[
 {
  "id": "nijmegen_tiles_leg_viiii_hisp",
  "ref": "AE 1977, 541 = EDH HD020257 = EDCS-09301104; Brunsting & Steures 1995 (OMROL 75) 95 fig. 5 type 167 = Brunsting & Steures 1997 fig. 6.1 no. 167; Bogaers 1965 (Numaga 12) 21; Bogaers 1967 (BJ Beih. 19) 63-64, 68-69, Taf. 5; Bogaers & Haalebos 1975 (Numaga 22) 16 afb. 11 and n. 47; Bogaers & Haalebos 1977 (BJ Beih. 38) 107-109 Abb. 6; van der Veen 2025, 145 table 6.1, 151-154 fig. 6.6,1",
  "url": "https://edh.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/edh/inschrift/HD020257",
  "site": "Nijmegen, Hunerberg legionary fortress (castra), NL: (1) find 1959/169, third officer's house north of the porta principalis dextra, occupation level or overlying destruction layer of the stone fortress (Bogaers period III = B&H 1975 period 5), mixed with X Gemina and VEX BRIT stamps; (2) find 1966/1752, robber trench of the west wall of the principia, with two X Gemina stamps; (3) third fragment (RMO excavations 1950-67), no associations",
  "object": "three tegula (roof-tile) fragments with one and the same rectangular die stamp; unusually wide, high relief; not one of the British dies (RIB 2462)",
  "text": "LEG VIIII HISP = leg(ionis) VIIII Hisp(anae)",
  "date_from": 104,
  "date_to": 120,
  "date_basis": "No closed or independently dated context (van der Veen 2025, 153: contexts give no additional information). Dating is historical: after X Gemina left Nijmegen (103/104) and before the fortress was abandoned c. 125/130. Current view 104-c. 120 as part of the vexillatio Britannica (Haalebos 2000, 472; Kemmers 2006, 106; Willems & van Enckevort 2009; van Enckevort 2021 NAR 71; Graafstal 2025; van der Veen 2025 table p. 295 \"AD 104-122\"). Older view c. 121-130 (Bogaers 1965/1967; Bogaers & Haalebos 1975; Sijpesteijn 1996; Nesselhauf & von Petrikovits 1967: 108-before 119 via the Aachen altar). EDH gives 71-130. Stone fortress itself begun after 88, probably early 2nd c.",
  "person": null,
  "rank": null,
  "notes": "Count stable at three since 1995 (van der Veen 2025, 151). Reading VIIII certain (Bogaers 1967, 63 n. 38; first misread as leg. VIII Aug. by Brunsting 1960). Whole legion (Bogaers 1967: \"in ihrer Gesamtheit\"; B&H 1975: not at full strength) vs detachment/vexillation (Haalebos 2000 and all work since 2000).",
  "verified_online": true
 },
 {
  "id": "holdeurn_mortarium_lg_viiii_his",
  "ref": "Bogaers 1965 (Numaga 12) 17 afb. 6, 22-23; Bogaers 1967 (BJ Beih. 19) 63-64 Bild 6, Taf. 5,4; Eck 1972 (Chiron 2) 460; van der Veen 2025, 151 fig. 6.6,2; van Enckevort 2021 (NAR 71) table p. 81. No AE/EDH/EDCS number found",
  "url": "https://repository.ubn.ru.nl/handle/2066/26454",
  "site": "Berg en Dal/Groesbeek, De Holdeurn, military tilery and pottery of the Nijmegen garrison, 5 km SE of the fortress; found May 1938 (Holwerda/Braat excavations); Rijksmuseum G.M. Kam, now Museum Het Valkhof, Nijmegen",
  "object": "rim fragment of a coarse-ware mortarium (Holdeurn fabric) with complete stamp impressed parallel to the rim",
  "text": "LG VIIII HIS = l(e)g(ionis) VIIII His(panae) (van der Veen 2025 reads LG VIIII HISP)",
  "date_from": 104,
  "date_to": 120,
