# F. Modern works on the Man in the Iron Mask: what text could be obtained, and how Scope: the principal modern studies (Petitfils 1970 and 2003/2004; Sonnino 2016; Mongrédien 1952; Bernard Caire's and Stanislas Brugnon's articles; Noone 1988/1994; Wilkinson 2021; Thompson 1987; Macdonald 2005), plus the three colloquium proceedings (Pinerolo 1974/1976, Cannes 1987/1989, Pinerolo 1991/1992) in which most of the recent argument was first published. All raw material is in `sources/` (file names cited below in backticks). Nothing was downloaded from pirate mirrors; every text fragment below comes from a public search service (archive.org full-text search, Gallica ContentSearch), an open-access periodical, a publisher's or reviewer's page, or a library catalogue. ## 1. Summary of what was obtained | Work | Digital copy located | Text obtained | Page evidence | |---|---|---|---| | Petitfils, *Le Masque de fer* (Perrin 2003; tempus 2004) | archive.org lending items `lemasquedeferent0000peti_h1r0` (2004) and `lemasquedeferent0000peti` (2003, now "removed" but still indexed) | c. 1,050 search-service fragments (~130 characters each) from c. 400 targeted queries; two reviews in full; an author interview; a summary of the thesis by a third party | running heads and folios caught inside fragments (Introduction 11-13; "Les documents" 23; "De Pignerol à Exilles" 35-55; "D'Exilles à la Bastille" 75; "Eustache Danger" 119; "Les hypothèses" 137-143; "Du danger du secret au secret de Danger" 163-167; Notes 244-247; Bibliographie 277-283; Filmographie 291) plus index entries | | Petitfils, *L'Homme au masque de fer* (Perrin 1970) | none | 213 fragments from four 1970 periodicals that reviewed it (Figaro littéraire, Historia, Bulletin critique du livre français, Bibliographie de la France); Petitfils's own 1991 retrospective (Pinerolo proceedings); Noone's summary | none for the book itself | | Sonnino, *The Search for the Man in the Iron Mask* (Rowman & Littlefield 2016) | archive.org lending item `searchformaninir0000sonn` | c. 1,000 fragments; table of contents reconstructed; two reviews (H-France, Publishers Weekly) and three interviews in full; publisher page (Wayback) | running heads with folios (chapter titles and page numbers recovered) | | Mongrédien, *Le Masque de fer* (Hachette 1952) | Gallica ark:/12148/bpt6k3357084j (viewing restricted) | 3,439 dated snippets from the ContentSearch service, every one with its printed page number; complete table of contents; Mongrédien's 1953 *XVIIe siècle* article in full | exact page numbers throughout | | Caire, Brugnon (articles) | none of the articles is online | exact citations, and the passages of Petitfils 2003, Noone 1994, Wilkinson 2021, Macdonald 2005 and the Pinerolo 1992 proceedings that quote or summarise them; Caire's 1991 paper in fragments (proceedings on archive.org) | see `caire_brugnon_articles_citations.md` | | Noone, *The Man behind the Iron Mask* (Sutton/St Martin's 1988; rev. ed. 1994) | archive.org lending item `manbehindironmas0000noon` (1994 revised paperback) | c. 1,240 fragments; imprint page, revised-edition notice, chapter list and bibliography recovered | running heads with folios | | Wilkinson, *The Man in the Iron Mask* (Pegasus/Amberley 2021) | archive.org lending item `9781643137421` (Pegasus) | c. 1,140 fragments; full chapter list; publisher pages (Pegasus with review blurbs, Amberley); Publishers Weekly review | running heads with folios; index entries with page numbers | | Thompson, *The Man in the Iron Mask* (Weidenfeld & Nicolson 1987) | archive.org lending item `maninironmaskhis0000harr` | c. 920 fragments; imprint, ISBN, contents and chapter openings recovered | running heads with folios | | Macdonald, *The Man in the Iron Mask* (Constable 2005; Carroll & Graf 2005) | archive.org lending item `maninironmask00roge_0` (Carroll & Graf) | c. 1,230 fragments; full contents with page numbers; bibliography and index entries | running heads with folios; index entries | | Pinerolo 1991 proceedings (*La Maschera di Ferro e il suo tempo*, Alzani 1992) | archive.org lending item `pinerololamasche0000unse` | c. 1,200 fragments including Caire's and Petitfils's papers | page numbers from the printed contents and running heads | | Cannes 1987 proceedings (*Il y a trois siècles le Masque de fer*, Cannes 1989) and Pinerolo 1974 proceedings (Pinerolo 1976) | none | BnF catalogue records; citations and quotations in the later books | none | The archive.org full-text search service (`https://be-api.us.archive.org/fts/v1/search?q= AND identifier:`) returns at most five fragments of about 130 characters per query, with the matched term marked `{{{ }}}` and a slash marking each OCR line break. It carries no page numbers; the only page evidence is a running head or folio that happens to fall inside a fragment. The fragments are quoted below exactly as returned (OCR errors included), and every page number derived from a running head should be treated as approximate to within a page. The Gallica ContentSearch service, by contrast, returns each snippet with its page number ("p. N (vue M)"), so the Mongrédien page references are exact. ## 2. Jean-Christian Petitfils, *Le Masque de fer. Entre histoire et légende* (2003; tempus 2004) **Bibliographic details.