnish") * [Français](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonie_de_Roanoke "Colonie de Roanoke – French") * [עברית](https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A7 "מושבת רואנוק – Hebrew") * [हिन्दी](https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80 "रोनोक कॉलोनी – Hindi") * [Magyar](https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke_Colony "Roanoke Colony – Hungarian") * [Հայերեն](https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%AF "Ռոանոկ – Armenian") * [Interlingua](https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke,_colonia_perdite "Roanoke, colonia perdite – Interlingua") * [Bahasa Indonesia](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koloni_Roanoke "Koloni Roanoke – Indonesian") * [Italiano](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia_di_Roanoke "Colonia di Roanoke – Italian") * [日本語](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%82%A2%E3%83%8E%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF%E6%A4%8D%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%B0 "ロアノーク植民地 – Japanese") * [ქართული](https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90 "როანოკის კოლონია – Georgian") * [한국어](https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EC%96%B4%EB%85%B8%ED%81%AC_%EC%8B%9D%EB%AF%BC%EC%A7%80 "로어노크 식민지 – Korean") * [Македонски](https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA "Роанок – Macedonian") * [മലയാളം](https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF "റോണോക്ക് കോളനി – Malayalam") * [Nederlands](https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke_\(kolonie\) "Roanoke \(kolonie\) – Dutch") * [Polski](https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke_\(kolonia\) "Roanoke \(kolonia\) – Polish") * [Português](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Col%C3%B4nia_de_Roanoke "Colônia de Roanoke – Portuguese") * [Română](https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia_Roanoke "Colonia Roanoke – Romanian") * [Русский](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA "Роанок – Russian") * [Simple English](https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke_Colony "Roanoke Colony – Simple English") * [Српски / srpski](https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_\(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0\) "Роанок \(колонија\) – Serbian") * [Svenska](https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke-kolonin "Roanoke-kolonin – Swedish") * [Türkçe](https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke_Kolonisi "Roanoke Kolonisi – Turkish") * [Українська](https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA "Роанок – Ukrainian") * [Tiếng Việt](https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thu%E1%BB%99c_%C4%91%E1%BB%8Ba_Roanoke "Thuộc địa Roanoke – Vietnamese") * [閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí](https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke_Si%CC%8Dt-b%C3%AEn-t%C4%93 "Roanoke Si̍t-bîn-tē – Minnan") * [中文](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%98%BF%E8%AF%BA%E5%85%8B%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%B0 "罗阿诺克殖民地 – Chinese") [Edit links](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q59222#sitelinks-wikipedia "Edit interlanguage links") * [Article](/wiki/Roanoke_Colony "View the content page \[c\]") * 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\[g\]") Appearance move to sidebar hide [Coordinates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system "Geographic coordinate system"): [35°56′13″N 75°42′32″W / 35.93694°N 75.70889°W / 35.93694; -75.70889](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Roanoke_Colony¶ms=35_56_13_N_75_42_32_W_type:adm2nd_region:US-NC) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Failed colony in North America (1584–1590) Not to be confused with the extant inland city of [Roanoke, Virginia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke,_Virginia "Roanoke, Virginia"). "Lost Colony" redirects here. For other uses, see [Lost Colony (disambiguation)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_Colony_\(disambiguation\) "Lost Colony \(disambiguation\)"). Roanoke Colony --- Colony of [England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_England "Kingdom of England") 1585–1590 [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:William_Ludwell_Sheppard_&_William_James_Linton_-_CROATOAN,_The_Lost_Colony_\(John_White\).jpg)19th-century illustration depicting the discovery of the abandoned colony, 1590 [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USA_North_Carolina_relief_location_map.jpg "Location of Roanoke Colony within modern North Carolina") Location of Roanoke Colony within what later became North Carolina Area| • Coordinates| [35°56′13″N 75°42′32″W / 35.93694°N 75.70889°W / 35.93694; -75.70889](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Roanoke_Colony¶ms=35_56_13_N_75_42_32_W_type:adm2nd_region:US-NC) Population| • 1585 | Approx. 108[a] • 1587 | Approx. 112–121[a] Government| Governor| • 1585–1586 | [Ralph Lane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Lane "Ralph Lane") • 1587 | [John White](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_White_\(colonist_and_artist\) "John White \(colonist and artist\)") Historical era| [Elizabethan era](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabethan_era "Elizabethan era") • Established | 1585 • Evacuated | 1586 • Re-established | 1587 • Found abandoned | 1590 Today part of| [Dare County, North Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dare_County,_North_Carolina "Dare County, North Carolina"), US The **Roanoke Colony** ([/ˈroʊ.ə.noʊk/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English "Help:IPA/English"), [_ROH -ə-nohk_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key "Help:Pronunciation respelling key")) was the site of two attempts by [Sir Walter Raleigh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Walter_Raleigh "Sir Walter Raleigh") to found the first permanent English settlement in North America. The first colony was established at [Roanoke Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke_Island "Roanoke Island") in 1585 as a military outpost, and was evacuated in 1586. The more famous second colony, known as the **Lost Colony** , began when a new group of settlers under [John White](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_White_\(colonist_and_artist\) "John White \(colonist and artist\)") arrived on the island in 1587; a ship in 1590 found the colony abandoned. Roanoke Colony was founded by Governor [Ralph Lane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Lane "Ralph Lane") in 1585 on Roanoke Island in present-day [Dare County, North Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dare_County,_North_Carolina "Dare County, North Carolina").[1] Poor relations with some of the local [Native American](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States "Native Americans in the United States") tribes and a lack of supplies troubled Lane's colony. A resupply mission by [Sir Richard Grenville](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Richard_Grenville "Sir Richard Grenville") was delayed, so Lane abandoned the colony and returned to England with [Sir Francis Drake](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Francis_Drake "Sir Francis Drake") in 1586. Grenville arrived two weeks later and also returned home, leaving behind a small detachment to protect Raleigh's claim.[2] A second expedition led by John White landed on the island in 1587. Sir Walter Raleigh had sent him to establish the "Cittie of Raleigh" on the [Chesapeake Bay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay "Chesapeake Bay").[3] During a stop to check on Grenville's men, ship's pilot [Simon Fernandes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Fernandes "Simon Fernandes") forced White and his colonists to remain on Roanoke.[4] White returned to England with Fernandes, intending to bring more supplies in 1588.[5] The [Anglo-Spanish War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_\(1585–1604\) "Anglo-Spanish War \(1585–1604\)") delayed his return to Roanoke until 1590,[6] and he found the settlement fortified but abandoned. The word "CROATOAN" was found carved into the [palisade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palisade "Palisade"), which White interpreted to mean that the colonists had relocated to [Croatoan Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatteras_Island "Hatteras Island"). Before he could follow this lead, rough seas and a lost anchor forced the mission to return to England. That attempt became known as the "Lost Colony".[7] Speculation that the colonists had assimilated with nearby Native tribes appears in writings as early as 1605.[8] Investigations by the [Jamestown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia "Jamestown, Virginia") colonists produced reports that the Roanoke settlers had been massacred, and there were stories of people with European features being seen in Native villages, but no conclusive evidence was found.[9] Interest in the matter fell until 1834, when [George Bancroft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bancroft "George Bancroft") published his account in _A History of the United States_. Bancroft's description of the colonists cast them as foundational figures in American culture, particularly White's infant granddaughter [Virginia Dare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Dare "Virginia Dare"), and it captured the public imagination.[10] ## Background [[edit](/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit§ion=1 "Edit section: Background")] [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Girolamo_de_Verrazzano's_1529_map_of_the_East_Coast_of_America.jpg)A 1529 map depicting "Verazzano's Sea" extending from the North Atlantic to the Outer Banks The [Outer Banks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_Banks "Outer Banks") were explored in 1524 by [Giovanni da Verrazzano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_da_Verrazzano "Giovanni da Verrazzano"), who mistook [Pamlico Sound](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamlico_Sound "Pamlico Sound") for the Pacific Ocean, and concluded that the barrier islands were an [isthmus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isthmus "Isthmus"). Recognizing this as a potential shortcut to [China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_China "Ming China"), he presented his findings to King [Francis I of France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_I_of_France "Francis I of France") and King [Henry VIII](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII "Henry VIII") of England, neither of whom pursued the matter.[11] In 1578, [Queen Elizabeth I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_I "Queen Elizabeth I") granted a [royal charter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_charter "Royal charter") to Sir [Humphrey Gilbert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey_Gilbert "Humphrey Gilbert") to explore and colonize territories "unclaimed by Christian kingdoms".[12] Gilbert had helped to crush the first of the [Desmond Rebellions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Rebellions "Desmond Rebellions") in [Ireland's Munster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munster "Munster") province in the early 1570s. The terms of the charter granted by the Queen were vague, although Gilbert understood it to give him rights to all territory in the [New World](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_World "New World") north of [Spanish Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Florida "Spanish Florida").[13] Led by Gilbert, the English briefly claimed [St. John's, Newfoundland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._John's,_Newfoundland "St. John's, Newfoundland"), in 1583, as the first English territory in North America at the royal prerogative of Queen Elizabeth I, but Gilbert was lost at sea on his return journey to England. Following Gilbert's death in 1583,[14] Queen Elizabeth divided the charter between his brother Adrian Gilbert, and his half-brother Sir [Walter Raleigh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Raleigh "Walter Raleigh"). Adrian's charter gave him the [patent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_patent "Land patent") on [Newfoundland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland "Newfoundland") and all points north, where geographers expected to eventually find a long-sought [Northwest Passage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Passage "Northwest Passage") to Asia. Raleigh was awarded the lands to the south, though much of it was already claimed by [Spain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Empire "Spanish Empire").[15] [Richard Hakluyt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Hakluyt "Richard Hakluyt"), however, had by this time taken notice of Verazzano's "isthmus" – located within Raleigh's claim – and was campaigning for England to capitalize on the opportunity.[16] Raleigh's charter, issued on March 25, 1584, specified that he needed to establish a colony by 1591, or lose his right to colonization.[17] He was to "discover, search, find out, and view such remote heathen and barbarous Lands, Countries, and territories ... to have, hold, occupy, and enjoy".[18] It was expected that Raleigh would establish a base from which to send [privateers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privateer "Privateer") on raids against the [treasure fleets of Spain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_treasure_fleet "Spanish treasure fleet").[19] Despite the broad powers granted to Raleigh, he was forbidden to leave the queen's side. Instead of personally leading voyages to the Americas, he delegated the missions to his associates and oversaw operations from London.[20] ## Amadas–Barlowe expedition [[edit](/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit§ion=2 "Edit section: Amadas–Barlowe expedition")] [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Englishmen's_arrival_in_Virginia_\(1590\).jpg)_The arrival of the Englishmen in Virginia_ (1590). Engraving by [Theodor De Bry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_De_Bry "Theodor De Bry"), from a drawing by John White. Raleigh quickly arranged an expedition to explore his claim. It departed England on April 27, 1584.[21] The fleet consisted of two [barques](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barque "Barque"); [Philip Amadas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Amadas "Philip Amadas") was captain of the larger vessel, with [Simon Fernandes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Fernandes "Simon Fernandes") as pilot, while [Arthur Barlowe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Barlowe "Arthur Barlowe") was in command of the other. There are indications that [Thomas Harriot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Harriot "Thomas Harriot") and John White may have participated in the voyage, but no records survive which directly confirm their involvement.[22] The expedition employed a standard route for transatlantic voyages, sailing south to catch [trade winds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_winds "Trade winds"), which carried them westward to the [West Indies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies "West Indies"), where they collected fresh water. The two ships then sailed north until July 4, when they sighted land at what is now called [Cape Fear](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Fear_\(headland\) "Cape Fear \(headland\)"). The fleet made landfall on July 13 at an inlet north of [Hatorask Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatteras_Island "Hatteras Island"),[23] which was named "Port Ferdinando" after Fernandes, who discovered it.[21] The [Native Americans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas "Indigenous peoples of the Americas") in the region had likely encountered, or at least observed, Europeans from previous expeditions. The [Secotan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secotan "Secotan"), who controlled [Roanoke Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke_Island "Roanoke Island") and the mainland between Albemarle Sound and the Pamlico River, soon made contact with the English and established friendly relations. The Secotan chieftain, [Wingina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wingina "Wingina"), had recently been injured in a war with the [Pamlico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamlico "Pamlico"), so his brother Granganimeo represented the tribe in his place.[24] Upon their return to England in the autumn of 1584, Amadas and Barlowe spoke highly of the tribes' hospitality and the strategic location of Roanoke. They brought back two natives: [Wanchese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanchese_\(Native_American_leader\) "Wanchese \(Native American leader\)"), a Secotan, and [Manteo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manteo_\(Croatan\) "Manteo \(Croatan\)"), a [Croatan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatan "Croatan") whose mother was the chieftain of [Croatoan Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatteras_Island "Hatteras Island").[25] The expedition's reports described the region as a pleasant and bountiful land, alluding to the [Golden Age](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Age "Golden Age") and the [Garden of Eden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_of_Eden "Garden of Eden"), although these accounts may have been embellished by Raleigh.[26] Queen Elizabeth was impressed with the results of Raleigh's expedition. In 1585, during a ceremony to [knight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight "Knight") Raleigh, she proclaimed the land granted to him "[Virginia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia "Colony of Virginia")" and proclaimed him "Knight Lord and Governor of Virginia". Sir Walter Raleigh proceeded to seek investors to fund a colony.[27] ## Lane colony [[edit](/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit§ion=3 "Edit section: Lane colony")] See also: [List of colonists at Roanoke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonists_at_Roanoke "List of colonists at Roanoke") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WP_Richard_Grenville.jpg)Sir [Richard Grenville](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Grenville "Richard Grenville") For the first colony in Virginia, Raleigh planned a largely military operation focused on the exploration and evaluation of natural resources. The intended number of colonists was 69, but approximately 600 men were sent in the voyage, with about half intended to remain at the colony, to be followed by a second wave later. [Ralph Lane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Lane "Ralph Lane") was appointed governor of the colony, and Philip Amadas would serve as admiral, although the fleet commander Sir Richard Grenville led the overall mission.[28] Civilian attendants included [Joachim Gans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_Gans "Joachim Gans"), metallurgist, [Thomas Harriot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Harriot "Thomas Harriot"), a scientist, and [John White](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_White_\(colonist_and_artist\) "John White \(colonist and artist\)"), an artist. Manteo and Wanchese, returning home from their visit to England, were also passengers on the voyage.[29] ### Voyage [[edit](/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit§ion=4 "Edit section: Voyage")] The fleet consisted of seven ships: The [galleass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galleass "Galleass") _Tiger_ (Grenville's flagship, with Fernandes as pilot), the [flyboat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flyboat "Flyboat") _Roebuck_ (captained by John Clarke), _Red Lion_ (under the command of George Raymond), _Elizabeth_ (captained by [Thomas Cavendish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cavendish "Thomas Cavendish")), _Dorothy_ (Raleigh's personal ship, perhaps captained by Arthur Barlowe) and two small [pinnaces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinnace_\(ship's_boat\) "Pinnace \(ship's boat\)").[30] [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plymouth_1540.png) Plymouth, [Devon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon "Devon"), was the burgeoning home port of Drake, Gilbert, Grenville, and Raleigh On April 9, 1585, the fleet departed [Plymouth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth "Plymouth"), heading south through the [Bay of Biscay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay "Bay of Biscay"). A severe storm off the coast of Portugal separated _Tiger_ from the rest of the fleet and sank one of the pinnaces. Fortunately, Fernandes had a plan for such an occurrence, wherein the ships would meet up at Mosquetal,[b] on the south coast of [Puerto Rico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico "Puerto Rico"). Proceeding alone, _Tiger_ made good speed for the [Caribbean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean "Caribbean"), arriving at the rendezvous point on May 11, ahead of the other ships.[34] [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mosquetal_fort_23_May_1585.jpg)Ralph Lane's fort at Mosquetal While awaiting the fleet, Grenville established a base camp, where his crew could rest and defend themselves from Spanish forces. Lane's men used the opportunity as practice for building the fortifications that would be needed at the new colony. The crew also set about replacing the lost pinnace, forging nails and sawing local lumber to construct a new ship.[34] _Elizabeth_ arrived on May 19, shortly after the completion of the fort and pinnace.[35][36] The remainder of the fleet never arrived at Mosquetal. At least one of the ships encountered difficulties near Jamaica and ran out of supplies, causing its captain to send twenty of his crew ashore. Eventually _Roebuck_ , _Red Lion_ , and _Dorothy_ continued to the [Outer Banks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_Banks "Outer Banks"), arriving by mid-June. _Red Lion_ left about thirty men on Croatoan Island and departed for privateering in Newfoundland. In the meantime, Grenville established contact with local Spanish authorities, in the hopes of obtaining fresh provisions. When the Spanish failed to deliver the promised supplies, Grenville suspected they would soon attack, so he and his ships abandoned the temporary fort.[37] [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cabo_Rojo_fort_26_May_1585.jpg)Collecting salt in Salinas Bay Grenville captured two Spanish ships in the [Mona Passage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mona_Passage "Mona Passage"), adding them to his fleet. Lane took one of these ships to [Salinas Bay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabo_Rojo,_Puerto_Rico "Cabo Rojo, Puerto Rico"), where he captured salt mounds collected by the Spanish. Lane again built fortifications to protect his men as they brought the salt aboard. Grenville's ships then sailed to [La Isabela](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Isabela "La Isabela"), where the Spanish set aside hostilities to trade with the well-armed English fleet. On June 7, Grenville left [Hispaniola](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniola "Hispaniola") to continue to the Outer Banks.[38] The fleet sailed through an inlet at Wococon Island (near present-day [Ocracoke Inlet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocracoke_Inlet "Ocracoke Inlet")) on June 26. _Tiger_ struck a [shoal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoal "Shoal"), ruining most of the food supplies and nearly destroying the ship.[39] There are indications that Grenville's fleet was supposed to spend the winter with the new colony, perhaps to immediately begin using it as a privateering base. The wreck of _Tiger_ , however, made that impossible. The remaining provisions could not support a settlement as large as had been planned. Moreover, the shallow inlets of the Outer Banks made the region unsuitable as a base for large ships. The colony's top priority would now be to locate a better harbour.[40] After repairs, _Tiger_ continued with the rest of the fleet to Port Ferdinando, where they reunited with _Roebuck_ and _Dorothy_. The men left behind by _Red Lion_ were presumably also located during this time.[41] On August 5, John Arundell took command of one of the faster vessels and set sail for England, to report the expedition's safe arrival.[42] ### Establishment of the colony [[edit](/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit§ion=5 "Edit section: Establishment of the colony")] [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Burning_of_Aquascogoc_1585.jpg)The 1585 assault on [Aquascogoc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquascogoc "Aquascogoc") village The loss of provisions from the _Tiger_ meant that the colony would support far fewer settlers than originally planned. Grenville decided that only about 100 men would stay with Lane, which would be enough to fulfill the colony's objectives until another fleet, scheduled to leave England in June 1585, could deliver a second wave of colonists and supplies.[43] However, Grenville could not know that this expedition had been redirected to Newfoundland, to alert fishing fleets that the Spanish had begun seizing English commercial vessels in retaliation for attacks by English privateers.[44] Until a resupply mission could be arranged, Lane's colony would be heavily dependent on the generosity of the natives.[45] While the _Tiger_ was under repair, Grenville organized an expedition to explore Pamlico Sound and the Secotan villages of [Aquascogoc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquascogoc "Aquascogoc"), [Pamlico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamlico "Pamlico"), and Secotan. His party made contact with the locals, presenting Harriot and White with an opportunity to extensively study Native American society.[46] Although much of their research did not survive the 1586 evacuation of the colony, Harriot's extensive survey of Virginia's inhabitants and natural resources was published in 1588, with engravings of White's illustrations included in the 1590 edition.[47][48] Following this initial exploration, a silver cup was reported missing. Believing the item stolen, Grenville sent Amadas to lead a detachment back to Aquascogoc to demand the return of the missing property. When the villagers did not produce the cup, the English decided that severe retribution was necessary in order to avoid the appearance of weakness. Amadas and his men burnt down the entire town and its crops, sending the natives fleeing.