[
 {
  "author": "Horsley, John",
  "year": 1732,
  "title": "Britannia Romana",
  "ref": "p. 77",
  "url": "",
  "position_place": "unstated; legion 'broke' (disbanded) or merged into VI Victrix",
  "position_date": "after Agricola (no date)",
  "evidence": "Absence of the legion from the later British record; a misread tile (per Campbell 2010).",
  "verified_online": "partial (quoted in E. Birley 1948, 27 and Campbell 2010, 49, both read)",
  "quote": "it might possibly be broke ... or incorporated with the legio sexta victrix"
 },
 {
  "author": "Borghesi, Bartolomeo",
  "year": "1830s (Oeuvres)",
  "title": "Career of L. Barbuleius Ligarianus (ILS 1066)",
  "ref": "Oeuvres, on ILS 1066 and ILS 2288",
  "url": "",
  "position_place": "Britain: overwhelmed in a rebellion and replaced by VI Victrix",
  "position_date": "under Hadrian",
  "evidence": "Ligarianus (cos. 135) as ex-tribune of IX; absence of IX from the Nomina legionum (ILS 2288).",
  "verified_online": "partial (via Campbell 2010, 49)",
  "quote": "proposed that the Ninth Legion had been overwhelmed in a rebellion and had been replaced by the Sixth (Campbell's summary)"
 },
 {
  "author": "Mommsen, Theodor",
  "year": 1885,
  "title": "Römische Geschichte V: Die Provinzen von Caesar bis Diocletian = The Provinces of the Roman Empire (tr. Dickson 1886)",
  "ref": "RG V (Berlin 1885/6) 171 with n. 2; Provinces I (1886) 191",
  "url": "https://archive.org/details/11835671bsb ; https://archive.org/details/provincesromane02mommgoog",
  "position_place": "Britain: annihilated in a surprise attack on the camp at Eburacum during a Brigantian revolt",
  "position_date": "under Hadrian, 'undoubtedly soon after 108'",
  "evidence": "York building stone of 108 (CIL VII 241 = RIB 665) as terminus post quem; replacement by VI Victrix; Fronto (Naber p. 217), SHA Hadr. 5.2, Juvenal 14.196 read as a revolt.",
  "verified_online": "yes (German and English scans read)",
  "quote": "Unter Hadrian ist eine schwere Katastrophe hier eingetreten, allem Anschein nach ein Überfall des Lagers von Eburacum und die Vernichtung der dort stehenden Legion, derselben neunten, die im Boudiccakrieg so unglücklich gefochten hatte. | Dickson: Under Hadrian a severe disaster occurred here, to all appearance a sudden attack on the camp of Eburacum, and the annihilation of the legion stationed there, the same 9th legion which had fought so unsuccessfully in the war with Boudicca."
 },
 {
  "author": "Weber, Wilhelm",
  "year": "1907; 1936",
  "title": "Untersuchungen zur Geschichte des Kaisers Hadrianus; CAH XI ch. 8",
  "ref": "CAH XI (1936) 313",
  "url": "",
  "position_place": "Britain: destroyed in its camp at Eburacum by rebellious Britons",
  "position_date": "revolt crushed by 119; expeditio Britannica ended 119",
  "evidence": "Britannia coinage; Fronto; SHA; dating of the expeditio Britannica to 119.",
  "verified_online": "partial (quoted in E. Birley 1948/1953, 25 and Campbell 2010, 50)",
  "quote": "next came the crushing of the rebellious Britons, who had destroyed the legion IX Hispana in the camp of Eburacum, and the expeditio Britannica which ended in 119 with the pacification of the country"
 },
 {
  "author": "Haverfield, Francis",
  "year": 1924,
  "title": "The Roman Occupation of Britain (Ford Lectures, ed. G. Macdonald)",
  "ref": "p. 119",
  "url": "https://archive.org/details/romanoccupationo0000fhav",
  "position_place": "Britain: annihilated at York in a northern rising",
  "position_date": "late Trajan or early Hadrian",
  "evidence": "As Mommsen; VI Victrix supplied by Hadrian; Hadrian's visit 122.",
  "verified_online": "yes (archive.org scan read)",
  "quote": "The Ninth Legion, then stationed at York, was annihilated. The rising was, of course, crushed. Hadrian supplied another legion, the VI Victrix Pia Fidelis, and came over in person about A.D. 122."
 },
 {
  "author": "Collingwood, R.G.",
  "year": 1923,
  "title": "Roman Britain (Oxford, 1924 printing)",
  "ref": "c. p. 24",
  "url": "https://archive.org/details/b29827590",
  "position_place": "Britain: disappeared moving north from York against insurgents",
  "position_date": "c. 115 (reign of Trajan)",
  "evidence": "Disappearance from history; replacement by VI Victrix under Hadrian; Agricola's forts overrun.",
  "verified_online": "yes (archive.org scan read)",
  "quote": "the Ninth legion, moving up from York to face the insurgents, disappears from history, to be replaced under Hadrian by the 'Victorious' Sixth."
 },
 {
  "author": "Collingwood, R.G. & Myres, J.N.L.",
  "year": 1936,
  "title": "Roman Britain and the English Settlements (Oxford History of England I; 2nd ed. 1937)",
  "ref": "pp. 128-30 with n. on p. 129",
  "url": "https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.16039",
  "position_place": "Britain: cut up in the northern rising and (footnote) 'disgraced itself', hence not reconstituted",
  "position_date": "first two or three years of Hadrian's reign (c. 117-19); ceased to exist by c. 122",
  "evidence": "Last dated record 108-9; replaced at York by VI Victrix by c. 122; absence from Wall inscriptions; Ritterling's officer careers explained by slow promotion of survivors of a disgraced unit.",
  "verified_online": "yes (archive.org scan read; OCR partly garbled)",
  "quote": "a suspicion therefore [arises] that the Ninth had not only been cut up, but had disgraced itself, which would account for its survivors' slow [promotion]."
