# Legio IX Hispana in Britain: every attestation in the Roman Inscriptions of Britain (RIB Online) Compiled from https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org. **Every record below was verified by fetching the RIB Online page** (marked `verified_online: true` in the JSON). Nothing is cited from memory except where explicitly labelled "inference" or "general knowledge". Method: (1) RIB full-text searches for *Hispana*, *Hisp\**, *VIIII*, *IX*, *nona*, *Ninth*, *imaginifer*, *Scalesceugh*, *legio AND Vindolanda*; (2) the 1983 RIB I Epigraphic Index, "Legion IX Hispana" (https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/epindex/military-affairs-legions); (3) a complete prev/next walk of the RIB II.4 tile-stamp series 2462 (2462.1 to 2462.17*, ending at 2463.1.i) plus 2461.1-2; (4) a page-by-page sweep of every RIB III number 3001-3550 (because RIB 3047 is invisible to the site search: bracketed restorations defeat the tokenizer); (5) the series introduction at https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/instrumentum/2462. ## 0. Summary count - Stone inscriptions naming the legion: **11** (RIB I: 254, 255, 256, 257, 260, 659, 665, 673, 680 = 9 certain; RIB III: 3042 probable, 3047 probable/restored). - Legionary tile-stamps (RIB 2462): **116** catalogued impressions/entries from at least 16 dies (2462.1-2462.16, incl. 9A/9B/9C worn-die states), plus 1 rejected antiquarian report (2462.17*) and 2 unassignable LE[G] stamps (2461.1-2, "VI or IX"). - Graffiti: **1** (RIB 2501.7, London samian: imaginifer of Legio IX). RIB 2491.72 is a graffito on one of the Carlisle tiles (same object as 2462.3.i). - Lead sealings: **none** of the Ninth in RIB 2411 (searches for VIIII / IX / nona / Hispana return no sealing). - Writing tablets (Tab. Vindol., Tab. Luguval., Bloomberg): **none** mention the Ninth. Hits for *VIIII*/*nona*/*Ninth* among tablets are all *cohors VIIII Batavorum* (e.g. Tab. Vindol. 127-137, 574-586) or numerals. A boolean search *legio AND Vindolanda* (59 rows) gives no IX/VIIII/nona snippet. - Modern forgery: RIB 3542* (IMP C / LEG IX, cut in 1959). - **Last dated attestation: RIB 665, York, 10 Dec 107 - 9 Dec 108 (Trajan trib. pot. XII).** RIB's own statement of the departure (RIB II.4 intro to 2462): York was the legion's base "from a.d. 71 until the legion's departure from Britain, probably towards the end of Trajan's reign"; RIB 659 and 680 commentaries put the arrival of Legio VI at York "about a.d. 120"; RIB 1319 commentary puts the Sixth's arrival in Britain in a.d. 122. ## 1. Stone inscriptions (RIB I and RIB III) ### RIB 254 - Lincoln (Lindum) - **Status:** attestation - **Object:** Tombstone (Limestone) - **Find context:** At a depth of about 2.4 m. in a garden on the south side of the churchyard of St. Peter-at-Gowts, about 870 m. south of the Stonebow, or south gate of the extended colonia at Lincoln. (found About 1800); now: The original is lost. - **Text:** `Q(uinti) Corneli Q(uinti) f(ili) Cla(udia) (tribu) eq(uitis) le(gionis) VIIII [(centuria)] Cassi Martialis an(norum) XL stip(endiorum) XIX h(ic) s(itus) e(st)` - **Diplomatic:** `Q CORNELI Q F CLA EQ LE VIIII [.] CASSI MARTIALIS AN XL STIP XIX H S E` - **RIB translation:** Quintus Cornelius, son of Quintus, of the Claudian voting-tribe, trooper of the Ninth Legion from the century of Cassius Martialis; aged 40 years, of 19 years’ service, lies buried here. - **RIB date:** (no indication); criteria: - - **Date used here:** 60-71 (inference: legion at Lincoln c. 60-71 (RIB gives no date)) - **Person:** Quintus Cornelius, son of Quintus, Claudia tribe - **Rank:** eques (legionary trooper), century of Cassius Martialis; aged 40, 19 stipendia - **Notes:** RIB gives no date. The Ninth was based at Lincoln from c. AD 60 until its move to York in AD 71 (RIB II.4 intro to 2462; RIB 3073 commentary: "the epitaphs of two serving legionaries at Lincoln, when the Ninth legion was still based there (RIB 256 unambiguously, and RIB 254)"). Formulae (h.s.e., no Dis Manibus, no cognomen for the legion) fit a Neronian/early Flavian date; date range below is that inference, not RIB's. Original lost (known from Willson MS); listed in RIB 1983 index under Legio IX Hispana. - **Bibliography (RIB):** JRS xl (1950) 116 Willson, E. J., Soc. Ant. London MS. Willson vi f. 15 Tomlin, R.S.O., Britannia Romana (2018), 31, no. 2.13 Trismegistos 154747 Epigraphische Datenbank Heidelberg (EDH) HD021172 ### RIB 255 - Lincoln (Lindum) - **Status:** attestation - **Object:** Tombstone (Limestone) - **Find context:** At the corner of Salthouse Lane, on the west side of High Street, about 950 m. south of the Stonebow. (found 1865); now: Now in the British Museum. - **Text:** `G(aio) Saufeio G(ai) f(ilio) Fab(ia)(tribu) Her(aclea) militi legio(nis) VIIII annor(um) XXXX stip(endiorum) XXII h(ic) s(itus) e(st)` - **Diplomatic:** `C‣SAVFEIO C‣F‣FAB‣HER MILITI‣LEGIO VIIII ANNOR‣XXXX STIP ‣ XXII H ‣ S ‣ E` - **RIB translation:** To Gaius Saufeius, son of Gaius, of the Fabian voting-tribe, from Heraclea, soldier of the Ninth Legion, aged 40, of 22 years’ service; he lies here. - **RIB date:** (no indication); criteria: - - **Date used here:** 60-71 (inference: legion at Lincoln c. 60-71 (RIB gives no date)) - **Person:** Gaius Saufeius, son of Gaius, Fabia tribe, from Heraclea (Macedonia) - **Rank:** miles legionis VIIII; aged 40, 22 stipendia - **RIB commentary (excerpt):** 2. Heraclea, in Macedonia. - **Notes:** RIB gives no date. The Ninth was based at Lincoln from c. AD 60 until its move to York in AD 71 (RIB II.4 intro to 2462; RIB 3073 commentary: "the epitaphs of two serving legionaries at Lincoln, when the Ninth legion was still based there (RIB 256 unambiguously, and RIB 254)"). Formulae (h.s.e., no Dis Manibus, no cognomen for the legion) fit a Neronian/early Flavian date; date range below is that inference, not RIB's. CIL vii 183 = ILS 2255. Now British Museum. - **Bibliography (RIB):** CIL vii 183 ILS 2255 Trollope Gent. Mag. (1731-1868) i (1866) 816 Jewitt Reliq. 1st Ser. 7 (1867) 16 Haverfield Lincoln MS. f. 4 Richmond Arch. J. ciii (1947) 48 Lincoln Mus. Cat. no. 10 B. M. Guide Rom. Brit. (1922) 17 fig. 7 Tomlin, R.S.O., Britannia Romana (2018), 22, no. 2.04 Trismegist ### RIB 256 - Lincoln (Lindum) - **Status:** attestation - **Object:** Tombstone (Limestone) - **Find context:** Reused in the foundations of the east wall of the Roman lower city under no. 17, Lindum Road, and opposite the City Gaol which lay between Lindum Road and Monks Road. A bronze lamp was found with it. (found 1830); now: Now in the British Museum. - **Text:** `L(uci) Semproni Fla-vini mil(i)t(i)s leg(ionis) VIIII (centuria) Babudi Severi aer(um) VII an(n)or(um) XXX (H)ispani Galeria (tribu) Clunia` - **Diplomatic:** `L‣SEMPRONI‣FLAVINI‣MILTS‣LEG VIIII 𐆛BABVDI‣SEVERI AER‣VII‣ANOR‣XXX ISPANI GALERIA CLVNIA` - **RIB translation:** Lucius Sempronius Flavinus, soldier of the Ninth Legion, in the century of Babudius Severus; of seven years’ service, aged 30, a Spaniard, of the Galerian voting-tribe, from Clunia. - **RIB date:** (no indication); criteria: - - **Date used here:** 60-71 (inference: legion at Lincoln c. 60-71 (RIB gives no date)) - **Person:** Lucius Sempronius Flavinus, Hispanus, Galeria tribe, from Clunia (Hispania Tarraconensis) - **Rank:** miles legionis VIIII, century of Babudius Severus; 7 aera (years of service), aged 30 - **RIB commentary (excerpt):** Clunia, Hispania Tarraconensis. For aerorum on a Spanish tombstone see CIL ii 5265 L. Aelius L. f. Gal. Celer Clun.; for Colchester see RIB 201. - **Notes:** RIB gives no date. The Ninth was based at Lincoln from c. AD 60 until its move to York in AD 71 (RIB II.4 intro to 2462; RIB 3073 commentary: "the epitaphs of two serving legionaries at Lincoln, when the Ninth legion was still based there (RIB 256 unambiguously, and RIB 254)"). Formulae (h.s.e., no Dis Manibus, no cognomen for the legion) fit a Neronian/early Flavian date; date range below is that inference, not RIB's. CIL vii 184. Reused in foundations of the lower-city east wall; now British Museum. Note the Spanish formula aerorum. - **Bibliography (RIB):** CIL vii 184 Mommsen EE v p. 219 EE ix p. 556 Gent. Mag. (1731-1868) xiii (1840) 79 Padley Gent. Mag. (1731-1868) xviii (1842) 350 with pl. Arch. Inst. Lincoln (1850) xxix Trollope Arch. J. xvii (1860) 6 fig. 5 McCaul BR Inscr. (1863) 88, 90 Kubitschek Arch. Epigr. Mitt. 17 (1894) 14 with pl. ### RIB 257 - Lincoln (Lindum) - **Status:** attestation - **Object:** Tombstone (Limestone) - **Find context:** In levelling a small hillock at the north end of South Common, on the east side of the railway line to Honington near Spencer Street, about 1.6 km. south of the Stonebow. It may be part of the upcast from the railway cutting, or it may be better to regard it as debris from some clearance of the ground in Roman times. (found 1909); now: Now in Lincoln Museum, Lincoln. - **Text:** `G(aius) Valerius G(ai) f(ilius) Maec(ia) (tribu) mil(es) leg(ionis) IX sign(ifer) c(enturiae) Hospitis ann(orum) XXXV stip(endiorum) XIIII t(estamento) p(oni) i(ussit) h(ic) [s(itus) e(st)]` - **Diplomatic:** `G VALERIVS G F MAEC MIL LEG IX SIGN C HOSPITIS ANN XXXV STIP XIIII T P I H [..]