[49][50] [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fort_Raleigh_\(artist's_reconstruction\).jpg)An artist's rendering of [Ralph Lane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Lane "Ralph Lane")'s Roanoke fort; _author unknown, 1962_ Manteo arranged a meeting for Grenville and Lane with Granganimeo, to provide land for the English settlement on Roanoke Island. Both sides agreed that the island was strategically located for access to the ocean and to avoid detection from Spanish patrols. Lane began construction of a fort on the north side of the island.[51] There are no surviving renderings of the Roanoke fort, but it was likely similar in structure to the one at Mosquetal.[52] Grenville set sail for England aboard the _Tiger_ on August 25, 1585. Days later, in [Bermuda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_off_Bermuda_\(1585\) "Action off Bermuda \(1585\)"), Grenville raided a large Spanish [galleon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galleon "Galleon"), the _Santa Maria de San Vicente_ , which had become separated from the rest of its fleet.[53] The merchant ship, which Grenville took back to England as a prize, was loaded with enough treasure to make the entire Roanoke expedition profitable, spurring excitement in Queen Elizabeth's court about Raleigh's colonisation efforts.[54] The _Roebuck_ left Roanoke on September 8, 1585, leaving behind one of the pinnaces under the command of Amadas.[55] Records indicate that 107 men remained with Lane at the colony. However, historians disagree as to whether White returned to England with Grenville, or spent the winter at Roanoke despite his absence from the list of colonists.[56][57] ### Exploration [[edit](/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit§ion=6 "Edit section: Exploration")] [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roanoke_map_1584.JPG)_La Virginea Pars_ map, by [John White](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_White_\(colonist_and_artist\) "John White \(colonist and artist\)") Many of the colonists had joined the mission expecting to discover sources of gold and silver. When no such sources were located, these men became dispirited and decided the entire operation was a waste of their time. The English also researched where the local Native Americans obtained their copper, but ultimately never tracked the metal to its origin.[58] The colonists spent the autumn of 1585 acquiring corn from the neighboring villages, to augment their limited supplies. The colony apparently obtained enough corn (along with venison, fish, and oysters) to sustain them through the winter.[59] Little information survives, however, about what transpired at the colony between September 1585 and March 1586, making a full assessment of the winter impossible.[60] The colonists most likely exhausted their English provisions and American corn by October, and the resulting monotony of their remaining food sources no doubt contributed to the men's low morale.[61] Amadas spent the winter exploring [Chesapeake Bay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay "Chesapeake Bay"), traveling as far as [Cape Henry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Henry "Cape Henry") and the [James River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_River "James River"). While there his party made contact with the [Chesapeake](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesapeake_people "Chesapeake people") villages of Chesepioc and Skicóak. The Secotans had described Skicóak as the largest city in the region, possibly leading the English to expect something like the wealthy [Inca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inca_Empire "Inca Empire") and [Aztec](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztecs "Aztecs") kingdoms encountered by the Spanish. Amadas instead found a more modest settlement, although he was impressed with the area's climate and [soil quality](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_quality "Soil quality").[62] Harriot and Gans explored the Virginia territory, meeting Native American tribes and taking stock of natural resources. During his travels, Harriot and his assistants collected data that would eventually be used to produce White's _La Virginea Pars_ map.[63] Although 16th-century science could not explain the phenomenon, Harriot noticed that each town the colonists visited quickly suffered a deadly epidemic, which may have been [influenza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza "Influenza") or [smallpox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox "Smallpox"). Some of the Secotan suspected the disease was caused by supernatural forces unleashed by the English.[64] When Wingina fell sick, his own people could not treat him, but he recovered after requesting prayers from the English. Impressed, Wingina asked the colonists to share this power with other stricken communities, which only hastened the spread of disease. The epidemic likely had a severe impact on the fall harvest, at a time when Lane's colony would be heavily dependent on its neighbors to supplement its limited food supply.[65][66] ### Hostilities and food shortages [[edit](/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit§ion=7 "Edit section: Hostilities and food shortages")] [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_chiefe_Herowan.jpg)Portrait of a [weroance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weroance "Weroance"), who may have been [Wingina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wingina "Wingina") By spring, relations between the Secotan and the colony were strained, most likely due to the colony's over-reliance on Secotan food. The death of Granganimeo, who had been a powerful advocate for the colony, apparently helped to turn Wingina against the English. Wingina changed his name to "Pemisapan" ("one who watches"), suggesting a newly cautious and vigilant policy, and established a new temporary tribal capital on Roanoke Island. The English did not initially recognize that these developments represented a threat to their interests.[67] In March, Lane consulted Pemisapan about a plan to explore the mainland beyond Secotan territory. Pemisapan supported the plan and advised Lane that the [Chowanoke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chowanoke "Chowanoke") leader Menatonon was meeting with his allies to plan an attack on the English, and that three thousand warriors had gathered at Choanoac. At the same time, Pemisapan sent word to Menatonon that the English would be coming, ensuring that both sides would expect hostilities. When Lane's well-armed party arrived at Choanoac, he found representatives of the Chowanoke, Mangoak, [Weapemeoc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapemeoc_Indians "Weapemeoc Indians"), and Moratuc. Since this gathering was not planning an attack, Lane caught them by surprise. He easily captured Menatonon, who informed him that it was Pemisapan who had requested the council in the first place.[68][69][70] Menatonon quickly gained Lane's trust by offering information about lucrative opportunities in lands the English had not yet discovered. He described a rich and powerful king to the northeast (presumably the leader of the [Powhatan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powhatan "Powhatan")), warning that Lane should bring a considerable force if he sought to make contact. Menatonon also corroborated rumors Lane had heard about a sea just beyond the head of the [Roanoke River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke_River "Roanoke River"), apparently confirming English hopes of finding access to the Pacific Ocean. The chief's son Skiko described a place to the west called "Chaunis Temoatan" rich in a valuable metal, which Lane thought could be copper or perhaps even gold.[71] Based on this information, Lane envisioned a detailed plan in which his forces would divide into two groups – one traveling north up the Chowan River, the other along the Atlantic coast—to resettle at Chesapeake Bay. However, he decided to defer this mission until the colony received fresh supplies, which Grenville had promised would arrive by Easter.[72][73] In the meantime, Lane [ransomed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ransom "Ransom") Menatonon and had Skiko sent back to Roanoke as a hostage. He proceeded with forty men for about 100 miles (160 km) up the Roanoke River in search of Chaunis Temotan, but they found only deserted villages and warriors lying in ambush.[74] Lane had expected the Moratuc to provide provisions for him along his route, but Pemisapan had sent word that the English were hostile and villagers should withdraw from the river with their food.[75] Lane and his party returned to the colony shortly after Easter, half-starved and empty-handed. During their absence, rumors had spread that they had been killed, and Pemisapan had been preparing to withdraw the Secotan from Roanoke Island and leave the colony to starve. There was no sign of Grenville's resupply fleet, which had not yet even left England. According to Lane, Pemisapan was so surprised that Lane returned alive from the Roanoke River mission that he reconsidered his plans. Ensenore, an elder among Pemisapan's council, argued in favor of the English. Later, an envoy for Menatonon informed Lane that the Weapemeoc leader Okisko had pledged fealty to Queen Elizabeth and Sir Walter Raleigh. This shift in the balance of power in the region further deterred Pemisapan from following through on his plans against the colony. He instead ordered his people to sow crops and build [fishing weirs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_weir "Fishing weir") for the settlers.[76] The renewed accord between the English and the Secotan was short-lived. On April 20 Ensenore died, depriving the colony of its last advocate in Pemisapan's inner circle. Wanchese had risen to become a senior advisor, and his time among the English had convinced him that they were a threat. Pemisapan evacuated the Secotan from Roanoke, destroyed the fishing weirs, and ordered them not to sell food to the English. Left to their own devices, the English had no way to produce enough food to sustain the colony. Lane ordered his men to break up into small groups to forage and beg for food in the Outer Banks and the mainland.[77] Lane continued to keep Skiko as a hostage. Although Pemisapan met regularly with Skiko and believed him sympathetic to the anti-English cause, Skiko sought to honor his father's intention of maintaining relations with the colony. Skiko informed Lane that Pemisapan planned to organize a war council meeting on June 10 with various regional powers. With the copper the Secotan had gained from trading with the colony, Pemisapan was able to offer substantial inducements to other tribes to side with him in a final offensive against the English. Oksiko declined to get involved, although individual Weapemeocs were permitted to participate. The plan of attack was to ambush Lane and other key leaders as they slept at the colony, and then signal for a general attack on the rest. Based on this information, Lane sent disinformation to the Secotan indicating that an English fleet had arrived, to force Pemisapan's hand.[78] Forced to accelerate his schedule by the possibility of English reinforcements, Pemisapan gathered as many allies as he could for a meeting on May 31 at Dasamongueponke. That evening, Lane attacked the warriors posted at Roanoke, hoping to prevent them from alerting the mainland the following morning. On June 1, Lane, his top officers, and twenty-five men visited Dasamongueponke under the pretense of discussing a Secotan attempt to free Skiko. Once they were admitted into the council, Lane gave the signal for his men to attack. Pemisapan was shot and fled into the woods, but Lane's men caught up to him and brought back his severed head.[79] The head was impaled outside the colony's fort.[80] ### Evacuation [[edit](/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit§ion=8 "Edit section: Evacuation")] [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boazio-Sir_Francis_Drakes_West_Indian_Voyage.jpg)Map of Sir Francis Drake's 1585–86 voyage In June, the colonists made contact with the fleet of Sir [Francis Drake](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Drake "Francis Drake"), on his way back to England from successful campaigns in [Santo Domingo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Santo_Domingo_\(1586\) "Battle of Santo Domingo \(1586\)"), [Cartagena](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cartagena_de_Indias_\(1586\) "Battle of Cartagena de Indias \(1586\)"), and [St. Augustine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_on_St._Augustine "Raid on St. Augustine").[81] During these raids, Drake had acquired refugees, slaves, and hardware with the intent of delivering them to Raleigh's colony. Upon learning of the colony's misfortunes, Drake agreed to leave behind four months of supplies and one of his ships, the _Francis_. However, a [hurricane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane "Hurricane") hit the Outer Banks, sweeping the _Francis_ out to sea.[82] After the storm, Lane persuaded his men to evacuate the colony, and Drake agreed to take them back to England. Manteo and an associate, Towaye, joined them. Three of Lane's colonists were left behind and never heard from again. Because the colony was abandoned, it is unclear what became of the slaves and refugees Drake had meant to place there. There is no record of them arriving in England with the fleet, and it is possible Drake left them on Roanoke with some of the goods he had previously set aside for Lane.[83] Drake's fleet, along with Lane's colonists, reached England in July 1586.[84] Upon arrival, the colonists introduced [tobacco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco "Tobacco"), [maize](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maize "Maize"), and [potatoes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potato "Potato") to England.[85] ### Grenville's detachment [[edit](/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit§ion=9 "Edit section: Grenville's detachment")] A single supply ship, sent by Raleigh, arrived at Roanoke just days after Drake evacuated the colony. The crew could not find any trace of the colonists and left. Two weeks later, Grenville's relief fleet finally arrived with a year's worth of supplies and reinforcements of 400 men. Grenville conducted an extensive search and interrogated three natives, one of whom finally related an account of the evacuation.[86] The fleet returned to England, leaving behind a small detachment of fifteen men both to maintain an English presence and to protect Raleigh's claim to Roanoke Island.[87] According to the Croatan, this contingent was attacked by an alliance of mainland tribes shortly after Grenville's fleet left. Five of the English were away gathering oysters when two of the attackers, appearing unarmed, approached the encampment and asked to meet with two Englishmen peacefully. One of the Native Americans concealed a wooden sword, which he used to kill an Englishman. Another 28 attackers revealed themselves, but the other Englishman escaped to warn his unit. The natives set fire to the house where the English kept their food stores, thus forcing the men to take up whatever arms were handy. A second Englishman was killed; the remaining nine retreated to the shore, and fled the island on their boat. They found their four compatriots returning from the creek, picked them up, and continued onto a small island near the entrance to the Hatteras harbor. The thirteen survivors were never seen again.[88] ## Lost colony [[edit](/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit§ion=10 "Edit section: Lost colony")] See also: [List of colonists at Roanoke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonists_at_Roanoke "List of colonists at Roanoke") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Our_greater_country;_being_a_standard_history_of_the_United_States_from_the_discovery_of_the_American_continent_to_the_present_time_\(1901\)_\(14784788945\).jpg)Death of George Howe Despite the desertion of the Lane colony, Raleigh was persuaded by Hakluyt, Harriot, and White to make another attempt.[89] However, Roanoke Island would no longer be safe for English settlers, following the hostilities between Lane's men and the Secotan, and the death of Wingina.[90] Hakluyt recommended Chesapeake Bay as the site for a new colony, in part because he believed the Pacific coast lay just beyond the explored areas of the Virginia territory. On January 7, 1587, Raleigh approved a corporate charter to found "the Cittie of Raleigh" with White as governor and twelve assistants.[91] Approximately 115 people agreed to join the colony, including White's pregnant daughter Eleanor and her husband Ananias Dare. The colonists were largely middle-class Londoners, perhaps seeking to become [landed gentry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landed_gentry "Landed gentry").[92] Manteo and Towaye, who had left the Lane colony with Drake's fleet, were also brought along.[93] This time, the party included women and children, but no organized military force.[94] The expedition consisted of three ships: the flagship _Lion_ , captained by White with Fernandes as master and pilot, along with a [flyboat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flyboat "Flyboat") (under the command of Edward Spicer) and a [full-rigged pinnace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full-rigged_pinnace "Full-rigged pinnace") (commanded by Edward Stafford). The fleet departed on May 8.[95] On July 22, the flagship and pinnace anchored at Croatoan Island. White planned to take forty men aboard the pinnace to Roanoke, where he would consult with the fifteen men stationed there by Grenville, before continuing on to Chesapeake Bay. Once he boarded the pinnace however, a "gentleman" on the flagship representing Fernandes ordered the sailors to leave the colonists on Roanoke.[96][97][98] The following morning, White's party located the site of Lane's colony. The fort had been dismantled, while the houses stood vacant and overgrown with melons. There was no sign that Grenville's men had ever been there except for human bones that White believed were the remains of one of them, killed by Native Americans.[90][99] Following the arrival of the flyboat on July 25, all of the colonists disembarked.[90] Shortly thereafter, colonist George Howe was killed by a native while searching alone for crabs in Albemarle Sound.[100] [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baptism_of_Virginia_Dare.jpeg)Baptism of [Virginia Dare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Dare "Virginia Dare") White dispatched Stafford to re-establish relations with the Croatan, with the help of Manteo. The Croatan described how a coalition of mainland tribes, led by Wanchese, had attacked Grenville's detachment.[101] The colonists attempted to negotiate a truce through the Croatan, but received no response.[102][103] On August 9, White led a pre-emptive strike on Dasamongueponke, but the enemy (fearing reprisal for the death of Howe) had withdrawn from the village, and the English accidentally attacked Croatan looters. Manteo again smoothed relations between the colonists and the Croatan.[104] For his service to the colony, Manteo was [baptized](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism "Baptism") and named "Lord of Roanoke and Dasamongueponke".[105] On August 18, 1587, Eleanor Dare gave birth to a daughter, christened "[Virginia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Dare "Virginia Dare")" in honor of being "the first Christian born in Virginia". Records indicate Margery Harvye gave birth shortly thereafter, although nothing else is known about her child.[106] By the time the fleet was preparing to return to England, the colonists had decided to relocate 50 miles (80 km) up Albemarle Sound.[107] The colonists persuaded Governor White to return to England to explain the colony's desperate situation and ask for help.[103] White reluctantly agreed, and departed with the fleet on August 27, 1587.[108] ### 1588 relief mission [[edit](/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit§ion=11 "Edit section: 1588 relief mission")] [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spanish_Armada_fireships.jpg)Launch of English fireships against the [Spanish Armada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Armada "Spanish Armada"), 7 August 1588 After a difficult journey, White returned to England on November 5, 1587.[109] By this time reports of the [Spanish Armada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Armada "Spanish Armada") mobilizing for an attack had reached London, and Queen Elizabeth had prohibited any able ship from leaving England, so that they might participate in the coming battle.[110][106] During the winter, Grenville was granted a waiver to lead a fleet into the Caribbean to attack the Spanish, and White was permitted to accompany him in a resupply ship. The fleet was set to launch in March 1588, but unfavourable winds kept them in port until Grenville received new orders to stay and defend England. Two of the smaller ships in Grenville's fleet, the _Brave_ and the _Roe_ , were deemed unsuitable for combat, and White was permitted to take them to Roanoke. The ships departed on April 22, but the captains of the ships attempted to capture several Spanish ships on the outward-bound voyage (in order to improve their profits).[111][112] On May 6 they were attacked by [French](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_France "Kingdom of France") mariners (or [pirates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piracy "Piracy")) near Morocco. Nearly two dozen of the crew were killed, and the supplies bound for Roanoke were looted, leaving the ships to return to England.[113] Following the defeat of the Spanish Armada in August, England maintained the ban on shipping in order to focus efforts on organizing a [Counter Armada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Armada "English Armada") to attack Spain in 1589. White would not gain permission to make another resupply attempt until 1590.[114] ### Spanish reconnaissance [[edit](/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit§ion=12 "Edit section: Spanish reconnaissance")] The Spanish Empire had been gathering intelligence on the Roanoke colonies since Grenville's capture of _Santa Maria de San Vicente_ in 1585. They feared that the English had established a haven for piracy in North America, but were unable to locate such a base.[115] They had no cause to assume Lane's colony had been abandoned, or that White's would be placed in the same location.[93] Indeed, the Spanish greatly overestimated the success of the English in Virginia; rumors suggested the English had discovered a mountain made of diamonds and a route to the Pacific Ocean.[116] Following a failed reconnaissance mission in 1587, [Philip II of Spain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain "Philip II of Spain") ordered [Vicente González](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicente_González_\(governor\) "Vicente González \(governor\)") to search Chesapeake Bay in 1588. González failed to find anything in Chesapeake, but on the way back he chanced to discover Port Ferdinando along the Outer Banks. The port appeared abandoned. González left without conducting a thorough investigation. Although the Spanish believed González had located the secret English base, the defeat of the Spanish Armada prevented Phillip from immediately ordering an attack upon it. In 1590, a plan was reportedly made to destroy the Roanoke colony and set up a Spanish colony in Chesapeake Bay, but this was merely disinformation designed to misdirect English intelligence.[117] ### 1590 relief mission [[edit](/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit§ion=13 "Edit section: 1590 relief mission")] Further information: [Watts' West Indies and Virginia expedition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watts'_West_Indies_and_Virginia_expedition "Watts' West Indies and Virginia expedition") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ruins_of_the_English_Settlement_at_Roanoke.jpg)John White at the ruins of the Roanoke colony, 1590 Eventually, Raleigh arranged passage for White on a privateering expedition organized by [John Watts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Watts_\(merchant\) "John Watts \(merchant\)"). The fleet of six ships would spend the summer of 1590 raiding Spanish outposts in the Caribbean, but the flagship _Hopewell_ and the _Moonlight_ would split off to take White to his colony.[114] At the same time, however, Raleigh was in the process of turning the venture over to new investors.[118] _Hopewell_ and _Moonlight_ anchored at Croatoan Island on August 12, but there is no indication that White used the time to contact the Croatan for information. On the evening of August 15, while anchored at the north end of Croatoan Island, the crews sighted plumes of smoke on Roanoke Island; the following morning, they investigated another column of smoke on the southern end of Croatoan, but found nothing.[118] White's landing party spent the next two days attempting to cross Pamlico Sound, with considerable difficulty and loss of life. On August 17 they sighted a fire on the north end of Roanoke and rowed towards it, but they reached the island after nightfall and decided not to risk coming ashore. The men spent the night in their anchored boats, singing English songs in hopes that the colonists would hear.[119] White and the others made landfall on the morning of August 18 (his granddaughter's third birthday). The party found fresh tracks in the sand, but were not contacted by anyone. They also discovered the letters "CRO" carved into a tree. Upon reaching the site of the colony, White noted the area had been fortified with a [palisade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palisade "Palisade"). Near the entrance of the fencing, the word "CROATOAN" was carved in one of the posts.[120] White was certain these two inscriptions meant that the colonists had peacefully relocated to Croatoan Island, since they had agreed in 1587 that the colonists would leave a "secret token" indicating their destination, or a [cross pattée](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_pattée "Cross pattée") as a [duress code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duress_code "Duress code").[121][122] Within the palisade, the search party found that houses had been dismantled, and anything that could be carried had been removed. Several large trunks (including three belonging to White, containing the belongings he left behind in 1587) had been dug up and looted. None of the colony's boats could be found along the shore.