 },
 {
  "author": "Ritterling, Emil",
  "year": 1925,
  "title": "Legio, RE XII 2",
  "ref": "cols 1329-1829, at 1664-70 (IX Hispana), esp. 1668-9",
  "url": "",
  "position_place": "Britain: destroyed in a (second) British revolt",
  "position_date": "after 120, perhaps c. 125; explicitly uncertain",
  "evidence": "Careers of the tribuni laticlavii L. Aemilius Karus (after 120) and L. Novius Crispinus (not before 123) show the legion outlived the war of 119; VI Victrix's transfer to Britain.",
  "verified_online": "partial (not read; reconstructed from Collingwood 1937, E. Birley 1948, Eck 1972, Campbell 2010, Graafstal 2025)",
  "quote": "Whether VIIII Hispana had already met its end, or only several years later, around AD 125, remains unknown ... we should reckon on the possibility that a second British revolt broke out towards the middle or in the second half of the AD 120s, to which the legion fell victim (tr. Campbell 2010, 50-1)"
 },
 {
  "author": "Parker, H.M.D.",
  "year": 1928,
  "title": "The Roman Legions",
  "ref": "(chapter on the legions under Hadrian)",
  "url": "",
  "position_place": "Britain: destroyed in the British revolt",
  "position_date": "not later than 122",
  "evidence": "Absence after 108; VI Victrix; Fronto.",
  "verified_online": "partial (via Campbell 2010, 51)",
  "quote": "the Roman legions were unable at first to cope successfully with the [British] revolt, and IX Hispana was destroyed not later than AD 122"
 },
 {
  "author": "Mattingly, Harold",
  "year": 1936,
  "title": "Coins of the Roman Empire in the British Museum III",
  "ref": "introduction on Hadrian's Britannia asses",
  "url": "",
  "position_place": "Britain: destroyed in the revolt under Trajan",
  "position_date": "c. 117-19 (coins as restoration of peace)",
  "evidence": "Britannia coin issues read as celebrating peace after the revolt.",
  "verified_online": "partial (via Campbell 2010, 50)",
  "quote": "the restoration of peace in the North after the revolt under Trajan, in which the ninth legion was destroyed"
 },
 {
  "author": "Richmond, Ian A.",
  "year": 1955,
  "title": "Roman Britain (Pelican; 2nd ed. 1963)",
  "ref": "pp. 40 f.",
  "url": "",
  "position_place": "Britain (south-west Scotland guessed): cashiered in disgrace after an ignominious defeat, not annihilated",
  "position_date": "by 122 (victory coins 119; VI Victrix at York by 122)",
  "evidence": "Victory coinage 119; replacement at York by VI Victrix; survival of some officers.",
  "verified_online": "partial (via Campbell 2010, 51 and Eck 1972 n. 9)",
  "quote": "That the legion was cashiered, there is no doubt, and it seems evident that this fate, at the hands of the disciplinarian Hadrian, followed an ignominious defeat. But the unit was not annihilated."
 },
 {
  "author": "Sutcliff, Rosemary",
  "year": 1954,
  "title": "The Eagle of the Ninth (novel)",
  "ref": "foreword",
  "url": "https://rosemarysutcliff.net/2011/02/25/is-the-eagle-from-silchester-inspiration-for-rosemary-sutcliffs-the-eagle-of-the-ninth-the-eagle-standard-of-the-ninth-legion/",
  "position_place": "Britain (Caledonia): marched north and never heard of again (fiction)",
  "position_date": "c. 117",
  "evidence": "CAH XI (Weber) as probable source; the Silchester bronze eagle (found 1866), which Reading Museum states is not a legionary aquila but from a statue.",
  "verified_online": "yes (foreword quoted in Campbell 2010, 51 and on rosemarysutcliff.net; Reading Museum page read)",
  "quote": "Sometime about the year AD 117, the Ninth Legion, which was stationed at Eburacum where York now stands, marched north to deal with a rising among the Caledonian tribes, and was never heard of again."
 },
 {
  "author": "Birley, Eric",
  "year": 1948,
  "title": "Britain after Agricola and the end of the Ninth Legion",
  "ref": "Durham University Journal June 1948, 78-83 = Roman Britain and the Roman Army (Kendal 1953) 20-30",
  "url": "https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.2625",
  "position_place": "no firm conclusion: either still in Britain to c. 126-30 (Carlisle area, turf Wall) then to the East with Iulius Severus (132), or lost in Britain c. 130",
  "position_date": "after c. 126; c. 130 or 132+",
  "evidence": "Karus, Crispinus (Ritterling) plus M. Cocceius Severus (CIL V 7159, primus pilus of IX c. 140); Carlisle/Scalesceugh tile stamps; rejects the 117-19 disaster.",
  "verified_online": "yes (1953 reprint read on archive.org)",
  "quote": "we have been unable to reach a firm conclusion as to the fate of the legion ... the one thing that is reasonably clear is that the traditional view of the disaster to it in the year or two before 120 cannot be maintained."