  "date_basis": "Undated context (old excavation). Dated with the tile stamps by historical reasoning; Bogaers 1965/1967 c. 121-130; NAR 71 table: 104-120. Mrs K. Hartley: rim form late 1st/early 2nd century, unparalleled in Britain. Bogaers argued from fabric that it was made at the Holdeurn, i.e. the legion (or its men) produced pottery locally.",
  "person": null,
  "rank": null,
  "notes": "Second of the \"two\" objects known to Eck 1972 (\"eines Legionsziegels und einer Reibschale\").",
  "verified_online": true
 },
 {
  "id": "ewijk_pendant_leg_hisp_ix",
  "ref": "P.J. Sijpesteijn, ZPE 111 (1996) 281-282; AE 1996, 1107; AE 2000, +1011; AE 2009, 925-928 (Willems & van Enckevort 2009, 152 fig. 54); EDH HD050314; EDCS-03000651; Haalebos 2000f (Mosterd na de maaltijd) 472-473, 488 Abb. 11; van Enckevort 2021 (NAR 71) fig. 6.11 and table p. 78; van der Veen 2025, 151 fig. 6.6,3",
  "url": "https://edh.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/edh/inschrift/HD050314",
  "site": "Ewijk-De Grote Aalst, Roman villa (municipality Beuningen, Gelderland), c. 9 km W of Nijmegen. Sijpesteijn (and hence AE 1996, EDH, EDCS) give \"Nijmegen, E-wijk\", a misunderstanding of the village name; corrected by Haalebos 2000. Museum Het Valkhof, Nijmegen",
  "object": "silvered bronze trefoil harness pendant (from a phalera) with hook/separately attached open loop, 5.6 x 5.3 cm (NAR 71: width 5.9 cm); two-line punched (punctim) inscription",
  "text": "LEG HISP / IX = Leg(io) Hisp(ana) IX (EDCS: Leg(io) Hisp(ana) / IX; NAR 71 caption: LEG(io) IX HISP(ana))",
  "date_from": null,
  "date_to": 120,
  "date_basis": "Typology: trefoil pendant with separately attached open loop = before c. AD 120 (van der Veen 2025, 151). EDH and EDCS give 121-130, simply following Sijpesteijn who adopted Bogaers' Hadrianic date. NAR 71 table: 104-120. Stray find from a villa, no stratigraphy.",
  "person": null,
  "rank": null,
  "notes": "Numeral IX (as at York) against VIIII on the Nijmegen tiles and mortarium; Sijpesteijn: perhaps brought from Britain by its owner. Haalebos suggested it belonged to a veteran settled at the villa. A VEX BRIT stamped tile is also recorded from Ewijk (EDCS-80000135).",
  "verified_online": true
 },
 {
  "id": "aachen_altar_latinius_macer",
  "ref": "AE 1968, 323 (from REA 70, 1968, 430 no. 43,14); H. Nesselhauf & H. von Petrikovits, BJ 167 (1967) 268-279; U. Schillinger-Häfele, BRGK 58 (1977) 528-529 no. 144; AE 2005, 1061 (EDH) / AE 2005, +1060 (EDCS) from C. Keller, Archäologische Forschungen in Aachen (Rhein. Ausgr. 55, 2004) 80 no. 648/019 Abb. 52; EDH HD014357; EDCS-10700516; Trismegistos 208961; Eck, Chiron 2 (1972) 459-462; Bogaers 1967, 76 Nachtrag",
  "url": "https://edh.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/edh/inschrift/HD014357",
  "site": "Aachen-Burtscheid (Aquae Granni), Burtscheider Markt 22 (Schwertbad), found 1957 in the thermal-spring quarter; LVR-LandesMuseum Bonn",
  "object": "altar/votive stone with relief of Apollo (Grannus)",
  "text": "L(ucius) Latinius L(uci) f(ilius) Publilia / Macer Ver(ona) p(rimus) p(ilus) leg(ionis) VIIII Hisp(anae) / praef(ectus) castr(orum) pro se et suis / Apollini / v(otum) s(olvit) l(ibens) m(erito)",
  "date_from": 108,
  "date_to": 119,