[123] The party returned to _Hopewell_ that evening, and plans were made to return to Croatoan the following day. However, _Hopewell_ 's anchor cable snapped, leaving the ship with only one working cable and anchor. The search mission could not continue given the considerable risk of shipwreck. _Moonlight_ set off for England, but the crew of _Hopewell_ offered a compromise with White, in which they would spend winter in the Caribbean and return to the Outer Banks in the spring of 1591. This plan fell through, though, when _Hopewell_ was blown off course, forcing them to stop for supplies in the [Azores](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azores_Islands "Azores Islands"). When the winds prevented landfall there, the ship was again forced to change course for England, arriving on October 24, 1590.[124] ## Investigations into Roanoke [[edit](/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit§ion=14 "Edit section: Investigations into Roanoke")] ### 1595–1602: Walter Raleigh [[edit](/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit§ion=15 "Edit section: 1595–1602: Walter Raleigh")] [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sir_Walter_Raleigh_oval_portrait_by_Nicholas_Hilliard.jpg)[Sir Walter Raleigh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Raleigh "Walter Raleigh") Although White failed to locate his colonists in 1590, his report suggested they had simply relocated and might yet be found alive. However, it served Raleigh's purposes to keep the matter in doubt; so long as the settlers could not be proven dead, he could legally maintain his claim on Virginia.[125] Nevertheless, a 1594 petition was made to declare Ananias Dare [legally dead](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_death "Legal death") so that his son, John Dare, could inherit his estate. The petition was granted in 1597.[126] During Raleigh's first transatlantic voyage in 1595, he claimed to be in search of his lost colonists, although he later admitted this was misinformation to cover [his search for El Dorado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raleigh's_El_Dorado_Expedition "Raleigh's El Dorado Expedition"). On the return voyage, he sailed past the Outer Banks, and later claimed that weather had prevented him from landing.[125] Raleigh later sought to enforce his [monopoly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopoly "Monopoly") on Virginia – based on the potential survival of the Roanoke colonists – when the price of [sassafras](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassafras "Sassafras") skyrocketed. He funded a 1602 mission to the Outer Banks, with the stated goal of resuming the search.[127] Led by Samuel Mace, this expedition differed from previous voyages in that Raleigh bought his own ship and guaranteed the sailors' wages so that they would not be distracted by privateering.[128] However, the ship's itinerary and manifest indicate that Raleigh's top priority was harvesting sassafras far south of Croatoan Island. By the time Mace approached Hatteras, bad weather prevented them from lingering in the area.[129] In 1603, Raleigh was implicated in the [Main Plot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Plot "Main Plot") and arrested for treason against [King James](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_VI_and_I "James VI and I"), effectively ending his Virginia charter.[130] ### 1603: Bartholomew Gilbert [[edit](/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit§ion=16 "Edit section: 1603: Bartholomew Gilbert")] In 1603 there was one final expedition with the intention of finding the Roanoke colonists, led by [Bartholomew Gilbert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartholomew_Gilbert "Bartholomew Gilbert"). Their intended destination was Chesapeake Bay, but bad weather forced them to land in an unspecified location near there. The landing team, including Gilbert himself, was killed by a group of Native Americans for unknown reasons on July 29. The remaining crew were forced to return to England empty-handed.[131] ### 1607–1609: John Smith [[edit](/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit§ion=17 "Edit section: 1607–1609: John Smith")] [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zúñiga_Map_by_Ashe_1908.jpg)Reproduction of the Zúñiga Map Following the establishment of the [Jamestown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia "Jamestown, Virginia") settlement in 1607, [John Smith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Smith_\(explorer\) "John Smith \(explorer\)") was captured by the [Powhatan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powhatan "Powhatan") and met with both their leader [Wahunsenacawh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powhatan_\(Native_American_leader\) "Powhatan \(Native American leader\)") (often referred to as "Chief Powhatan") and his brother [Opechancanough](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opechancanough "Opechancanough"). They described to him a place called "Ocanahonan", where men wore European-style clothing; and "Anone", which featured walled houses. Later, after Smith returned to the colony, he made arrangements with Wowinchopunk, the king of the [Paspahegh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paspahegh "Paspahegh"), to investigate "Panawicke", another place reportedly inhabited by men in European dress. The colony produced a crude map of the region with labels for these villages. The map also featured a place called "Pakrakanick" with a note indicating, "Here remaineth four men clothed that came from Roonock to Ocanahawan."[132] In the summer of 1608, Smith sent a letter about this information, along with the map, back to England. The original map is now lost, but a copy was obtained by Pedro de Zúñiga, the Spanish ambassador to England, who passed it on to [Philip III of Spain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain "Philip III of Spain"). The copy, now commonly referred to as the "Zúñiga Map", was rediscovered in 1890.[133] Smith planned to explore Pakrakanick, but a dispute with the Paspahegh ended the mission before it could begin. He also dispatched two search parties, possibly to look for the other villages reported to him, with instructions to find "the lost company of Sir Walter Rawley". Neither group could find any sign of the Roanoke colonists living in the area.[134] By May 1609, word had reached England's Royal Council for Virginia that the 1587 colonists had been massacred by Wahunsenacawh.[135] The source of this allegation is unknown. Machumps, Wahunsenacawh's brother-in-law, is known to have provided information about Virginia, and he had recently arrived in England.[136] It has been speculated that the same voyage could have also delivered a letter from Smith, although no evidence for this exists.[137] Based on this intelligence, as well as Smith's earlier report, the Council drafted orders for the Jamestown colony to relocate. These orders recommended "Ohonahorn" (or "Oconahoen"), near the mouth of the [Chowan River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chowan_River "Chowan River"), as a new base. Among the purported advantages of this location were proximity to "Riche Copper mines of Ritanoc" and "Peccarecamicke", where four of Raleigh's colonists were supposed to be held by a chieftain named "Gepanocon".[138] These orders, along with the new acting governor, [Thomas Gates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gates_\(governor\) "Thomas Gates \(governor\)"), were delayed due to the shipwreck of the _[Sea Venture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Venture "Sea Venture")_ at Bermuda. Gates arrived at Jamestown in May 1610, several months into the [Starving Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starving_Time "Starving Time"). The crisis may have deterred the colonists from attempting the proposed relocation. An expedition was sent to the Chowan River, but there is no record of its findings.[139] ### 1610–1612: William Strachey [[edit](/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit§ion=18 "Edit section: 1610–1612: William Strachey")] [William Strachey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Strachey "William Strachey") arrived in Jamestown, along with Gates and Machumps, in May 1610. By 1612, he had returned to England, where he wrote _The Historie of Travaile into Virginia Britannia_ , an overview of the Virginia territory.[139] He described "Peccarecamek", "Ochanahoen", "Anoeg", and "Ritanoe" in a manner consistent with Smith's map and the Virginia Council's orders to Gates. However, Strachey introduced additional details about "the slaughter at Roanoak".[140] Strachey suggested that the lost colonists had spent twenty years living peacefully with a tribe beyond Powhatan territory. Wahunsenacawh, he claimed, carried out the unprovoked attack at the recommendation of his priests, shortly before the arrival of the Jamestown colonists. Based on this account, seven English – four men, two boys, and one woman – survived the assault and fled up the Chowan River. They later came under the protection of a chieftain named "Eyanoco", for whom they beat copper at "Ritanoe".[141] _The Historie of Travaile_ never directly identifies the tribe that supposedly hosted the Roanoke colonists. However, Strachey did describe an attack against the Chesepians, in which Wahunsenacawh's priests warned him that a nation would arise in Chesapeake Bay to threaten his dominion.[142] It has been inferred that the colonists had relocated to Chesapeake, and both groups were massacred in the same attack.[143] Strachey believed that the Powhatan religion was inherently [Satanic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theistic_Satanism "Theistic Satanism"), and that the priests might literally be in communion with [Satan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satan "Satan"). He advocated for England to facilitate the Powhatans' conversion to Christianity. To that end, he recommended a plan in which King James would show mercy to the Powhatan people for the massacre of the Roanoke colonists, but demand revenge upon the priests.[144] However, the London Company did not publish _The Historie of Travaile_ , which fell into obscurity until 1849.[145] There is no indication that any actions were taken against Wahunsenacawh or his priests in retaliation for the alleged massacre.[146] ### 1625: Samuel Purchas [[edit](/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit§ion=19 "Edit section: 1625: Samuel Purchas")] [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Matthäus_Merian_dÆ,_Således_blev_også_denne_fred_brudt_på_grund_af_bedrag,_KKSgb10894-5,_Statens_Museum_for_Kunst.jpg)[Powhatan attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_massacre_of_1622 "Indian massacre of 1622") on [Jamestown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia "Jamestown, Virginia") After the Powhatan [attacked Jamestown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_massacre_of_1622 "Indian massacre of 1622") in 1622, there was a dramatic shift in English commentary on Native Americans, as writers increasingly questioned their humanity. The [London Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Company "London Company") sponsored propaganda arguing that the massacre had justified [genocidal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide "Genocide") retaliation, in order to assure potential backers that their investment in the colony would be safe.[147][148] In this context, [Samuel Purchas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Purchas "Samuel Purchas") wrote _Virginia's Verger_ in 1625, asserting England's right to possess and exploit its North American claim. He argued that the natives, as a race, had forfeited their right to the land through bloodshed, citing the 1586 ambush of Grenville's garrison, an alleged attack on White's colonists, and the 1622 Jamestown massacre. Purchas offered no evidence for his claim about the 1587 colony except to state, "Powhatan confessed to Cap. Smith, that hee had beene at their slaughter, and had divers utensills of theirs to shew."[149] It is possible Smith related the story of Wahunsenacawh's confession to Purchas, as they are known to have spoken together. Smith's own writings, however, never mention the confession, leaving Purchas' claim to stand alone in what historian Helen Rountree dismisses as "an anti-Indian [polemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polemic "Polemic")".[150] Even if taken at face value, the alleged confession is not persuasive, as Wahunsenacawh might have invented the story in an attempt to intimidate Smith. The European artifacts allegedly offered as "proof" of a raid on the Roanoke colonists could just as easily have been obtained from other sources, such as [Ajacán](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajacán_Mission "Ajacán Mission").[151] ### 1701–1709: John Lawson [[edit](/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit§ion=20 "Edit section: 1701–1709: John Lawson")] Sea traffic through Roanoke Island fell into decline in the 17th century, owing to the dangerous waters of the Outer Banks.[152] In 1672, the inlet between Hatorask and Croatoan islands closed, and the resulting landmass became known as [Hatteras Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatteras_Island "Hatteras Island").[153] During [John Lawson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lawson_\(explorer\) "John Lawson \(explorer\)")'s 1701–1709 exploration of northern [Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Carolina "Province of Carolina"), he visited Hatteras Island and encountered the [Hatteras](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatteras_Indians "Hatteras Indians") people.[154] Although there is evidence of European activity in the Outer Banks throughout the 17th century, Lawson was the first historian to investigate the region since White left in 1590.[155] Lawson was impressed with the influence of English culture on the Hatteras. They reported that several of their ancestors had been white, and some of them had gray eyes, supporting this claim. Lawson theorized that members of the 1587 colony had assimilated into this community after they lost hope of regaining contact with England.[156] While visiting Roanoke Island itself, Lawson reported finding the remains of a fort, as well as English coins, firearms, and a powder horn.[157] ## Scientific research [[edit](/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit§ion=21 "Edit section: Scientific research")] Research into the disappearance of the 1587 colonists largely ended with Lawson's 1701 investigation. Renewed interest in the Lost Colony during the 19th century eventually led to a wide range of scholarly analyses. ### 1800s–1950: Site preservation [[edit](/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit§ion=22 "Edit section: 1800s–1950: Site preservation")] Main article: [Fort Raleigh National Historic Site](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Raleigh_National_Historic_Site "Fort Raleigh National Historic Site") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fort_Raleigh_National_Historic_Site_earthworks_2_-_Sarah_Stierch.jpg)Reconstructed earthwork at Fort Raleigh National Historic Site The ruins that Lawson encountered in 1701 eventually became a tourist attraction. [U.S. President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States "President of the United States") [James Monroe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Monroe "James Monroe") visited the site on April 7, 1819. During the 1860s, visitors described the deteriorated "fort" as little more than an earthwork in the shape of a small [bastion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastion "Bastion"), and reported holes dug nearby in search of valuable relics. Production of the 1921 [silent film](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_film "Silent film") _The Lost Colony_ and road development further damaged the site. In the 1930s, [J. C. Harrington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._C._Harrington "J. C. Harrington") advocated for the restoration and preservation of the earthwork.[158] The [National Park Service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service "National Park Service") began administration of the area in 1941, designating it [Fort Raleigh National Historic Site](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Raleigh_National_Historic_Site "Fort Raleigh National Historic Site"). In 1950, the earthwork was reconstructed in an effort to restore its original size and shape.[159] ### 1998: Climate research [[edit](/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit§ion=23 "Edit section: 1998: Climate research")] In 1998, a team led by [climatologist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climatology "Climatology") David W. Stahle (of the [University of Arkansas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Arkansas "University of Arkansas")) and [archaeologist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeologist "Archaeologist") Dennis B. Blanton (of the [College of William and Mary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_William_and_Mary "College of William and Mary")) concluded that an extreme drought occurred in [Tidewater](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidewater_\(region\) "Tidewater \(region\)") between 1587 and 1589. Their study [measured growth rings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrochronology "Dendrochronology") from a network of [bald cypress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxodium_distichum "Taxodium distichum") trees, producing data ranging from 1185 to 1984. Specifically, 1587 was measured as the worst growing season in the entire 800-year period. The findings were considered consistent with the concerns the Croatan expressed about their food supply.[160] ### 2005–2019: Genetic analysis [[edit](/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit§ion=24 "Edit section: 2005–2019: Genetic analysis")] Since 2005, computer scientist Roberta Estes has founded several organizations for [DNA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA "DNA") analysis and genealogical research. Her interest in the disappearance of the 1587 colony motivated various projects to establish a genetic link between the colonists and potential Native American descendants. Examining [autosomal DNA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autosome "Autosome") for this purpose is unreliable, as so little of the colonists' genetic material would remain after five or six generations. However, testing of [Y chromosomes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_chromosome "Y chromosome") and [mitochondrial DNA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA "Mitochondrial DNA") is more reliable over large spans of time. The main challenge of this work is to obtain a genetic point of comparison, either from the remains of a Lost Colonist or from one of their descendants. While it is conceivable to sequence DNA from 430-year-old bones, there are as yet no bones from the Lost Colony to work with. And, as of 2019, the project had yet to identify any living descendant.[161] ## Archaeological research [[edit](/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit§ion=25 "Edit section: Archaeological research")] ### 1887–present: Archaeological evidence [[edit](/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit§ion=26 "Edit section: 1887–present: Archaeological evidence")] [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fort_Raleigh_Archaelogical_Dig_2009.jpg)Archaeological research dig at [Fort Raleigh National Historic Site](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Raleigh_National_Historic_Site "Fort Raleigh National Historic Site") (2009) Archaeological research on Roanoke Island only began when [Talcott Williams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talcott_Williams "Talcott Williams") discovered a Native American burial site in 1887. He returned in 1895 to excavate the fort but found nothing of significance. [Ivor Noël Hume](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivor_Noël_Hume "Ivor Noël Hume") would later make several compelling finds in the 1990s, but none that could be positively linked to the 1587 colony, as opposed to the 1585 outpost.[162] After [Hurricane Emily](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Emily_\(1993\) "Hurricane Emily \(1993\)") uncovered a number of Native American artifacts along Cape Creek in [Buxton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buxton,_North_Carolina "Buxton, North Carolina"), [North Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina "North Carolina"), anthropologist [David Sutton Phelps Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Sutton_Phelps_Jr. "David Sutton Phelps Jr.") organized an excavation in 1995. Phelps and his team discovered a ring in 1998, which initially appeared to be a gold [signet ring](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seal_\(emblem\)#Signet_rings "Seal \(emblem\)") bearing the [heraldry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraldry "Heraldry") of a Kendall family in the 16th century.[163][164] The find was celebrated as a landmark discovery, but Phelps never published a paper on his findings, and neglected to have the ring properly tested. [X-ray](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray "X-ray") analysis in 2017 proved the ring was brass, not gold, and experts could not confirm the alleged connection to Kendall heraldry. The low value and relative anonymity of the ring make it more difficult to conclusively associate with any particular person from the Roanoke voyages, which in turn increases the likelihood that it could have been brought to the New World at a later time.[165][166] A significant challenge for archaeologists seeking information about the 1587 colonists is that many common artifacts could plausibly originate from the 1585 colony, or from Native Americans who traded with other European settlements in the same era. [Andrew Lawler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Lawler "Andrew Lawler") suggests that an example of a conclusive find would be female remains (since the 1585 colony was exclusively male) buried according to Christian tradition ([supine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supine_position "Supine position"), in an east–west orientation) which can be dated to before 1650 (by which point Europeans would have spread throughout the region).[167] However, few human remains of any kind have been discovered at sites related to the Lost Colony.[168] One possible explanation for the extreme deficiency in archaeological evidence is [shoreline erosion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoreline_erosion "Shoreline erosion"). The northern shore of Roanoke Island, where the Lane and White colonies were located, lost 928 feet (283 m) between 1851 and 1970. Extrapolating from this trend back to the 1580s, it is likely that portions of the settlements are now underwater, along with any artifacts or signs of life.[169] ### 2011–present; new archaeological sites [[edit](/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit§ion=27 "Edit section: 2011–present; new archaeological sites")] In November 2011, researchers at the First Colony Foundation noticed two corrective patches on White's 1585 map _La Virginea Pars_. At their request, the [British Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum "British Museum") examined the original map with a [light table](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_table "Light table"). One of the patches, at the confluence of the Roanoke and Chowan rivers, was found to cover a symbol representing a fort at the head of Albemarle Sound. The faint outline of a fort, drawn in what might be invisible ink, was also discovered on the patch itself.[170][171][172] One theory is that White may have been trying to conceal the fort from the Spanish, who saw the colony as a threat. The Spanish had sent an expedition to defeat the colony, but could not find the settlers.[172] As the symbol is not to scale, it covers an area on the map representing thousands of acres in [Bertie County, North Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertie_County,_North_Carolina "Bertie County, North Carolina"). However, the location is presumed to be in or near the large 16th-century [Weapemeoc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapemeoc "Weapemeoc") village of Mettaquem. In 2012, when a team prepared to excavate where the symbol indicated, archaeologist Nicholas Luccketti suggested they name the location "Site X", as in "[X marks the spot](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/X%20marks%20the%20spot "wikt:X marks the spot")."[173] In 2015 a team excavated the site.[172] In an October 2017 statement, the First Colony Foundation reported finding fragments of [Tudor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudor_period "Tudor period") pottery and weapons at Site X, and concluded that these indicate a small group of colonists residing peacefully in the area.[174] The challenge for this research is to convincingly rule out the possibility that such finds were brought to the area by the 1585 Lane colony, or the trading post established by [Nathaniel Batts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Batts "Nathaniel Batts") in the 1650s.[175] In 2019, the Foundation announced plans to expand the research into land that has been donated to North Carolina as Salmon Creek State Natural Area.[176][177] In 2020, new artifacts were found in North Carolina which researchers believe may be from a colony of survivors of the Lost Colony. These were found at a site about fifty miles west of Roanoke Island. Analysis of the artifacts focused on determining whether they might be from the Lost Colony, since later settlers from other colonies such as Jamestown would have different items and different materials than the Lost Colony settlers, such as clay pipes, which were invented later.[172] Another researcher found items at a site about fifty miles south of Roanoke Island.[172] Another dig by [Mark Horton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Horton_\(archaeologist\) "Mark Horton \(archaeologist\)"), an archaeologist from the [University of Bristol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bristol "University of Bristol"), found European artifacts at the site of a Native American village on Hatteras Island, including part of a sword and part of a gun. This may be evidence that the settlers did indeed assimilate with local Native Americans.[172][178] In 2020 a book by Scott Dawson was published entitled _[The Lost Colony and Hatteras Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lost_Colony_and_Hatteras_Island "The Lost Colony and Hatteras Island")_ describing his efforts along with Horton to find artifacts relating to the colony. He also wrote articles in publications, including an article in the magazine [_American Heritage_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Heritage_\(magazine\) "American Heritage \(magazine\)"), which described several significant artifacts: these included several objects that seemed to be manufactured by Europeans, including an [olive jar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_jar "Olive jar"), glass and various manufactured items.