** Jean-Christian Petitfils, *Le Masque de fer. Entre histoire et légende*, Paris, Perrin, 2003, 310 p., 24 cm, ISBN 2-262-01963-0; "includes bibliographical references (p. [275]-289), filmography (p. [290]-292), and index" (archive.org/Open Library metadata for item `lemasquedeferent0000peti`, Open Library edition OL3763132M, work OL914965W). Paperback: collection "tempus", Perrin, with the imprint statement "© Éditions Perrin, 2003 et 2004 pour la présente édition, ISBN : 2-262-02171-6 / tempus est une collection des éditions Perrin" and the colophon "N° d'édition : 1884 — N° d'impression : 23108, Dépôt légal : mars 2004" (fragments in `petitfils_2004_followup2_snippets.md`). The tempus edition keeps the hardback's pagination: its running heads "Bibliographie 277, 279, 281, 283" and "Filmographie 291" match the 2003 collation, and its bibliography opens "BIBLIOGRAPHIE / I. SOURCES IMPRIMÉES (Mémoires, lettres, documents...)". The search service returned no table-of-contents page; the structure is known only from running heads: Introduction (pp. 11-13, verso running head "Le Masque de fer"), "Les documents" (p. 23), "De Pignerol à Exilles" (pp. 35, 55), "D'Exilles à la Bastille" (p. 75), "Eustache Danger" (p. 119), "Les hypothèses" (pp. 137-143), "Du danger du secret au secret de Danger" (pp. 163-167), then Annexes (the first annex is headed "I. LES HYPOTHÈSES / On trouvera ci-après la liste de toutes les hypothèses émises en vue d'identifier [le prisonnier]", a numbered list running to fifty-two entries), Notes (running heads "244 Le Masque de fer", "Notes 247"), Bibliographie (275-289), Filmographie (290-292), Index. Entry 23 of the annex reads "Le valet Eustache Danger (ou Dauger) / Thèse soutenue pour la première fois par [Jules Lair]"; entry 52 reads "Claude Imbert, secrétaire-valet du cardinal de Retz. Hypothèse de Paul Sonnino, prise à titre de modèle de recherche". The 2003 edition on archive.org is now marked `source: removed` and cannot be borrowed, but the full-text index of it still answers queries (test in `petitfils_2003_ia_item_fts_test.json`). **Text obtained and how.** archive.org search-service fragments only: 606 fragments from 152 general terms (`petitfils_2004_snippets.md`, raw JSON `petitfils_2004_fts_raw.json`), 425 fragments from a second targeted list (`petitfils_2004_followup2_snippets.md`, raw `petitfils_2004_followup2_fts_raw.json`), a first targeted list of key phrases (`petitfils_2004_followup_snippets_raw.txt`), and the chapter-title probes (`petitfils_2004_toc_and_chapter_title_queries.json`). The lending item's own text files are closed (`_djvu.txt` returns HTTP 401, `page_numbers.json` 403, `inside.php` 403); only `scandata.xml` and `marc.xml` are public. Reviews and secondary summaries obtained in full: Diego Venturino, *Dix-huitième siècle* 37 (2005), pp. 645-646 (`review_venturino_2005_dhs37_petitfils_complete_pp645-646.txt`, `review_venturino_persee_2005_petitfils.txt`); an H-Net review (`review_genet_hnet_2004_petitfils.txt`); the Canal Académie interview of 2005 (`canalacademie_petitfils_2005.txt`); the summary of the thesis on masque-de-fer.com (`dabos_masque-de-fer.com_la_these_eustache_danger_summary_of_petitfils.txt`); the *French Review* 78.2 (December 2004) notice, in fragments (`petitfils_1970_reviews_and_periodicals_fts_snippets.md`, last section). Google Books returned HTTP 429 for every request and HathiTrust holds no copy. **The author's identification, in his own words (fragments).** - The name. "On lit nettement le nom [Danger]" on the other dispatches, and readers "qui ne sont pas remontés aux sources l'ont appelé Eustache Dauger" (p. 8 region). Petitfils sets out three readings: "Soit son prénom est Eustache et son nom, Danger ; — Soit son patronyme est Eustache, auquel on accole parfois le nom [de la ville où il a travaillé], Angers ; — Soit son prénom est Eustache, son nom est inconnu et sa ville d'origine [Angers]", and adopts "la seconde des hypothèses, c'est-à-dire Eustache comme patronyme (comme David pour le sculpteur David d'Angers)". The spellings he lists are "Eustache Danger (lettres du 19 juillet 1669 et du 15 février 1679), Eustache Dangers (lettre [du 13 septembre 1679])" and "d'Angers". - The Calais family. He found, at the place of arrest, "une famille Eustache, représentée par un certain Jehan Eustache et sa femme Jossine Cléché", and among "leurs enfants, Gaspard Eustache, né le 20 décembre 1643, baptisé le 27 à l'église Notre-Dame de Calais, correspond parfaitement à l'âge de l'homme [au masque]" (source given as "registre des baptêmes de l'église Notre-Dame de Calais, 1643, Arch. dép. du Pas-de-Calais, état civil, 5 MI 193 R28"). The index places these entries at p. 167 ("Eustache (Gaspard) : 167"; "Eustache (Jehan) : 52, 167"; "Eustache (Jossine Cléché, épouse de Jehan) : 167"), inside the chapter "Du danger du secret au secret de Danger". - The arrest. Vauroy, leaving "Dunkerque le 31 juillet ou le 1er août, il arriva à Calais, à dix lieues de là, le jour même, se saisit d'Eustache"; the proof is the reimbursement order "de ladite ville de Dunkerque en celle de Calais, et de ladite ville en celle de Pignerol, lui cinquième" (BnF, Mss., Mélanges Colbert, vol. 282, f° 276 v°, cited in note 11, p. 244), "découverte par Brugnon dans les registres des Mélanges Colbert (BnF)". Petitfils presents this as "ce « petit rien » qui manquait à Georges Mongrédien en 1952 pour se prononcer". - The secret. The Calais arrest gives "indiscutablement à l'hypothèse d'un valet mêlé aux négociations secrètes entre la France et l'Angleterre une solide [base]"; the Charles II-Madame correspondence "Du 4 juillet 1669 à la signature du traité de Douvres, en juin 1670, cette correspondance devait être [acheminée...]"; Madame went "d'embrasser son frère à Douvres et d'y préparer la signature du traité secret d'alliance"; and after 1678 "le traité de Nimègue ... rendait totalement caduques les dispositions du traité de Douvres". His conclusion: "Résumons-nous : non, le secret d'Eustache n'est pas ce que l'on a imaginé ! S'il avait [...]"; the secret, "quel qu'il ait pu être, n'était pas vraiment de la plus haute importance. Sinon, comment comprendre, après toutes les [...]"; and, of the 1687 transfer, "Pourquoi tant de précautions, alors qu'on [...] un prisonnier de la plus haute importance". The section "Les hypothèses" also discusses Martin, Roux de Marsilly's valet, quoting Colbert de Croissy's remark that one "le mettrait prisonnier pour lui faire dire ce qu'il ne sait pas" (p. 137) and Barnes (p. 139). - The mask and the legend. Saint-Mars's letter: "[...] ma sûreté que je suis obligé de leur dire des contes jaunes pour me moquer d'eux"; Petitfils's gloss: "Ce sont ses « contes jaunes » qui ont, sinon créé, du moins abondamment [nourri la légende]", "mieux il les a amplifiés, mettant en place [...]", and Saint-Mars "a entretenu son jeune neveu Louis dans les « contes jaunes », mais il a fait de même avec son autre neveu". The Introduction describes "un double cycle légendaire : le premier, né des rumeurs circulant du vivant du prisonnier [...]", names the two colloquia ("le premier en septembre 1974 à Pignerol (Pinerolo, en Italie), le deuxième à Cannes en septembre 1987") and states that "Grâce à ces avancées multiples, une grande partie du terrain a pu être défrichée". **Claims confirmed from the pages (with evidence).