` - **RIB translation:** Gaius Valerius, son of Gaius, of the Maecian voting-tribe, soldier of the Ninth Legion, standard-bearer of the century of Hospes, aged 35, of 14 years’ service, left instructions in his will for this to be set up. Here he lies. - **RIB date:** (no indication); criteria: - - **Date used here:** 60-71 (inference: legion at Lincoln c. 60-71 (RIB gives no date)) - **Person:** Gaius Valerius, son of Gaius, Maecia tribe - **Rank:** miles legionis IX, signifer of the century of Hospes; aged 35, 14 stipendia - **Notes:** RIB gives no date. The Ninth was based at Lincoln from c. AD 60 until its move to York in AD 71 (RIB II.4 intro to 2462; RIB 3073 commentary: "the epitaphs of two serving legionaries at Lincoln, when the Ninth legion was still based there (RIB 256 unambiguously, and RIB 254)"). Formulae (h.s.e., no Dis Manibus, no cognomen for the legion) fit a Neronian/early Flavian date; date range below is that inference, not RIB's. Only Lincoln stone to write the numeral IX rather than VIIII. EE ix 1111. Lincoln Museum. - **Bibliography (RIB):** EE ix 1111 Antiquary 45 (1909) 127 Haverfield Lincs. Notes and Queries 10 (1909) 193 with pl. Richmond Arch. J. ciii (1947) 48 Lincoln Mus. Cat. no. 6 Trismegistos 154750 Epigraphische Datenbank Heidelberg (EDH) HD020249 ### RIB 260 - Lincoln (Lindum) - **Status:** attestation - **Object:** Tombstone (Limestone) - **Find context:** In Lincoln. These may be some of the unrecorded fragments found in 1849 in Monson Street. The upper and lower right fragments were seen by Huebner, but only identified as part of the same stone by Haverfield. (found Before 1866); now: Now in the British Museum. - **Text:** `[..]rcu[.] [...]s M(arci) [f(ilius)] Camilia(tribu) Pisa-uro mil(es) leg(ionis) V[IIII ...]` - **Diplomatic:** `[..]RC͡V[.] [...]S M‣[.] C͡AMILIA‣PIS͡AVRO‣MIL‣ LEG V[...]` - **RIB translation:** […]rcu[…]s, son of Marcus, of the Camilian voting-tribe, from Pisaurum, soldier of the Ninth Legion, … . - **RIB date:** (no indication); criteria: - - **Date used here:** 60-71 (inference: legion at Lincoln c. 60-71 (RIB gives no date); numeral partly restored) - **Person:** [..]rcu[.]...s, son of Marcus, Camilia tribe, from Pisaurum (Umbria) - **Rank:** miles legionis V[IIII] (numeral restored; RIB 1983 index lists it under Legio IX) - **Notes:** RIB gives no date. The Ninth was based at Lincoln from c. AD 60 until its move to York in AD 71 (RIB II.4 intro to 2462; RIB 3073 commentary: "the epitaphs of two serving legionaries at Lincoln, when the Ninth legion was still based there (RIB 256 unambiguously, and RIB 254)"). Formulae (h.s.e., no Dis Manibus, no cognomen for the legion) fit a Neronian/early Flavian date; date range below is that inference, not RIB's. Fragmentary; three fragments identified as one stone by Haverfield. CIL vii 188+196. British Museum. RIB 3042/3047 commentaries treat 260 as "uncertain/broken" for the cognomen but accept the legion. - **Bibliography (RIB):** CIL vii 188, 196 EE ix p. 557 Richmond Arch. J. ciii (1947) 48 n. 151 Lincoln Mus. Cat. no. 21 Trismegistos 154753 Epigraphische Datenbank Heidelberg (EDH) HD069562 ### RIB 659 - York (Eboracum/Colonia Eboracensis) - **Status:** attestation - **Object:** Altar (Limestone) - **Find context:** At the Mount, York, with RIB 664. (found 1884); now: Now in the Yorkshire Museum. - **Text:** `D[eo sancto] Silva[no s(acrum)] L(ucius) Celerin[i]us Vitalis corni(cularius) leg(ionis) VIIII His(panae) v(otum) s(olvit) l(aetus) l(ibens) m(erito) et donum hoc donum adpertiniat cautum attiggam` - **Diplomatic:** `❦D[...] SILVA[...] L❦CELERIN[.]VS VITALIS❦CORNI LEG❦VIIII❦HIS V❦S❦L❦L❦M ETDONVMHOC DONVM ΛDPIIRTINIATCΛVTVMΛTTIGGΛM` - **RIB translation:** To the holy god Silvanus, Lucius Celerinius Vitalis, cornicularius of the Ninth Legion Hispana, with this offering gladly, willingly, and deservedly fulfilled his vow. Let the gift, this very gift, form part: I must beware of touching. - **RIB date:** Before about a.d. 120; criteria: - - **Date used here:** None-120 (RIB: terminus ante quem = arrival of Legio VI at York c. 120) - **Person:** Lucius Celerinius Vitalis - **Rank:** cornicularius legionis VIIII Hispanae (clerk on the staff of a senior officer) - **RIB commentary (excerpt):** This inscription must antedate the arrival of the Sixth Legion at York about a.d. 120. Addenda from RIB+add. (1995): cornicularius: see the Glossary. - **Notes:** Altar to Silvanus found at The Mount, York, with RIB 664. RIB date "Before about a.d. 120"; commentary: "This inscription must antedate the arrival of the Sixth Legion at York about a.d. 120." Only York stone to give the cognomen in the form HIS. Yorkshire Museum. - **Bibliography (RIB):** EE vii 928 Raine Acad. 26 636 (12 July 1884) 35, quoting Huebner Mowat Bull. Epigr. 4 (1884) 258 Watkin Arch. J. xlii (1885) 152 Domaszewski Abhandl. röm. Rel. (1909) 64 Home York (1924) 29 with facing pl. Cat. (1891) no. 22a RCHM Eburacum, 116 No. 32 Trismegistos 155152 Epigraphische Daten ### RIB 665 - York (Eboracum/Colonia Eboracensis) - **Status:** attestation - **Object:** Commemorative tablet (Stone) - **Find context:** At a depth of 7 m. in King’s Square, York, near the house at the corner of King’s Square and Goodram Gate and within a few metres of the site of the Roman south-east gateway. (found 1854); now: Now in the Yorkshire Museum. - **Text:** `[I]mp(erator) Caesar [divi N]ervae fil(ius) Ne[rva] [Trai]anus Aug(ustus) Ger[m(anicus) Dac-icus po]ntifex maximu[s tribun-iciae po]testatis XII imp(erator) V[I co(n)s(ul) V p(ater) p(atriae)] [portam] per leg(ionem) VIIII Hi[sp(anam) fecit]` - **Diplomatic:** `[.]MP CAESAR [...]ERVAE FIL NE[...] [...]ANVS AVG GER[...]NTIFEX MAXIMV[...]TESTATIS XII IMP V[. ......] [...] PER LEG VIIII HI[...]` - **RIB translation:** The Emperor Caesar Nerva Trajan Augustus, son of the deified Nerva, Conqueror of Germany, Conqueror of Dacia, pontifex maximus, in his twelfth year of tribunician power, six times acclaimed imperator, five times consul, father of his country, built this gate by the agency of the Ninth Legion Hispana. - **RIB date:** a.d. 107-108; criteria: titulature - **Date used here:** 107-108 (RIB: imperial titulature (trib. pot. XII = 10 Dec 107 - 9 Dec 108; imp. VI, cos. V)) - **Person:** Emperor Trajan (Imp. Caesar Nerva Traianus Aug. Germanicus Dacicus); the legion as builder - **Rank:** legio VIIII Hispana (building agency) - **RIB commentary (excerpt):** Addenda from RIB+add. (1995): Trib. pot. XII: 10 Dec. 107-9 Dec. 108. Birley, Review, 228, draws attention to the beautiful reconstruction drawing in RCHM Eburacum [Pl. 41] where in 5, imp v[i] should have been drawn. This would move p(ater) p(atriae) to 6, which J. C. Mann has noted (to R.S.O.T.) may have been centred to balance (1) imp caesar, without the conjectured but redundant portam and fecit. - **Notes:** Monumental commemorative tablet (W 1.118 x H 1.143 m) found 1854 at 7 m depth in King's Square near the SE gate of the fortress; Yorkshire Museum YORYM 1998.21. Full text: [I]mp(erator) Caesar [divi N]ervae fil(ius) Ne[rva Trai]anus Aug(ustus) Ger[m(anicus) Dacicus po]ntifex maximu[s tribuniciae po]testatis XII imp(erator) V[I co(n)s(ul) V p(ater) p(atriae) portam] per leg(ionem) VIIII Hi[sp(anam) fecit]. DATING (RIB, criterion "titulature"): tribunicia potestas XII = 10 Dec. 107 to 9 Dec. 108 (RIB+add. 1995 note); imp(erator) V[I] and co(n)s(ul) V are restorations consistent with 107/8 (Trajan cos. V in 103, cos. VI in 112; imp. VI from 106/7). Birley/Mann note the RCHM reconstruction should draw IMP V[I] in line 5, moving P P to line 6, and that "portam" and "fecit" are conjectural and redundant. This is the LAST DATED attestation of Legio IX Hispana in Britain (and the last dated record of the legion anywhere on stone): the gate of the York fortress rebuilt in stone "by the agency of the Ninth Legion Hispana". CIL vii 241; Tomlin, Britannia Romana (2018) no. 4.16. - **Bibliography (RIB):** CIL vii 241 Wellbeloved Yorks. Phil. Soc. Proc. 1 (1855) 282 pl. viii quoted by Huebner Rh. Mus.² 2nd Ser. 14 (1859) 349 Sheahan and Whellan York (1855-6) i 308 Kenrick Papers (1864) 182 Benson York (1911) 10 fig. 9 Home York (1924) 24, pl. facing p. 34 Cat. (1891) no. 32 RCHM Eburacum, 111, ### RIB 673 - York (Eboracum/Colonia Eboracensis) - **Status:** attestation - **Object:** Tombstone (Stone) - **Find context:** In Trinity Gardens, behind Holy Trinity Church, in Micklegate, York. (found About 1686); now: Now in the Yorkshire Museum. - **Text:** `L(ucius) Duccius L(uci) (filius) Volt(inia) (tribu) Rufi-nus Vien(na) signif(er) leg(ionis) VIIII an(norum) XXIIX h(ic) s(itus) e(st)` - **Diplomatic:** `L DVCCIVS L VOLT RVFINVS VIEN SIGNIF LEG VIIII AN XXIIX H S E` - **RIB translation:** Lucius Duccius Rufinus, son of Lucius, of the Voltinian voting-tribe, from Vienne, standard-bearer of the Ninth Legion, aged 28, lies buried here. - **RIB date:** late 1st - early 2nd century a.d.; criteria: textual context Dating source Phillips, Corbridge, Hadrian’s Wall East of the North Tyne (1977) - **Date used here:** 71-120 (RIB: textual context (late 1st - early 2nd c.); legion at York 71 - c. 120) - **Person:** Lucius Duccius Rufinus, son of Lucius, Voltinia tribe, from Vienna (Vienne, Gallia Narbonensis) - **Rank:** signifer legionis VIIII; aged 28 - **Notes:** Found c. 1686 in Trinity Gardens, Micklegate; Yorkshire Museum. RIB date "late 1st - early 2nd century a.d." (criterion: textual context; dating source Phillips, CSIR I.3, 1977). RIB 3121 commentary calls 673 and 680 "the two [Flavian] epitaphs of Legion VIIII Hispana at York". Relief shows the standard-bearer holding his signum. CIL vii 243; Tomlin, Britannia Romana no. 3.04. - **Bibliography (RIB):** CIL vii 243 CSIR I, fasc. 3, 29-30, No. 44, with Pl. 14 EE ix p. 560 Fabretti Inscr. antiq. (1699) p. 340 no. 515 Fabretti Inscr. antiq. (1699) p. 619 no. 164 Thoresby Phil. Trans. 