[179][180] In 2025, Dawson and Horton announced that another dig on Hatteras Island had uncovered significant amounts of [hammerscale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammerscale "Hammerscale"), small metal flakes which are a byproduct of forging iron, in a layer preliminarily dated to the late 16th century.[181][182] Dawson and Horton posit that since a waste product like hammerscale would not have been traded, and the Native Americans would not have known to forge iron, this proves the presence of settlers on the island. However, skeptics point to the absence of an associated hearth, and to the possibility that the hammerscale might be the result of other processes.[181] The results of the dig have not yet undergone peer review.[181] ## Hypotheses about the colony's disappearance [[edit](/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit§ion=28 "Edit section: Hypotheses about the colony's disappearance")] Without conclusive evidence of the Lost Colony's relocation or destruction, speculation about their fate has endured since the 1590s.[183] The matter has developed a reputation among academics for attracting obsession and [sensationalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensationalism "Sensationalism") with little scholastic benefit.[184] Conjecture about the Lost Colonists typically begins with the known facts about the case. When White returned to the colony in 1590, there was no sign of battle or withdrawal under duress, although the site was fortified. There were no human remains or graves reported in the area, suggesting that everyone was alive when they left. The "CROATOAN" message is consistent with the agreement with White to indicate where to look for them, suggesting they expected White to look for them and wanted to be found.[185] ### Powhatan attack at Chesapeake Bay [[edit](/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit§ion=29 "Edit section: Powhatan attack at Chesapeake Bay")] [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Powhatan_john_smith_map.jpg)Chief Powhatan, detail of map published by John Smith (1612) [David Beers Quinn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Beers_Quinn "David Beers Quinn") concluded that the 1587 colonists sought to relocate to their original destination – Chesapeake Bay – using the pinnace and other small boats to transport themselves and their belongings. A small group would have been stationed at Croatoan, to await White's return and direct him to the transplanted colony. Following White's failure to locate any of the colonists, the main body of the colonists would have quickly assimilated with the [Chesepians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesapeake_people "Chesapeake people"), while the lookouts on Croatoan would have blended into the Croatan tribe.[_[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")_] Quinn suggested that Samuel Mace's 1602 voyage might have ventured into Chesapeake Bay and kidnapped Powhatans to bring back to England. From there, these abductees would be able to communicate with Thomas Harriot, and might reveal that Europeans were living in the region. Quinn evidently believed circumstances such as these were necessary to explain optimism about the colonists' survival after 1603.[_[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")_] Although Strachey accused Wahunsenacawh of slaughtering the colonists and Chesepians in separate passages, Quinn decided that these events occurred in a single attack on an integrated community, in April 1607\. He supposed that Wahunsenacawh could have been seeking revenge for the speculative kidnappings by Mace. In Quinn's estimation, John Smith was the first to learn of the massacre, but for political considerations he quietly reported it directly to King James rather than revealing it in his published writings.[186] Despite Quinn's reputation on the subject, his peers had reservations about his theory, which relies heavily on the accounts of Strachey and Purchas.[187] ### Integration with local tribes [[edit](/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit§ion=30 "Edit section: Integration with local tribes")] [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:North_carolina_algonkin-dorf.jpg)Watercolor of a Secotan village, by John White The possibility that the missing colonists could have assimilated into nearby Native American tribes has been suggested since at least 1605.[129] If this integration was successful, the assimilated colonists would gradually exhaust their European supplies (ammunition, clothing) and discard European culture (language, style of dress, agriculture) as Algonquian lifestyle became more convenient.[188] Colonial-era Europeans observed that many people removed from European society by Native Americans for substantial periods of time – even if captured or enslaved – were reluctant to return; the reverse was seldom true.[189] Therefore, it is reasonable to postulate that, if the colonists were assimilated, they or their descendants would not seek reintegration with subsequent English settlers.[190] This leaves open the question of which tribe, or tribes, the colonists assimilated into. It is widely accepted that the Croatan were ancestors of the 18th-century [Hatteras](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatteras_people "Hatteras people"), although evidence of this is circumstantial.[153][191] The present-day [Lumbee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbee "Lumbee") tribe identifies as descendants of both the Croatan and the Lost Colonists by way of the Hatteras.[192] Some 17th-century maps use the word "Croatoan" to describe locations on the mainland, across Pamlico Sound from Roanoke and Hatteras. By 1700, these areas were associated with the Machapunga.[193] Oral traditions and legends about the migration of the Croatan through the mainland are prevalent in eastern North Carolina.[194] For example, the "Legend of the [Coharie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coharie "Coharie")" in [Sampson County](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampson_County,_North_Carolina "Sampson County, North Carolina") was transcribed by Ernest M. Bullard in 1950.[195] More famously, in the 1880s, state legislator Hamilton McMillan proposed that the Native American community in [Robeson County](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robeson_County "Robeson County") (then considered [free people of color](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_people_of_color "Free people of color")) retained surnames and linguistic characteristics from the 1587 colonists.[196] His efforts convinced the North Carolina legislature to confer tribal recognition to the community in 1885, with the new designation of "Croatan". The tribe petitioned to be renamed in 1911, eventually settling on the name [Lumbee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbee "Lumbee") in 1956.[197] Other tribes purportedly linked to the Roanoke colonists include the [Catawba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catawba_people "Catawba people") and the [Coree](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coree "Coree").[198] [S. A'C. Ashe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_A'Court_Ashe "Samuel A'Court Ashe") was convinced that the colonists had relocated westward to the banks of the Chowan River in Bertie County, and [Conway Whittle Sams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conway_Whittle_Sams "Conway Whittle Sams") claimed that after being attacked by Wanchese and Wahunsenacawh, they scattered to multiple locations: the Chowan River, and south to the Pamlico and Neuse rivers.[199] Reports of encounters with pale-skinned, blond-haired people among various Native American tribes occur as early as 1607. Although this is frequently attributed to assimilated Lost Colonists, it may be more easily explained by dramatically higher rates of [albinism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albinism "Albinism") in Native Americans than in people of European descent.[200] Dawson (2020)[201] proposed that the colonists merged with the [Croatan tribe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatan_tribe "Croatan tribe"); he claims, "They were never lost. It was made up. The mystery is over."[202][203] However, this conclusion has been called into question. Alain Outlaw, an archaeologist and faculty member at [Christopher Newport University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Newport_University "Christopher Newport University"), called Dawson's conclusion "storytelling, not evidence-based information", while archaeologist Nick Luccketti wrote, "I have not seen any evidence at Croatoan of artifacts that indicate that Englishmen were living there." In addition, the actual text of Dawson's 2020 book _The Lost Colony and Hatteras Island_ admitted that there was no "[smoking gun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoking_gun "Smoking gun")" of evidence that the colonists had assimilated with the tribe. The book was also not subject to peer review, leaving the question open in spite of the sensationalist headlines that accompanied its publication.[204] An archaeological dig by Mark Horton, an archaeologist from the University of Bristol, found European artifacts at the site of a Native American village on Hatteras Island, including part of a sword and part of a gun. This may be conclusive proof that the settlers did indeed assimilate with local Native Americans.[172] ### Attempt to return to England [[edit](/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit§ion=31 "Edit section: Attempt to return to England")] [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Building_the_Pinnace.jpg)Construction of a pinnace to evacuate Charlesfort The colonists could have decided to rescue themselves by sailing for England in the [pinnace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinnace_\(ship's_boat\) "Pinnace \(ship's boat\)"), left behind by the 1587 expedition. If such an effort was made, the ship could have been lost with all hands at sea, accounting for the absence of both the ship and any trace of the colonists.[205] It is plausible that the colony included sailors qualified to attempt the return voyage. Little is known about the pinnace, but ships of its size were capable of making the trip, although they typically did so alongside other vessels.[206] The colonists may have feared that taking a standard route across the Atlantic Ocean, with a stop in the Caribbean, would place them at risk of a Spanish attack; and thus chosen to attempt a direct course to England instead. Making such a voyage was not unfeasible – in 1563, French settlers at the failed [Charlesfort](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlesfort-Santa_Elena_Site#Charlesfort_\(1562–1563\) "Charlesfort-Santa Elena Site") colony on what is now [Parris Island, South Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parris_Island,_South_Carolina "Parris Island, South Carolina"), built a crude boat and successfully (albeit desperately) returned to Europe.[207] Alternatively, the Roanoke colonists could have sailed north along the coast, in the hopes of making contact with English fishing fleets in the [Gulf of Maine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Maine "Gulf of Maine").[208] The pinnace would not have been large enough to carry all of the colonists. Additionally, the provisions needed for a transatlantic voyage would further restrict the number of passengers. The colonists may have possessed the resources to construct another seaworthy vessel, using local lumber and spare parts from the pinnace. Considering that ships were later built by survivors of the 1609 _[Sea Venture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Venture "Sea Venture")_ shipwreck, it is at least possible that the Lost Colonists could produce a second ship that, with the pinnace, could transport most of their party.[209] Even in these ideal conditions, however, at least some colonists would remain in Virginia, leaving open the question of what became of them.[210] ### Conspiracy against Raleigh [[edit](/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit§ion=32 "Edit section: Conspiracy against Raleigh")] Anthropologist Lee Miller proposed that Sir [Francis Walsingham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Walsingham "Francis Walsingham"), Simon Fernandes, Edward Strafford, and others participated in a conspiracy to [maroon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marooning "Marooning") the 1587 colonists at Roanoke. The purpose of this plot, she argued, was to undermine Walter Raleigh, whose activities supposedly interfered with Walsingham's covert machinations to make England a Protestant world power, at the expense of Spain and other Catholic nations. This conspiracy would have impeded Raleigh and White from dispatching a relief mission until Walsingham's death in 1590.[211] Miller also suggested that the colonists may have been [separatists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Dissenters "English Dissenters"), seeking refuge in America from religious persecution in England. Raleigh expressed sympathy for the separatists, while Walsingham considered them a threat to be eliminated.[212] According to Miller, the colonists split up, with a small group relocating to Croatoan while the main body sought shelter with the [Chowanoke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chowanoke "Chowanoke"). The colonists, however, would have quickly spread European diseases among their hosts, decimating the Chowanoke and thereby destabilizing the balance of power in the region. From there Miller reasoned that the Chowanoke were attacked, with the survivors taken captive, by the "Mandoag", a powerful nation to the west that the Jamestown colonists only knew from the vague accounts of their neighbors.[213] She concluded that the "Mandoag" were the [Eno](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eno_people "Eno people"), who traded the captured surviving Lost Colonists as slaves, dispersing them throughout the region.[214] Miller's theory has been challenged based on Walsingham's considerable financial support of Raleigh's expeditions, and the willingness of Fernandes to bring John White back to England, instead of abandoning him with the other colonists.[215] ### Secret operation at Beechland [[edit](/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit§ion=33 "Edit section: Secret operation at Beechland")] Local legends in Dare County refer to an abandoned settlement called "Beechland", located within what is now the [Alligator River National Wildlife Refuge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alligator_River_National_Wildlife_Refuge "Alligator River National Wildlife Refuge"). The area has had reports of small coffins, some with Christian markings, encouraging speculation of a link to the Lost Colony.[216] Based on these legends, engineer Phillip McMullan and amateur archaeologist Fred Willard concluded that Walter Raleigh dispatched the 1587 colonists to harvest [sassafras](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassafras "Sassafras") along the Alligator River. All records suggesting that the colony's intended destination was Chesapeake Bay, and that England had lost contact with the colony, were supposedly falsified to conceal the operation from Spanish operatives and other potential competitors.[217][218] According to McMullan,[217] Raleigh quietly re-established contact with the colony by 1597, and his sassafras expeditions were simply picking up the colonists' harvests. In this view, the colony was not truly abandoned until the secret of the colony's location died with Raleigh in 1618. After that point, McMullan argued, the colonists would have begun to assimilate with the Croatan at Beechland.[217] This hypothesis largely depends upon oral traditions and unsubstantiated reports about Beechland, as well as a 1651 map that depicts a sassafras tree near the Alligator River. A significant problem with the hypothesis is that Raleigh supposedly planned a sassafras farm in 1587, to capitalize on a dramatic increase in crop prices, so that he could quickly compensate for the great expense of the failed 1585 colony.[217] The proposed financial motivation overlooks the fact that Richard Grenville's privateering recovered the cost of the 1585 expedition.[115] Additionally, sassafras prices did not skyrocket in value until the late 1590s, well after the establishment of the 1587 colony.[219] ### Spanish attack [[edit](/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit§ion=34 "Edit section: Spanish attack")] [Paul Green](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Green_\(playwright\) "Paul Green \(playwright\)"), while collecting material for a [1937 stage play](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lost_Colony_\(play\) "The Lost Colony \(play\)"), noticed that Spanish records from the period contained abundant references to Raleigh and his settlements.[220] Spanish forces knew of English plans to establish a new Virginia base in 1587 and were searching for it before White's colonists had even arrived. The Spanish Empire had included most of North America in their Florida claim and did not recognize England's right to colonize Roanoke or Chesapeake Bay. Given the Spanish sack of [Fort Caroline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Caroline "Fort Caroline") in 1565, the colonists likely recognized the threat they represented.[c][222] However, the Spanish were still searching for the colony in Chesapeake Bay as late as 1600, suggesting that they also were unaware of its fate.[223] ### CORA tree [[edit](/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit§ion=35 "Edit section: CORA tree")] In 2006, writer Scott Dawson proposed that a [southern live oak tree](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercus_virginiana "Quercus virginiana") on Hatteras Island, which bears the faint inscription "CORA" in its bark, might be connected to the Lost Colony. The CORA tree had already been the subject of local legends, most notably a story about a witch named "Cora" that was popularized in a 1989 book by [Charles H. Whedbee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_H._Whedbee "Charles H. Whedbee"). Nevertheless, Dawson argued that the inscription might represent another message from the colonists, similar to the "CROATOAN" inscription at Roanoke.[224] If so, "CORA" might indicate that the colonists left Croatoan Island to settle with the [Coree](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coree "Coree") (also known as the Coranine) on the mainland near [Lake Mattamuskeet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Mattamuskeet "Lake Mattamuskeet").[198] A 2009 study to determine the age of the CORA tree was inconclusive. Damage to the tree caused by lightning and decay has made it impossible to obtain a valid core sample for tree-ring dating. Even if the tree dates back to the 16th century, establishing the age of the inscription would be another matter.[225] ### Dare Stones [[edit](/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit§ion=36 "Edit section: Dare Stones")] Main article: [Dare Stones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dare_Stones "Dare Stones") From 1937 to 1941, a series of [inscribed stones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Dare#Eleanor_Dare_stones "Virginia Dare") were discovered that were claimed to have been written by [Eleanor Dare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_Dare "Eleanor Dare"), mother of [Virginia Dare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Dare "Virginia Dare"). They told of the travelings of the colonists and their ultimate deaths. Most historians today believe that they are a fraud because investigations linked all but one to stonecutter Bill Eberhardt.[226] The first one is sometimes regarded as different from the rest, based on a linguistic and chemical analysis, and as possibly genuine.[227] ## In popular culture [[edit](/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit§ion=37 "Edit section: In popular culture")] [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roanoke_colony_half_dollar_commemorative_reverse.jpg)Reverse of a [commemorative 1937 US half-dollar coin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke_Island,_North_Carolina_half_dollar "Roanoke Island, North Carolina half dollar"), depicting Eleanor and Virginia Dare Raleigh was publicly criticized for his apparent indifference to the fate of the 1587 colony, most notably by Sir [Francis Bacon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon "Francis Bacon").[125] "It is the sinfullest thing in the world", Bacon wrote in 1597, "to forsake or destitute a plantation once in forwardness; for besides the dishonour, it is the guiltiness of blood of many commiserable persons."[228] The 1605 comedy _[Eastward Hoe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastward_Hoe "Eastward Hoe")_ features characters bound for Virginia, who are assured that the lost colonists have by that time intermarried with Native Americans to give rise to "a whole country of English".[229] United States historians largely overlooked or minimized the importance of the Roanoke settlements until 1834, when [George Bancroft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bancroft "George Bancroft") lionized the 1587 colonists in _A History of the United States_.[230] Bancroft emphasized the nobility of Walter Raleigh, the treachery of Simon Fernandes, the threat of the Secotan, the courage of the colonists, and the uncanny tragedy of their loss.[231][232] He was the first since John White to write about Virginia Dare, calling attention to her status as the first English child born on what would become US soil, and the pioneering spirit exhibited by her name.[233][234] The account captivated the American public. As Andrew Lawler puts it, "The country was hungry for an origin story more enchanting than the spoiled fops of [Jamestown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia "Jamestown, Virginia") or the straitlaced [Puritans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilgrims_\(Plymouth_Colony\) "Pilgrims \(Plymouth Colony\)") of [Plymouth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth_Colony "Plymouth Colony")... Roanoke, with its knights and villains and its brave but outnumbered few facing an alien culture, provided all the elements for a national myth."[233] The first known use of the phrase "The Lost Colony" to describe the 1587 Roanoke settlement was by [Eliza Lanesford Cushing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliza_Lanesford_Cushing "Eliza Lanesford Cushing") in an 1837 historical romance, _Virginia Dare; or, the Lost Colony_.[235][236] Cushing also appears to be the first to cast White's granddaughter being reared by Native Americans, following the massacre of the other colonists, and to focus on her adventures as a beautiful young woman.[237] In 1840, Cornelia Tuthill published a similar story, introducing the conceit of Virginia wearing the skin of a white doe.[238][239] An 1861 _Raleigh Register_ serial by Mary Mason employs the premise of Virginia being magically transformed into a white doe.[240][241] The same concept was used more famously in _The White Doe_ , a 1901 poem by [Sallie Southall Cotten](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sallie_Southall_Cotten "Sallie Southall Cotten").[242][243] [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lost_Colony_Tree_-_Fort_Raleigh_National_Historic_Site_-_Stierch.jpg)Re-creation of the tree inscribed with "CRO", from a production of _[The Lost Colony](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lost_Colony_\(play\) "The Lost Colony \(play\)")_ The popularity of the Lost Colony and Virginia Dare in the 19th and early 20th centuries coincided with American controversies about rising numbers of Catholic and non-British immigrants, as well as the treatment of [African Americans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans "African Americans") and Native Americans.[235] Both the colony and the adult Virginia character were embraced as symbols of [white nationalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_nationalism "White nationalism").[244] Even when Virginia Dare was invoked in the name of [women's suffrage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women's_suffrage_in_the_United_States "Women's suffrage in the United States") in the 1920s, it was to persuade North Carolina legislators that granting _white_ women the vote would assure [white supremacy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_supremacy "White supremacy").[244] By the 1930s this racist connotation apparently subsided, although the [VDARE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VDARE "VDARE") organization, founded in 1999, has been denounced for promoting white supremacists.[245] Celebrations of the Lost Colony, on Virginia Dare's birthday, have been organized on Roanoke Island since the 1880s.[246] To expand the tourist attraction, [Paul Green](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Green_\(playwright\) "Paul Green \(playwright\)")'s play _[The Lost Colony](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lost_Colony_\(play\) "The Lost Colony \(play\)")_ opened in 1937 and remains in production today. President [Franklin D. Roosevelt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt "Franklin D. Roosevelt") attended the play on August 18, 1937 – Virginia Dare's 350th birthday.[247] Bereft of its full context, the colonists' sparse message of "CROATOAN" has taken on a [paranormal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranormal "Paranormal") quality in [Harlan Ellison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlan_Ellison "Harlan Ellison")'s 1975 short story "[Croatoan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatoan_\(Ellison\) "Croatoan \(Ellison\)")" and [Stephen King](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_King "Stephen King")'s 1999 television miniseries _[Storm of the Century](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_of_the_Century "Storm of the Century")_. It is also the name of a humanlike villain (portrayed by William Shatner) in the fifth season of King's [_Haven_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haven_\(TV_series\) "Haven \(TV series\)"). Croatoan also appears in the 2005 television series _[Supernatural](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernatural_\(American_TV_series\) "Supernatural \(American TV series\)")._[248][249] In the 1994 graphic novel _[Batman-Spawn: War Devil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman-Spawn:_War_Devil "Batman-Spawn: War Devil")_ , "Croatoan" is the name of a powerful demon who, in the 20th century, attempts to sacrifice the entirety of [Gotham City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotham_City "Gotham City") to Satan.