** (1) ISBN 2-262-02171-6 and dépôt légal March 2004 for the tempus edition; (2) the fifty-two-hypothesis annex, with Sonnino's Imbert as no. 52 "prise à titre de modèle de recherche"; (3) the Calais baptismal record of Gaspard Eustache, 20/27 December 1643, at p. 167; (4) the Mélanges Colbert 282 f° 276 v° reimbursement in note 11, p. 244, credited to Brugnon; (5) the "contes jaunes" argument; (6) the judgement that the secret "n'était pas vraiment de la plus haute importance"; (7) the chapter "Du danger du secret au secret de Danger" at pp. 163-167 and the chapter running head "Eustache Danger" at p. 119; (8) the reference to Mongrédien 1952 as the historian who declined to decide. Not recoverable: the full chapter list and the exact wording of the concluding pages. ## 3. Jean-Christian Petitfils, *L'Homme au masque de fer* (1970) **Bibliographic details.** Jean-Christian Petitfils, *L'Homme au masque de fer*, Paris, Librairie académique Perrin, collection "Découverte de l'histoire", 1970; "20 x 13, 221 p., ill. phot. h. t." (Bibliographie de la France 1970 entry, in fragments); "relié, 222 pages" (Historia review); 22,50 F; OCLC 1380263. No ISBN was assigned. **Text obtained and how.** No digital copy exists on archive.org, Gallica, HathiTrust (the catalogue API returned no record for OCLC 1380263; the HathiTrust web catalogue and full-text search were blocked by a Cloudflare challenge) or Google Books (HTTP 429). What was obtained is the reception: 213 fragments from the archive.org full-text index of four periodicals (`petitfils_1970_reviews_and_periodicals_fts_snippets.md`): *Le Figaro littéraire* n° 1249, 27 avril-3 mai 1970 (item `le-figaro-litteraire_april-27-may-3-1970_1249`); *Historia* n° 289, décembre 1970; *Bulletin critique du livre français* n° 296, septembre 1970; *Bibliographie de la France* 1970. Petitfils's own retrospective on the 1970 thesis is in his Pinerolo 1991 paper (section 7 below), and Noone (1994) summarises it (section 8). **The 1970 thesis in the reviewers' words.** *Figaro littéraire*: "le candidat de M. Petitfils est un certain Eustache Danger (ou Dauger, car l'orthographe de ce nom sur les [dépêches varie])"; "Pour M. Petitfils, Danger est Danger. Pour M. Arrèse, Danger est Foucquet"; "Petitfils veut aujourd'hui nous prouver que le Masque de fer n'était qu'un valet"; "En décembre 1668, nous dit M. Petitfils, Colbert fut atteint brutalement — trop brutalement — d'une étrange maladie. — Danger peut être la main de Louvois dans cette affaire. Son arrestation illégale, en effet, fut volontairement dissimulée au roi et à Colbert (que tous les mémorialistes du temps présentent comme le plus mortel ennemi de Louvois). Louvois, par la suite, veilla toujours à ce que [...]"; "Il avait tenté d'empoisonner Colbert"; "De 1669 à 1680, Colbert débourse deux livres (3.500 anciens francs) par jour pour la garde de Danger. A partir de 1680, parce que Danger porte un masque, voilà le budget [...]"; "Une lettre de Louvois nous apprendra, note M. Petitfils, à la date du [...]"; "Une autre lettre du successeur de Louvois, Barbezieux, nous permet de déduire clairement que ce mort [...]". *Historia* n° 289: "À son tour, J.-C. Petitfils examine le cas de Danger. Il s'efforce de s'attacher aux éléments solides [...] On sait que Danger a été arrêté en 1669 à Dunkerque. Or, en décembre 1668, Colbert fut soudainement [malade] ... Ne peut-on y voir la main de Louvois? Danger aurait tenté, à l'instigation de celui-ci [...]"; verdict: "Les objections restent donc nombreuses. Le mérite de J.-C. Petitfils est d'avoir examiné avec minutie et ingéniosité toutes les solutions. L'honnêteté de son travail [...]". *Bulletin critique*: "il ne conserve que Mattioli et Eustache Danger. L'étude détaillée de ces deux cas à laquelle il [se livre le conduit à écarter le] premier pour ne conserver que le domestique Eustache Danger, complice de Lauzun, qui aurait possédé des secrets d'État et dont [...]". Noone's later summary of the same book (`noone_1988_rev1994_snippets.md`): "the view offered in 1970 by Jean Christian Petitfils in his book L'Homme au Masque de fer. His theory [...] Petitfils also insisted that the prisoner's name was Danger [...] The argument developed by Petitfils is one of the best recent contributions to the [subject]"; "Petitfils is thus brought to the conclusion that Louvois had some [hand in it]"; "furnished by him with poison to use against his master. Danger adds the poison to Colbert's medicine". **Confirmed claims.** (1) Perrin, "Découverte de l'histoire", 1970, 221-222 p.; (2) the candidate is Eustache Danger, spelled Danger; (3) the 1970 explanation of the secret was Danger's part, as Louvois's instrument, in the illness of Colbert in December 1668 and his complicity with Lauzun; (4) the book kept only Matthioli and Danger as serious candidates and dismissed Matthioli. Petitfils abandoned the poisoning explanation later: in 1991 he presented an "hypothèse nouvelle" and concluded "non, le secret d'Eustache n'est pas aussi important qu'on l'a imaginé" (Pinerolo 1992 proceedings, p. 229; section 7 below). ## 4. Paul Sonnino, *The Search for the Man in the Iron Mask: A Historical Detective Story* (2016) **Bibliographic details.