 },
 {
  "author": "Birley, Eric",
  "year": 1953,
  "title": "Roman Britain and the Roman Army",
  "ref": "pp. 37-9",
  "url": "https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.2625",
  "position_place": "East (Judaea): transferred with Iulius Severus and lost in the Bar Kokhba war",
  "position_date": "132-5",
  "evidence": "Iulius Severus' move from Britain to Judaea as context for the transfer.",
  "verified_online": "partial (via Graafstal 2025 n. 12)",
  "quote": "the Bar Kokhba revolt of 132-35, and Hadrian's call upon Britain's governor Iulius Severus to suppress it, seemed a fitting context for the transfer, and the loss, of the Ninth (Graafstal's summary)"
 },
 {
  "author": "Birley, Eric",
  "year": 1971,
  "title": "The fate of the Ninth Legion",
  "ref": "in R.M. Butler (ed.), Soldier and Civilian in Roman Yorkshire (Leicester 1971) 71-80, at 75-9",
  "url": "",
  "position_place": "out of Britain: Carlisle base c. 122-6, then Nijmegen (whole legion), then East; lost in Judaea 132-5 or at Elegeia 161",
  "position_date": "after c. 126; 132-5 or 161",
  "evidence": "Careers of Karus, Crispinus, Florentinus (praetorian legate c. 123); Aachen altar of the praefectus castrorum L. Latinius Macer (implies whole legion at Nijmegen); Carlisle tiles; Dio 71.2.1 on Elegeia.",
  "verified_online": "partial (not read; via Eck 1972 nn. 1, 4, 5, 8, 21; Graafstal 2025 n. 14; Campbell 2010, 52)",
  "quote": "the praefectus castrorum could not have been serving with a mere vexillation (as reported by Campbell 2010, 52)"
 },
 {
  "author": "Bogaers, J.E.",
  "year": 1967,
  "title": "Die Besatzungstruppen des Legionslagers von Nijmegen im 2. Jahrhundert n. Chr.",
  "ref": "Studien zu den Militärgrenzen Roms (BJ Beih. 19, Köln-Graz 1967) 54-76, at 54 ff., 73-6",
  "url": "",
  "position_place": "Nijmegen (Germania Inferior): the whole legion in garrison in the 120s after the vexillatio Britannica went home; end possibly in the Jewish war",
  "position_date": "120s; loss 132-5 contemplated",
  "evidence": "1959 IX Hispana tile from the Hunerberg fortress; Holdeurn mortarium stamp; Aachen altar; CIL X 1769 (Aelius Asclepiades as an eastern recruit).",
  "verified_online": "partial (via Eck 1972, 460 nn. 7, 19; Campbell 2010, 52; Graafstal 2025 n. 13)",
  "quote": "the Ninth Legion took up residence in the Hunerberg fortress after the vexillation had returned to Britain (Campbell's summary of Bogaers' reasoning)"
 },
 {
  "author": "Bogaers, J.E. & Haalebos, J.K.",
  "year": 1975,
  "title": "Romeins Nijmegen: de Nijmeegse legioensvestingen vanaf 70 na Chr.",
  "ref": "Numaga 22, 1-20, at 1-2, 17",
  "url": "https://hdl.handle.net/2066/26331",
  "position_place": "Nijmegen: Legio IX Hispana in garrison after the vexillatio Britannica",
  "position_date": "probably c. 121 to 130",
  "evidence": "Two IX Hispana stamp fragments; maintenance-only building phases c. 120-175; VEX BRIT stamps c. 104-121; later XXX Ulpia detachment.",
  "verified_online": "yes (Radboud repository PDF read)",
  "quote": "Van ca. 104 tot 121 was er de Vexillatio Britannica gelegerd ... Daarna, vermoedelijk van ongeveer 121 tot 130, de Legio IX Hispana."
 },
 {
  "author": "Bogaers, J.E. & Haalebos, J.K.",
  "year": 1977,
  "title": "Die Nijmegener Legionslager seit 70 nach Christus",
  "ref": "Studien zu den Militärgrenzen Roms II (BJ Beih. 38) 93-108, at 107",
  "url": "",
  "position_place": "Nijmegen: only part of the legion based there",
  "position_date": "120s",
  "evidence": "Fortress size and building evidence incompatible with a full legion.",
  "verified_online": "partial (via Graafstal 2025 n. 16 and Keppie 2000, 214 snippet)",
  "quote": "Bogaers suggested that only part of the legion could have been based there in the 120s (Graafstal's summary)"
 },
 {
  "author": "Haalebos, J.K.",
  "year": 2000,
  "title": "Römische Truppen in Nijmegen",
  "ref": "in Y. Le Bohec & C. Wolff (eds), Les légions de Rome sous le Haut-Empire (Lyon 2000) 465-89, at 472-6",
  "url": "https://repository.ubn.ru.nl/handle/2066/124815",
  "position_place": "Nijmegen: a detachment of IX Hispana as part (and in charge) of the vexillatio Britannica; no complete legion after c. 104",
  "position_date": "c. 104-120",
  "evidence": "Over 100 VEX BRIT stamps; fortress archaeology; Macer possibly only praefectus castrorum designate.",
  "verified_online": "partial (via Graafstal 2025 n. 17 and pp. 26, 48; Campbell 2010, 53; Hodgson 2021 abstract)",
  "quote": "the strong likelihood is that a detachment of IX Hispana ... was part, and in charge, of that vexillatio (as cited by Graafstal 2025)"
 },
 {
  "author": "Brunsting, H. & Steures, D.C.",
  "year": 1997,
  "title": "The brick stamps and the occupation history of the legionary fortress at Nijmegen",
  "ref": "in W. Groenman-van Waateringe et al. (eds), Roman Frontier Studies 1995 (Oxford 1997) 323-9, fig. 6.1 no. 167",
  "url": "",
  "position_place": "Nijmegen: VEX BRIT stamps dated to the 90s (not a view on the legion's end)",
  "position_date": "90s",
  "evidence": "Stamp typology.",
  "verified_online": "partial (via Graafstal 2025 n. 209, who records Haalebos' 'rightful criticism')",
  "quote": ""
 },
 {
  "author": "Willems, W.J.H. & van Enckevort, H.",
  "year": 2009,