25 (1706) 2194 with fig. Horsley Brit. Rom. (1732) 308 Yorks. viii Drake Eboracum (1736) 59 pl. viii 8 Wellbelo ### RIB 680 - York (Eboracum/Colonia Eboracensis) - **Status:** attestation - **Object:** Tombstone (Stone) - **Find context:** At the Mount, York. (found 1852); now: Now in the Yorkshire Museum. - **Text:** `[G(aio) ...]o G(ai) fil(io) [Cl(audia)] (tribu) [... N]ovaria [... leg(ionis) I]X Hisp(anae) here-[des et lib(erti)] patrono [bene mer]enti fecerunt` - **Diplomatic:** `[...]O G FIL [...]OVARIA [... ... .]X HISP HERE[...] PATRONO [...]ENTI FECERVNT` - **RIB translation:** To Gaius …, son of Gaius, of the Claudian voting-tribe, from Novaria, … of the Ninth Legion Hispana, his heirs and freedmen set this up to their own well-deserving patron. - **RIB date:** late 1st - early 2nd century a.d. Dating source Phillips, Corbridge, Hadrian’s Wall East of the North Tyne (1977); criteria: - - **Date used here:** 71-125 (RIB: textual context; terminus c. 120 (replacement by Legio VI) or a few years later if a veteran) - **Person:** Gaius [...]us, son of Gaius, Claudia tribe, from Novaria (Novara, N. Italy); set up by his heirs and freedmen - **Rank:** rank lost; [... leg(ionis) I]X Hisp(anae) - **RIB commentary (excerpt):** Novaria (now Novara) lies west of Milan, and belonged to Claudia tribus. As the Sixth Legion replaced the Ninth Hispana at York about a.d. 120, the person here commemorated must have died by that time, or, if in retirement, within a few years of that date. - **Notes:** Found 1852 at The Mount, York; Yorkshire Museum. RIB date "late 1st - early 2nd century a.d." (Phillips 1977). Commentary: "As the Sixth Legion replaced the Ninth Hispana at York about a.d. 120, the person here commemorated must have died by that time, or, if in retirement, within a few years of that date." Legion numeral largely restored ([I]X) but cognomen HISP preserved. CIL vii 244. - **Bibliography (RIB):** CIL vii 244 CSIR I, fasc. 3, 43-4, No. 66, with Pl. 20 Sheahan and Whellan York (1855-6) i 303 Cat. (1891) no. 36 RCHM Eburacum, 126, No. 91 Trismegistos 155173 Epigraphische Datenbank Heidelberg (EDH) HD069942 ### RIB 3042 - Hayling Island - **Status:** probable - **Object:** Altar (?)? (Bembridge Limestone (a shelly limestone)) - **Find context:** Found in excavating the Iron Age and Roman temple (SU 724 029), as part of the stone packing of a Saxon post-hole (found 1980); now: Now in Department of Archaeology, Anthropology and Geography, University of Winchester, (formerly King Alfred’s College), Winchester, but intended for Hampshire Cultural Trust at Chilcomb House, Winchester (pers. comm. Tony King). - **Text:** `[...] ?[Na]ẹvian[us ...] [... l]eg(ionis) VIII[I ...] [...]` - **Diplomatic:** `[...] [..]ẸVIAN[...] [...]EG VIII[. ...] [...]` - **RIB translation:** […] Naevianus […] of the Ninth Legion […] - **RIB date:** Late 1st century a.d.; criteria: context - **Date used here:** 43-100 (RIB: archaeological context (late 1st c.); attribution to the Ninth is probable, not certain) - **Person:** ?[Na]evianus - **Rank:** [... l]eg(ionis) VIII[I] - soldier/officer of the Ninth (rank lost) - **RIB commentary (excerpt):** 1. The name is a cognomen in -ianus formed from a simpler cognomen (e.g. Scaeva) or a nomen (e.g. Naevius). Unless it is unique, there are very few possibilities. The only one that occurs more than once or twice is Naevianus. 2. The suprascript bar extends to the very edge of the fragment, confirming the trace of a third vertical stroke in the numeral, and implying that a fourth has been lost. Either [L]EG VIII or [L]EG VIII [I] could be read, but in a first-century British context the Ninth Legion is almost certain; there is no evidence that the Eighth contributed to the invasion-force (Keppie 1971). Compare RIB 3047 for another early altar from southern Britain which may have named the Ninth. It is unclear whether RIB 3042 identified the legion by its cognomen, but probably not, since it is omitted by its four earliest tombstones in Britain (RIB 254, 255, 256 and 257; the fifth from Li - **Notes:** RIB III. Altar(?) fragment of Bembridge limestone reused in a Saxon post-hole packing at the temple. RIB date "Late 1st century a.d." (context). Commentary: suprascript bar runs to the fragment edge, implying a fourth stroke lost; "[L]EG VIII or [L]EG VIII[I] could be read, but in a first-century British context the Ninth Legion is almost certain; there is no evidence that the Eighth contributed to the invasion-force (Keppie 1971)". Probably omitted the cognomen like the early Lincoln stones. Britannia 12 (1981) 369 no. 3. - **Bibliography (RIB):** Britannia 12 (1981), 369, No. 3 King and Soffe, forthcoming (site) Henig 1984, 231 with 233 Fig. 1 Trismegistos 167161 Epigraphische Datenbank Heidelberg (EDH) HD073328 ### RIB 3047 - ?Dorchester (Durnovaria) - **Status:** probable (restored) - **Object:** Altar (Limestone) - **Find context:** Found re-used in Holy Trinity church, Godmanstone (SY 666 974), 7 km north of Dorchester, from where it probably came; but the church is only 1.5 km north of the Roman villa at Forston (found 1964); now: Still (2002) in situ. - **Text:** `Perhaps I(ovi) O(ptimo) [M(aximo)] Tit[us ..] pini[us (centurio)] l[eg(ionis)] V[ΙΙII] v(otum) s(olvit) [l(ibens) m(erito)]` - **Diplomatic:** `Perhaps I O [.] TIT[...] PINI[...] ❦ L[..] V[...] V S [..]` - **RIB translation:** To Jupiter Best and Greatest, Titus [..]pinius centurion of the [Ninth] Legion paid his vow willingly, deservedly. - **RIB date:** (no indication); criteria: - - **Date used here:** 43-70 (RIB: "very early", military occupation of Dorset (no explicit date); numeral restored) - **Person:** Titus [..]pinius (Papinius or Alpinius?) - **Rank:** (centurio) l[eg(ionis)] V[IIII] - centurion of the [Ninth] Legion (restored) - **RIB commentary (excerpt):** 2–3. Examination of the stone does not support Wright’s reading of E. To find room for the centurial sign, he conjectured a short and unattested cognomen, Pine[s], a variant of the unique Pannonian name Pinnes (Velleius ii, 110, 4), but this is improbable. If we must read a nomen and cognomen, only Tit[ius Pa]|pini[anus] or Al]|pini[anus] seem possible, but they leave no room for the centurial sign. But since the altar apparently belongs to the military occupation of Dorset, and is thus very early, the dedicator conceivably did not have a cognomen; the likeliest nomen is Papinius, but Alpinius (from the cognomen Alpinus) is also possible. See further below. 4–5. The leaf-stop (hedera) is only explicable if it was balanced by another to the right, to fill the space either side of L[EG] and its numeral/cognomen, and to emphasise them. (For this decorative function, but a century later, com - **Notes:** RIB III. Altar to Jupiter Optimus Maximus found 1964 reused in Holy Trinity church. RIB restores L[EG] V[IIII]: Wright's L[EG XX] V[V] would be lop-sided; L[EG] V[I V] impossible because Legio VI arrived fifty years after the army left Dorset; so "the reading L[EG] | V[IIII] is required", cognomen omitted as on the earliest Lincoln tombstones. RIB gives no date but calls the altar "very early", belonging to the military occupation of Dorset (Claudio-Neronian). JRS 55 (1965) 220 no. 2; AE 1965, 213. Not found by RIB's own search (bracketed restoration) - located via cross-reference in RIB 3042. - **Bibliography (RIB):** JRS 55 (1965), 220, No. 2, Pl. XVII, 2 AE 1965, 213 Peers and Wright 1965 Historic England 452991 Trismegistos 167166 Epigraphische Datenbank Heidelberg (EDH) HD018202 ## 2. Instrumentum domesticum: graffiti and unassignable stamps ### RIB 2501.7 - City of London (Londinium) - **Status:** attestation - **Object:** Plate (Terra sigillata) [Dr. 18] - **Find context:** Found during excavations in Upper Thames Street near the bottom of Dowgate Hill. (found ‘Some years’ before 1947); now: Now in the Barnet Museum (on loan). - **Text:** `[...] ima(giniferi) leg(ionis) (nonae)[...]` - **Diplomatic:** `[...]IMALEGIX[...]` - **RIB translation:** ‘(Property) of …, imaginifer of Legion IX’ - **RIB date:** Flavian; criteria: vessel morphology - **Date used here:** 69-96 (RIB: vessel morphology (Flavian)) - **Person:** unnamed soldier (tria nomina abbreviated in lost preceding space) - **Rank:** ima(ginifer) leg(ionis) (nonae) - imaginifer (bearer of the imperial image) of Legio IX - **RIB commentary (excerpt):** The way in which the graffito is arranged in a straight line suggests that some abbreviation of the soldier’s tria nomina probably filled the preceding space. R.P.W. - **Notes:** Graffito owner's mark [...]IMALEGIX[...] on a samian plate Dr. 18. RIB date "Flavian" (vessel morphology). Only epigraphic trace of the Ninth in London. JRS 38 (1948) 103 no. 21. Barnet Museum (on loan). - **Bibliography (RIB):** JRS xxxviii (1948), 103 No. 21 Askew, Antiq. J. xxix (1949), 84 with pl. IX b Trismegistos 165593 ### RIB 2461.1 - York (Eboracum) - **Status:** uncertain (VI or IX) - **Object:** Imbrex (Ceramic) - **Find context:** Found during excavations at the General Accident extension site, Tanner Row. (found 1984); now: Current location unrecorded. - **Text:** `Le[g(io) ...]` - **Diplomatic:** `LE[...]` - **RIB date:** (no indication); criteria: - - **Date used here:** None-None (RIB gives no date; legion unassignable) - **RIB commentary (excerpt):** The stamp is not among those published for Legion IX Hispana (RIB 2462) or for Legion VI Victrix (RIB 2460), and cannot at present be assigned. - **Notes:** Fragmentary stamp LE[G ...] on an imbrex; RIB: "not among those published for Legion IX Hispana (RIB 2462) or for Legion VI Victrix (RIB 2460), and cannot at present be assigned." Counted here only as uncertain. - **Bibliography (RIB):** Britannia xviii (1987), 375 No. 39 with fig. 8 Trismegistos 160719 ### RIB 2461.2 - York (Eboracum) - **Status:** uncertain (VI or IX) - **Object:** Imbrex (Ceramic) - **Find context:** Found in the Vicarage garden, St Mary Bishophill Junior, with RIB 2460.62 (vi) and 2462.9A (iv). (found 1961); now: Now in the Yorkshire Museum. - **Text:** `Ḷe[g(io) ...]` - **Diplomatic:** `ḶE[...]