** Paul Sonnino, *The Search for the Man in the Iron Mask: A Historical Detective Story*, Lanham, Boulder, New York, London: Rowman & Littlefield, 2016 (Library of Congress CIP: "Lanham : Rowman & Littlefield, 2015"; "Copyright © 2016 by Rowman & Littlefield"); LCCN 2015035816; ISBN 9781442253636 (cloth), 9781442253643 (electronic); xiv + 269 p. Contents recovered from the search service: List of Illustrations; Principal Characters; Chronological Table (pp. xi-xiv); Map: The World of Eustache Dauger; Introduction: The State of the Question (pp. 1-10); 1 The Sex Life of Anne of Austria (from p. 11); 2 The Candidacy of Claude Imbert (from p. 27); 3 The Fouquet Connection (running heads pp. 44-49); 4 Calais (running heads pp. 54-60); 5 Follow the Money (pp. 70-74); 6 A Tale of Two Families (pp. 88-92); 7 The Testament of Cardinal Mazarin (pp. 105-110); 8 The Cover-Up (pp. 121-126); 9 Was Eustache Dauger Gay? (pp. 141-154); Conclusion; Abbreviations Used in the Notes (p. 159); Notes (p. 163); Bibliography (p. 211); Index (p. 241). **Text obtained and how.** archive.org lending item `searchformaninir0000sonn`; 480 + 517 search-service fragments (`sonnino_2016_snippets.md`, `sonnino_2016_followup_snippets.md`, raw JSON alongside) and the chapter-title probes (`sonnino_2016_chapter_title_queries.json`). In full: Julius R. Ruff's review, *H-France Review* 16 (2016) (`ruff2016_hfrance_review_sonnino.txt`, PDF kept); *Publishers Weekly* (`review_publishersweekly_2015_sonnino.txt`); the Rowman & Littlefield page via the Wayback Machine (`sonnino_2016_rowman_publisher_page_wayback2021.txt`); interviews in *The UCSB Current* (2016), the UCSB History Department site, LiveScience (2016) and the 1998 Deseret News/New York Times News Service profile (`sonnino_2016_ucsb_current_interview.txt`, `sonnino_2016_ucsb_history_dept_interview.txt`, `sonnino_2016_livescience_interview.txt`, `sonnino_1998_deseret_news_nyt_news_service_interview.txt`); Sonnino's CV and the abstract of his 2014 *French Historical Studies* article on Mazarin's three testaments (`sonnino_cv_2016_ucsb.txt`, `sonnino_2014_fhs_three_testaments_abstract_crossref.txt`); press summaries (`sonnino_2016-2017_press_and_review_summaries_parrott_noozhawk.txt`). The Persée copy of Thierry Sarmant's notice in the *Bibliothèque de l'École des chartes* was blocked by an "altcha" challenge page and was not obtained. **The author's identification, in his own words.** - Method and claim: "the secrets that died with Eustache Dauger on November 19, 1703, can never be uncovered. Yet I believe that I have [...]"; "But I do believe that I have a proposal that covers all the evidence, and I cordially invite anyone who can find any contradiction in it [to do so]". - The valet's master: "After the candidacy of Claude Imbert blew up in my face, I was in a daze" (chapter 3); "After investigating many more suspects than I have already described, I finally came across the Picons in 2003 in Paris, when I hit upon the contract for the marriage of an Antoine-Hercule Picon, signed by Jean-Baptiste Colbert and [...]"; the Principal Characters list: "Antoine-Hercule Picon, Clerk of Colbert: Treasurer of Cardinal Mazarin, chief clerk of Colbert under Louis XIV"; "Who was his treasurer? Antoine-Hercule Picon, an ambitious [...]"; "whoever's valet Eustache Dauger may have been, he was neither the valet of Nicolas nor of Basil [Fouquet]"; "was that Nicolas Fouquet knew the secret and the identity of Eustache Dauger. That being the case, I had [...]". The interviews state the same thing plainly: "According to Sonnino, Dauger was the valet of the treasurer of the late Cardinal Mazarin" (UCSB Current). - The secret: Mazarin "had led a double life—one as a statesman, the other as a loan shark—and one of his most embarrassing clients had [been Henrietta Maria]"; the 1653 "List of Jewels of Her Majesty the Queen of England pawned in Holland"; "consistent with the original value of the jewels pawned by Henrietta Maria in 1642"; chapter 7 on "The Testament of Cardinal Mazarin" and chapter 8, "The Cover-Up: In inaugurating his personal reign, Louis XIV [...]". - The arrest: "Clearly Eustache Dauger was set up. Vauroy was told exactly [...]"; "Jean-Baptiste Colbert had reimbursed Captain Vauroy for having picked someone up in Calais and delivered [him]"; Dunkirk can be "almost eliminate[d] as a port of arrival, for if Vauroy had been ordered to go to Calais, he must have [...]". - On predecessors: Lair "dubbed 'Dauger.' Who was this person, Lair wondered? He was French, Catholic, and a valet"; Petitfils "observed that 'Danger,' as Petitfils insisted on spelling his name, must [...]"; Lang "came up with the suggestion that Eustache Dauger [was Martin]"; the index cross-reference "Danger or D'Angers. See Dauger, Eustache". **Confirmed claims.** (1) Rowman & Littlefield, LCCN 2015035816, ISBN 9781442253636/9781442253643; (2) the chapter sequence and page ranges above; (3) the Imbert candidacy was tried and abandoned before the Picon identification, which dates from 2003; (4) the Vauroy reimbursement and the Calais arrest are used as in Petitfils; (5) the explanation of the secret is Mazarin's private finance (the loans to Henrietta Maria against her jewels) and the cover-up of 1661; (6) a chapter is devoted to the homosexuality rumour ("Was Eustache Dauger Gay?", pp. 141-154). ## 5. Georges Mongrédien, *Le Masque de fer* (1952) and "Deux documents inédits" (1953) **Bibliographic details.** Georges Mongrédien, *Le Masque de fer*, Paris, Hachette, 1952, 256 p.; OCLC 2868514; LCCN 52033350; HathiTrust record 008006855 (item uc1.