  "title": "Ulpia Noviomagus: Roman Nijmegen. The Batavian capital at the imperial frontier",
  "ref": "JRA Suppl. 73 (Portsmouth RI 2009) 56",
  "url": "",
  "position_place": "Nijmegen: elements of IX Hispana in the castra after 104, replaced by a detachment of XXX Ulpia Victrix",
  "position_date": "after 104 to shortly after 120",
  "evidence": "IX Hispana and VEX BRIT tile stamps; XXX Ulpia stamps.",
  "verified_online": "partial (page not seen; cited via Wikipedia and consistent with van Enckevort 2021, read)",
  "quote": ""
 },
 {
  "author": "van Enckevort, Harry",
  "year": 2021,
  "title": "The Roman military complex at Nijmegen (19 BC-475 AD)",
  "ref": "in Romans on the Waterfront (Nederlandse Archeologische Rapporten 71, Amersfoort 2021) 185-202, at 197",
  "url": "https://cultureelerfgoed.info/download/pdf/NAR071_Limes.pdf",
  "position_place": "Nijmegen: a unit of IX Hispana and the vexillatio Britannica replaced X Gemina; replaced c. 120 by a XXX Ulpia detachment (no view on the end)",
  "position_date": "c. 104-c. 120",
  "evidence": "Tile stamps; fortress too big for the post-104 units.",
  "verified_online": "yes (open-access PDF read; note the summary table on p. 85 of the same volume still says 104/106-130 'later to Danube')",
  "quote": "Tile stamps of the Vexillatio Britannica and a unit of the Legio VIIII Hispana show that the new residents came over from Britain, to replace the original garrison ... Around AD 120, a detachment of the Legio XXX Ulpia Victrix was transferred to the castra"
 },
 {
  "author": "Jarrett, M.G. & Mann, J.C.",
  "year": 1970,
  "title": "Britain from Agricola to Gallienus",
  "ref": "Bonner Jahrbücher 170, 178-210, at 183-5",
  "url": "",
  "position_place": "sceptical of the eastern-recruit argument (CIL X 1769); legion left Britain",
  "position_date": "after c. 120",
  "evidence": "Prosopography; CIL X 1769.",
  "verified_online": "partial (via Eck 1972 nn. 1, 7)",
  "quote": ""
 },
 {
  "author": "Eck, Werner",
  "year": 1972,
  "title": "Zum Ende der legio IX Hispana",
  "ref": "Chiron 2, 459-62",
  "url": "https://publications.dainst.org/journals/chiron/332/4940",
  "position_place": "Elegeia, Armenia: annihilated with the governor of Cappadocia Sedatius Severianus (Dio 71.2.1)",
  "position_date": "161 ('most probable')",
  "evidence": "New Upper Moesian diploma fixes Q. Numisius Iunior's consulship to 8 Feb 161, so his tribunate of IX c. 140/1: the legion existed under Pius; Nijmegen finds and Aachen altar remove it from Britain.",
  "verified_online": "yes (open-access PDF read in full)",
  "quote": "Damit ist es völlig unwahrscheinlich geworden, daß die Legion in der Provinz Britannien ihr Ende gefunden hat ... So bleibt als die wahrscheinlichste und nunmehr noch mehr gesicherte Lösung der Vorschlag E. Birleys, die legio IX Hispana sei vielleicht mit der Legion identisch, die ... in Elegeia am Euphrat ... vernichtet worden war."
 },
 {
  "author": "Jarrett, M.G.",
  "year": 1976,
  "title": "An unnecessary war",
  "ref": "Britannia 7, 145-51, at 147",
  "url": "",
  "position_place": "expeditio Britannica belongs with Hadrian's visit of 122, not a war of 117-19; VI Victrix replaced IX",
  "position_date": "122",
  "evidence": "ILS 2726 (Pontius Sabinus), ILS 2735 (Maenius Agrippa).",
  "verified_online": "partial (via Graafstal 2025 nn. 6, 231)",
  "quote": ""
 },
 {
  "author": "Watson, G.R.",
  "year": 1969,
  "title": "The Roman Soldier",
  "ref": "(chapter on the legions)",
  "url": "https://openlibrary.org/search/inside?q=%22IX+Hispana%22",
  "position_place": "East: probably lost in the Jewish war, or in Armenia 161",
  "position_date": "132-5 or 161",
  "evidence": "E. Birley 1948/1953; Eck's later argument not yet available.",
  "verified_online": "yes (Open Library snippet; quoted in Campbell 2010, 53)",
  "quote": "the loss of IX Hispana ... probably during the Jewish War of AD 132-5 ... or even in Armenia in 161"
 },
 {
  "author": "Mor, Menahem",
  "year": 1986,
  "title": "Two legions - the same fate? (The disappearance of the legions IX Hispana and XXII Deiotariana)",
  "ref": "ZPE 62, 267-78, at 269",
  "url": "",
  "position_place": "not lost in Judaea; no positive view on where",
  "position_date": "(rejects 132-5)",
  "evidence": "No trace of IX Hispana (or XXII Deiotariana) in Judaea; Keppie's father/son argument on Numisius (cited, not accepted).",
  "verified_online": "partial (via Graafstal 2025 n. 18 and Keppie, Legions and Veterans 177 snippet)",
  "quote": "The Jewish revolt was known to have cost many Roman lives, but nothing pointed to IX Hispana having been involved (Graafstal's summary)"
 },
 {
  "author": "Mor, Menahem",
  "year": 2016,
  "title": "The Second Jewish Revolt: The Bar Kokhba War, 132-136 CE",
  "ref": "Leiden-Boston 2016, 198, 267, 306, 308",
  "url": "https://books.google.com/books?id=T8wJDAAAQBAJ",
  "position_place": "not lost in Judaea",
  "position_date": "(rejects 132-6)",
  "evidence": "Absence of IX Hispana and XXII Deiotariana from all Judaean evidence; CIL VI 3505 shows vexillations, not whole legions, sent.",
  "verified_online": "yes (Google Books snippets)",
  "quote": "IX Hispana, XXII Deiotariana: The attempt to argue that these two legions participated in the Bar Kokhba revolt is unfounded, and the valid evidence hints at quite the opposite conclusion."