[250] The 2011 _[American Horror Story](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Horror_Story "American Horror Story")_ episode "[Birth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_\(American_Horror_Story\) "Birth \(American Horror Story\)")" relates a fictional legend in which the Lost Colonists mysteriously died, and their ghosts haunted the local Native Americans until a tribal elder banished them with the word "Croatoan".[251] This premise is expanded upon in the sixth season of the series, _[American Horror Story: Roanoke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Horror_Story:_Roanoke "American Horror Story: Roanoke")_ , which presents a series of fictional television programs documenting encounters with the ghost colonists.[252] The leader of the undead colonists, "[The Butcher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_Horror_Story:_Roanoke_characters#Thomasin_White/The_Butcher "List of American Horror Story: Roanoke characters")", is depicted as John White's wife Thomasin, although there is no historical evidence that she was one of the colonists.[253][254] In the 2015 novel _[The Last American Vampire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_American_Vampire "The Last American Vampire")_ , the colonists are the victims of a [vampire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampire "Vampire") named "Crowley"; the inscription "CRO" was thus an incomplete attempt to implicate him.[249] ## See also [[edit](/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit§ion=38 "Edit section: See also")] * [List of people who disappeared mysteriously (pre-1910)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_who_disappeared_mysteriously_\(pre-1910\) "List of people who disappeared mysteriously \(pre-1910\)") * [Timeline of the colonization of North America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_colonization_of_North_America "Timeline of the colonization of North America") ## Notes [[edit](/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit§ion=39 "Edit section: Notes")] 1. 1 2 The precise number of colonists is disputed. See [List of colonists at Roanoke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonists_at_Roanoke "List of colonists at Roanoke"). 2. ↑ The English called this place "Bay of Muskito" (Mosquito Bay) while the Spanish called it "Mosquetal".[31] the precise location of which is uncertain. [David Beers Quinn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Beers_Quinn "David Beers Quinn") identified Mosquetal as Tallaboa Bay in 1955, but he later concurred with [Samuel Eliot Morison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Eliot_Morison "Samuel Eliot Morison")'s 1971 conclusion that the name referred to Guayanilla Bay,[32][33] 3. ↑ [Green's play](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lost_Colony_\(play\) "The Lost Colony \(play\)") ends with the colonists leaving Roanoke Island to evade an approaching Spanish ship, leaving the audience to wonder if the Spanish found them.[221] ## References [[edit](/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit§ion=40 "Edit section: References")] 1. ↑ Lawler 2018, pp. 45, 54–59. 2. ↑ Lawler 2018, pp. 70–77. 3. ↑ Lawler 2018, pp. xx, 89, 276. 4. ↑ Lawler 2018, pp. 81–82, 89. 5. ↑ Lawler 2018, pp. 93–94. 6. ↑ Lawler 2018, pp. 94, 97. 7. ↑ Lawler 2018, pp. 100–103. 8. ↑ Lawler 2018, pp. 113–114. 9. ↑ Lawler 2018, pp. 116–125. 10. ↑ Lawler 2018, pp. 128–130. 11. ↑ Lawler 2018, pp. 17–19. 12. ↑ Lawler 2018, pp. 27–28. 13. ↑ Quinn 1985, p. 5. 14. ↑ Lawler 2018, p. 30. 15. ↑ Lawler 2018, p. 33. 16. ↑ Lawler 2018, pp. 31–33. 17. ↑ Quinn 1985, p. 9. 18. ↑ [Elizabeth I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England "Elizabeth I of England") (1600). ["The letters patents, granted by the Queenes Majestie to M. Walter Ralegh now Knight, for the discouering and planting of new lands and Countries, to continue the space of 6. yeeres and no more."](https://books.google.com/books?id=LmYjJ4CVhkwC&pg=PA276). In [Hakluyt, Richard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Hakluyt "Richard Hakluyt"); Goldsmid, Edmund (eds.). _The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques, And Discoveries of the English Nation_. Vol. XIII: America. Part II. Edinburgh: E. & G. Goldsmid (published 1889). pp. 276–282\. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230417064613/https://books.google.com/books?id=LmYjJ4CVhkwC&pg=PA276) from the original on April 17, 2023. Retrieved September 8, 2019. 19. ↑ Kupperman 2007, p. 12. 20. ↑ Lawler 2018, pp. 30, 34. 21. 1 2 Kupperman 2007, p. 14. 22. ↑ Quinn 1985, pp. 20–23. 23. ↑ Davies, Mary (March 24, 2022). ["Port Ferdinando on the Outer Banks | OBX History"](https://www.carolinadesigns.com/obx-guide/history/portferdinando/). _OBX Travel Guide by Carolina Designs_. 24. ↑ Horn 2010, pp. 44–55. 25. ↑ Horn 2010, p. 56. 26. ↑ Quinn 1985, pp. 29–38. 27. ↑ Lawler 2018, p. 45. 28. ↑ Quinn 1985, pp. 53–56. 29. ↑ Lawler 2018, pp. 45–49. 30. ↑ Quinn 1985, pp. 55–56. 31. ↑ Quinn 1955, pp. 181, 740. 32. ↑ Morison 1971, pp. 633–635, 655. 33. ↑ Quinn 1985, pp. 57, 430–31. 34. 1 2 Quinn 1985, p. 57. 35. ↑ Quinn 1985, p. 58. 36. ↑ Milton 2001, p. 91. 37. ↑ Quinn 1985, pp. 60, 64. 38. ↑ Quinn 1985, pp. 60–63. 39. ↑ Quinn 1985, p. 63. 40. ↑ Kupperman 2007, p. 20. 41. ↑ Quinn 1985, pp. 63–64. 42. ↑ Quinn 1985, p. 75. 43. ↑ Quinn 1985, pp. 64–67. 44. ↑ Quinn 1985, p. 85. 45. ↑ Kupperman 2007, p. 23. 46. ↑ Milton 2001, pp. 102–110. 47. ↑ Quinn 1985, pp. 157–158. 48. ↑ [Harriot, Thomas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Harriot "Thomas Harriot") (1590). [_A briefe and true report of the new found land of Virginia, of the commodities and of the nature and manners of the naturall inhabitants. Discouered by the English colony there seated by Sir Richard Greinuile Knight in the yeere 1585. Which Remained Vnder the gouernement of twelue monethes, at the speciall charge and direction of the Honourable Sir Walter Raleigh Knight lord Warden of the stanneries Who therein hath beene fauoured and authorized by her Maiestie and her letters patents_](https://archive.org/details/briefetruereport00harr/). Frankfurt: Johannes Wechel. Retrieved September 22, 2019. 49. ↑ Kupperman 2007, p. 72. 50. ↑ Anon. 1600, pp. 298–299. 51. ↑ Lawler 2018, pp. 58–59. 52. ↑ Harrington 1962, p. 27. 53. ↑ Gabriel-Powell 2016, pp. 29–34. 54. ↑ Horn 2010, pp. 84–86. 55. ↑ Quinn 1985, pp. 82, 92. 56. ↑ Horn 2010, p. 259. 57. ↑ Quinn 1985, p. 82. 58. ↑ Quinn 1985, pp. 93–95. 59. ↑ Quinn 1985, p. 91. 60. ↑ Quinn 1985, p. 99. 61. ↑ Quinn 1985, pp. 104, 108. 62. ↑ Horn 2010, pp. 87–89. 63. ↑ Lawler 2018, pp. 63–64. 64. ↑ Jones, David S. (December 2, 2014), ["Epidemics in Indian Country"](http://americanhistory.oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.001.0001/acrefore-9780199329175-e-27), _Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History_ , Oxford University Press, [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi \(identifier\)"):[10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.013.27](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199329175.013.27), [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-0-19-932917-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-932917-5 "Special:BookSources/978-0-19-932917-5"), retrieved June 17, 2025 65. ↑ Lawler 2018, pp. 64–65. 66. ↑ Horn 2010, pp. 89–91. 67. ↑ Kupperman 2007, pp. 75–76. 68. ↑ Kupperman 2007, pp. 76–77. 69. ↑ Donegan 2013, p. 293. 70. ↑ Horn 2010, pp. 93–94. 71. ↑ Horn 2010, pp. 94–97. 72. ↑ Kupperman 2007, pp. 77–78. 73. ↑ Lane 1586, p. 322. 74. ↑ Horn 2010, pp. 97–98. 75. ↑ Kupperman 2007, pp. 78–79. 76. ↑ Kupperman 2007, pp. 80–82. 77. ↑ Kupperman 2007, p. 82. 78. ↑ Kupperman 2007, pp. 83–84. 79. ↑ Kupperman 2007, pp. 83–85. 80. ↑ Oberg 2008, p. 98. 81. ↑ Lawler 2018, pp. 70–71. 82. ↑ Quinn 1985, pp. 134–137. 83. ↑ Lawler 2018, pp. 74–75. 84. ↑ Lawler 2018, p. 77. 85. ↑ Chandler 1909, p. 5. 86. ↑ Quinn 1985, pp. 140–145. 87. ↑ Quinn 1985, pp. 150–151. 88. ↑ Hakluyt 1889, pp. 364–365. 89. ↑ Lawler 2018, p. 81. 90. 1 2 3 Lawler 2018, p. 90. 91. ↑ Lawler 2018, pp. 81–82, 202. 92. ↑ Lawler 2018, pp. 84–85. 93. 1 2 Lawler 2018, p. 88. 94. ↑ Lawler 2018, p. 85. 95. ↑ Quinn 1985, pp. 268–269. 96. ↑ Lawler 2018, p. 89. 97. ↑ Milton 2001, p. 215. 98. ↑ Fullam 2017, p. 25. 99. ↑ Hakluyt 1889, pp. 362–363. 100. ↑ Grizzard & Smith 2007, pp. 120–123. 101. ↑ Lawler 2018, pp. 90–92. 102. ↑ Lawler 2018, p. 91. 103. 1 2 Grizzard & Smith 2007, pp. 120–123. 104. ↑ Lawler 2018, p. 92. 105. ↑ Lawler 2018, p. 93. 106. 1 2 Lawler 2018, p. 94. 107. ↑ Hakluyt 1889, p. 360: "seeing they intended to remove 50 miles further up into the maine presently" 108. ↑ Hakluyt 1889, p. 369. 109. ↑ Hakluyt 1889, p. 371. 110. ↑ Kupperman 2007, pp. 119–121. 111. ↑ Quinn 1985, p. 302. 112. ↑ Kupperman 2007, pp. 121–122. 113. ↑ Lawler 2018, pp. 94–95. 114. 1 2 Lawler 2018, p. 97. 115. 1 2 Lawler 2018, p. 60. 116. ↑ Lawler 2018, p. 95. 117. ↑ Lawler 2018, pp. 95–98. 118. 1 2 Lawler 2018, p. 98. 119. ↑ Lawler 2018, pp. xvii–xix. 120. ↑ Lawler 2018, pp. xix. 121. ↑ Hakluyt 1889, p. 384. 122. ↑ Kupperman 2007, pp. 126–127. 123. ↑ Lawler 2018, p. 101. 124. ↑ Lawler 2018, pp. 102–103. 125. 1 2 3 Lawler 2018, p. 111. 126. ↑ Powell 1957, pp. 225–226. 127. ↑ Lawler 2018, pp. 112–113. 128. ↑ Kupperman 2007, p. 130. 129. 1 2 Lawler 2018, p. 113. 130. ↑ Kupperman 2007, pp. 147–148. 131. ↑ Van Zandt 2008, p. 50. 132. ↑ Fullam 2017, pp. 128–133. 133. ↑ Fullam 2017, pp. 129, 131. 134. ↑ Fullam 2017, pp. 151, 154. 135. ↑ Virginia Council 1609, p. 17. 136. ↑ Lawler 2018, p. 121. 137. ↑ Quinn 1985, p. 365. 138. ↑ Virginia Council 1609, pp. 16–17. 139. 1 2 Lawler 2018, pp. 120–122. 140. ↑ Strachey 1612, pp. 26, 48. 141. ↑ Strachey 1612, pp. 26, 85–86. 142. ↑ Strachey 1612, p. 101. 143. ↑ Quinn 1985, pp. 367–368. 144. ↑ Strachey 1612, pp. 83–86. 145. ↑ Strachey 1612, pp. xx. 146. ↑ Lawler 2018, p. 123. 147. ↑ Cain 2001, pp. 453–454. 148. ↑ Kupperman 1977, p. 265. 149. ↑ Purchas 1625, pp. 228–229. 150. ↑ Rountree 1990, pp. 21–22. 151. ↑ Parramore 2001, p. 71. 152. ↑ Lawler 2018, p. 126. 153. 1 2 Brooks 2014, p. 180. 154. ↑ Brooks 2014, p. 171. 155. ↑ Brooks 2014, pp. 181–182. 156. ↑ Lawson 1709, p. 62. 157. ↑ Lawler 2018, p. 138. 158. ↑ Lawler 2018, pp. 135–141. 159. ↑ ["Commemorating Fort Raleigh"](https://www.nps.gov/articles/foracommemoration.htm). _U.S. National Park Service_. August 10, 2016. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20191005032558/https://www.nps.gov/articles/foracommemoration.htm) from the original on October 5, 2019. Retrieved September 11, 2019. 160. ↑ Stahle, David W.; et al. (April 24, 1998). "The Lost Colony and Jamestown Droughts". _Science_. **280** (5363): 564–567\. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_\(identifier\) "Bibcode \(identifier\)"):[1998Sci...280..564S](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Sci...280..564S). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi \(identifier\)"):[10.1126/science.280.5363.564](https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.280.5363.564). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR \(identifier\)") [2895280](https://www.jstor.org/stable/2895280). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID \(identifier\)") [9554842](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9554842). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID \(identifier\)") [25480457](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25480457). 161. ↑ Lawler 2018, pp. 311–314. 162. ↑ Lawler 2018, pp. 138–142. 163. ↑ Lawler 2018, pp. 184–189. 164. ↑ [Phelps, David S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Sutton_Phelps_Jr. "David Sutton Phelps Jr.") (February 10, 2006). ["Croatan Archaeological Site Collection, ca. early 17th Century: Manuscript Collection #1061"](http://digital.lib.ecu.edu/special/ead/findingaids/1061/). _Collection Guides at East Carolina University_. East Carolina University Libraries. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20080611175832/http://digital.lib.ecu.edu/special/ead/findingaids/1061/) from the original on June 11, 2008. Retrieved September 3, 2019. 165. ↑ Lawler, Andrew (April 7, 2017). ["The Mystery of Roanoke Endures Yet Another Cruel Twist"](http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/mystery-roanoke-endures-yet-another-cruel-twist-180962837/). _Smithsonian.com_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20191210005612/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/mystery-roanoke-endures-yet-another-cruel-twist-180962837/) from the original on December 10, 2019. Retrieved October 2, 2019. 166. ↑ Lawler 2018, pp. 199–205. 167. ↑ Lawler 2018, p. 182. 168. ↑ Lawler 2018, p. 313. 169. ↑ Dolan, Robert; Bosserman, Kenton (September 1972). "Shoreline Erosion and the Lost Colony". _Annals of the Association of American Geographers_. **62** (3): 424–426\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi \(identifier\)"):[10.1111/j.1467-8306.1972.tb00875.x](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-8306.1972.tb00875.x). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR \(identifier\)") [562295](https://www.jstor.org/stable/562295). 170. ↑ Lawler 2018, pp. 163–170. 171. ↑ ["Museum number 1906,0509.1.3 – Transmitted light image of the northern patch in "La Virginea Pars""](https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details/collection_image_gallery.aspx?partid=1&assetid=1178208001&objectid=753203). _British Museum_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230417064543/https://media.britishmuseum.org/media/Repository/Documents/2014_11/4_17/71fb63c9_8100_4986_91a1_a3d9011d959c/mid_01178208_001.jpg) from the original on April 17, 2023. Retrieved September 13, 2019. 172. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 [Newfound survivor camp may explain fate of the famed Lost Colony of Roanoke](https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/newfound-survivor-camp-may-explain-lost-colony-roanoke), By Andrew Lawler, November 5, 2020, National Geographic. 173. ↑ Lawler 2018, pp. 176–177. 174. ↑ ["Roanoke Symposium Success"](https://www.firstcolonyfoundation.org/news/roanoke-symposium-success/). _First Colony Foundation_. November 27, 2017. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200808213105/https://www.firstcolonyfoundation.org/news/roanoke-symposium-success/) from the original on August 8, 2020. Retrieved September 13, 2019. 175. ↑ Lawler 2018, pp. 174–182. 176. ↑ Hall, Katie (January 3, 2019). ["Salmon Creek Property Transferred to State for New Natural Area"](https://web.archive.org/web/20210725093005/https://www.ncparks.gov/newsroom/media-releases/salmon-creek-property-transferred-state-new-natural-area). _North Carolina State Parks_. Archived from [the original](https://www.ncparks.gov/newsroom/media-releases/salmon-creek-property-transferred-state-new-natural-area) on July 25, 2021. Retrieved September 13, 2019. 177. ↑ ["Bertie County Archaeological Survey"](https://www.firstcolonyfoundation.org/news/bertie-county-archaeological-survey/). _First Colony Foundation_. June 20, 2019. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200411003815/https://www.firstcolonyfoundation.org/news/bertie-county-archaeological-survey/) from the original on April 11, 2020. Retrieved September 13, 2019. 178. ↑ [Back to Square One With Lost Colony?](https://coastalreview.org/2016/05/14460/) 05/19/2016 by Catherine Kozak, Coastal Review. 179. ↑ [Have We Found the “Lost Colony”?](https://www.americanheritage.com/have-we-found-lost-colony) What happened to the first English colonists in North America, who supposedly disappeared without a trace? Our recent archaeological discoveries may have solved the riddle.by Scott Dawson, November 2020, American Heritage. 180. ↑ [The Lost Colony wasn’t really lost](https://www.outerbanksvoice.com/2020/06/19/the-lost-colony-wasnt-really-lost/), By Michelle Wagner, Outer Banks Voice on June 19, 2020. 181. 1 2 3 Killgrove, Kristina (June 10, 2025). ["'Lost Colony' of Roanoke may have assimilated into Indigenous society, archaeologist claims – but not everyone is convinced"](https://www.livescience.com/archaeology/lost-colony-of-roanoke-may-have-assimilated-into-indigenous-society-archaeologist-claims-but-not-everyone-is-convinced). _Live Science_. Retrieved November 1, 2025. 182. ↑ Crist, Joy (May 15, 2025). ["'Smoking gun' evidence of Lost Colony's relocation to Hatteras Island makes international news"](https://islandfreepress.org/hatteras-island-features/smoking-gun-evidence-of-lost-colonys-relocation-to-hatteras-island-makes-international-news/). _Island Free Press_. Retrieved November 1, 2025. 183. ↑ Lawler 2018, p. 110. 184. ↑ Lawler 2018, pp. 8, 263, 270–71, 321–24. 185. ↑ Lawler 2018, pp. 324–326. 186. ↑ Quinn 1985, pp. 341–377. 187. ↑ Lawler 2018, p. 132. 188. ↑ Lawler 2018, p. 328. 189. ↑ Franklin, Benjamin. ["Remarks concerning the Savages of North America, [before 7 January 1784]"](https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Franklin/01-41-02-0280). _Founders Online_. National Archives. Retrieved November 1, 2025. 190. ↑ Lawler 2018, p. 331. 191. ↑ Dunbar, Gary S. (Autumn 1960). "The Hatteras Indians of North Carolina". _Ethnohistory_. **7** (4). Duke University Press: 410–418\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi \(identifier\)"):[10.2307/480877](https://doi.org/10.2307%2F480877). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR \(identifier\)") [480877](https://www.jstor.org/stable/480877). 192. ↑ Lawler 2018, pp. 339–344. 193. ↑ Lawler 2018, p. 334. 194. ↑ Kupperman 2007, p. 137. 195. ↑ Fullam 2017, pp. 102–110. 196. ↑ McMillan, Hamilton (1888). [_Sir Walter Raleigh's Lost Colony_](https://books.google.com/books?id=DFUVAAAAYAAJ). Wilson, North Carolina: Advance Presses. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230417064546/https://books.google.com/books?id=DFUVAAAAYAAJ) from the original on April 17, 2023. Retrieved September 10, 2019. "An historical sketch of the attempts of Sir Walter Raleigh to establish a colony in Virginia, with the traditions of an Indian tribe in North Carolina. Indicating the fate of the colony of Englishmen left on Roanoke Island in 1587." 197. ↑ Lawler 2018, pp. 301–307. 198. 1 2 Gabriel-Powell 2016, p. 128. 199. ↑ Stick 1983, p. 233. 200. ↑ Lawler 2018, p. 116. 201. ↑ [_The Lost Colony and Hatteras Island_](https://www.arcadiapublishing.com/Products/9781467144339). Arcadia Publishing. June 2020. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-1467144339](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1467144339 "Special:BookSources/978-1467144339"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200904011832/https://www.arcadiapublishing.com/Products/9781467144339) from the original on September 4, 2020. Retrieved September 5, 2020. 202. ↑ Hampton, Jeff (August 17, 2020). [""The mystery is over": Researchers say they know what happened to 'Lost Colony'"](https://www.pilotonline.com/news/vp-nw-not-lost-20200817-qgmblubzt5dyjm3jrcop25ssoq-story.html). _[The Virginian-Pilot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Virginian-Pilot "The Virginian-Pilot")_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200823224818/https://www.pilotonline.com/news/vp-nw-not-lost-20200817-qgmblubzt5dyjm3jrcop25ssoq-story.html) from the original on August 23, 2020. Retrieved August 24, 2020. 203. ↑ Yuhas, Alan (September 2020). ["Roanoke's 'Lost Colony' was never lost, new book says"](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/01/us/Roanoke-lost-colony.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200905233346/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/01/us/Roanoke-lost-colony.html) from the original on September 5, 2020. Retrieved September 5, 2020. 204. ↑ Ericson, John (September 24, 2020). ["Mystery of the Lost Colony Solved? Not So Fast!"](https://stlukesmuseum.org/edu-blog/mystery-of-the-lost-colony-solved-not-so-fast/). [St. Luke's Historic Church & Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Luke's_Historic_Church_&_Museum?action=edit&redlink=1 "St. Luke's Historic Church & Museum \(page does not exist\)"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20221206001844/https://stlukesmuseum.org/edu-blog/mystery-of-the-lost-colony-solved-not-so-fast/) from the original on December 6, 2022. Retrieved July 20, 2022. 205. ↑ Stick 1983, pp. 235–236. 206. ↑ Fullam 2017, pp. 83–84. 207. ↑ Purchas, Samuel (1906). _Hakluytus Posthumus, or, Purchas His Pilgrimes: Contayning a History of the World in Sea Voyages and Lande Travells by Englishmen and Others_. Vol. 18\. Glasgow: James MacLehose and Sons. p. 182. 208. ↑ Fullam 2017, pp. 85–89. 209. ↑ Fullam 2017, pp. 84–90. 210. ↑ Stick 1983, p. 244. 211. ↑ Miller 2002, pp. 168–204. 212. ↑ Miller 2002, pp. 43–50, 316. 213. ↑ Miller 2002, pp. 227–237. 214. ↑ Miller 2002, pp. 255–260. 215. ↑ Fullam 2017, pp. 29–30. 216. ↑ Gabriel-Powell 2016, pp. 127–128. 217. 1 2 3 4 McMullan, Philip S. Jr. (October 28, 2010). [_Beechland and the Lost Colony_](http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/resolver/1840.16/6486) (M.A. in History). North Carolina State University. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230417064551/https://repository.lib.ncsu.edu/handle/1840.16/6486) from the original on April 17, 2023. Retrieved September 5, 2019. 218. ↑ Lawler 2018, p. 263. 219. ↑ Lawler 2018, p. 112. 220. ↑ Betts 1938, pp. 63–64. 221. ↑ Lawler 2018, p. 353. 222. ↑ Fullam 2017, pp. 33–34. 223. ↑ Stick 1983, p. 238. 224. ↑ Fullam 2017, pp. 71–72. 225. ↑ Fullam 2017, pp. 72–73. 226. ↑ la Vere, David (July 2009). "The 1937 Chowan River "dare stone": A re-evaluation". _North Carolina Historical Review_. **86** (3). Raleigh, North Carolina: North Carolina Office of Archives and History: 251–281\. [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR \(identifier\)") [23523860](https://www.jstor.org/stable/23523860). 227. ↑ Brockell, Gillian (July 5, 2018). ["Dismissed as a forgery, could a mysterious stone found near Roanoke's "Lost Colony" be real?"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/07/05/dismissed-as-a-forgery-could-a-mysterious-stone-found-near-roanokes-lost-colony-actually-be-real/?noredirect=on). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post")_. Retrieved September 3, 2019. 228. ↑ [Bacon, Francis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon "Francis Bacon") (1883) [1597]. "On Plantations". [_The Essays: Or, Counsels, Civil and Moral: and The Wisdom of the Ancients_](https://books.google.com/books?id=kBo_AAAAYAAJ) (16th ed.). Boston: Little, Brown and Company. p. 176\. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230302133123/https://books.google.com/books?id=kBo_AAAAYAAJ) from the original on March 2, 2023. Retrieved August 18, 2019. 229. ↑ [Chapman, George](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Chapman "George Chapman"); [Jonson, Ben](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Jonson "Ben Jonson"); [Marston, John](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Marston_\(poet\) "John Marston \(poet\)") (1605). [_Eastward Hoe_](http://hollowaypages.com/jonsoneastward.htm). Act III, scene 3. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20191106043551/http://www.hollowaypages.com/jonsoneastward.htm) from the original on November 6, 2019. Retrieved August 18, 2019. 230. ↑ Lawler 2018, pp. 127–128. 231. ↑ Lawler 2018, pp. 128–129. 232. ↑ Bancroft 1834, pp. 117–123. 233. 1 2 Lawler 2018, p. 129. 234. ↑ Bancroft 1834, p. 122. 235. 1 2 Lawler 2018, p. 276. 236. ↑ [Cushing, Eliza Lanesford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliza_Lanesford_Cushing "Eliza Lanesford Cushing") (December 1837). ["Virginia Dare; or the Lost Colony. A Tale of the Early Settlers"](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433081685335&view=1up&seq=112). _The Ladies' Companion_. Vol. 8\. New York. pp. 80–92\. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210224172738/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433081685335&view=1up&seq=112) from the original on February 24, 2021. Retrieved August 18, 2019. 237. ↑ Lawler 2018, p. 277. 238. ↑ Lawler 2018, p. 278. 239. ↑ Tuthill, Cornelia (September 1840). ["Virginia Dare: or, the Colony of Roanoke"](https://books.google.com/books?id=idtEAQAAMAAJ). _Southern Literary Messenger_. Vol. 6, no. 9\. Richmond. pp. 585–595\. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230302133125/https://books.google.com/books?id=idtEAQAAMAAJ) from the original on March 2, 2023. Retrieved August 18, 2019. 240. ↑ Lawler 2018, p. 280. 241. ↑ Mason, Mary (December 1875). ["The White Doe Chase: A legend of olden times"](https://archive.org/details/ourlivingourdead03sout). _Our Living and Our Dead_. Vol. 3, no. 6\. Raleigh, North Carolina: S.D. Pool. pp. [753–771](https://archive.org/details/ourlivingourdead03sout/page/753). Retrieved August 18, 2019. 242. ↑ Lawler 2018, pp. 283–284. 243. ↑ [Cotten, Sallie Southall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sallie_Southall_Cotten "Sallie Southall Cotten") (1901). [_The White Doe: The Fate of Virginia Dare – An Indian Legend_](http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/28796). Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190818235135/http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/28796) from the original on August 18, 2019. Retrieved August 18, 2019. 244. 1 2 Lawler 2018, p. 281. 245. ↑ Lawler 2018, pp. 290–291. 246. ↑ Lawler 2018, p. 294. 247. ↑ Lawler 2018, pp. 141, 347. 248. ↑ Lawler 2018, p. 185. 249. 1 2 Grant, Stacey (September 21, 2016). ["9 Times pop culture delved into Roanoke before _American Horror Story_ "](https://web.archive.org/web/20190818235141/http://www.mtv.com/news/2933092/american-horror-story-roanoke-croatoan-pop-culture-history/). _MTV.com_. Archived from [the original](http://www.mtv.com/news/2933092/american-horror-story-roanoke-croatoan-pop-culture-history/) on August 18, 2019. Retrieved August 18, 2019. 250. ↑ Manning, Matthew K. (2010). "1990s". In Dolan, Hannah (ed.). _DC Comics Year By Year A Visual Chronicle_. London: [Dorling Kindersley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorling_Kindersley "Dorling Kindersley"). p. 267\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-0-7566-6742-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-6742-9 "Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-6742-9"). "Fans were also treated to a companion special entitled _Batman-Spawn_...by writers Doug Moench, Chuck Dixon, and Alan Grant, and artist Klaus Janson." 251. ↑ Robinson, Joanna (September 14, 2016). ["American Horror Story's New Theme Hauntingly Connects to Season 1"](https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2016/08/american-horror-story-roanoke-croatoan-season-6-theme-cult). _Vanity Fair_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201021041405/https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2016/08/american-horror-story-roanoke-croatoan-season-6-theme-cult) from the original on October 21, 2020. Retrieved October 9, 2019. 