$b765953, search-only); Gallica ark:/12148/bpt6k3357084j. Table of contents (complete, `mongredien_1952_table_des_matieres.txt`): Avant-propos 7; I. Le prisonnier masqué « dont le nom ne se dit pas » 11; II. Le problème du Masque de fer au XVIIIe siècle 31 (Un mylord anglais (1711) 31; Le comte de Vermandois (1745) 33; Un frère de Louis XIV (1738-1750) 40 ...); sections "La geôle" 58, "Le geôlier" 74, "A Pignerol" 76/79, "A Exiles" 103, "A l'île Sainte-Marguerite" 115; III. Matthioli; V. Eustache Dauger (178-181 region); VI. Les derniers « candidats » proposés 202 (Le général de Bulonde (1893) 202; Le moine jacobin (1893) 204; L'abbé Pregnani (1908) 209; Eustache de Cavoye (1932) 211; Marc Jarrige de la Morelhie (1934) 219); Conclusion 221; Le « Masque de fer » [dans la légende et la littérature]; Notes 233-254; Table 255-256. Article: G. Mongrédien, "Deux documents inédits sur le Masque de fer", *XVIIe siècle*, n° 17-18 (1953) (full text of the issue and an extract: `xviie_siecle_1953_nos17-18_full_issue_djvu.txt`, `mongredien_1953_xviie_siecle_deux_documents_inedits_extract.txt`). **Text obtained and how.** Gallica marks the digitised book "indisponible", but its `services/ContentSearch`, `services/Pagination` and `services/Toc` endpoints answer (browser User-Agent required; the ToC is Latin-1 encoded). Some 380 queries produced 3,439 snippets, each with its printed page number (`mongredien_1952_snippets.md`; raw XML-derived JSON `mongredien_1952_gallica_raw.json`; ToC XML `mongredien_1952_gallica_toc.xml`). The 1953 article is on archive.org as part of the digitised issue and was copied in full. **The author's conclusion, in his own words (pages exact).** p. 221: the masked prisoner "est nécessairement un des cinq prisonniers d'État que Saint-Mars gardait à Pignerol en 1681, au moment de son départ pour Exiles. Ces cinq prisonniers — je m'excuse de le répéter une dernière fois — étaient Matthioli, Eustache Dauger, le moine jacobin, Dubreuil et La Rivière". p. 222: La Rivière "n'était pas un prisonnier d'État, mais un valet volontaire, mis vers 1667 au service de Foucquet et qui aurait dû normalement être libéré à la mort de son maître, mais qui fut mis au secret avec Dauger à la suite de la mort mystérieuse de Foucquet"; "nous avons démontré qu'il est mort à Exiles en 1687". p. 228: "En feuilletant les papiers de Louvois, on a bien l'impression qu'il s'agit d'une affaire particulièrement importante, sur laquelle le ministre revient sans cesse"; "Si le Masque de Fer est Matthioli, ces précautions à coup sûr extraordinaires peuvent fort bien s'expliquer de la manière suivante : il ne s'agissait pas de garder un secret, qui n'en était en effet pas [un, mais de cacher une violation du droit des gens]". p. 229: "Il nous paraît que, Dubreuil écarté pour les raisons que nous avons dites, La Rivière mort en 1687 à Exiles, et le moine jacobin à Pignerol en 1694, le problème se résout, en définitive, à choisir entre les deux autres prisonniers de 1681 : Matthioli et Dauger"; on Dauger, "pourquoi tant de précautions pour un personnage si modeste, d'origines si humbles, un simple valet [...] Un valet peut avoir été mêlé, spontanément ou par ordre, à une affaire fort grave, d'ordre in[térieur ou extérieur]"; "Son arrestation dans la région de Calais en 1669 pourrait laisser à penser qu'il s'agissait d'[une affaire anglaise]"; "incontestablement celle de Dauger coïncide bien mieux avec la suite des dépêches échangées entre Saint-Mars et [Louvois]". p. 230: "Matthioli aura toujours pour lui que son histoire, ses négociations et sa trahison sont parfaitement connues [...] Dauger aura toujours contre lui d'être un inconnu dont on ne sait rien avec certitude — même pas si ce nom est bien le sien"; "On sait, en effet, que Dauger n'a jamais quitté Saint-Mars, tandis que Matthioli a été séparé de lui de 1681 à 1694, pendant treize ans"; "Si le lieutenant du roi Du Junca, notant en 1698 l'arrivée de Saint-Mars avec « un ancien prisonnier qu'il avait à Pignerol » avait ajouté : et à Exiles, nous serions fixés et Dauger l'emporterait dans cette ultime compétition [...] Mais M. Du Junca n'a rien dit de pareil"; "Comment voulez-vous émouvoir les foules, enflammer leur imagination, en leur disant que vous avez résolu le problème du Masque de Fer et que c'était... un certain Eustache Dauger dont on ne sait rigoureusement rien". p. 231: the question is whether it was "nécessaire que Louvois ait toujours laissé à la garde de Saint-Mars le prisonnier important qui, après tant d'années de réclusion — vingt-quatre ou trente-quatre, selon qu'il s'agit de Matthioli ou de Dauger —, finit ses jours à la Bastille, sous le masque, en 1703", and the chapter closes "Si oui, c'est Dauger, si non, c'est Matthioli". p. 248 (note): "Ajouterai-je que, moi-même, jadis, dans divers articles de journaux, j'avais marqué ma préférence pour l'hypothèse Matthioli". The book therefore refuses to choose; Petitfils (2003) and Noone (1994) both read it that way, and Petitfils's 1970 Figaro littéraire exchange with Mongrédien ("Fouquet n'était pas le Masque de fer", 26 février 1970) is cited in the 1992 Pinerolo volume. **Confirmed claims.** (1) Hachette 1952, 256 p., with the chapter plan above; (2) the five-prisoner argument (p. 221) and the elimination of Dubreuil, La Rivière and the Jacobin (pp. 222-229); (3) the explicit refusal to decide between Matthioli and Dauger (pp. 229-231); (4) Mongrédien's earlier preference for Matthioli (p. 248 n.); (5) the chapter on Eustache de Cavoye as a 1932 candidate (p. 211) and on Jarrige de la Morelhie (p. 219). ## 6. Bernard Caire and Stanislas Brugnon: the articles None of Caire's or Brugnon's texts is online. The exact references, assembled from the BnF catalogue records (the useful data are copied into the compilation), from the Società Storica Pinerolese index (`societa_storica_pinerolese_bollettino_indici.txt`) and from the citations in Petitfils 2003, Noone 1994, Wilkinson 2021, Macdonald 2005 and the 1992 proceedings, are in `caire_brugnon_articles_citations.md`, together with every fragment in which the later authors quote or paraphrase them. In brief: - Bernard Caire, "Eustache et son secret", in *Il y a trois siècles le Masque de fer. Actes du colloque, Cannes, 12-13 septembre 1987*, Cannes, Office municipal de l'action culturelle et de la communication de la