 },
 {
  "author": "Eck, Werner",
  "year": 1999,
  "title": "The Bar Kokhba revolt: the Roman point of view",
  "ref": "JRS 89, 76-89",
  "url": "https://doi.org/10.2307/300735",
  "position_place": "revolt a major crisis; XXII Deiotariana probably lost; non-committal on IX Hispana",
  "position_date": "132-6",
  "evidence": "Epigraphy of the revolt (Iulius Severus, vexillations, decorations).",
  "verified_online": "partial (abstract page)",
  "quote": ""
 },
 {
  "author": "Keppie, Lawrence",
  "year": 1989,
  "title": "The fate of the Ninth Legion: a problem for the eastern provinces?",
  "ref": "in D.H. French & C.S. Lightfoot (eds), The Eastern Frontier of the Roman Empire (BAR Int. Ser. 553, Oxford 1989) 247-55 = Legions and Veterans (Mavors 12, 2000) 173-9. NB not JRA Suppl. 18 (1996) as sometimes cited",
  "url": "https://books.google.com/books?id=TLDvWqjSfP8C",
  "position_place": "no eastern fate demonstrable; legion vanishes after its last attestations, place open",
  "position_date": "after early 120s; consul of 161 is the tribune's son, so no proof of survival to c. 140",
  "evidence": "Re-examination of Q. (Camurius) Numisius Iunior (ILS 2728 family), Aelius Asclepiades (transfer from the Misenum fleet, not an eastern recruit), absence of any eastern inscriptions.",
  "verified_online": "partial (Google Books snippets pp. 173, 177-8; Graafstal 2025 n. 19; Campbell 2010, 53)",
  "quote": "[the fate of the Ninth] has been a subject debated for many years, without any very satisfactory or agreed solution being arrived at"
 },
 {
  "author": "Keppie, Lawrence",
  "year": 2000,
  "title": "Legio VIIII in Britain: the beginning and the end",
  "ref": "in R.J. Brewer (ed.), Roman Fortresses and their Legions (London 2000) 83-100 = Legions and Veterans 201-24, with addendum 321",
  "url": "https://books.google.com/books?id=TLDvWqjSfP8C",
  "position_place": "Nijmegen presence is a Trajanic detachment (101-6 or 114-17); no eastern evidence; end unlocated",
  "position_date": "Nijmegen 101-6 or 114-17; legion gone after early 120s",
  "evidence": "Nijmegen stamps undatable; VEX BRIT need not include legionaries; Ewijk pendant unprovenanced.",
  "verified_online": "partial (Google Books snippets pp. 212, 214, 321; Wikipedia paraphrase)",
  "quote": "[the Nijmegen presence] could belong either to the period AD 101-6, at the time of the Dacian Wars, or AD 114-17 at the time of the Parthian Wars. The archaeological evidence from Nijmegen itself is unclear"
 },
 {
  "author": "Frere, Sheppard S.",
  "year": 1967,
  "title": "Britannia: A History of Roman Britain (3rd ed. 1987, 124; 4th ed. 1999)",
  "ref": "3rd ed. p. 124",
  "url": "https://archive.org/details/britanniahistory0000frer_g6r4",
  "position_place": "transferred to Nijmegen; end unknown",
  "position_date": "c. 121 (1967) or c. 126 (1987); agnostic on the end",
  "evidence": "Nijmegen tile and mortarium stamps (Bogaers); last York date 108.",
  "verified_online": "yes (Open Library search-inside snippets of 1967, 1978 and 1987 editions)",
  "quote": "Legio IX may have replaced this force at Nijmegen about 121, or even as late as 126 ... Further evidence is needed before more can be said."