  "date_basis": "No dated formula; EDH/EDCS give a generic 101-200. Nesselhauf & von Petrikovits 1967 dated it between 108 (York gate inscription RIB 665 = legion still in Britain) and before 119 (their assumed transfer of VI Victrix to Britain, i.e. the Ninth \"left Britain\" by then), taking Macer as a serving praefectus castrorum of the Ninth while the legion was on the Lower Rhine. Haalebos 2000: praef. castr. perhaps designate; Graafstal 2025 n. 213: a building detachment/officer on Rhine duty; the title praefectus castrorum (without \"legionis\") and the dedication to Apollo at the spa can also be read as a veteran or an officer on leave visiting the healing springs. Eck 1972 accepted a link with the Nijmegen finds. Bogaers 1967, 76: reported by von Petrikovits at the 1964 Limes Congress.",
  "person": "L. Latinius L. f. Publilia Macer, from Verona (tribus Publilia = Verona)",
  "rank": "primus pilus legionis VIIII Hispanae, praefectus castrorum",
  "notes": "Only stone inscription naming the Ninth in Germania inferior. Whether Macer was serving with the legion (implying the legion or its HQ nearby) or is a veteran/visitor at the spa is the crux; the title praefectus castrorum is the last post of a primipilaris and does not by itself prove the legion was on the Rhine.",
  "verified_online": true
 },
 {
  "id": "nijmegen_vex_brit_tile_stamps",
  "ref": "CIL XIII 12553, 1a-c and 2 = EDCS-69700443, -69700201, -69700225, -69700444 (EDCS expands Vex(illarii) Brit(tonum)); Schmidts 2018 cat. 8-1, 4g1 = EDCS-80000127 (Berg en Dal); Brunsting & Steures 1995 type 182; Brunsting & Steures 1997, 323; Bogaers 1965, 17; Bogaers 1967, 66-68, 74-75; Bogaers & Haalebos 1975, 16; Haalebos 2000, 472, 476; Graafstal 2025, 47 and nn. 205-210; van der Veen 2025, 134-135, table 6.1 (p. 145), 172, 295",
  "url": "https://edcs.hist.uzh.ch/data/monument/697/69700443.json",
  "site": "Nijmegen, Hunerberg fortress (161 stamps, 4.2 %), canabae (35), De Holdeurn works (3), Kops Plateau burial (2 tegulae, \"after c. 80\"); one from Ewijk villa",
  "object": "roof-tile stamps, > 100 (196 in van der Veen 2025); second most common unit after X Gemina",
  "text": "VEX BRIT = vex(illatio) Brit(annica)",
  "date_from": 104,
  "date_to": 120,
  "date_basis": "Historical/associational: Haalebos 2000, 472 (followed by Graafstal 2025, van der Veen 2025 \"AD 104-122\"): the vexillatio replaced X Gemina c. 103/104 and was itself replaced c. 120 by a detachment of XXX; Brunsting & Steures 1995/1997 instead put the stamps in the AD 90s alongside X Gemina (same die-cutter style; 104 X Gemina + 34 VEX BRIT stamps around horreum II), criticised by Haalebos 2000, 476 and van der Veen 2025, 135; Bogaers 1967: Hadrianic (c. 120-122), auxiliary cavalry of the British army back in Britain by 17 July 122 (CIL XVI 69).",
  "person": null,
  "rank": null,
  "notes": "Composition disputed: British auxiliary cavalry (Bogaers, from Hemmen and Carnuntum texts) vs c. 3,000 legionaries from II Aug., VIIII Hisp., XX V.V. plus auxiliaries (Strobel 1984, 99-101) vs a mixed force led by a IX Hispana detachment (Haalebos 2000; Graafstal 2025). The IX Hispana tile 1959/169 lay with VEX BRIT stamps. EDCS/CIL XIII 12553 expansion \"vexillarii Brittonum\" (a vexillation of Britons) is the older alternative to \"vexillatio Britannica\" (a vexillation of the British army); Bogaers 1967 and all later Dutch work read the latter.",
  "verified_online": true
 },
 {
  "id": "ewijk_vex_brit_tile",