Ville de Cannes, 1989 (Wilkinson cites pp. 43, 46-47; the paper occupies approximately pp. 41-49). Content as reported by Noone: "an examination of the original first draft of this letter [Louvois to Saint-Mars, 19 July 1669] Caire discovered that the minister had first dictated [...]", which "removed all remaining doubt on the matter"; "according to Bernard Caire the secret was something which Danger had seen". Wilkinson: "historian Bernard Caire convincingly demonstrated that the prisoner's name [was Eustache]" (she misplaces the 1987 colloquium at Pignerol). Macdonald: "Bernard Caire proved this by a meticulous study of the [minutes]" and, alone among the four, credits Caire rather than Brugnon with announcing "the metal mask" in 1987. - Bernard Caire, "Le prisonnier de Calais" / "Danger et non Dauger", *Historama* n° 55, septembre 1988, pp. 47-50 (following Petitfils's own article, pp. 38-46). - Bernard Caire, "La Mauresse de Moret", *Revue de Moret et de sa région* n° 116, 2e trimestre 1990, pp. 69-77. - Bernard Caire, "Le secret d'Eustache Danger", in *La Maschera di Ferro e il suo tempo. Atti del Convegno internazionale di studio, Pinerolo, 13-14-15 settembre 1991*, Pinerolo, Alzani, 1992, pp. 176-207 (sintesi in italiano pp. 208-209), with seventeen documents printed at pp. 184-205; fragments of it are in `pinerolo_1991_colloquium_proceedings_snippets.md` and `pinerolo_1991_colloquium_followup_snippets.md`. - Bernard Caire, "Chi era il prigioniero di Pierre-Scise?", *Bollettino della Società Storica Pinerolese*, anno XV, n. 1-2, pp. 16-28. - Stanislas Brugnon, "L'Identité de l'homme au masque de fer", in the Cannes 1989 volume, pp. 27-38 (Sonnino's citation); it published the Mélanges Colbert 282 f° 276 v° reimbursement to Vauroy (the "petit rien" of Petitfils 2003, p. 244 n. 11) and the January 1687 letter of Louis Fouquet, bishop of Agde, describing a "masque d'acier" (the letter Noone means when he writes "Until this letter was uncovered by Brugnon, it was generally believed that the mask of iron [was a legend]"). - Stanislas Brugnon, *Reconstitution du registre d'écrou des prisonniers de la Bastille ... jusqu'au 19 mars de l'année 1704*, Paris, S. Brugnon, 1992 (typescript; BnF Arsenal fol. Z 2753). - Stanislas Brugnon, "L'affaire Roux de Marcilly", *Historia*, septembre 1991 (Historia n° 537). ## 7. The colloquium proceedings - *La Maschera di Ferro e il suo tempo. Atti del Convegno internazionale di studio, Pinerolo 28-29 settembre 1974*, Pinerolo, 1976, 378 p. (OCLC 5099250): no digital copy; contributions by Arrèse, Dijol, Mongrédien ("Le problème du Masque de fer"), Patria, Petitfils and others (Noone's and Macdonald's bibliographies). - *Il y a trois siècles le Masque de fer. Actes du colloque, Cannes, 12-13 septembre 1987*, Cannes, 1989: no digital copy; BnF record obtained; contributors Brugnon, Caire, Dijol, Noone ("Le Masque sous son vrai visage"), Patria, Thompson ("La Théorie d'Eustache Danger de Cavoye") and others; the Cannes municipal archives' pages on the prisoner were saved (`cannes_archives_1687-1698_masque_de_fer_ou_de_velours.txt`, `cannes_mediatheque_masque_de_fer_star_cannoise.txt`). - *La Maschera di Ferro e il suo tempo. Atti del Convegno internazionale di studio, Pinerolo, 13-14-15 settembre 1991*, promosso dalla Pro Loco di Pinerolo, Pinerolo, Arti grafiche Alzani, 1992 (ISBN 88-8170-003-4; L. 38.000): archive.org lending item `pinerololamasche0000unse`; 612 + 589 fragments (`pinerolo_1991_colloquium_proceedings_snippets.md`, `pinerolo_1991_colloquium_followup_snippets.md`, raw JSON alongside). The programme lists "Bernard Caire: 'Le secret d'Eustache'. Jean-Christian Petitfils: 'La double légende et le secret d'état'. John Noone: 'The mask of steel'", and the contents give Caire pp. 176-207, Petitfils pp. 210-229 ("Sintesi in italiano" following), Petitfils "Sur la mort de Nicolas Fouquet" p. 332, plus Bonvallet, Dijol, Patria and others. Petitfils's 1991 paper contains the passage that closes the 1970 thesis: "Résumons-nous: non, le secret d'Eustache n'est pas aussi important qu'on l'a imaginé" (p. 229), the "hypothèse nouvelle" built on the Charles II-Madame correspondence ("les lettres en partie chiffrées de Charles II et de Madame insistaient sur les précautions [...]"; "Du 4 juillet 1669 ... Une lettre de Lionne à Colbert de Croissy du 23 février 1669 nous l'apprend"), the abbé Prignani ("un curieux personnage, l'abbé Giuseppe Prignani, moine théatin d'origine napolitaine, promu par Louis [XIV]") and the note, "après la précisation de Stanislas Brugnon, cortesemente comunicata da Mr. Petitfils", that "le prisonnier de la citadelle dont on n'a jamais donné le nom figurant sur le registre des [écrous ...]". The volume also reprints the reimbursement reference "Bib. Nat. Mélanges Colbert, 282, 276v, document découvert par M. Stanislas [Brugnon]" and cites Petitfils 1970 at pp. 245-246 and 250. ## 8. John Noone, *The Man behind the Iron Mask* (1988; revised edition 1994) **Bibliographic details.** John Noone, *The Man behind the Iron Mask*, Gloucester, Alan Sutton, 1988, ISBN 0-86299-475-6 (case); New York, St Martin's Press, 1988, ISBN 0-312-02400-2 (cloth) and 0-312-12345-0 (paper), Library of Congress CIP "Bibliography: p. Includes index", Dewey 944'.033'0924; revised edition, Stroud, Alan Sutton Publishing, 1994, paperback, ISBN 0-7509-0679-0, £9.99, "Copyright © John Noone, 1988, 1994", "First published in the United States of America in 1988 / Revised edition first published 1994", cover "The Man in the Velvet Mask (collection of the Comte de Lacour)". The archive.org lending item `manbehindironmas0000noon` is the 1994 revised paperback, and every page reference below is to it. The revised edition carries the author's note that "The amendments made to the revised edition are the consequence of comments and corrections from Stanislas Brugnon, Bernard Caire, Jean-Christian Petitfils and the late Pierre Bonvallet". Structure (contents page