 },
 {
  "author": "Frere, Sheppard S.",
  "year": 2000,
  "title": "M. Maenius Agrippa, the expeditio Britannica and Maryport",
  "ref": "Britannia 31, 23-8",
  "url": "",
  "position_place": "expeditio Britannica = real fighting in the later 120s (no direct verdict on the Ninth)",
  "position_date": "later 120s",
  "evidence": "ILS 2735; meaning of expeditio.",
  "verified_online": "partial (via Graafstal 2025, 27-8)",
  "quote": ""
 },
 {
  "author": "Birley, Anthony R.",
  "year": 1981,
  "title": "The Fasti of Roman Britain",
  "ref": "Oxford 1981, 219, 254 ff.",
  "url": "",
  "position_place": "legion survived into the reign of Antoninus Pius (accepts Eck's Numisius argument); lost outside Britain",
  "position_date": "to c. 140+; end undetermined",
  "evidence": "Prosopography of Karus, Crispinus, Numisius, Florentinus.",
  "verified_online": "partial (via Keppie 1989/2000 snippets)",
  "quote": ""
 },
 {
  "author": "Birley, Anthony R.",
  "year": 2005,
  "title": "The Roman Government of Britain",
  "ref": "Oxford 2005, 118, 228-9, 244, 285-7, 308",
  "url": "https://books.google.com/books?id=qkkVDAAAQBAJ",
  "position_place": "legion alive to c. 124/mid-120s; (part) at Nijmegen from c. 104, repatriated; VI Victrix came with Hadrian 122; loss extraneous to Britain, place undetermined",
  "position_date": "c. 124-mid-120s last secure existence",
  "evidence": "Florentinus governor of Arabia by 2 Dec 127 so left the legion c. 124; Karus cos. 144 with imperial favour; Crispinus praetor c. 135, tribune not before mid-120s.",
  "verified_online": "partial (quotations via Graafstal 2025, 37-8, read; Google Books throttled)",
  "quote": "Crispinus can hardly have been tribune earlier than the mid-120s (p. 228, as quoted by Graafstal)"
 },
 {
  "author": "Birley, Anthony R.",
  "year": 2014,
  "title": "Two governors of Dacia Superior and Britain",
  "ref": "in V. Iliescu et al. (eds), Graecia, Roma, Barbaricum (2014) 247-53; cf. Birley 2013 in Opper (ed.), Hadrian, 132",
  "url": "",
  "position_place": "expeditio Britannica = Hadrian's presence in 122 with heavy losses (basis for Hodgson 2021 and Symonds 2021)",
  "position_date": "122",
  "evidence": "ILS 2726, 2735; RIB 3364.",
  "verified_online": "partial (via Graafstal 2025 n. 84)",
  "quote": ""
 },
 {
  "author": "Campbell, Duncan B.",
  "year": 2010,
  "title": "The fate of the Ninth: the curious disappearance of Legio VIIII Hispana",
  "ref": "Ancient Warfare 4.5, 48-53",
  "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://blogfiles.karwansaraypublishers.com/uploads/Ancient-Warfare/fateoftheninth.pdf",
  "position_place": "left Britain by the 120s (Nijmegen, Aachen); lost in the East - Judaea 132-5 or Elegeia 161 - choice left open; British destruction 'a very weak theory'",
  "position_date": "after c. 140 (Numisius) if Keppie is wrong; 132-5 or 161",
  "evidence": "Historiographical genealogy Horsley-Borghesi-Mommsen-Weber-Ritterling-Parker-Birley-Richmond-Sutcliff; officer careers; Aachen altar (primus pilus not with a mere vexillation); Nijmegen stamps. Cited by Graafstal 2025 n. 207 as a recent example of assuming the whole legion at Nijmegen.",
  "verified_online": "yes (publisher PDF read via Wayback)",
  "quote": "the destruction of the Ninth Legion in a British war at the beginning of Hadrian's reign is a very weak theory. There is no direct evidence for any of the required elements. ... Whether the Ninth Legion met its end in Hadrian's Jewish War, or with the ill-fated Severianus at Elegeia in 161, or somewhere entirely different, we can only hope that further epigraphic discoveries will bring clarity"
 },
 {
  "author": "Campbell, Duncan B.",
  "year": 2018,
  "title": "The Fate of the Ninth: The Curious Disappearance of One of Rome's Legions",
  "ref": "Glasgow (Bocca della Verità) 2018, ISBN 978-1-7917-6833-1",
  "url": "https://ninth-legion.blogspot.com/p/books.html ; https://classicsforall.org.uk/reading-room/book-reviews/fate-ninth-curious-disappearance-legio-viiii-hispana",
  "position_place": "not destroyed in Britain, not disbanded in disgrace; survived past 120; probably sent east; end unknown (Judaea or Armenia canvassed)",
  "position_date": "after 120; gone before ILS 2288 (c. 165)",
  "evidence": "Exhaustive historiography; officer careers; Nijmegen; absence from the Nomina legionum.",
  "verified_online": "partial (blurb, author's blog, reviews; book not read)",
  "quote": "Campbell is certain that the Ninth was not disbanded in disgrace, the fate suggested by I.A. Richmond (publisher's blurb); blog 2019: I wrote The Fate of the Ninth in order to try and explain where this idea came from. And also why, in my opinion, it's 'a bad idea'."