  "ref": "T. Schmidts, Gestempelte Militärziegel außerhalb der Truppenstandorte (Wiesbaden 2018) cat. 8-1, no. 7; EDCS-80000135",
  "url": "https://edcs.hist.uzh.ch/data/monument/800/80000135.json",
  "site": "Ewijk (Beuningen, Gelderland), villa area; EDCS place 801687",
  "object": "stamped military roof tile",
  "text": "VEX BRIT = Vex(illatio) Brit(annica)",
  "date_from": null,
  "date_to": null,
  "date_basis": "None given by EDCS; same horizon as the Nijmegen VEX BRIT stamps (c. 104-120 or 90s).",
  "person": null,
  "rank": null,
  "notes": "Shows military tile reaching the villa that produced the LEG HISP IX pendant; not independently dated.",
  "verified_online": true
 },
 {
  "id": "holdeurn_graffito_coh_ii_nica",
  "ref": "Haalebos 2000f (Mosterd na de maaltijd) 475, 489 Abb. 13; van der Veen 2025 n. 282; van Enckevort 2021 (NAR 71) table p. 81",
  "url": "https://repository.ubn.ru.nl/handle/2066/336088",
  "site": "Berg en Dal, De Holdeurn works",
  "object": "graffito on pottery",
  "text": "[...] COH II [...] / [...] NICA [...], \"very tentatively\" [mil(itis)] coh(ortis) II [... ex vex(illatione) Britan]nica",
  "date_from": 104,
  "date_to": 120,
  "date_basis": "NAR 71 table: 104-120 (historical horizon of the vexillatio Britannica). Too fragmentary to build on.",
  "person": null,
  "rank": null,
  "notes": "Relayed via van der Veen 2025 and NAR 71; Haalebos 2000f itself not accessed.",
  "verified_online": true
 },
 {
  "id": "hemmen_altar_vagdavercustis",
  "ref": "CIL XIII 8805 = ILS 2536 = EDH HD082661 = EDCS-11100895; Trismegistos 415800; Bogaers 1967, 66-68; Haalebos, Saalburg-Jb 50 (2000) 39-40",
  "url": "https://edh.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/edh/inschrift/HD082661",
  "site": "Hemmen (Betuwe, Gelderland), found 1842 in the river Linge",
  "object": "altar to Dea Vagdavercustis",
  "text": "Deae Vagdavercusti Sim[p]licius Super dec(urio) alae Vocontior(um) exerci[t]uus Britannici",
  "date_from": 51,
  "date_to": 150,
  "date_basis": "EDH/EDCS 51-150 (letterforms/formula). Bogaers 1967 linked it to the Hadrianic vexillatio Britannica; Haalebos 2000 (Saalburg-Jb) to the Trajanic one (ala Vocontiorum is in Britain in the 122 diploma).",
  "person": "Simplicius Super",
  "rank": "decurio alae Vocontiorum exercitus Britannici",
  "notes": "Does not name the Ninth; key text for the composition of the vexillatio Britannica (auxiliary cavalry).",
  "verified_online": true
 },
 {
  "id": "carnuntum_tombstone_flavius_crescens",
  "ref": "CIL III 4466 = ILS 2515 = EDH HD073876; Vorbeck, Militärinschriften aus Carnuntum (2nd ed. 1980) no. 283; Bogaers 1967, 66-67",
  "url": "https://edh.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/edh/inschrift/HD073876",
  "site": "Petronell-Carnuntum (Pannonia)",
  "object": "tombstone",
  "text": "T(itus) Flavius Cre{n}sce(n)s equ(es) al(a)e Tam(pianae) vex(illationis) Brit(annicae) an(norum) XXX st(ipendiorum) XV dom(o) Durocor(toro) Rem(orum) h(ic) s(itus) e(st) Flavius Silvanus dec(urio) al(a)e eiusd(em) h(eres) f(ecit)",
  "date_from": 89,
  "date_to": 101,
  "date_basis": "EDH 89-101 (Domitianic Danube wars; the vexillatio Britannica sent from Britain c. 85/86-92).",
  "person": "T. Flavius Crescens, from Durocortorum (Reims)",
  "rank": "eques alae (I Pannoniorum) Tampianae vexillationis Britannicae",