` - **RIB date:** (no indication); criteria: - - **Date used here:** None-None (RIB gives no date; legion unassignable) - **RIB commentary (excerpt):** See note to RIB 2461.1. - **Notes:** Fragmentary stamp LE[G ...] on an imbrex; RIB: "not among those published for Legion IX Hispana (RIB 2462) or for Legion VI Victrix (RIB 2460), and cannot at present be assigned." Counted here only as uncertain. - **Bibliography (RIB):** JRS lii (1962), 197 No. 36 Trismegistos 160720 ### RIB 2491.72 - Carlisle (Luguvalium) - **Status:** same object as 2462.3.i - **Object:** Tegula (Ceramic) - **Find context:** Found on the site of the Museum. It carries part of a stamp of Legion IX Hispana (RIB 2462.3(i)). (found 1892); now: Now in the Tullie House Museum in Carlisle. - **Text:** `N` - **Diplomatic:** `N` - **RIB date:** (no indication); criteria: - - **Date used here:** None-None (RIB gives no date) - **Notes:** Finger-traced graffito N on the same tegula as the Ninth Legion stamp RIB 2462.3.i; not an independent attestation of the legion (same object). - **Bibliography (RIB):** Trismegistos 164994 ## 3. Legionary tile-stamps of Legio IX Hispana: RIB 2462 (complete series) RIB II.4 introduction (verbatim, verified): "Tile-stamps of Legion IX Hispana have been found in fair quantity at York, its base from a.d. 71 until the legion's departure from Britain, probably towards the end of Trajan's reign; but a stamp sometimes said to have been found at Lincoln (RIB 2462.9 (i)), and thus datable earlier than a.d. 71, has been shown to be more probably a stray of York origin. The legion did not start to stamp its tiles before the closing years of the first century. Examples have been found at Aldborough, Leicester, Malton, Old Winteringham and Templebrough in north-eastern Britain, as well as at Carlisle, Stanwix and the military tilery at Scalesceugh in the north-west. Stamps from the last-named three sites give the legion's numeral in the form VIIII, as does the stamp from Leicester (RIB 2462.1), whereas the stamps from York and other sites employ the form IX. Malton has produced stamps from two dies (RIB 2462.14, 15) which have not been found elsewhere." No individual stamp carries a date in RIB; the 90-120 range in the JSON is inferred from this introduction. | RIB | Site | Object | Text | Find context / date | Status / note | |---|---|---|---|---|---| | [RIB 2462.1](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.1) | Leicester (Ratae) | Tegula (Ceramic) | `L(egio) [(?)](nona)[His(pana)]` | Found in Bath Lane or Sarah Street. (1855) | probable (restored) This form of L, with sloping foot, occurs occasionally on dies of the Sixth Legion (RIB 2460.61 and 79), and on one of the Twentieth Legion | | [RIB 2462.2.i](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.2.i) | Scalesceugh | Brick (Ceramic) [Wright, type 3] | `Leg(io) [](nona) [...]` | Findspot unspecified. (1915) | This broken stamp was assigned to the Ninth Legion by Hope, loc. cit., on the basis of the similarity of lettering with RIB 2462.4. See note | | [RIB 2462.3.i](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.3.i) | Carlisle (Luguvalium) | Tegula (Ceramic) [Wright, type 4] | `Leg(io) VI[III ...]` | Found on the site of the Museum. (1892) | A graffito capital N, 80 mm high and traced by a finger, has been inscribed above the stamp on this tile (RIB 2491.72). | | [RIB 2462.4.i](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.4.i) | Scalesceugh | Brick (Ceramic) [Wright, type 5] | `Leg(io) (nona) H(ispana)` | Findspot unspecified. (1921) | I. Caruana (to R.S.O.T., 1992) writes that close examination suggests that RIB 2462.2 and 4 are from the same die, the projection on the fra | | [RIB 2462.4.ii](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.4.ii) | Carlisle (Luguvalium) | Brick (Ceramic) [Wright, type 5] | `Leg(io) (nona) H(ispana)` | Found in Fisher Street. (1890) | I. Caruana (to R.S.O.T., 1992) writes that close examination suggests that RIB 2462.2 and 4 are from the same die, the projection on the fra | | [RIB 2462.4.iii](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.4.iii) | Stanwix (Uxelodunum) | Brick (Ceramic Description brick, showing part of the distinctive L of this type) [Wright, type 5] | `Leg(io) (nona) H(ispana)` | Found during excavations at the Cumbria Park Hotel. (1984) | I. Caruana (to R.S.O.T., 1992) writes that close examination suggests that RIB 2462.2 and 4 are from the same die, the projection on the fra | | [RIB 2462.5.i](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.5.i) | York (Eboracum) | Brick or tile (Ceramic) [Wright, type 6] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Findspot not recorded. (Not recorded) | For stamps with the same legend and probably from the same die, see (ii)-(iv). | | [RIB 2462.5.ii](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.5.ii) | York (Eboracum) | Tegula (Ceramic) [Wright, type 6] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Found (with RIB 2462.5(iii)) forming one end of a tile-tomb in Holgate Road, sou (1768) | | | [RIB 2462.5.iii](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.5.iii) | York (Eboracum) | Tegula (Ceramic) [Wright, type 6] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Found (with RIB 2462.5(ii)) forming one end of a tile-tomb in Holgate Road, sout (1768) | | | [RIB 2462.5.iv](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.5.iv) | York (Eboracum) | Tegula (Ceramic) [Wright, type 6] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Found at Fetter Lane. (1852) | | | [RIB 2462.6.i](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.6.i) | York (Eboracum) | Tegula (Ceramic) [Wright, type 8] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Findspot not recorded. (Not recorded) | | | [RIB 2462.6.ii](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.6.ii) | York (Eboracum) | Tegula (Ceramic) [Wright, type 8] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Findspot unspecified. (1974) | | | [RIB 2462.6.iii](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.6.iii) | York (Eboracum) | Imbrex (Ceramic) [Wright, type 8] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Findspot unspecified. (1969) | | | [RIB 2462.7.i](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.7.i) | Aldborough (Isurium) | Imbrex (Ceramic) [Wright, type 11] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Findspot not recorded. (Not recorded) | | | [RIB 2462.7.ii](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.7.ii) | York (Eboracum) | Tegula (Ceramic) [Wright, type 11] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Findspot not recorded. (Not recorded) | | | [RIB 2462.7.iii](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.7.iii) | York (Eboracum) | Tegula (Ceramic) [Wright, type 11] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Findspot not recorded. (Not recorded) | | | [RIB 2462.7.iv](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.7.iv) | York (Eboracum) | Brick (Ceramic) [Wright, type 11] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Findspot not recorded. (Not recorded) | | | [RIB 2462.7.v](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.7.v) | York (Eboracum) | Tegula (Ceramic) [Wright, type 11] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Findspot not recorded. (Not recorded) | | | [RIB 2462.7.vi](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.7.vi) | York (Eboracum) | Imbrices (Ceramic Description Two imbrices and two fragments.) [Wright, type 11] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Findspot not recorded. (Not recorded) | | | [RIB 2462.7.vii](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.7.vii) | York (Eboracum) | Imbrices (Ceramic Description Two imbrices and two fragments.) [Wright, type 11] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Findspot not recorded. (Not recorded) | | | [RIB 2462.7.viii](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.7.viii) | York (Eboracum) | Imbrices (Ceramic Description Two imbrices and two fragments.) [Wright, type 11] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Findspot not recorded. (Not recorded) | | | [RIB 2462.7.ix](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.7.ix) | York (Eboracum) | Imbrices (Ceramic Description Two imbrices and two fragments.) [Wright, type 11] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Findspot not recorded. (Not recorded) | | | [RIB 2462.8.i](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.8.i) | York (Eboracum) | Tegula (Ceramic) [Wright, type 12] | `[Leg(io) (nona)] Hisp(ana)` | Found outside Interval Tower NE6 of the fortress. (1971) | | | [RIB 2462.8.ii](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.8.ii) | York (Eboracum) | Tegula (Ceramic) [Wright, type 12] | `[Leg(io) (nona)] Hisp(ana)` | Found outside Interval Tower NE6 of the fortress. (1971) | | | [RIB 2462.9.i](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.9.i) | Lincoln or York | Brick (Ceramic) [Wright, type 7] | `[...] (nona) [...]` | Findspot not recorded. (c. 1850) | attestation (provenance York, not Lincoln) There is a slight bar over X. The Lincoln provenance is almost certainly erroneous. The object was acquired by the Lincoln Museum in 1910 fr | | [RIB 2462.9.ii](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.9.ii) | Castleford (Lagentium) | Brick (Ceramic) [Wright, type 7] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Found at the extramural bath-house. Information from Ian Betts. (1978) | | | [RIB 2462.9.iii](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.9.iii) | Castleford (Lagentium) | Brick (Ceramic) [Wright, type 7] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Found at the extramural bath-house. Information from Ian Betts. (1978) | | | [RIB 2462.9.iv](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.9.iv) | Castleford (Lagentium) | Brick (Ceramic) [Wright, type 7] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Found at the extramural bath-house. Information from Ian Betts. (1978) | | | [RIB 2462.9.v](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.9.v) | Castleford (Lagentium) | Brick (Ceramic) [Wright, type 7] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Found at the extramural bath-house. Information from Ian Betts. (1978) | | | [RIB 2462.9.vi](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.9.vi) | Castleford (Lagentium) | Brick (Ceramic) [Wright, type 7] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Found at the extramural bath-house. Information from Ian Betts. (1978) | | | [RIB 2462.9.vii](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.9.vii) | Castleford (Lagentium) | Brick (Ceramic) [Wright, type 7] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Found during excavations at the vicus. Information from Ian Betts. (1981) | | | [RIB 2462.9.viii](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.9.viii) | York (Eboracum) | Tegula (Ceramic) [Wright, type 7] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | from ‘Tomb I’. (Not recorded) | | | [RIB 2462.9.ix](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.9.ix) | York (Eboracum) | Brick (Ceramic) [Wright, type 7] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Found in a bath-house at the Mail Coach Inn, St Sampson’s Square (1931) | Compare RIB 2462.9A (iii), 12 (iii) and (xiii) and PL. VIII A. Blocks of tufa of similar shape were employed at the bathhouse of the fort at | | [RIB 2462.9.x](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.9.x) | York (Eboracum) | Tile (Ceramic) [Wright, type 7] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Found in a bath-house at the Mail Coach Inn, St Sampson’s Square (1931) | Compare RIB 2462.9A (iii), 12 (iii) and (xiii) and PL. VIII A. Blocks of tufa of similar shape were employed at the bathhouse of the fort at | | [RIB 2462.9.xi](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.9.xi) | York (Eboracum) | Tile (Ceramic) [Wright, type 7] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Found in a bath-house at the Mail Coach Inn, St Sampson’s Square (1931) | Compare RIB 2462.9A (iii), 12 (iii) and (xiii) and PL. VIII A. Blocks of tufa of similar shape were employed at the bathhouse of the fort at | | [RIB 2462.9.xii](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.9.xii) | York (Eboracum) | Brick (Ceramic) [Wright, type 7] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Findspot not recorded. (Not recorded) | | | [RIB 2462.9.xiii](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.9.xiii) | York (Eboracum) | Brick (Ceramic) [Wright, type 7] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Findspot not recorded. (Not recorded) | | | [RIB 2462.9.xiv](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.9.xiv) | York (Eboracum) | Brick (Ceramic) [Wright, type 7] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Found at Mount Vale. (1938) | | | [RIB 2462.9.xv](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.9.xv) | York (Eboracum) | Tegula (Ceramic) [Wright, type 7] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Found during excavations near the junction of Bishophill Junior and Prospect Ter (1962) | | | [RIB 2462.9.xvi](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.9.xvi) | York (Eboracum) | Tegula (Ceramic) [Wright, type 7] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Found during excavations near the junction of Bishophill Junior and Prospect Ter (1962) | | | [RIB 2462.9.xvii](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.9.xvii) | York (Eboracum) | Tegula (Ceramic) [Wright, type 7] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Findspot not recorded. (Not recorded) | | | [RIB 2462.9.xviii](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.9.xviii) | York (Eboracum) | Tegula (Ceramic) [Wright, type 7] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Findspot not recorded. (Not recorded) | | | [RIB 2462.9.xix](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.9.xix) | York (Eboracum) | Tegula (Ceramic) [Wright, type 7] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Findspot not recorded. (Not recorded) | | | [RIB 2462.9.xx](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.9.xx) | York (Eboracum) | Tegula (Ceramic) [Wright, type 7] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Findspot not recorded. (Not recorded) | | | [RIB 2462.9.xxi](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.9.xxi) | York (Eboracum) | Tegula (Ceramic) [Wright, type 7] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Findspot not recorded. (Not recorded) | | | [RIB 2462.9.xxii](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.9.xxii) | York (Eboracum) | Tegula (Ceramic) [Wright, type 7] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Findspot not recorded. (Not recorded) | | | [RIB 2462.9.xxiii](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.9.xxiii) | York (Eboracum) | Tegula (Ceramic) [Wright, type 7] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Findspot not recorded. (Not recorded) | | | [RIB 2462.9.xxiv](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.9.xxiv) | York (Eboracum) | Tegula (Ceramic) [Wright, type 7] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Findspot not recorded. (Not recorded) | | | [RIB 2462.9.xxv](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.9.xxv) | York (Eboracum) | Tegula (Ceramic) [Wright, type 7] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Findspot not recorded. (Not recorded) | | | [RIB 2462.9.xxvi](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.9.xxvi) | York (Eboracum) | Tegula (Ceramic) [Wright, type 7] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Findspot not recorded. (Not recorded) | | | [RIB 2462.9.xxvii](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.9.xxvii) | York (Eboracum) | Brick (Ceramic) [Wright, type 7] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Findspot not recorded. (Not recorded) | | | [RIB 2462.9.xxviii](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.9.xxviii) | York (Eboracum) | Brick (Ceramic) [Wright, type 7] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Findspot not recorded. (Not recorded) | | | [RIB 2462.9.xxix](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.9.xxix) | York or Aldborough | Tegula (Ceramic) [Wright, type 7] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Findspot not recorded. (Not recorded) | J.R. Mortimer, Forty Years’ Researches in … East Yorkshire (1905), 341, reports that in 1875 ‘a flue-tile was found near Malton’; but its id | | [RIB 2462.9.xxx](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.9.xxx) | York (Eboracum) | Tegula (Ceramic) [Wright, type 7] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Findspot not recorded. (Not recorded) | | | [RIB 2462.9.xxxi](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.9.xxxi) | Slack or York | Tegula (Ceramic) [Wright, type 7] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Possibly from Slack but more probably from York. (Not recorded) | | | [RIB 2462.9.xxxii](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.9.xxxii) | York (Eboracum) | Brick (Ceramic) [Wright, type 7] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Findspot not recorded. (Not recorded) | | | [RIB 2462.9.xxxiii](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.9.xxxiii) | York (Eboracum) | Tegula (Ceramic) [Wright, type 7] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Findspot not recorded. (Not recorded) | | | [RIB 2462.9.xxxiv](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.9.xxxiv) | York (Eboracum) | Tegula (Ceramic) [Wright, type 7] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Found during excavations at the General Accident extension site, Tanner Row. (1984) | Probably this type. | | [RIB 2462.9.xxxv](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.9.xxxv) | York (Eboracum) | Tegula (Ceramic) [Wright, type 7] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Found during excavations at the General Accident extension site, Tanner Row. (1984) | Probably this type. | | [RIB 2462.9.xxxvi](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.9.xxxvi) | York (Eboracum) | Brick (Ceramic) [Wright, type 7] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Found in cutting the York to Scarborough Railway. (1845) | | | [RIB 2462.9A.i](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.9A.i) | Old Winteringham | Tegula (Ceramic) [Wright, type 7] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Found unstratified during excavations at the settlement. (1965) | The tegula was almost certainly made at York. There is no evidence that tiles were stamped while the legion was at Lincoln. Stamped with the | | [RIB 2462.9A.ii](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.9A.ii) | York (Eboracum) | Brick (Ceramic) [Wright, type 7] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Findspot not recorded. (Not recorded) | Stamped with the die of 2462.9 when the foot of the L and the suprascript bar had worn away or been choked with clay. On some 9A stamps only | | [RIB 2462.9A.iii](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.9A.iii) | York (Eboracum) | Tile (Ceramic Description Tile cut to form a component of the rib of a hollow vault) [Wright, type 7] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Found in a bath-house at the Mail Coach Inn, St Sampson’s Square. (1931) | Compare RIB 2462.9 (x-xi), with note; 12 (iii) and (xiii). Stamped with the die of 2462.9 when the foot of the L and the suprascript bar had | | [RIB 2462.9A.iv](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.9A.iv) | York (Eboracum) | Tegula (Ceramic) [Wright, type 7] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Found during excavations in the Vicarage garden, St Mary Bishophill Junior. (1961) | Stamped with the die of 2462.9 when the foot of the L and the suprascript bar had worn away or been choked with clay. On some 9A stamps only | | [RIB 2462.9B.i](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.9B.i) | Castleford(?) (Lagentium) | Brick (Ceramic) [Wright, type 7] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Findspot unspecified. (1978) | The object was labelled DP 78.958, as if found at the Dalton Parlours villa; but the number 958 shows that it was a find from Castleford. In | | [RIB 2462.9B.ii](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.9B.ii) | York (Eboracum) | Tegula (Ceramic) [Wright, type 7] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Findspot not recorded. (Not recorded) | Information from Ian Betts. Stamped with the die of 2462.9 after it had become worn and split. | | [RIB 2462.9B.iii](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.9B.iii) | York (Eboracum) | Imbrex (Ceramic) [Wright, type 7] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Findspot not recorded. (Not recorded) | Information from Ian Betts. Stamped with the die of 2462.9 after it had become worn and split. | | [RIB 2462.9C.i](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.9C.i) | Possibly from Slack but more probably from York | Brick (Ceramic) [Wright, type 7] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Findspot not recorded. (Not recorded) | Stamped with the die of RIB 2462.9 after it had become badly worn and partly defective. | | [RIB 2462.9C.ii](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.9C.ii) | York (Eboracum) | Brick (Ceramic) [Wright, type 7] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Findspot not recorded. (Not recorded) | Stamped with the die of RIB 2462.9 after it had become badly worn and partly defective. | | [RIB 2462.9C.iii](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.9C.iii) | York (Eboracum) | Brick (Ceramic) [Wright, type 7] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Findspot unspecified. (1948) | Stamped with the die of RIB 2462.9 after it had become badly worn and partly defective. | | [RIB 2462.9C.iv](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.9C.iv) | York (Eboracum) | Brick (Ceramic) [Wright, type 7] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Findspot not recorded. (Not recorded) | Information from Ian Betts. Stamped with the die of RIB 2462.9 after it had become badly worn and partly defective. | | [RIB 2462.10](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.10) | York (Eboracum) | Tegula (Ceramic) | `[Leg(io) (nona) H]isp(ana)` | Findspot not recorded. (Not recorded) | | | [RIB 2462.11.i](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.11.i) | York (Eboracum) | Tegula (Ceramic) [Wright, type 9] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Findspot not recorded. (Not recorded) | | | [RIB 2462.11.ii](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.11.ii) | York (Eboracum) | Tegula (Ceramic) [Wright, type 9] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Found during excavations in the Vicarage garden, St Mary Bishophill Junior. (1961) | | | [RIB 2462.11.iii](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.11.iii) | York (Eboracum) | Tegula (Ceramic) [Wright, type 9] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Findspot not recorded. (Not recorded) | | | [RIB 2462.11.iv](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.11.iv) | York (Eboracum) | Imbrex (Ceramic) [Wright, type 9] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Findspot not recorded. (Not recorded) | | | [RIB 2462.12.i](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.12.i) | Aldborough (Isurium) | Brick (Ceramic) [Wright, type 10] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Findspot not recorded. (Not recorded) | | | [RIB 2462.12.ii](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.12.ii) | Aldborough(?) (Isurium) | Brick or tile (Ceramic) [Wright, type 10] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Assumed to be from Aldborough (see note to RIB 2460.94). (Not recorded) | | | [RIB 2462.12.iii](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.12.iii) | Hilly Wood | Tile (Ceramic) [Wright, type 10] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Ploughed up and thought to be associated with an inhumation. (1866) | The tile was almost certainly made at the York kilns and does not represent the transfer of a die first used at Lincoln. Although the burial | | [RIB 2462.12.iv](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.12.iv) | Templebrough | Brick (Ceramic) [Wright, type 10] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Findspot not recorded. (Not recorded) | | | [RIB 2462.12.v](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.12.v) | York (Eboracum) | Tegula (Ceramic) [Wright, type 10] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Findspot not recorded. (Not recorded) | | | [RIB 2462.12.vi](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.12.vi) | York(?) (Eboracum) | Brick (Ceramic) [Wright, type 10] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Findspot not recorded. (Not recorded) | | | [RIB 2462.12.vii](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.12.vii) | York(?) (Eboracum) | Brick (Ceramic) [Wright, type 10] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Findspot not recorded. (Not recorded) | | | [RIB 2462.12.viii](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.12.viii) | York(?) (Eboracum) | Brick (Ceramic) [Wright, type 10] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Findspot not recorded. (Not recorded) | | | [RIB 2462.12.ix](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.12.ix) | York (Eboracum) | Tegula (Ceramic) [Wright, type 10] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Findspot not recorded. (Not recorded) | | | [RIB 2462.12.x](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.12.x) | York (Eboracum) | Brick or tile (Ceramic) [Wright, type 10] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Findspot not recorded. (Not recorded) | | | [RIB 2462.12.xi](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.12.xi) | York (Eboracum) | Tegula (Ceramic) [Wright, type 10] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | from ‘Tomb I’ in the Yorkshire Museum (Not recorded) | | | [RIB 2462.12.xii](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.12.xii) | York (Eboracum) | Imbrex (Ceramic) [Wright, type 10] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | from ‘Tomb I’ in the Yorkshire Museum (Not recorded) | | | [RIB 2462.12.xiii](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.12.xiii) | York (Eboracum) | Tile (Ceramic Description Tile with cut-outs at the angles to form a component of a rib for a hollow vault) [Wright, type 10] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Found at ‘Tomb IV’. (1874) | Compare RIB 2462.9 (x-xi), with note; 2462.9A (iii) and 2462.12 (iii). | | [RIB 2462.12.xiv](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.12.xiv) | York (Eboracum) | Tegula (Ceramic) [Wright, type 10] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Findspot unspecified. (Before 1940) | | | [RIB 2462.12.xv](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.12.xv) | York (Eboracum) | Tegula (Ceramic) [Wright, type 10] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Found during excavations in the Vicarage garden of St Mary Bishophill Junior. (1961) | | | [RIB 2462.12.xvi](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.12.xvi) | York (Eboracum) | Brick (Ceramic) [Wright, type 10] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Found near the junction of Bishophill Junior and Prospect Terrace. (1962) | | | [RIB 2462.12.xvii](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.12.xvii) | York (Eboracum) | Imbrex (Ceramic) [Wright, type 10] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Findspot not recorded. (Not recorded) | One erroneously attributed to the Sixth Legion in Britannia vii (1976), 227 No. 18. | | [RIB 2462.12.xviii](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.12.xviii) | York (Eboracum) | Tegula (Ceramic) [Wright, type 10] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Findspot not recorded. (Not recorded) | One erroneously attributed to the Sixth Legion in Britannia vii (1976), 227 No. 18. | | [RIB 2462.12.xix](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.12.xix) | York (Eboracum) | Tegula (Ceramic) [Wright, type 10] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Findspot not recorded. (Not recorded) | One erroneously attributed to the Sixth Legion in Britannia vii (1976), 227 No. 18. | | [RIB 2462.12.xx](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.12.xx) | York (Eboracum) | Tegula (Ceramic) [Wright, type 10] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Findspot not recorded. (Not recorded) | One erroneously attributed to the Sixth Legion in Britannia vii (1976), 227 No. 18. | | [RIB 2462.12.xxi](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.12.xxi) | York (Eboracum) | Tegula (Ceramic) [Wright, type 10] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Findspot not recorded. (Not recorded) | One erroneously attributed to the Sixth Legion in Britannia vii (1976), 227 No. 18. | | [RIB 2462.12.xxii](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.12.xxii) | York (Eboracum) | Tegula (Ceramic) [Wright, type 10] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Findspot not recorded. (Not recorded) | One erroneously attributed to the Sixth Legion in Britannia vii (1976), 227 No. 18. | | [RIB 2462.12.xxiii](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.12.xxiii) | York (Eboracum) | Tegula (Ceramic) [Wright, type 10] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Findspot not recorded. (Not recorded) | One erroneously attributed to the Sixth Legion in Britannia vii (1976), 227 No. 18. | | [RIB 2462.12.xxiv](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.12.xxiv) | York (Eboracum) | Tegula (Ceramic) [Wright, type 10] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Findspot not recorded. (Not recorded) | One erroneously attributed to the Sixth Legion in Britannia vii (1976), 227 No. 18. | | [RIB 2462.12.xxv](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.12.xxv) | York (Eboracum) | Tegula (Ceramic) [Wright, type 10] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Findspot not recorded. (Not recorded) | One erroneously attributed to the Sixth Legion in Britannia vii (1976), 227 No. 18. | | [RIB 2462.12.xxvi](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.12.xxvi) | York (Eboracum) | Tegula (Ceramic) [Wright, type 10] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Findspot not recorded. (Not recorded) | One erroneously attributed to the Sixth Legion in Britannia vii (1976), 227 No. 18. | | [RIB 2462.12.xxvii](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.12.xxvii) | York (Eboracum) | Tegula (Ceramic) [Wright, type 10] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Findspot not recorded. (Not recorded) | One erroneously attributed to the Sixth Legion in Britannia vii (1976), 227 No. 18. | | [RIB 2462.12.xxviii](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.12.xxviii) | York (Eboracum) | Tegula (Ceramic) [Wright, type 10] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Findspot