252. ↑ Strause, Jackie (November 16, 2016). ["'American Horror Story': 'Roanoke' Finale Delivers Another Twist, Connects 'AHS' Seasons"](https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/american-horror-story-roanoke-how-did-end-season-6-finale-948190). _The Hollywood Reporter_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20191009072846/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/american-horror-story-roanoke-how-did-end-season-6-finale-948190) from the original on October 9, 2019. Retrieved October 9, 2019. 253. ↑ Strause, Jackie (November 10, 2016). ["'American Horror Story: Roanoke': Everything to Know After Episode 9"](https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/american-horror-story-season-6-roanoke-cast-gaga-episode-9-10-928472). _The Hollywood Reporter_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161110142243/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/american-horror-story-season-6-roanoke-cast-gaga-episode-9-10-928472) from the original on November 10, 2016. Retrieved October 9, 2016. 254. ↑ Gallagher, Caitlin (October 5, 2016). [""Which 'AHS: Roanoke' characters are real? The "Based on a true story" claim isn't false""](https://www.bustle.com/p/which-ahs-roanoke-characters-are-real-the-based-on-a-true-story-claim-isnt-false-19713). _Bustle_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20191009072844/https://www.bustle.com/p/which-ahs-roanoke-characters-are-real-the-based-on-a-true-story-claim-isnt-false-19713) from the original on October 9, 2019. Retrieved October 9, 2019. ## Works cited [[edit](/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit§ion=41 "Edit section: Works cited")] * Lawler, Andrew (2018). _The Secret Token: Myth, Obsession, and the Search for the Lost Colony of Roanoke_. New York: Doubleday. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-0385542012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0385542012 "Special:BookSources/978-0385542012"). * [Quinn, David B.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Beers_Quinn "David Beers Quinn") (1985). [_Set Fair for Roanoke: Voyages and Colonies, 1584–1606_](https://archive.org/details/setfairforroanok00quin). Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-0-8078-4123-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4123-5 "Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4123-5"). Retrieved October 2, 2019. * [Kupperman, Karen Ordahl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Ordahl_Kupperman "Karen Ordahl Kupperman") (2007). _Roanoke: The Abandoned Colony_ (2nd ed.). Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-0-7425-5263-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5263-0 "Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5263-0"). * Horn, James (2010). [_A Kingdom Strange: The Brief and Tragic History of the Lost Colony of Roanoke_](https://archive.org/details/kingdomstrangeb00horn). New York: Basic Books. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-0-465-00485-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00485-0 "Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00485-0"). * [Morison, Samuel Eliot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Eliot_Morison "Samuel Eliot Morison") (1971). _The European Discovery of America_. Vol. 1: The Northern Voyages, A.D. 500–1600. New York: Oxford University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN \(identifier\)") [0-19-501377-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-501377-8 "Special:BookSources/0-19-501377-8"). * [Milton, Giles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giles_Milton "Giles Milton") (2001). [_Big Chief Elizabeth: The Adventures and Fate of the First English Colonists in America_](https://archive.org/details/bigchiefelizabet00milt). New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-0-312-42018-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-42018-5 "Special:BookSources/978-0-312-42018-5"). Retrieved October 2, 2019. * [Quinn, David Beers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Beers_Quinn "David Beers Quinn"), ed. (1955). _The Roanoke Voyages, 1584–1590: Documents to illustrate the English Voyages to North America under the Patent granted to Walter Raleigh in 1584_. Farnham: Ashgate (published 2010). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-1-4094-1709-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-1709-5 "Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-1709-5"). `{{[cite book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book "Template:Cite book")}}`: ISBN / Date incompatibility ([help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#invalid_isbn_date "Help:CS1 errors")) * Gabriel-Powell, Andy (2016). _Richard Grenville and the Lost Colony of Roanoke_. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-1-4766-6571-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-6571-9 "Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-6571-9"). * Oberg, Michael Leroy (2008). [_The Head in Edward Nugent's Hand: Roanoke's Forgotten Indians_](https://archive.org/details/headinedwardnuge00ober). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-0-8122-4031-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4031-3 "Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4031-3"). Retrieved October 8, 2019. * Fullam, Brandon (2017). _The Lost Colony of Roanoke: New Perspectives_. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-1-4766-6786-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-6786-7 "Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-6786-7"). * Grizzard, Frank E.; Smith, D. Boyd (2007). [_Jamestown Colony: A Political, Social, and Cultural History_](https://books.google.com/books?id=555CzPsGLDMC). Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-1-85109-637-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-637-4 "Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-637-4"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230417064547/https://books.google.com/books?id=555CzPsGLDMC) from the original on April 17, 2023. Retrieved October 2, 2019. * Anon. (1600). ["The voiage made by Sir Richard Greenuile, for Sir Walter Ralegh, to Virginia, in the yeere 1585."](https://books.google.com/books?id=LmYjJ4CVhkwC&pg=PA293). In [Hakluyt, Richard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Hakluyt "Richard Hakluyt"); Goldsmid, Edmund (eds.). _The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques, And Discoveries of the English Nation_. Vol. XIII: America. Part II. Edinburgh: E. & G. Goldsmid (published 1889). pp. 293–300\. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230417064615/https://books.google.com/books?id=LmYjJ4CVhkwC&pg=PA293) from the original on April 17, 2023. Retrieved September 8, 2019. * Van Zandt, Cynthia J. (2008). [_Brothers Among Nations: The Pursuit of Intercultural Alliances in Early America, 1580–1660_](https://books.google.com/books?id=_2Kt4KZIlwIC). New York: [Oxford University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press "Oxford University Press"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-0199720552](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199720552 "Special:BookSources/978-0199720552"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230417064615/https://books.google.com/books?id=_2Kt4KZIlwIC) from the original on April 17, 2023. Retrieved October 2, 2019. * Rountree, Helen C. (1990). [_Pocahontas's People: The Powhatan Indians of Virginia Through Four Centuries_](https://archive.org/details/pocahontasspeopl0000roun). Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN \(identifier\)") [0-8061-2280-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8061-2280-3 "Special:BookSources/0-8061-2280-3"). * Donegan, Kathleen (2013). "What Happened in Roanoke: Ralph Lane's Narrative Incursion". _Early American Literature_. **48** (2). University of North Carolina Press: 285–314\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi \(identifier\)"):[10.1353/eal.2013.0032](https://doi.org/10.1353%2Feal.2013.0032). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR \(identifier\)") [24476352](https://www.jstor.org/stable/24476352). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID \(identifier\)") [162342657](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162342657). * [Harrington, Jean Carl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._C._Harrington "J. C. Harrington") (1962). [_Search for the Cittie of Raleigh: Archeological Excavations at Fort Raleigh National Historic Site, North Carolina_](https://archive.org/details/searchforcittieoharr). Washington, DC: National Park Service, US Department of the Interior. Retrieved September 20, 2019. * [Lane, Ralph](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Lane "Ralph Lane") (1600). ["An account of the particularities of the imployments of the English men left in Virginia by Richard Greeneuill vnder the charge of Master Ralph Lane Generall of the same, from the 17. of August 1585. vntil the 18. of Iune 1586. at which time they departed the Countrey; sent and directed to Sir Walter Ralegh."](https://books.google.com/books?id=LmYjJ4CVhkwC&pg=PA302). In [Hakluyt, Richard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Hakluyt "Richard Hakluyt"); Goldsmid, Edmund (eds.). _The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques, And Discoveries of the English Nation_. Vol. XIII: America. Part II. Edinburgh: E. & G. Goldsmid (published 1889). pp. 302–322\. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230417064547/https://books.google.com/books?id=LmYjJ4CVhkwC&pg=PA302) from the original on April 17, 2023. Retrieved October 4, 2019. * [Chandler, J. A. 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London: Hakluyt Society (published 1849). Retrieved October 2, 2019. * Virginia Council (1609). ["Instruccons orders and constitucons to Sr Thomas Gates Knight Governor of Virginia"](https://archive.org/details/recordsofvirgini03virg/page/12). In [Kingsbury, Susan Myra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Myra_Kingsbury "Susan Myra Kingsbury") (ed.). _The Records of the Virginia Company of London_. Vol. 3\. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office (published 1933). pp. 12–24. Retrieved September 4, 2019. * Cain, Tom (2001). "John Donne and the Ideology of Colonization". _English Literary Renaissance_. **31** (3). The University of Chicago Press: 440–476\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi \(identifier\)"):[10.1111/j.1475-6757.2001.tb01196.x](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1475-6757.2001.tb01196.x). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR \(identifier\)") [43447628](https://www.jstor.org/stable/43447628). 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[S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID \(identifier\)") [159933835](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159933835). * [Purchas, Samuel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Purchas "Samuel Purchas") (1625). ["Virginias Verger: or a discourse shewing the benefits which may grow to this Kingdome from American-English Plantations, and specially those of Virginia and Summer Ilands"](https://archive.org/details/hakluytusposthum19purc/page/218). In Purchas, Samuel (ed.). _Hakluytus posthumus, or, Purchas his Pilgrimes: contayning a history of the world in sea voyages and lande travells by Englishmen and others_. Vol. 19\. Glasgow: J. MacLehose and Sons (published 1906). pp. 218–267. Retrieved August 31, 2019. * [Parramore, Thomas C.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_C._Parramore "Thomas C. Parramore") (2001). "The "Lost Colony" Found: A Documentary Perspective". _The North Carolina Historical Review_. **78** (1). North Carolina Office of Archives and History: 67–83\. [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR \(identifier\)") [23522231](https://www.jstor.org/stable/23522231). * Brooks, Baylus C. (2014). "John Lawson's Indian Town on Hatteras Island, North Carolina". _The North Carolina Historical Review_. **91** (2): 171–207\. [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR \(identifier\)") [23719093](https://www.jstor.org/stable/23719093). * Stick, David (1983). [_Roanoke Island – the Beginnings of English America_](https://archive.org/details/roanokeislandbeg00stic). Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-0-8078-4110-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4110-5 "Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4110-5"). Retrieved October 2, 2019. * [Bancroft, George](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bancroft "George Bancroft") (1834). [_A History of the United States, from the Discovery of the American Continent to the Present Time_](https://archive.org/details/ahistoryuniteds01bancgoog). Boston: Charles Bowen. Retrieved August 18, 2019. * [Lawson, John](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lawson_\(explorer\) "John Lawson \(explorer\)") (1709). [_A New Voyage to Carolina; Containing the Exact Description and Natural History of that Country: Together with the Present State thereof. And a Journal Of a Thousand Miles, Travel'd thro' several Nations of Indians. Giving a particular Account of their Customs, Manners, &c_](https://archive.org/details/newvoyagetocarol00laws/). London: s.n. Retrieved September 3, 2019. * Miller, Lee (2002) [2000]. _Roanoke: Solving the Mystery of the Lost Colony_. Penguin Books. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN \(identifier\)") [0142002283](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0142002283 "Special:BookSources/0142002283"). * Betts, Robert E. (1938). ["The Lost Colony"](https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.185179). _The Cornhill Magazine_. Vol. 158, no. 943\. London, UK: John Murray. pp. [50–67](https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.185179/page/n7). Retrieved September 14, 2019. ## External links [[edit](/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit§ion=42 "Edit section: External links")] [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg) Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Roanoke Colony](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Roanoke%20Colony "commons:Category:Roanoke Colony"). * [Fort Raleigh National Historic Site](https://www.nps.gov/fora/index.htm) * _[The Lost Colony](https://digital.lib.ecu.edu/51195)_ (1921 silent film) * [The First Colony of Virginia](https://web.archive.org/web/20150908024657/https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/h/hakluyt/voyages/v13/virginia/complete.html), documents originally from Richard Hakluyt's _The Principall Nauigations_ (1598–1600) * [Dunning, Brian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Dunning_\(author\) "Brian Dunning \(author\)") (February 15, 2011). ["Skeptoid #245: Finding the Lost Colony of Roanoke"](https://skeptoid.com/episodes/4245). _[Skeptoid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Dunning_\(author\)#Skeptoid_podcasts "Brian Dunning \(author\)")_. ### Historical/Archaeological organizations [[edit](/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit§ion=43 "Edit section: Historical/Archaeological organizations")] * [First Colony Foundation](https://www.firstcolonyfoundation.org/) * [Croatoan Archaeological Society](http://www.cashatteras.com/) * [Roanoke Island Historical Association](https://www.thelostcolony.org/) * [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Roanoke_Colony "Template:Roanoke Colony") * [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Roanoke_Colony "Template talk:Roanoke Colony") * [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Roanoke_Colony "Special:EditPage/Template:Roanoke Colony") [Roanoke Colony](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke_Colony) --- [Watts' West Indies and Virginia expedition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watts'_West_Indies_and_Virginia_expedition "Watts' West Indies and Virginia expedition") Places| * [Roanoke Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke_Island "Roanoke Island") * [Hatteras Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatteras_Island "Hatteras Island") (Croatoan) [Hatteras Histories and Mysteries Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatteras_Histories_and_Mysteries_Museum "Hatteras Histories and Mysteries Museum") * [Fort Raleigh National Historic Site](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Raleigh_National_Historic_Site "Fort Raleigh National Historic Site") ([Roanoke Island Festival Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke_Island_Festival_Park "Roanoke Island Festival Park")) | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The-Lost-Colony_0.jpg) Notable colonists ([List](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonists_at_Roanoke "List of colonists at Roanoke"))| * 1585 colony * [Ralph Lane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Lane "Ralph Lane") * 1587 colony * [John White](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_White_\(colonist_and_artist\) "John White \(colonist and artist\)") * [Eleanor Dare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_Dare "Eleanor Dare") * [Ananias Dare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananias_Dare "Ananias Dare") * [Virginia Dare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Dare "Virginia Dare") * [Manteo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manteo_\(Native_American_leader\) "Manteo \(Native American leader\)") Native associates| * [Roanoke people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke_people "Roanoke people") * [Croatan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatan "Croatan") ([Hatteras Indians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatteras_Indians "Hatteras Indians")) * [Lumbee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbee "Lumbee") * [Wanchese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanchese_\(Native_American_leader\) "Wanchese \(Native American leader\)") * [Wingina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wingina "Wingina") Other notable people| * [Simon Fernandes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Fernandes "Simon Fernandes") * [Joachim Gans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_Gans "Joachim Gans") * [Thomas Harriot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Harriot "Thomas Harriot") * [Bartholomew Gilbert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartholomew_Gilbert "Bartholomew Gilbert") * [John Lawson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lawson_\(explorer\) "John Lawson \(explorer\)") * [1709 book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_New_Voyage_to_Carolina "A New Voyage to Carolina") Notable researchers| * [David Beers Quinn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Beers_Quinn "David Beers Quinn") * [Talcott Williams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talcott_Williams "Talcott Williams") * [Ivor Noël Hume](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivor_Noël_Hume "Ivor Noël Hume") * [Andrew Lawler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Lawler "Andrew Lawler") * [David Sutton Phelps Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Sutton_Phelps_Jr. "David Sutton Phelps Jr.") Notable cultural references| * [Dare Stones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dare_Stones "Dare Stones") * _[The Lost Colony](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lost_Colony_\(play\) "The Lost Colony \(play\)")_ * [Freedmen's Colony of Roanoke Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedmen's_Colony_of_Roanoke_Island "Freedmen's Colony of Roanoke Island") * _[The Rising Shore—Roanoke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rising_Shore—Roanoke "The Rising Shore—Roanoke")_ * _[American Horror Story: Roanoke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Horror_Story:_Roanoke "American Horror Story: Roanoke")_ * _[The Briar King](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Briar_King "The Briar King")_ * [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Thirteen_Colonies "Template:Thirteen Colonies") * [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Thirteen_Colonies "Template talk:Thirteen Colonies") * [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Thirteen_Colonies "Special:EditPage/Template:Thirteen Colonies") [Thirteen Colonies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies "Thirteen Colonies") --- * [New England Colonies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Colonies "New England Colonies") * [Middle Colonies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Colonies "Middle Colonies") * [Chesapeake Colonies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesapeake_Colonies "Chesapeake Colonies") * [Tobacco Colonies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_colonies "Tobacco colonies") * [Southern Colonies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Colonies "Southern Colonies") * [United Colonies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Colonies "United Colonies") * [Virginia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia "Colony of Virginia") (1607–1776) * [New Hampshire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_New_Hampshire "Province of New Hampshire") (1629–1641; 1679–1686; 1689–1776) * [Maryland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Maryland "Province of Maryland") (1632–1776) * [Connecticut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_Colony "Connecticut Colony") (1636–1776) * [Rhode Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations "Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations") (1636–1776) * [Delaware](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Colony "Delaware Colony") (1664–1776) * [New Jersey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_New_Jersey "Province of New Jersey") (1664–1673; 1702–1776) * [New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_New_York "Province of New York") (1664–1776) * [Pennsylvania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania "Province of Pennsylvania") (1681–1776) * [Massachusetts Bay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay "Province of Massachusetts Bay") (1691–1776) * [North Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_North_Carolina "Province of North Carolina") (1712–1776) * [South Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_South_Carolina "Province of South Carolina") (1712–1776) * [Georgia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Georgia "Province of Georgia") (1732–1776) * Other British colonial entities in the contemporary [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") * [Roanoke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke_Colony) (1585–1590) * [Popham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popham_Colony "Popham Colony") (1607–1608) * [Jamestown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia "Jamestown, Virginia") (1607–1699) * [Berkeley Hundred](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Hundred "Berkeley Hundred") (1619) * [Plymouth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth_Colony "Plymouth Colony") (1620–1686; 1689–1691) * [Maine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Maine "Province of Maine") (1622–1658) * [Saint Croix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Croix#History "Saint Croix") (1625–1650) * [Carolana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolana "Carolana") (1629–1663) * [Massachusetts Bay Colony](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony "Massachusetts Bay Colony") (1629–1686; 1689–1691) * [Saybrook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saybrook_Colony "Saybrook Colony") (1635–1644) * [New Haven](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Haven_Colony "New Haven Colony") (1638–1664) * [New England Confederation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Confederation "New England Confederation") (1643–1654; 1675–c. 1680) * [Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Carolina "Province of Carolina") (1663–1712) * [Rupert's Land](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert's_Land "Rupert's Land") (1670–1811) * [North-Western Territory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North-Western_Territory "North-Western Territory") (1670–1870) * [East Jersey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Jersey "East Jersey") (1674–1702) * [West Jersey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Jersey "West Jersey") (1674–1702) * [Dominion of New England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_of_New_England "Dominion of New England") (1686–1689) * [Indian Reserve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Reserve_\(1763\) "Indian Reserve \(1763\)") (1763–1783) * [Quebec](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_\(1763–1791\) "Province of Quebec \(1763–1791\)") (1763–1783) * [East Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Florida "East Florida") (1763–1783) * [West Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Florida "West Florida") (1763–1783) * [New Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Ireland_\(Maine\) "New Ireland \(Maine\)") (1779–1783; 1814–1815) * [Columbia District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_District "Columbia District") (1810–1846) * [Red River Colony](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_River_Colony "Red River Colony") (1811–1818) * [Stickeen Territories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stickeen_Territories "Stickeen Territories") (1862–1863) * [Colony of British Columbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_\(1858–1866\) "Colony of British Columbia \(1858–1866\)") (1863–1866) * [Colony of British Columbia and Vancouver Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_\(1866–1871\) "Colony of British Columbia \(1866–1871\)") (1866–1871) * [Province of British Columbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia "British Columbia") (1871–1903) * Non-British colonial entities in the contemporary United States * [Columbian Viceroyalty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbian_Viceroyalty "Columbian Viceroyalty") (1492–1535) * [New Spain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Spain "New Spain") * 1521–1821; [Spanish Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Florida "Spanish Florida"), 1565–1763 * [New Navarre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Navarre "New Navarre"), 1565–1821 * [Captaincy General of the Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines "Captaincy General of the Philippines"), 1565–1898 * [Captaincy General of Puerto Rico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico "Captaincy General of Puerto Rico"), 1580–1898 * [Santa Fe de Nuevo México](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Fe_de_Nuevo_México "Santa Fe de Nuevo México"), 1598–1821 * [Captaincy General of Cuba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba "Captaincy General of Cuba"), 1607–1801 * [Spanish Saint Croix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Croix#History "Saint Croix"), 1650–1651 * [Spanish