 },
 {
  "author": "Russell, Miles",
  "year": 2010,
  "title": "Bloodline: The Celtic Kings of Roman Britain",
  "ref": "Stroud (Amberley) 2010, 180-5",
  "url": "",
  "position_place": "Britain: fought and died in Britain in the disorder of the late 110s/early 120s",
  "position_date": "late 110s-early 120s",
  "evidence": "York 108; Fronto; SHA Hadr. 5.2; Pontius Sabinus' 3,000 reinforcements; VI Victrix at York.",
  "verified_online": "partial (via Wikipedia)",
  "quote": ""
 },
 {
  "author": "Russell, Miles",
  "year": "2011a",
  "title": "What happened to Britain's lost Roman legion?",
  "ref": "BBC History Magazine 12.5 (May 2011) 40-6",
  "url": "",
  "position_place": "Britain: fought and died in Britain",
  "position_date": "late 110s or early 120s",
  "evidence": "As above; denies any evidence for transfer.",
  "verified_online": "partial (citation verified on Bournemouth staff page; quotation via Wikipedia)",
  "quote": "by far the most plausible answer to the question 'what happened to the Ninth' is that they fought and died in Britain, disappearing in the late 110s or early 120s when the province was in disarray"
 },
 {
  "author": "Russell, Miles",
  "year": "2011b",
  "title": "The Roman Ninth Legion's mysterious loss",
  "ref": "BBC News Magazine, 16 March 2011",
  "url": "https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-12752497",
  "position_place": "Britain: bore the brunt of the uprising and ended its days fighting insurgents; Nijmegen tiles redated to the 80s",
  "position_date": "early 2nd century, before 122",
  "evidence": "York 108 stone; Fronto; SHA; Pontius Sabinus tombstone from Ferentinum (ILS 2726); VI Victrix taking over York; claim that the three Nijmegen tiles date to the 80s. Ignores officer careers, Aachen altar, Florentinus.",
  "verified_online": "yes (BBC page read)",
  "quote": "there is not one shred of evidence that the Ninth were ever taken out of Britain. It's just a guess which, over time, has taken on a sheen of cast iron certainty. Three stamped tiles bearing the unit number of the Ninth found at Nijmegen ... all seem to date to the 80s AD"
 },
 {
  "author": "Dando-Collins, Stephen",
  "year": 2010,
  "title": "Legions of Rome",
  "ref": "London 2010, 'Disappearance of the 9th', c. 422 ff.",
  "url": "https://archive.org/details/legionsofromedef0000dand",
  "position_place": "Elegeia, Armenia: wiped out by the Parthians (with XXII Deiotariana)",
  "position_date": "161",
  "evidence": "Dio 71.2.1; Karus and Crispinus careers.",
  "verified_online": "yes (Open Library search-inside snippets)",
  "quote": "that the 9th Hispana was the legion which Dio describes being wiped out by the Parthians at Elegeia in Armenia"
 },
 {
  "author": "Cowan, Ross",
  "year": 2007,
  "title": "For the Glory of Rome: A History of Warriors and Warfare",
  "ref": "London 2007, chapter on IX Hispana, section 'Destruction at Elegeia?'",
  "url": "",
  "position_place": "Elegeia considered (open)",
  "position_date": "161?",
  "evidence": "Dio 71.2.1.",
  "verified_online": "yes (snippet only)",
  "quote": ""
 },
 {
  "author": "Olly, Mark",
  "year": 2011,
  "title": "The Disappearing Ninth Legion: A Popular History",
  "ref": "Winchester 2011",
  "url": "",
  "position_place": "transferred to Nijmegen and refitted; popular survey",
  "position_date": "120s",
  "evidence": "Secondary literature.",
  "verified_online": "yes (snippet only)",
  "quote": ""
 },
 {
  "author": "de la Bédoyère, Guy",
  "year": "2006/2013; 2020",
  "title": "Roman Britain: A New History; Gladius",
  "ref": "",
  "url": "",
  "position_place": "follows transfer-to-Nijmegen / lost-elsewhere consensus",
  "position_date": "120s+",
  "evidence": "Secondary.",
  "verified_online": "no (recalled; not checked)",
  "quote": ""
 },
 {
  "author": "Lendering, Jona",
  "year": "2002-2020 (web)",
  "title": "Legio VIIII Hispana, Livius.org",
  "ref": "",
  "url": "https://www.livius.org/articles/legion/legio-viiii-hispana/",
  "position_place": "subunit at Nijmegen briefly after 121; three possibilities: Judaea 132-6, Cappadocia 161, Danube 162; gone before ILS 2288",
  "position_date": "after 122; 132-62",
  "evidence": "Officer careers (not before 122); Nijmegen; absence from the column of 165.",
  "verified_online": "yes (page read)",
  "quote": "a subunit of the Ninth Legion was for a brief period after 121 at Nijmegen"
 },
 {
  "author": "Elliott, Simon",
  "year": 2021,
  "title": "Roman Britain's Missing Legion: What Really Happened to IX Hispana?",
  "ref": "Barnsley (Pen & Sword) 2021",
  "url": "https://historynet.com/simon-elliott-seeking-the-lost-legion/ ; https://aspectsofhistory.com/roman-britains-lost-ninth-legion/",
  "position_place": "Britain (north): lost in some dramatic event, favoured over southern Britain (Perring's Hadrianic war), Rhine/Danube and eastern options",
  "position_date": "between 108 and 122",
  "evidence": "Last literary mention 82 (Agricola); York 108; VI Victrix at York 122; absence from Wall; ILS 2288. Does not engage the officer careers in the interviews.",
  "verified_online": "yes (interviews/essay read; book not read; Ancient Warfare review seen only in search excerpts)",
  "quote": "the most likely hypothesis regarding the loss of legio IX Hispana is with it being lost in some dramatic event in the north of Britain"
 },
 {
  "author": "Hodgson, Nick",
  "year": 2017,
  "title": "Hadrian's Wall: Archaeology and History at the Limit of Rome's Empire",
  "ref": "Ramsbury 2017, 41, 66",
  "url": "",
  "position_place": "Britain: IX Hispana possibly at work on the Turf Wall; lost in Britain",
  "position_date": "120s",
  "evidence": "Preliminary to the 2021 argument.",
  "verified_online": "partial (via Graafstal 2025 nn. 20, 228)",
  "quote": ""
 },
 {
  "author": "Hodgson, Nick",
  "year": 2021,
  "title": "The End of the Ninth Legion, War in Britain and the Building of Hadrian's Wall",
  "ref": "Britannia 52, 97-118 (online 13 April 2021)",
  "url": "https://doi.org/10.1017/S0068113X21000015",
  "position_place": "Britain: defeated and disbanded in connection with the war, heavy losses and interruption of Wall-building",
  "position_date": "122 or shortly after ('most likely')",
  "evidence": "Only a detachment abroad (Nijmegen, c. 105-120, per Haalebos 2000); careers of Florentinus, Karus, Crispinus end c. 124 (retardation conceded as possible, pp. 16-17); Asclepiades and Numisius dismissed as eastern evidence (18-19); Fronto, SHA Hadr. 5.2, ILS 2726 (3,000 reinforcements after heavy losses, p. 14), expeditio = 122 (after A.R. Birley 2014), RIB 3364, diploma of 124, interruption of Wall building (p. 11). Bibliography cites Keppie 1989/2000, Campbell 2018, Haalebos 2000, Willems & van Enckevort 2009, A.R. Birley 2005/2013/2014, Eck-Holder-Pangerl 2016, Casey forthcoming on Elegeia; does not cite Eck 1972, Mor 1986/2016, Campbell 2010 or Russell 2011.",
  "verified_online": "partial (abstract and 65-item reference list verified from Cambridge Core; body via Graafstal 2025 and Bidwell 2022; full text closed access)",
  "quote": "no more than a detachment of the legion went abroad, and that only for the period c. 105 to c. 120; (2) there is no prosopographical or other evidence which proves that the legion existed after the early 120s ... it is argued that it is most likely that the legion was defeated and disbanded in connection with those events."