and running heads caught in fragments): 1 The Prince in the Iron Mask (p. 1); 2 The Masked Prisoner (24); 3 [title not recovered]; 4 More Faces (58); 5-7 "Behind the Mask", "The Man in the Velvet Mask" and "Two Prisoners of Consequence" (order not certain; running heads "Beaufort" 60, "Monmouth" 67, "Cromwell" 123 fall inside them); 8 The Prisoners of Pignerol (148); 9 Dunkirk Connections (174-197); 10 And Interconnections (198); 11 Eustache Dauger Unmasked (212); 12 The Many Faces of Eustache Dauger (239); 13 The Valet in the Face-Saving Mask (251; running heads at 254, 255, 259); Postscript; General Chronology of Events Mentioned in the Text (282-284); Detailed Chronology; Maps; Bibliography (303-305); Index (from 306). The total extent was not captured. The 1988 first edition (Sutton and St Martin's) was not found in digital form anywhere, so the 1988 wording cannot be compared with the 1994 wording from here; the Caire and Brugnon references quoted below are, by the author's own note, 1994 additions. **Text obtained and how.** archive.org search-service fragments only: 550 from the general term list (`noone_1988_rev1994_snippets.md`, raw `noone_1988_rev1994_fts_raw.json`), 691 from the targeted follow-up list (`noone_1988_rev1994_followup_snippets.md`, raw `noone_1988_rev1994_followup_fts_raw.json`), and the chapter-title and contents probes (`noone_1988_chapter_title_queries.json`). `_djvu.txt` returned 401 and `inside.php` 403. No accessible review of the book was located (H-Net, Persée and JSTOR-hosted journals were either silent or blocked); the English and French Wikipedia reference extracts (`wikipedia_en_man_in_the_iron_mask_reference_extract.txt`, `wikipedia_fr_masque_de_fer_reference_extract.txt`) record how the book is cited. **The author's identification and explanation, in his own words (fragments).** - The name. Note 1 of the concluding chapter: "Dauger or Danger: traditionally the name has been read as Dauger and that is why, for [...]"; Noone keeps "Dauger" in his own text. On Caire: "at the International Symposium on the Iron Mask held in Cannes in 1987, Bernard Caire removed all remaining doubt on the matter with an [examination of the original first draft of Louvois's letter]", and "according to Bernard Caire the secret was something which Danger had seen". - The arrest. "In Lang's day it was not possible to say where exactly Dauger was arrested. However in 1987, at the International Symposium on the Iron Mask [...]"; "near certainty that Dauger was indeed arrested in Calais. This document is an order for the reimbursement [...] issued to Vauroy for his journey with Dauger in August 1669, and it specifies that Vauroy went from Dunkirk [to Calais and from Calais to Pignerol]"; "To explain Vauroy's absence from Dunkirk, the governor was shown a cover-up dispatch from Louvois ordering Vauroy to hunt down [deserters]"; "The letters to Vauroy and the governor of Dunkirk were not recorded in the Ministry Register". - The mask. The belief "that he was once even made to wear an actual mask of steel, was the fabrication pure and simple of his gaoler"; on the bishop of Agde's letter of 1687: "Until this letter was uncovered by Brugnon, it was generally believed that the mask of iron [was a legend]" and "[it seemed absurd to carry] pretence as to make the valet Danger wear a mask of steel, and yet this letter leaves no doubt about it"; the 1687 transfer "conveyance was a box-like structure built on a framework like a [sedan chair]" (p. 255). - The concluding chapter (13, "The Valet in the Face-Saving Mask"). Louvois asked "if the man named Eustache, given to [Saint-Mars...]" (p. 254); on the 1680 order after Fouquet's death: "The purpose of the subterfuge was to deceive Lauzun into believing that Danger, like La [Rivière, had been released]"; "La Rivière, who was certainly nothing [more than a valet]" (p. 259); the chapter title itself states the thesis that the masked man was a valet and that the mask served to save face. - The Cavoye theory. "'only a valet'. In the destiny of Eustache Dauger de Cavoye there was, it seems, as much irony as iron"; Cavoye was confined "at the request of his own family in the asylum of Saint-Lazare and there, in spite of his appeals, he had been [kept]"; "In 1974, Marie-Madeleine Mast, in her book Le Masque de fer, took [the theory further]", "prisoner was Eustache de Cavoye to Mast's conclusion in 1974 that François de Cavoye was the father of Louis [XIV]", "the secret which Dauger could not be allowed to disclose, Mast would have us believe, was that Louis XIV was not [the son of Louis XIII]"; the Cavoye "theory appeared in English in a book by Harry Thompson". - Petitfils 1970. "The argument developed by Petitfils is one of the best recent contributions to the [subject]"; "Petitfils is thus brought to the conclusion that Louvois had some [personal reason]"; the hypothesis summarised as "Danger adds the poison to Colbert's medicine" (the 1970 poisoning scenario); "Most theorists since that time, like Mast and Dijol, have ignored this claim but, at the International [Symposium ...]". - Lang's candidate. Chapter 9 retells the Roux de Marcilly affair from Rabinel 1969: "Roux's former valet in London, a Frenchman called Martin, might be useful as a witness; on 12 June, he replied [...]"; "it is 'hardly conceivable', as Lang put it, that 'the two valets should be different [persons]'". **Claims confirmed from the pages (with evidence).** (1) The 1988 and 1994 editions, publishers and ISBNs (copyright and CIP pages in fragments). (2) The 1994 revision was made after comments from Brugnon, Caire, Petitfils and Bonvallet (author's note). (3) Chapter titles and opening pages as listed, with the concluding chapter beginning at p. 251. (4) Noone accepts the Calais arrest on the strength of the Vauroy reimbursement made known at Cannes in 1987, and reports Caire's first-draft finding on the name, while retaining the spelling Dauger. (5) He treats the mask as Saint-Mars's own device and explains the 1680 concealment as a subterfuge aimed at Lauzun. (6) He rejects the Cavoye identification (Cavoye was in Saint-Lazare at his family's request) and reports Mast 1974 and Thompson 1987 as its developments. (7) He summarises Petitfils 1970 as a poisoning-of-Fouquet hypothesis with Louvois's personal involvement, and calls it one of the best recent contributions. ## 9. Josephine Wilkinson, *The Man in the Iron Mask* (2021) **Bibliographic details.