  "notes": "Only inscription naming a \"vexillatio Britannica\" as such; Bogaers' model for Nijmegen. Does not name the Ninth.",
  "verified_online": true
 },
 {
  "id": "mersch_career_inscription",
  "ref": "CIL XIII 4030 = AE 1973, 361 = EDH HD011186; Trismegistos 208136",
  "url": "https://edh.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/edh/inschrift/HD011186",
  "site": "Mersch (Luxembourg), civitas Treverorum, Gallia Belgica",
  "object": "honorific/career inscription (fragment)",
  "text": "------] / flam[en] Augu[sti] / flamen Leni M[art]is quinq[uennalis] / praef(ectus) cohort(is) [II His]panor(um) eq[uitatae] / tribunus militu[m le]g(ionis) VIIII Hi[spanae] / praefect(us) e[quitum alae Augustae] / Vocon[tiorum ---",
  "date_from": null,
  "date_to": null,
  "date_basis": "EDH gives no date; equestrian tres militiae career of a Treveran notable, 1st or early 2nd c. Not a Rhine-army attestation of the legion; the tribunate was held in Britain.",
  "person": "unknown Treveran equestrian",
  "rank": "tribunus militum leg. VIIII Hispanae (also praef. coh. II Hispanorum eq., praef. eq. alae Aug. Vocontiorum)",
  "notes": "Nearest continental stone text naming the legion besides Aachen; irrelevant to the Rhine garrison question. Reading of the numeral partly restored (\"VIIII Hi[spanae]\").",
  "verified_online": true
 },
 {
  "id": "tivoli_roscius_aelianus_vexillarii",
  "ref": "CIL XIV 3612 = ILS 1025 = InscrIt IV 1 (2nd ed.) 129 = EDH HD030763; Trismegistos 282108",
  "url": "https://edh.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/edh/inschrift/HD030763",
  "site": "Tivoli (Tibur), Italy",
  "object": "honorific base for L. Roscius Aelianus Maecius Celer (cos. suff. 100)",
  "text": "... trib(uno) mil(itum) leg(ionis) IX Hispan(ae) vexillarior(um) eiusdem in expeditione Germanica donato ab Imp(eratore) Aug(usto) militarib(us) donis corona vallari et murali vexillis argenteis II hastis puris II ...",
  "date_from": 83,
  "date_to": 83,
  "date_basis": "The expeditio Germanica is Domitian's Chattan war of 83 (career date; EDH gives no date).",
  "person": "L. Roscius M. f. Qui. Aelianus Maecius Celer",
  "rank": "tribunus militum leg. IX Hispanae, commanding its vexillarii",
  "notes": "Earliest evidence of a IX Hispana vexillation on the German frontier (Upper Germany, 83) — a precedent for detachment service on the continent, not Lower Rhine garrison evidence.",
  "verified_online": true
 },
 {
  "id": "baalbek_velius_rufus",
  "ref": "AE 1903, 368 = IGLS VI 2796 = ILS 9200 = EDH HD031653; Trismegistos 198620",
  "url": "https://edh.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/edh/inschrift/HD031653",
  "site": "Baalbek (Heliopolis), Syria",
  "object": "honorific inscription for C. Velius Rufus",
  "text": "... praef(ecto) vexillariorum leg(ionum) VIIII: I adiut(ricis) II adiut(ricis) II Aug(ustae) VIII Aug(ustae) VIIII Hisp(aniae) XIIII gem(inae) XX vic(tricis) XXI rapac(is) ...",
  "date_from": 83,
  "date_to": 92,
  "date_basis": "Career under Domitian; the nine-legion vexillation is usually assigned to the Chattan war of 83 or the Danube wars c. 89-92 (EDH gives no date).",
  "person": "C. Velius Salvi f. Rufus",
  "rank": "praefectus vexillariorum legionum VIIII (incl. VIIII Hispana)",