Texas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Texas "Spanish Texas"), 1690–1821 * [Las Californias](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Las_Californias "Province of Las Californias"), 1767–1804 * [Spanish Louisiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_\(New_Spain\) "Louisiana \(New Spain\)"), 1769–1801 * [Provincias Internas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincias_Internas "Provincias Internas"), 1776–1821 * [Spanish East Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Florida "East Florida"), 1783–1821 * [Spanish West Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_West_Florida "Spanish West Florida"), 1783–1821 * [Alta California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_California "Alta California"), 1804–1821 * [New France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_France "New France") * 1534–1763; [French Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_\(New_France\) "Canada \(New France\)"), 1535–1763 * [French Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Florida "French Florida"), 1562–1565 * [Hospitaller Saint Croix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospitaller_colonization_of_the_Americas "Hospitaller colonization of the Americas"), 1651–1665 * [French Saint Croix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_West_Indies#Former_French_West_Indian_islands "French West Indies"), 1665–1733 * [Illinois Country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Country "Illinois Country"), 1675–1769 and 1801–1803 * [French Louisiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_\(New_France\) "Louisiana \(New France\)"), 1682–1763 and 1801–1803 * [New Netherland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Netherland "New Netherland") (1614–1667) * [Dutch Virgin Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Virgin_Islands "Dutch Virgin Islands") (1625–1672) * [New Sweden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Sweden "New Sweden") (1638–1655) * [Danish West Indies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_West_Indies "Danish West Indies") (1672–1917) * [Brandenburger Saint Thomas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Thomas_\(Brandenburg_colony\) "Saint Thomas \(Brandenburg colony\)") (1685–1754) * [Krabbeninsel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vieques,_Puerto_Rico#History "Vieques, Puerto Rico") (1689–1693) * [Scottish Darien Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_of_Scotland "Company of Scotland") (1698) * [Russian America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_America "Russian America") (1799–1867) **Related documents** * _[Discourse Concerning Western Planting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discourse_Concerning_Western_Planting "Discourse Concerning Western Planting")_ (1584) * [Mayflower Compact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayflower_Compact "Mayflower Compact") (1620) * _[Mourt's Relation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mourt's_Relation "Mourt's Relation")_ (1622) * _[Of Plymouth Plantation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Of_Plymouth_Plantation "Of Plymouth Plantation")_ (1630–1651) * [Fundamental Orders of Connecticut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_Orders_of_Connecticut "Fundamental Orders of Connecticut") (1638) * [Quintipartite Deed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintipartite_Deed "Quintipartite Deed") (1676) * [Category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Thirteen_Colonies "Category:Thirteen Colonies") * [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Kingdom_of_England "Template:Kingdom of England") * [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Kingdom_of_England "Template talk:Kingdom of England") * [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kingdom_of_England "Special:EditPage/Template:Kingdom of England") [Kingdom of England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_England "Kingdom of England") --- [History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_England "History of England")| * [Timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_English_history "Timeline of English history") * [Anglo-Saxon England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England "History of Anglo-Saxon England") * [Heptarchy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heptarchy "Heptarchy") * [Kingdom of England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_England "Kingdom of England") * [Norman Conquest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Conquest "Norman Conquest") * [Anglo-Normans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Norman_England "Anglo-Norman England") * [The Anarchy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Anarchy "The Anarchy") * [Angevin Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angevin_Empire "Angevin Empire") * [England in the Late Middle Ages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_in_the_Late_Middle_Ages "England in the Late Middle Ages") * [Economy in the Middle Ages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_England_in_the_Middle_Ages "Economy of England in the Middle Ages") * [Wars of the Roses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses "Wars of the Roses") * [Tudor period](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudor_period "Tudor period") * [English Reformation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Reformation "English Reformation") * [Elizabethan era](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabethan_era "Elizabethan era") * [English Renaissance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Renaissance "English Renaissance") * [Stuart period](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_period "Stuart period") * [Union of the Crowns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns "Union of the Crowns") * [Gunpowder Plot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpowder_Plot "Gunpowder Plot") * [Jacobean era](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobean_era "Jacobean era") * [Civil War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Civil_War "English Civil War") * [Interregnum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interregnum_\(England\) "Interregnum \(England\)") * [Commonwealth of England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England "Commonwealth of England") * [The Protectorate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Protectorate "The Protectorate") * [The Restoration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Restoration "Stuart Restoration") * [Popish Plot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popish_Plot "Popish Plot") * [Exclusion Crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusion_Crisis "Exclusion Crisis") * [Glorious Revolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glorious_Revolution "Glorious Revolution") * [Union with Scotland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707 "Acts of Union 1707") * [Overseas possessions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_overseas_possessions "English overseas possessions") * [Crown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_colony "Crown colony") * [Proprietary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_colony "Proprietary colony") * [Protectorate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_protectorate "British protectorate") * [Maritime history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_history_of_England "Maritime history of England") Royal houses| * [Wessex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Wessex "House of Wessex") * [Knýtlinga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Knýtlinga "House of Knýtlinga") * [Normandy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Normandy "House of Normandy") * [Angevin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angevin_kings_of_England "Angevin kings of England") * [Plantagenet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Plantagenet "House of Plantagenet") * [Lancaster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lancaster "House of Lancaster") * [York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_York "House of York") * [Tudor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Tudor "House of Tudor") * [Stuart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Stuart "House of Stuart") * [Orange-Nassau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Orange-Nassau "House of Orange-Nassau") * [Politics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_England "Politics of England") * [Law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_law "English law") | * [Witan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witan "Witan") * [Curia regis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curia_regis "Curia regis") * [Magnum Concilium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnum_Concilium "Magnum Concilium") * [Parliament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_England "Parliament of England") * [House of Lords](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords_of_England "House of Lords of England") * [House of Commons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_England "House of Commons of England") * [King's Secretary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King's_Secretary "King's Secretary") * [Monarchy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_English_monarchy "History of the English monarchy") * [Council of State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Council_of_State "English Council of State") * [Lord Protector](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Protector "Lord Protector") * [Peerage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peerage_of_England "Peerage of England") * [Privy Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Council_of_England "Privy Council of England") * [Ministries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_ministries "List of English ministries") * [Secretary of State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_\(England\) "Secretary of State \(England\)") * [Governance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance_of_England "Governance of England") * [Anglo-Saxon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_in_Anglo-Saxon_England "Government in Anglo-Saxon England") * [Medieval](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_in_medieval_England "Government in medieval England") * [Elizabethan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabethan_government "Elizabethan government") * [Star Chamber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Chamber "Star Chamber") * [Whigs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whiggism "Whiggism") * [Tories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tory "Tory") * Acts of Parliament: * [1225–1267](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1225–1267 "List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1225–1267") * [1275–1307](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1275–1307 "List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1275–1307") * [1308–1325](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1308–1325 "List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1308–1325") * [_Temp. incert._](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statutes_of_uncertain_date "Statutes of uncertain date") * [1327–1376](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1327–1376 "List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1327–1376") * [1377–1397](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1377–1397 "List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1377–1397") * [1399–1411](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1399–1411 "List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1399–1411") * [1413–1421](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1413–1421 "List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1413–1421") * [1422–1460](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1422–1460 "List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1422–1460") * [1461](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1461 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1461") * [1463](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1463 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1463") * [1464](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1464 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1464") * [1467](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1467 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1467") * [1468](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1468 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1468") * [1472](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1472 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1472") * [1474](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1474 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1474") * [1477](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1477 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1477") * [1482](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1482 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1482") * [1483](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1483 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1483") * [1485](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1485 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1485") * [1487](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1487 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1487") * [1488](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1488 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1488") * [1491](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1491 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1491") * [1495](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1495 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1495") * [1496](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1496 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1496") * [1503](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1503 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1503") * [1509](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1509 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1509") * [1511](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1511 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1511") * [1512](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1512 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1512") * [1513](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1513 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1513") * [1514](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1514 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1514") * [1515](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1515 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1515") * [1523](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1523 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1523") * [1529](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1529 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1529") * [1530](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1530 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1530") * [1531](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1531 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1531") * [1532](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1532 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1532") * [1533](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1533 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1533") * [1534](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1534 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1534") * [1535](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1535 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1535") * [1536](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1536 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1536") * [1539](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1539 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1539") * [1540](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1540 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1540") * [1541](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1541 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1541") * [1542](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1542 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1542") * [1543](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1543 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1543") * [1545](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1545 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1545") * [1546](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1546 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1546") * [1547](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1547 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1547") * [1548](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1548 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1548") * [1549](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1549 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1549") * [1551](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1551 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1551") * [1553](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1553 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1553") * [1554](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1554 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1554") * [1555](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1555 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1555") * [1557](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1557 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1557") * [1558](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1558 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1558") * [1562](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1562 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1562") * [1566](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1566 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1566") * [1571](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1571 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1571") * [1572](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1572 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1572") * [1575](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1575 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1575") * [1580](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1580 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1580") * [1584](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1584 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1584") * [1586](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1586 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1586") * [1588](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1588 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1588") * [1592](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1592 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1592") * [1597](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1597 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1597") * [1601](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1601 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1601") * [1603](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1603 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1603") * [1605](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1605 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1605") * [1606](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1606 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1606") * [1609](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1609 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1609") * [1620](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1620 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1620") * [1623](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1623 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1623") * [1625](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1625 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1625") * [1627](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1627 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1627") * [1640](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1640 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1640") * _[1642–1660](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ordinances_and_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1642–1660 "List of ordinances and acts of the Parliament of England, 1642–1660")_ * [1660](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1660 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1660") * [1661](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1661 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1661") * [1662](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1662 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1662") * [1663](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1663 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1663") * [1664](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1664 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1664") * [1665](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1665 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1665") * [1666](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1666 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1666") * [1667](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1667 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1667") * [1670](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1670 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1670") * [1672](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1672 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1672") * [1675](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1675 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1675") * [1677](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1677 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1677") * [1678](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1678 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1678") * [1679](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1679 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1679") * [1680](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1680 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1680") * [1685](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1685 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1685") * [1688](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1688 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1688") * [1689](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1689 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1689") * [1690](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1690 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1690") * [1691](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1691 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1691") * [1692](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1692 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1692") * [1693](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1693 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1693") * [1694](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1694 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1694") * [1695](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1695 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1695") * [1696](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1696 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1696") * [1697](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1697 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1697") * [1698](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1698 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1698") * [1700](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1700 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1700") * [1701](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1701 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1701") * [1702](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1702 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1702") * [1703](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1703 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1703") * [1704](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1704 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1704") * [1705](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1705 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1705") * [1706](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1706 "List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1706") [Military](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_England "Military of England")| * [Anglo-Saxon military](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_military_organization "Anglo-Saxon military organization") * [Warfare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_warfare "Anglo-Saxon warfare") * [English Army](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Army "English Army") * [New Model Army](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Model_Army "New Model Army") * [Royal Navy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy "Royal Navy") * [Ships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ship_names_of_the_Royal_Navy "List of ship names of the Royal Navy") * [History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Royal_Navy_\(before_1707\) "History of the Royal Navy \(before 1707\)") [Geography](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_England "Geography of England")| * [Counties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_counties_of_England "Historic counties of England") * [Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_England "List of islands of England") * [Places](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_places_in_England "List of places in England") * [Towns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_towns_in_England "List of towns in England") * [Castles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_castles_in_England "List of castles in England") * [Palaces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_palaces#England "List of palaces") [Demographics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_England "Demographics of England")| * [English language](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language_in_England "English language in England") * [English people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_people "English people") * [list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_people "List of English people") [Culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_England "Culture of England")| * [Religion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_England "Religion in England") * [Church of England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England "Church of England") * [Cuisine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_cuisine "English cuisine") * [Folklore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_folklore "English folklore") * [Morris dance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_dance "Morris dance") * [Country dance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_dance "Country dance") [Architecture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_England "Architecture of England")| * [Anglo-Saxon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_architecture "Anglo-Saxon architecture") * [English Gothic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Gothic_architecture "English Gothic architecture") * [Tudor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudor_architecture "Tudor architecture") * [Elizabethan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabethan_architecture "Elizabethan architecture") * [Jacobean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobean_architecture "Jacobean architecture") * [Queen Anne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Anne_style_architecture "Queen Anne style architecture") * [Georgian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_architecture "Georgian architecture") [Symbols](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_symbols_of_England "National symbols of England")| * [National flag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_England "Flag of England") ([list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_flags "List of English flags")) * [Heraldry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_heraldry "English heraldry") * [Coat of arms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_England "Coat of arms of England") * [College of Arms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_Arms "College of Arms") * [Royal badges](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_badges_of_England "Royal badges of England") * [Royal supporters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_supporters_of_England "Royal supporters of England") * [Royal standards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_standards_of_England "Royal standards of England") * [Crown Jewels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Jewels_of_the_United_Kingdom "Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom") * [Tudor rose](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudor_rose "Tudor rose") * [Oak tree](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak "Oak") * [St George](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_George "Saint George") * [St George's Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_George's_Day_in_England "Saint George's Day in England") * [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Outer_Banks "Template:Outer Banks") * [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Outer_Banks "Template talk:Outer Banks") * [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Outer_Banks "Special:EditPage/Template:Outer Banks") [Outer Banks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_Banks "Outer Banks") of [North Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina "North Carolina") and [Virginia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia "Virginia") --- Landforms| * [Albemarle-Pamlico Peninsula](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albemarle-Pamlico_Peninsula "Albemarle-Pamlico Peninsula") * [Beacon Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beacon_Island,_North_Carolina "Beacon Island, North Carolina") * [Bodie Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodie_Island "Bodie Island") * [Cape Hatteras](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Hatteras "Cape Hatteras") * [Cape Lookout](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Lookout_\(North_Carolina\) "Cape Lookout \(North Carolina\)") * [Colington Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colington_Island "Colington Island") * [Coquina Beach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coquina_Beach "Coquina Beach") * [Core Banks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_Banks,_North_Carolina "Core Banks, North Carolina") * [Hatteras Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatteras_Island "Hatteras Island") * [Knotts Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knotts_Island,_North_Carolina "Knotts Island, North Carolina") * [Mary Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Island,_North_Carolina?action=edit&redlink=1 "Mary Island, North Carolina \(page does not exist\)") * [Monkey Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkey_Island,_North_Carolina "Monkey Island, North Carolina") * [No Ache Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Ache_Island "No Ache Island") * [Ocracoke Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocracoke,_North_Carolina "Ocracoke, North Carolina") * [Pea Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pea_Island "Pea Island") * [Portsmouth Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth_Island,_North_Carolina "Portsmouth Island, North Carolina") * [Roanoke Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke_Island "Roanoke Island") * [Shackleford Banks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shackleford_Banks "Shackleford Banks") * [Shelly Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelly_Island "Shelly Island") Places| [City of Virginia Beach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Beach,_Virginia "Virginia Beach, Virginia") [Sandbridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandbridge,_Virginia_Beach,_Virginia "Sandbridge, Virginia Beach, Virginia") [Currituck County](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currituck_County,_North_Carolina "Currituck County, North Carolina") [Carova Beach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carova_Beach,_North_Carolina "Carova Beach, North Carolina") [Corolla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corolla,_North_Carolina "Corolla, North Carolina") [Knotts Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knotts_Island,_North_Carolina "Knotts Island, North Carolina") [Dare County](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dare_County,_North_Carolina "Dare County, North Carolina") [Avon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avon,_North_Carolina "Avon, North Carolina") [Buxton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buxton,_North_Carolina "Buxton, North Carolina") [Colington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colington_Island "Colington Island") [Duck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck,_North_Carolina "Duck, North Carolina") [Frisco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frisco,_North_Carolina "Frisco, North Carolina") [Hatteras](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatteras,_North_Carolina "Hatteras, North Carolina") [Kill Devil Hills](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kill_Devil_Hills,_North_Carolina "Kill Devil Hills, North Carolina") [Kitty Hawk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitty_Hawk,_North_Carolina "Kitty Hawk, North Carolina") [Manteo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manteo,_North_Carolina "Manteo, North Carolina") [Nags Head](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nags_Head,_North_Carolina "Nags Head, North Carolina") [Rodanthe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodanthe,_North_Carolina "Rodanthe, North Carolina") [Salvo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvo,_North_Carolina "Salvo, North Carolina") [Southern Shores](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Shores,_North_Carolina "Southern Shores, North Carolina") [Wanchese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanchese,_North_Carolina "Wanchese, North Carolina") [Waves](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waves,_North_Carolina "Waves, North Carolina") [Whalebone Junction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whalebone_Junction,_North_Carolina "Whalebone Junction, North Carolina") [Hyde County](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde_County,_North_Carolina "Hyde County, North Carolina") [Ocracoke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocracoke,_North_Carolina "Ocracoke, North Carolina") [Carteret County](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carteret_County,_North_Carolina "Carteret County, North Carolina") [Cape Lookout Village](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Lookout_Village_Historic_District "Cape Lookout Village Historic District") [Portsmouth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth,_North_Carolina "Portsmouth, North Carolina") Waterways| * [Albemarle and Chesapeake Canal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albemarle_and_Chesapeake_Canal "Albemarle and Chesapeake Canal") * [Atlantic Ocean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean "Atlantic Ocean") * [Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intracoastal_Waterway "Intracoastal Waterway") * [North River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_River_\(North_Carolina\) "North River \(North Carolina\)") Bays [Back Bay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_Bay,_Virginia?action=edit&redlink=1 "Back Bay, Virginia \(page does not exist\)") [Knotts Island Bay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knotts_Island_Bay?action=edit&redlink=1 "Knotts Island Bay \(page does not exist\)") [Onslow Bay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onslow_Bay "Onslow Bay") [Raleigh Bay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raleigh_Bay "Raleigh Bay") Sounds [Albemarle Sound](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albemarle_Sound "Albemarle Sound") [Back Sound](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_Sound "Back Sound") [Core Sound](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_Sound "Core Sound") [Croatan Sound](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatan_Sound "Croatan Sound") [Currituck Sound](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currituck_Sound "Currituck Sound") [Pamlico Sound](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamlico_Sound "Pamlico Sound") [Roanoke Sound](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke_Sound "Roanoke Sound") Inlets [Barden Inlet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barden_Inlet "Barden Inlet") [Beaufort Inlet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaufort_Inlet_\(North_Carolina\) "Beaufort Inlet \(North Carolina\)") [Drum Inlet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_Inlet "Drum Inlet") [Hatteras Inlet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatteras_Inlet "Hatteras Inlet") [Isabel Inlet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_Inlet "Isabel Inlet") [New Inlet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Inlet "New Inlet") [Ocracoke Inlet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocracoke_Inlet "Ocracoke Inlet") [Oregon Inlet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Inlet "Oregon Inlet") Lighthouses| * [Bodie Island Lighthouse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodie_Island_Lighthouse "Bodie Island Lighthouse") * [Cape Hatteras Lighthouse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Hatteras_Lighthouse "Cape Hatteras Lighthouse") * [Cape Lookout Lighthouse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Lookout_Lighthouse "Cape Lookout Lighthouse") * [Currituck Beach Light](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currituck_Beach_Light "Currituck Beach Light") * [Ocracoke Light](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocracoke_Light "Ocracoke Light") Protected areas and wildlife| National seashores [Cape Hatteras National Seashore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Hatteras_National_Seashore "Cape Hatteras National Seashore") [Cape Lookout National Seashore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Lookout_National_Seashore "Cape Lookout National Seashore") Wildlife refuges [Back Bay National Wildlife Refuge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_Bay_National_Wildlife_Refuge "Back Bay National Wildlife Refuge") [Currituck National Wildlife Refuge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currituck_National_Wildlife_Refuge "Currituck National Wildlife Refuge") [Mackay Island National Wildlife Refuge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackay_Island_National_Wildlife_Refuge "Mackay Island National Wildlife Refuge") [Pea Island National Wildlife Refuge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pea_Island_National_Wildlife_Refuge "Pea Island National Wildlife Refuge") State parks [False Cape State Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_Cape_State_Park "False Cape State Park") [Jockey's Ridge State Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jockey's_Ridge_State_Park "Jockey's Ridge State Park") State coastal reserves [Buxton Woods](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buxton_Woods_North_Carolina_Coastal_Reserve?action=edit&redlink=1 "Buxton Woods North Carolina Coastal Reserve \(page does not exist\)") [Kitty Hawk Woods](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitty_Hawk_Woods_North_Carolina_Coastal_Reserve?action=edit&redlink=1 "Kitty Hawk Woods North Carolina Coastal Reserve \(page does not exist\)") Game lands [Buxton Woods Game Land](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_Wildlife_Resources_Commission "North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission") [Currituck Banks Game Land](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_Wildlife_Resources_Commission "North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission") [North River Game Land](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_River_Game_Land "North River Game Land") [Roanoke Island Marshes Game Land](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_Wildlife_Resources_Commission "North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission") Preserves [Nags Head Woods Preserve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nags_Head_Woods_Preserve?action=edit&redlink=1 "Nags Head Woods Preserve \(page does not exist\)") [Roanoke Island Marshes Preserve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke_Island_Marshes_Preserve?action=edit&redlink=1 "Roanoke Island Marshes Preserve \(page does not exist\)") Museums, zoos, and institutes [Graveyard of the Atlantic Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graveyard_of_the_Atlantic_Museum "Graveyard of the Atlantic Museum") [North Carolina Aquarium on Roanoke Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_Aquariums#North_Carolina_Aquarium_on_Roanoke_Island "North Carolina Aquariums") [University of North Carolina - Coastal Studies Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_-_Coastal_Studies_Institute "University of North Carolina - Coastal Studies Institute") Other [Currituck Banks North Carolina National Estuarine Research Reserve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currituck_Banks_North_Carolina_National_Estuarine_Research_Reserve "Currituck Banks North Carolina National Estuarine Research Reserve") [Fort Raleigh National Historic Site](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Raleigh_National_Historic_Site "Fort Raleigh National Historic Site") [Mountains-to-Sea Trail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountains-to-Sea_Trail "Mountains-to-Sea Trail") [Pine Island Audubon Sanctuary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine_Island_Audubon_Sanctuary?action=edit&redlink=1 "Pine Island Audubon Sanctuary \(page does not exist\)") [Roanoke Island Festival Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke_Island_Festival_Park "Roanoke Island Festival Park") [Run Hill State Natural Area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_Hill_State_Natural_Area?action=edit&redlink=1 "Run Hill State Natural Area \(page does not exist\)") [Wright Brothers National Memorial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_Brothers_National_Memorial "Wright Brothers National Memorial") Wildlife [Banker horse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banker_horse "Banker horse") [Red wolf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_wolf "Red wolf") Transportation| Routes [Historic Albemarle Tour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_Albemarle_Tour "Historic Albemarle Tour") [North Carolina Ferry System](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_Department_of_Transportation_Ferry_Division "North Carolina Department of Transportation Ferry Division") [North Carolina Highway 12](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_Highway_12 "North Carolina Highway 12") Bridges [Captain Richard Etheridge Bridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Richard_Etheridge_Bridge?action=edit&redlink=1 "Captain Richard Etheridge Bridge \(page does not exist\)") [Herbert C. Bonner Bridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_C._Bonner_Bridge "Herbert C. Bonner Bridge") [Marc Basnight Bridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Basnight_Bridge "Marc Basnight Bridge") [Melvin R. Daniels Bridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvin_R._Daniels_Bridge?action=edit&redlink=1 "Melvin R. Daniels Bridge \(page does not exist\)") [Mid-Currituck Bridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Currituck_Bridge "Mid-Currituck Bridge") [Rodanthe Bridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodanthe_Bridge "Rodanthe Bridge") [Virginia Dare Memorial Bridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Dare_Memorial_Bridge "Virginia Dare Memorial Bridge") [Washington Baum Bridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Baum_Bridge?action=edit&redlink=1 "Washington Baum Bridge \(page does not exist\)") [William B. Umstead Bridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_B._Umstead_Bridge "William B. Umstead Bridge") [Wright Memorial Bridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_Memorial_Bridge "Wright Memorial Bridge") Airports [Billy Mitchell Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Mitchell_Airport "Billy Mitchell Airport") [Dare County Regional Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dare_County_Regional_Airport "Dare County Regional Airport") [First Flight Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Flight_Airport "First Flight Airport") [Ocracoke Island Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocracoke_Island_Airport "Ocracoke Island Airport") History| Events and places [Battle of the Atlantic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic "Battle of the Atlantic") [Chicamacomico Life-Saving Station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicamacomico_Life-Saving_Station "Chicamacomico Life-Saving Station") [Freedmen's Colony of Roanoke Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedmen's_Colony_of_Roanoke_Island "Freedmen's Colony of Roanoke Island") [Graveyard of the Atlantic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graveyard_of_the_Atlantic "Graveyard of the Atlantic") [Hatteras Weather Bureau Station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatteras_Weather_Bureau_Station "Hatteras Weather Bureau Station") [Pea Island Life-Saving Station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pea_Island_Life-Saving_Station "Pea Island Life-Saving Station") [Roanoke Colony](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke_Colony) [Torpedo Alley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo_Alley "Torpedo Alley") [Whalehead Club](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whalehead_Club "Whalehead Club") People [Marc Basnight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Basnight "Marc Basnight") [Blackbeard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackbeard "Blackbeard") [Croatan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatan "Croatan") [Virginia Dare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Dare "Virginia Dare") [Richard Grenville](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Grenville "Richard Grenville") [Manteo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manteo_\(Native_American_leader\) "Manteo \(Native American leader\)") [Raleigh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raleigh_\(Native_American\) "Raleigh \(Native American\)") [Roanoke people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke_people "Roanoke people") [Wanchese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanchese_\(Native_American_leader\) "Wanchese \(Native American leader\)") [John White](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_White_\(colonist_and_artist\) "John White \(colonist and artist\)") Weather| * [1936 Outer Banks hurricane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_Mid-Atlantic_hurricane "1936 Mid-Atlantic hurricane") * [1945 Outer Banks hurricane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945_Outer_Banks_hurricane "1945 Outer Banks hurricane") * [Hurricane Helene (1958)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Helene_\(1958\) "Hurricane Helene \(1958\)") * [Hurricane Fran (1996)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Fran "Hurricane Fran") * [Hurricane Isabel (2003)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_Hurricane_Isabel_in_North_Carolina "Effects of Hurricane Isabel in North Carolina") * [Hurricane Irene (2011)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irene "Hurricane Irene") * [Hurricane Dorian (2019)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Dorian "Hurricane Dorian") * [Hazard mitigation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazard_mitigation_in_the_Outer_Banks "Hazard mitigation in the Outer Banks") [Portals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals "Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"): * [England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:England "Portal:England") * [Modern history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Modern_history "Portal:Modern history") * [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King's_Crown_\(variant\).svg) [Monarchy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Monarchy "Portal:Monarchy") * [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Northern_America_including_Mexico_\(orthographic_projection\).svg) [North America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:North_America "Portal:North America") [Authority control databases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control "Help:Authority control") [](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59222#identifiers "Edit this at Wikidata") --- International| * [VIAF](https://viaf.org/viaf/153781810) * [WorldCat](https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJm4MGbYh8ThtqCQygDH4q) National| * [United States](https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n97125409) * [Israel](https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007535633605171) Retrieved from "[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&oldid=1373888028](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&oldid=1373888028)" [Categories](/wiki/Help:Category "Help:Category"): * [Roanoke Colony](/wiki/Category:Roanoke_Colony "Category:Roanoke Colony") * [1580s in North America](/wiki/Category:1580s_in_North_America "Category:1580s in North America") * [1580s in the British Empire](/wiki/Category:1580s_in_the_British_Empire "Category:1580s in the British Empire") * [1585 establishments in North America](/wiki/Category:1585_establishments_in_North_America "Category:1585 establishments in North America") * [1585 establishments in the British Empire](/wiki/Category:1585_establishments_in_the_British_Empire "Category:1585 establishments in the British Empire") * [1590s disestablishments in England](/wiki/Category:1590s_disestablishments_in_England "Category:1590s disestablishments in England") * [1590s disestablishments in North America](/wiki/Category:1590s_disestablishments_in_North_America "Category:1590s disestablishments in North America") * [1590s missing person cases](/wiki/Category:1590s_missing_person_cases "Category:1590s missing person cases") * [Dare County, North Carolina](/wiki/Category:Dare_County,_North_Carolina "Category:Dare County, North Carolina") * [Elizabeth I](/wiki/Category:Elizabeth_I "Category:Elizabeth I") * [Ghost towns in North Carolina](/wiki/Category:Ghost_towns_in_North_Carolina "Category:Ghost towns in North Carolina") * [Former English colonies](/wiki/Category:Former_English_colonies "Category:Former English colonies") * [Lost cities and towns](/wiki/Category:Lost_cities_and_towns "Category:Lost cities and towns") * [Mass disappearances](/wiki/Category:Mass_disappearances "Category:Mass disappearances") * [States and territories established in 1585](/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_established_in_1585 "Category:States and territories established in 1585") * [States and territories disestablished in the 1590s](/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_disestablished_in_the_1590s "Category:States and territories disestablished in the 1590s") * [Unexplained disappearances](/wiki/Category:Unexplained_disappearances "Category:Unexplained disappearances") * [Populated places established in 1585](/wiki/Category:Populated_places_established_in_1585 "Category:Populated places established in 1585") * [Populated places disestablished in the 1590s](/wiki/Category:Populated_places_disestablished_in_the_1590s "Category:Populated places disestablished in the 1590s") * [Former towns in the United States](/wiki/Category:Former_towns_in_the_United_States "Category:Former towns in the United States") Hidden categories: * [Articles with short description](/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description "Category:Articles with short description") * [Short description is different from Wikidata](/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata "Category:Short description is different from Wikidata") * [Use mdy dates from April 2016](/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_April_2016 "Category:Use mdy dates from April 2016") * [Use American English from January 2021](/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_January_2021 "Category:Use American English from January 2021") * [All Wikipedia articles written in American English](/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English 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