not recorded. (Not recorded) | One erroneously attributed to the Sixth Legion in Britannia vii (1976), 227 No. 18. | | [RIB 2462.12.xxix](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.12.xxix) | York (Eboracum) | Tegula (Ceramic) [Wright, type 10] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Findspot not recorded. (Not recorded) | One erroneously attributed to the Sixth Legion in Britannia vii (1976), 227 No. 18. | | [RIB 2462.12.xxx](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.12.xxx) | York (Eboracum) | Tegula (Ceramic) [Wright, type 10] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Findspot not recorded. (Not recorded) | One erroneously attributed to the Sixth Legion in Britannia vii (1976), 227 No. 18. | | [RIB 2462.12.xxxi](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.12.xxxi) | York (Eboracum) | Tegula (Ceramic) [Wright, type 10] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Findspot not recorded. (Not recorded) | | | [RIB 2462.12.xxxii](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.12.xxxii) | York (Eboracum) | Tegula (Ceramic) [Wright, type 10] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Findspot not recorded. (Not recorded) | | | [RIB 2462.12.xxxiii](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.12.xxxiii) | York (Eboracum) | Imbrex (Ceramic) [Wright, type 10] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Found during the excavations at the General Accident extension site, Tanner Row. (1981) | Probably of this type. | | [RIB 2462.12.xxxiv](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.12.xxxiv) | York (Eboracum) | Imbrex (Ceramic) [Wright, type 10] | `Leg(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)` | Found in cutting the York to Scarborough Railway. (1845) | | | [RIB 2462.13](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.13) | York (Eboracum) | Tegula (Ceramic) [Wright, type 13] | `[Leg(io) (nona)] Hisp(ana)` | Findspot not recorded. (Not recorded) | | | [RIB 2462.14](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.14) | Malton (Delgovicia(?)) | Tegula (Ceramic) [Wright, type 14] | `[Leg(io) (nona)] His[p](ana)` | In excavating the Roman fort at Malton. (1927-31) | | | [RIB 2462.15.i](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.15.i) | Malton (Delgovicia(?)) | Brick (Ceramic) [Wright, type 15] | `Le[g(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)]` | In excavating the Roman fort at Malton. (1927-31) | | | [RIB 2462.15.ii](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.15.ii) | Malton (Delgovicia(?)) | Brick (Ceramic) [Wright, type 15] | `Le[g(io) (nona) Hisp(ana)]` | In excavating the Roman fort at Malton. (1927-31) | | | [RIB 2462.16.i](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.16.i) | Carlisle (Luguvalium) | Tegula (Ceramic) | `Leg(io) [](nona) [...]` | Found unstratified during excavations in Annetwell Street. (1981-84) | | | [RIB 2462.16.ii](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.16.ii) | Carlisle (Luguvalium) | Brick or tile (Ceramic) | `Leg(io) [](nona) [...]` | Found during excavations at Laws Lane. Information from I. Caruana. (1980) | | | [RIB 2462.17*](https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2462.17) | York (Eboracum) | Brick (Ceramic) | `Leg(io) (nona) Vic(trix)` | Found at York. (Not recorded) | rejected Thoresby (Phil. Trans. and Ducatus Leodiensis) stated that a brick stamped LEG·IX·VIC (Leg(io) (nona) Vic(trix)) had been found at York. Thi | **Tile-stamp findspots (entries):** York: 88; Castleford: 7; Carlisle: 4; Aldborough: 3; Malton ): 3; Scalesceugh: 2; Leicester: 1; Stanwix: 1; Lincoln or York: 1; York or Aldborough: 1; Slack or York: 1; Old Winteringham: 1; Possibly from Slack but more probably from York: 1; Hilly Wood: 1; Templebrough: 1 ## 4. Rejected / false ### RIB 3542* - (unknown) - **Status:** rejected (modern) - **Object:** Building stone (Stone) - **Find context:** Found built into the wall of a cellar passage perhaps part of a medieval tower on the site of Wallington Hall (NZ 029 843), Cambo, Northumberland. (found ?); now: Presumably still in situ. - **Text:** `IMP C LEG IX` - **Diplomatic:** `IMP C LEG IX` - **RIB date:** (no indication); criteria: - - **Date used here:** None-None (modern) - **RIB commentary (excerpt):** The inscription was rejected on epigraphic and historical grounds at the time, and was later found to have been cut by a member of the Trevelyan family in 1959. Seen by RSOT, but not photographed or drawn. - **Notes:** REJECTED modern forgery: IMP C / LEG IX cut by a member of the Trevelyan family in 1959 (Britannia 14 (1983) 349 no. 59). Listed only so it is not mistaken for evidence. - **Bibliography (RIB):** Britannia 14 (1983), 349, No. 59 Trismegistos 167618 ## 5. Context items from RIB (replacement by Legio VI Victrix; Hadrianic war) ### RIB 1319 - Earliest dated evidence of Legio VI Victrix in Britain: altar to Neptune from the Tyne bridge, Newcastle - Site: Newcastle upon Tyne (Pons Aelius); object: Altar - Text: `Neptuno le(gio) VI Vi(ctrix) P(ia) F(idelis)` - Translation: To Neptune the Sixth Legion Victrix Pia Fidelis (set this up). - RIB date: c. a.d. 122 Dating source Phillips, Corbridge, Hadrian’s Wall East of the North Tyne (1977) (-) - Notes: RIB date c. a.d. 122 (Phillips 1977). Commentary (R.P.W.): the bridge Pons Aelius "must belong to the inception of the Wall in a.d. 122. This was the year of the arrival in Britain of Legio VI Victrix, the dedicator and presumably the builder of the bridge." - RIB commentary (excerpt): This altar and its counterpart (RIB 1320) were set up in a shrine on the Tyne bridge when it was first built at the point where the river, under Neptunus, met the tidal waters, under Oceanus, where the protection of both deities was required. Mowat (loc. cit.) comments on the absence of inscriptions to Oceanus, and quotes Arrian (Indica 18, 11) for the sacrifice to Poseidon and Oceanus among other gods by Alexander the Great. See also RIB 662, 663. The bridge, Pons Aelius, named after Hadrian and designed as the original starting-point of Hadrian’s Wall (NCH xiii 507), must belong to the inception of the Wall in a.d. 122. This was the year of the arrival in Britain of Legio VI Victrix, the d ### RIB 1320 - Companion altar to Oceanus, Legio VI Victrix, Tyne bridge - Site: Newcastle upon Tyne (Pons Aelius); object: Altar - Text: `Oceano leg(io) VI Vi(ctrix) P(ia) F(idelis)` - Translation: To Ocianus the Sixth Legion Victrix Pia Fidelis (set this up). - RIB date: c. a.d. 122 Dating source Phillips, Corbridge, Hadrian’s Wall East of the North Tyne (1977) (-) - Notes: RIB date c. a.d. 122; see 1319. - RIB commentary (excerpt): For its counterpart see RIB 1319. Ociano: a variant for Oceano. Addenda from RIB+add. (1995): For photographs see Caplan, Arch. Ael. 5th Ser. 4 (1976), 171-6 with Pl. VIII, who discusses the cults of Neptune and Ocean. ### RIB 1427 - Halton Chesters west gate: Legio VI Victrix under A. Platorius Nepos (governor 122-c.126) - Site: Halton Chesters (Onnum); object: Slab - Text: `Imp(eratori) Caes(ari) T[ra(iano) Hadriano] Aug(usto) leg(io) VI V[ictrix P(ia) F(idelis)] A(ulo) Platorio N[epote] leg(ato) Aug(usti) pr(o) [pr(aetore)]` - Translation: For the Emperor Caesar Trajan Hadrian Augustus the Sixth Legion Victrix Pia Fidelis (built this) under Aulus Platorius Nepos, the emperor’s propraetorian legate. - RIB date: a.d. 122 to c. 126 (prosopography) - Notes: Dated by prosopography a.d. 122 to c. 126 - earliest closely dated building work of the Sixth on the Wall, i.e. the replacement legion already at work within a few years of the Ninth's last record (107/8). - RIB commentary (excerpt): Nepos was governor a.d. 122 to about 126. The stone had weathered heavily before it fell. For dedications under Nepos see RIB 1634, 1637, 1638. The dative case, as being the norm, has been adopted here, since no case is preserved on the surviving portion of the stone. ### RIB 1637 - Milecastle 38 (Hotbank): Legio II Augusta under Platorius Nepos - Site: Hadrian’s Wall: Housesteads to Great Chesters sector(?): Milecastle No. 38 (Hotbank); object: Slab - Text: `Imp(eratoris) Ca[e]s(aris) Traian(i) Hadrian(i) Aug(usti) leg(io) I[I] Aug(usta) A(ulo) Platorio [N]epote leg(ato) pr(o) p[r(aetore)]` - Translation: This work of the Emperor Caesar Trajan Hadrian Augustus (was built by) the Second Legion Augusta under Aulus Platorius Nepos, propraetorian legate. - RIB date: a.d. 122-about 126 (prosopography) - Notes: a.d. 122-c.126 (prosopography). Context for Wall-building legions: II Augusta, VI Victrix, XX V.V. - the Ninth is absent from every Hadrianic Wall inscription. - RIB commentary (excerpt): Presumably both parts came from Hotbank milecastle, no. 38, which lies 400 m. north-west of Bradley Farm. 2. For the genitive case Hadrian(i) see RIB 1638, note. Addenda from RIB+add. (1995): Hill, Arch. Ael. 5th Ser. 19 (1991), 37, discusses the masonry skills of the Wall builders, and considers that these ‘ill-spaced and inelegant’ inscriptions all came from the same hand. ### RIB 1638 - Milecastle 38 (Hotbank): Legio II Augusta under Platorius Nepos - Site: Hadrian’s Wall: Housesteads to Great Chesters sector: Milecastle No. 38 (Hotbank); object: Slab - Text: `Imp(eratoris) Caes(aris) Traian(i) Hadriani Aug(usti) leg(io) II Aug(usta) A(ulo) Platorio Nepote leg(ato) pr(o) pr(aetore)` - Translation: This work of the Emperor Caesar Trajan Hadrian Augustus (was built by) the Second Legion Augusta under Aulus Platorius Nepos, propraetorian legate. - RIB date: a.d. 122-about 126 (prosopography) - Notes: a.d. 122-c.126. - RIB commentary (excerpt): Wallis says that this inscription was found at ‘Milking Gap’, that is at Hotbank milecastle, no. 38, near Bradley farm-house. Clayton contends that Wallis really meant Castle Nick milecastle, no. 39, as (i) there was a milking-house for cattle also at Castle Nick and (ii) as Wallis says that the stone was found by men working for William Lowes, owner of Castle Nick, whereas Milking Gap lay on the property of Sir Edward Blackett. Bruce accepted this