  "notes": "Second Domitianic attestation of IX Hispana vexillarii serving on the continent. Not Lower Rhine garrison evidence.",
  "verified_online": true
 },
 {
  "id": "nijmegen_leg_xxx_stamps_and_altar",
  "ref": "Brunsting & Steures 1995 (LEG XXX V V type); Haalebos 2000b, 50; 2000e, 25-26; 2000f, 474, 488 Abb. 12 (frumentarius altar, found 2000 E of the principia); Ernst 2016; van der Veen 2025, 138, table 6.1",
  "url": "https://repository.ubn.ru.nl/handle/2066/336088",
  "site": "Nijmegen, Hunerberg fortress",
  "object": "60-64 tile stamps LEGXXX.VV (nearly all one type) and a votive altar of a frumentarius leg. XXX U(lpiae) [V(ictricis)]",
  "text": "LEG XXX V V = leg(ionis) XXX U(lpiae) V(ictricis); altar: frumentarius leg(ionis) XXX U(lpiae) [V(ictricis)]",
  "date_from": 120,
  "date_to": 130,
  "date_basis": "XXX Ulpia Victrix reached Lower Germany c. 118/119-122 (Vetera II); Ernst 2016 dates the stamp type shortly after arrival c. 120; Brunsting & Steures 1995: one consignment for repairs c. 121; van der Veen 2025: short-lived vexillatio of XXX after 120. Terminus for the replacement of the vexillatio Britannica.",
  "person": null,
  "rank": "frumentarius leg. XXX",
  "notes": "Marks the last military use of the Hunerberg before abandonment c. 125/130.",
  "verified_online": true
 },
 {
  "id": "nijmegen_ex_ger_inf_stamps",
  "ref": "Bogaers 1965, 14; 1967, 62 and Nachtrag; van der Veen 2025, 70, 104-112, 303; van Enckevort 2021 (NAR 71) 196-198",
  "url": "https://repository.ubn.ru.nl/handle/2066/336088",
  "site": "Nijmegen, Hunerberg fortress and De Holdeurn works",
  "object": "tile stamps EX GER INF (Exercitus Germaniae inferioris) and a few Antonine coins",
  "text": "EX GER INF = ex(ercitus) Ger(maniae) inf(erioris)",
  "date_from": 160,
  "date_to": 175,
  "date_basis": "Holdeurn kilns restarted c. 175 (Bogaers); residual/limited activity on the Hunerberg in the third quarter of the 2nd c. (van Enckevort 2021); van der Veen 2025: structural occupation of the fortress ended c. 125/130 (coins, samian stamps), later material is residual/small-scale.",
  "person": null,
  "rank": null,
  "notes": "Relevant only to the END date of the fortress: no full-legion occupation after c. 125/130 on any reading.",
  "verified_online": true
 },
 {
  "id": "york_rib665_terminus",
  "ref": "RIB 665 (York, gate inscription of Trajan, trib. pot. XII = AD 108)",
  "url": "https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/665",
  "site": "York (Eboracum), King's Square, fortress SE gate",
  "object": "monumental building inscription",
  "text": "[I]mp(erator) Caesar [divi N]ervae fil(ius) Ne[rva Trai]anus Aug(ustus) Ger[m(anicus) Dacicus po]ntifex maximu[s tribuniciae po]testatis XII imp(erator) V[I co(n)s(ul) V p(ater) p(atriae) portam] per leg(ionem) VIIII Hi[sp(anam) fecit]",
  "date_from": 108,
  "date_to": 108,
  "date_basis": "Imperial titulature: tribunicia potestas XII = 10 Dec. 107 - 9 Dec. 108.",
  "person": null,
  "rank": null,
  "notes": "Latest dated evidence of the whole legion in Britain; terminus post quem used by Nesselhauf & von Petrikovits and Bogaers for a transfer to the Rhine (108-119 / c. 121). Under the vexillation model the legion stayed at York while a detachment served at Nijmegen 104-120. British evidence otherwise excluded from this file.",
  "verified_online": true
 }
]