 },
 {
  "author": "Bidwell, Paul",
  "year": 2022,
  "title": "Hadrian's Frontiers in Northern Britain",
  "ref": "Britannia 53, 99-124",
  "url": "https://doi.org/10.1017/S0068113X2200023X",
  "position_place": "cites Hodgson 2021; Wall modifications reflect resistance and outright warfare; no separate verdict on the Ninth",
  "position_date": "120s",
  "evidence": "Wall archaeology.",
  "verified_online": "partial (abstract)",
  "quote": ""
 },
 {
  "author": "Symonds, Matthew F.A.",
  "year": 2021,
  "title": "Hadrian's Wall: Creating Division",
  "ref": "London 2021, 55-7, 67",
  "url": "",
  "position_place": "follows A.R. Birley 2014 in coupling the expeditio with 122 but doubts a desperate war coincided with the Wall project; no firm verdict on the Ninth",
  "position_date": "122",
  "evidence": "ILS 2726; Wall building sequence.",
  "verified_online": "partial (via Graafstal 2025 nn. 6, 26, 48, 84, 238)",
  "quote": "Resourcing such an initiative seems a distraction during the throes of a desperate struggle (p. 56, as quoted by Graafstal)"
 },
 {
  "author": "Graafstal, Erik P.",
  "year": 2025,
  "title": "What Happened Next? Hadrian's Wall, the expeditio Britannica and the Fate of the Ninth Legion",
  "ref": "Britannia 56, 25-55 (open access)",
  "url": "https://doi.org/10.1017/S0068113X2510038X",
  "position_place": "Britain: lost, or dishonourably disbanded, in the early days of the Wall project; VI Victrix a one-on-one replacement",
  "position_date": "early 123 ('the year that surfaces ... clearly is A.D. 123')",
  "evidence": "Careers (Florentinus not much before 124; Karus c. 124; Crispinus mid-120s; Laelianus/VI Victrix c. 123-4); Birdoswald hoards closing c. 120-1 and 123-5; Spanish levy 123 (SHA Hadr. 12.4); EXPED AVG coinage; London fire (Perring 2022); halted fort building; Nijmegen = detachment in charge of the vexillatio Britannica (Haalebos).",
  "verified_online": "yes (full open-access text read)",
  "quote": "the legion may have been lost, or dishonourably disbanded, somewhere in the early days of the Wall project ... a serious security crisis ravaging Britain in the wake of the imperial visit, possibly involving the loss of one of Rome's legions, was not something to be broadly publicised"
 },
 {
  "author": "Breeze, David J.",
  "year": "2003; 2012; 2022-3",
  "title": "Warfare in Britain and the building of Hadrian's Wall (AA5 32, 13-16); Maenius Agrippa: a chronological conundrum (with Dobson & Maxfield, Acta Classica 55, 2012); papers with Graafstal 2022-3",
  "ref": "AA5 32 (2003) 13-16; Acta Classica 55 (2012) 17-30; AA6 2 (2023)",
  "url": "",
  "position_place": "a war interrupted the Wall; expeditio in the run-up to 122; doubts that a fierce war in the emperor's presence would go unmentioned; no dedicated verdict on the Ninth found",
  "position_date": "c. 122",
  "evidence": "Wall building sequence; ILS 2735.",
  "verified_online": "partial (via Graafstal 2025; Breeze acknowledged as supporting Graafstal's paper); no dedicated Breeze statement on the Ninth located",
  "quote": ""
 },
 {
  "author": "Brickstock, Richard",
  "year": 2024,
  "title": "A coin of Hadrian",
  "ref": "in D.J. Breeze (ed.), Hadrian's Wall in Our Time (2024) 48-9",
  "url": "",
  "position_place": "Britannia coinage reflects a hard-fought successful campaign, not a defeat (no verdict on the Ninth)",
  "position_date": "c. 119-22",
  "evidence": "Numismatics.",
  "verified_online": "partial (via Graafstal 2025 n. 48)",
  "quote": "not ... a defeat but rather ... a hard-fought and successful campaign"
 }
]