view. J. P. Gibson (to F. Haverfield, 4 Jan. 1904) denies that ‘Milking Gap’ was ever applied to Castle Nick and maintains that this stone as well as RIB 1637 came from the same milecastle, no. 38. Simpson, Richmond, and Birley prefer to assign th ### RIB 1666 - Milecastle 42 (Cawfields): Legio II Augusta under Platorius Nepos - Site: Hadrian’s Wall: Housesteads to Great Chesters sector: Milecastle 42 (Cawfields); object: Slab - Text: `Im[p(eratori) Caes(ari) Traian(o)] H[adriano Aug(usto)] le[g(io) II Aug(usta)] A(ulo) Pla[torio Nepote leg(ato) pr(o) pr(aetore)]` - Translation: For the Emperor Caesar Trajan Hadrian Augustus the Second Legion Augusta (built this) under Aulus Platorius Nepos, propraetorian legate. - RIB date: a.d. 122-about 126 (prosopography) - Notes: a.d. 122-c.126. - RIB commentary (excerpt): For the full text and date see RIB 1637, 1638. Addenda from RIB+add. (1995): Hill, Arch. Ael. 5th Ser. 19 (1991), 37, discusses the masonry skills of the Wall builders, and considers that these ‘ill-spaced and inelegant’ inscriptions all came from the same hand. ### RIB 1340 - Benwell granary: vexillatio classis Britannicae under Platorius Nepos - Site: Benwell (Condercum); object: Building-slab - Text: `Imp(eratori) Caes(ari) Traiano Hadr[ia]n(o) Aug(usto) A(ulo) Platorio N[epote l]eg(ato) Aug(usti) pr(o) p[r(aetore)] vexillatio c[lassis] Britan(nicae)` - Translation: For the Emperor Caesar Trajan Hadrian Augustus under Aulus Platorius Nepos, emperor’s propraetorian governor, the detachment of the British fleet (built this). - RIB date: a.d. 122-about 126 (prosopography) - Notes: a.d. 122-c.126. - RIB commentary (excerpt): 3. Nepos governed Britain a.d. 122-about 126. ### RIB 3364 - Vindolanda tombstone of Titus Annius, centurion of cohors I Tungrorum, "in bello interfectus" - Site: Vindolanda; object: Tombstone - Text: `D(is) [M(anibus)] T(itus) Ann[ius ...] centur[io cohortis I] Tungr[orum stipen-]diorum [... annorum ...] T in beḷḷ[o ... inter-]fectus [...] f̣iḷ(ius) et ARC̣[...] h(eredes) ẹ[x test(amento) f(aciundum) c(uraverunt) ...]` - Translation: To the shades of the dead. Titus Annius […], centurion of the First Cohort of Tungrians, [with…] years of service, aged […], […] killed in war. […] his son and […], his heirs under his will, had this made. - RIB date: c. a.d. 90-150 (context) - Notes: RIB date c. a.d. 90-150 (context); commentary: D M abbreviated excludes 1st c., STIPENDIORVM unabbreviated unlikely later than c. 125; Birley attributes the death in action to the warfare in Britain at Hadrian's accession (HA Hadr. 5.2), "which seems likely". Cohort at Vindolanda in the 90s (Tab. Vindol. 154) and Period 4 (c. 104-120). Graafstal (Britannia 56, 2025) uses it as evidence for serious fighting c. 123-4. - RIB commentary (excerpt): The text is fully discussed by Birley, but his reconstruction requires the loss of c. 20 letters per line, which implies that three-quarters of the inscribed panel has been lost. The original would then have measured c. 1.10 × 0.43 m within its moulded border, much wider in proportion than other ansate funerary panels from Britain, which range from little more than square (RIB 359, 360, 490, 526, 1480) to 4:3 (RIB 252, 403) and 3:2 (365). But a more economical reconstruction is possible, with the panel c. 0.75 × 0.43 m, by supposing that line 4 has only lost what we know was actually there, TVNGR[ORVM] and [STIPEN]. 1. The use of D(IS) M(ANIBVS) abbreviated excludes a first-century date, but ### RIB 1051 - Jarrow fragments: Hadrianic (?) narrative inscription on the recovery of Britain and building of the Wall - Site: Jarrow; object: Panel - Text: `a` - Translation: Son of all the deified emperors, the Emperor Caesar Trajan Hadrian Augustus, after the necessity of keeping the empire within its limits had been laid upon him by divine precept … thrice consul … : after the barbarians had been dispersed and the province of Britain had been recovered, he added a frontier-line between either shore of the Ocean for 80 miles. The army of the province built this defence-work under the charge of Aulus Platorius Nepos, emperor’s pro-praetorian legate. - RIB date: a.d. 119-38 (titulature) - Notes: RIB date a.d. 119-38 (titulature: cos. III). "diffusis [barbaris et] provinc[ia reciperata] Britannia" - after the barbarians had been dispersed and the province recovered. RIB+add. records E. Birley's alternative view that it is Severan. Relevant only as evidence of a Hadrianic war in Britain, not of the Ninth. - RIB commentary (excerpt): Derived from some prominent site on Tyneside. 5. Hadrian was consul III from a.d. 119 onwards. See RIB 3219, note 4 Hodgson ii, iii 230 and Petch loc. cit. incline to regard Jarrow as the site of a Roman fort. Limited excavations in 1935 produced no evidence to support this view (Wright, Durham Univ. Jour. 29 (1936) 343). For a full discussion of this narrative-inscription which comprised at least 12 lines and probably 18 and commemorated the policy of the Emperor Hadrian in Britain, the re-establishment of the frontier, and the building of the Wall see Richmond and Wright loc. cit. It presumably formed part of a tropaeum, or war-memorial, which would be situated on high ground somewhere nea ### RIB 1322 - Newcastle: reinforcements from the two Germanies for legions II, VI and XX under Julius Verus, c. 155-9 - Site: Newcastle upon Tyne (Pons Aelius); object: Slab - Text: `Imp(eratori) Antoni-no Aug(usto) Pio p(atri) pat(riae) vexil(l)atio leg(ioni) II Aug(ustae) et leg(ioni) VI Vic(trici) et leg(ioni) XX V(aleriae) V(ictrici) con(t)r(i)-buti ex Ger(maniis) du-obus sub Iulio Ve-ro leg(ato) Aug(usti) pr(o) p(raetore)` - Translation: For the Emperor Antoninus Augustus Pius, father of his country, the detachment (of men) contributed from the two Germanies for the Second Legion Augusta and the Sixth Legion Victrix and the Twentieth Legion Valeria Victrix, under Julius Verus, emperor’s pro-praetorian legate, (set this up). - RIB date: c. a.d. 155-9 (prosopography) - Notes: Later context only: by the 150s Britain's legions are II Aug, VI Vic, XX V.V. - no Ninth. - RIB commentary (excerpt): Julius Verus, governor of Britain, about 155-about 159 (Birley in Askew Coinage 81). The composer of the text uses vexillatio collectively for vexillarii, as the subsequent contributi plainly shows. He also uses the masculine duobus to agree with Germaniis. The mason has omitted one l in vexillatio, and t and the first i in contributi. Addenda from RIB+add. (1995): The mason also omitted R in pr(aetore). When detachments were drawn from more than one legion, the plural was used: vexillarii or vexillationes. In normal usage vexillatio followed by the name of a unit means a detachment of [not ‘for’] that unit. (In the context of Julius Verus’ governorship, when there was trouble in northern Br ## 6. What RIB says about the date of the Ninth's departure - RIB II.4 intro to 2462: York was the base "from a.d. 71 until the legion's departure from Britain, probably towards the end of Trajan's reign". - RIB 659 commentary: "This inscription must antedate the arrival of the Sixth Legion at York about a.d. 120." - RIB 680 commentary: "As the Sixth Legion replaced the Ninth Hispana at York about a.d. 120, the person here commemorated must have died by that time, or, if in retirement, within a few years of that date." - RIB 1319 commentary: Pons Aelius "must belong to the inception of the Wall in a.d. 122. This was the year of the arrival in Britain of Legio VI Victrix". - RIB 3047 commentary: Legio VI "did not arrive in Britain until fifty years after the army left Dorset". - RIB 3364 commentary: Titus Annius' death in action attributed (Birley) to "the warfare in Britain at Hadrian's accession (Hist. Aug. Hadr. 5.2), which seems likely"; formulae date the stone c. 100-125. - RIB 2462.12.iii commentary: Longthorpe was the "base of part of Legion IX Hispana until c. a.d. 61". ## 7. Cross-checks outside RIB - Wikipedia, *Legio IX Hispana* (fetched 2026-09-14): "The last attested activity of the Ninth in Britain is during the rebuilding in stone of the legionary fortress at York (Eboracum) in 108"; NB its translation of RIB 665 says "five times acclaimed Imperator" whereas RIB restores imp(erator) V[I] (six times). Cites RIB 673 (dated 71-125), Nijmegen stamps 104-120, the Aachen altar of L. Latinius Macer, the Ewijk phalera LEG HISP IX. - Livius.org, *Legio VIIII Hispana* (fetched): last datable activity in Britain "in 108/109, when it built a stone fortress at York"; VI Victrix arrives c. 121; L. Aemilius Karus as evidence for survival to c. 142/3 (career), legion absent from the Marcus Aurelius legion list. - Graafstal, E.P., "What Happened Next? Hadrian's Wall, the expeditio Britannica and the Fate of the Ninth Legion", *Britannia* 56 (2025) 25-55 (abstract fetched): argues the legion vanished c. 123-4 in a British crisis after Hadrian's 122 visit; uses RIB 665, RIB 3364, RIB 1051; notes the Nijmegen vexillatio Britannica (100+ stamps) while the main body stayed at York; VI Victrix as replacement c. 123. - Wright, R.P., "Tile-Stamps of the Ninth Legion found in Britain", *Britannia* 9 (1978) 379-82 (the basis of RIB 2462; landing page located, not read). - A popular report (HeritageDaily 2013) of a further LEG VIIII H tile found at Scalesceugh in 2010 could not be verified (site bot-blocked); it is NOT in RIB Online, whose Britannia coverage runs to vol. 54 (2023); the only post-1993 Scalesceugh stamps in RIB are Brit. 24.7 (Legio XX) and Brit. 37.9 (IMP stamps). ## 8. Negative checks (what is NOT there) - RIB 258 (T. Valerius Pudens, leg. II Adiutrix, Lincoln) and RIB 259 (Q. Valerius Victorinus, legion lost) are Lincoln legionary tombstones that do NOT name the Ninth. - No Ninth-Legion lead sealing (RIB 2411), no diploma, no Vindolanda/Carlisle/London tablet names the legion. Tab. Luguval. 1 and Brit. 23.p146 (Carlisle stilus tablet of AD 83, Legio XX) were checked. - No RIB III (3001-3550) stone names the Ninth except 3042 and 3047 (and the falsum 3542*). RIB 3073 and 3121 mention the Ninth only in commentary.