** Josephine Wilkinson, *The Man in the Iron Mask. The Truth about Europe's Most Famous Prisoner*, Stroud, Amberley Publishing, 15 August 2021, hardback, 288 p., 234 x 156 mm, £20.00, ISBN 978-1-4456-9392-7 (`wilkinson_2021_amberley_publisher_page.txt`). United States edition: *The Man in the Iron Mask. The True Story of Europe's Most Famous Prisoner*, New York, Pegasus Books, 6 July 2021 ("First Pegasus Books cloth edition July 2021"; "Copyright © 2021 by Josephine Wilkinson"), 6 x 9 in., 352 p., $28.95, ISBN 978-1-64313-742-1, distributed by Simon & Schuster (`wilkinson_2021_pegasus_publisher_page_with_review_blurbs.txt`; *Publishers Weekly* review of 19 April 2021, `review_publishersweekly_2021_wilkinson.txt`; audiobook CD ISBN 978-1-64091-708-8). The archive.org lending item `9781643137421` is the Pegasus edition, and the page references below follow its pagination. Contents (Pegasus): ONE "Only a Valet" (p. 1); TWO Nicolas Foucquet; THREE The Comte de Lauzun (25); FOUR The Fateful Encounter; FIVE Mystery; SIX Matthioli; SEVEN Stat spes (97); EIGHT La Tour d'en bas (106); NINE Exilles; TEN The Île Sainte-Marguerite; ELEVEN The Bastille (163); TWELVE Legends of the Iron Mask; THIRTEEN The Man in the Iron Mask; Bibliography (ending p. 241); Endnotes (to about p. 270); Index. The Amberley pagination is different (288 p.) and was not obtained. **Text obtained and how.** archive.org search-service fragments: 536 from the general list (`wilkinson_2021_snippets.md`, raw `wilkinson_2021_fts_raw.json`), 601 from the targeted follow-up list (`wilkinson_2021_followup_snippets.md`, raw `wilkinson_2021_followup_fts_raw.json`), and the chapter-title probes (`wilkinson_2021_chapter_title_queries.json`). In full: the Pegasus publisher's page with its review blurbs, the Amberley page, and the *Publishers Weekly* review ("Historian Wilkinson [...] illuminates the political upheavals of 17th-century France in this meticulous look at the case of Eustache Dauger, the prisoner believed to be the Man in the Iron Mask"). **The author's identification and explanation, in her own words (fragments).** - The name. "given as Eustache, but what appears to be his surname is disputed, with some scholars reading it as Dauger [and others as Danger]"; "At the colloquium at Pignerol in 1987, historian Bernard Caire convincingly demonstrated that the prisoner's name [was Danger]" (she places Caire's demonstration at Pignerol; the 1987 colloquium was at Cannes); the spellings in the dispatches: "Eustache Danger (February 15, 1679), Dangers (September 13, 1679), d'Angers (April 8, 1680), or even simply [Eustache]"; the Petitfils reading that "Eustache was actually a surname. This is by no means implausible, since serving [men were] addressed by their surnames, such as La Forêt, Champagne, and La Rivière, all of whom had served Foucquet". - The criteria. "Eustache had to be French and a Catholic; he had to have been arrested at Calais and to have disappeared in July 1669"; "He was French, Catholic, a valet by profession. Everything leads us to [...]". - The secret. "[Madame, duchesse] d'Orléans, with Eustache being involved as a messenger in the secret and sensitive negotiations that [produced the Treaty of Dover]" (index: "Treaty of Dover, negotiations for, 228-32"); "dangerous missions, as Rousseau, Matthioli's servant had done. Herein lies the secret of Eustache's crime [his secret and his fate]"; after quoting the lettre de cachet "Written at Saint-Germain-en-Laye, le 26 July 1669": "Louis did not elaborate upon what Eustache had done to displease him, nor did he have any reason to"; "[the letters say what he was] before being sent to Pignerol, not how he had been employed. Rather than having committed a crime, Eustache [...]". - The mask. "Saint-Mars's prisoner wore a mask—and it was not an iron mask, but steel"; the 1687 transfer: "traveled in an enclosed sedan chair with a mask of steel on his face" (p. 147); "As has been seen, Saint-Mars put out what he called contes jaunes, or fairy tales". - The other candidates. Cavoye "to explain how he had ended up in Saint-Lazare. Ten years later, he was still there", "He died from the effects of alcoholism at Saint-Lazare in about 1680. A fellow inmate, Brienne, wrote [...]"; Sonnino's candidate "Claude Imbert, who had served Mazarin as a valet-cum-secretary" (index "Imbert, Claude, 211"); "d'Artagnan, the famous musketeer, who was proposed by Macdonald" (index "Macdonald, Roger, 211"). **Claims confirmed from the pages (with evidence).** (1) The two 2021 editions, dates, extents and ISBNs (publisher pages, copyright page fragment). (2) Wilkinson identifies the prisoner as the valet Eustache Danger/Dauger arrested at Calais in July 1669 and explains the secrecy by his use as a messenger in the Anglo-French negotiations of 1669-1670 (chapter THIRTEEN; index entry for the Treaty of Dover at pp. 228-232). (3) She accepts Caire's reading of the name and the Louis Fouquet letter's "mask of steel", and treats Saint-Mars's "contes jaunes" as the seed of the legend. (4) She dismisses Cavoye (in Saint-Lazare until his death about 1680), Imbert (Sonnino) and d'Artagnan (Macdonald) at p. 211 of the Pegasus edition. (5) Her notes cite Caire (pp. 43, 46-47 of the Cannes proceedings), Petitfils, *Le Masque de fer* (pp. 124, 129, 144, 153) and Noone (pp. 163, 229, 257-258). ## 10. Harry Thompson, *The Man in the Iron Mask: A Historical Detective Investigation* (1987) **Bibliographic details.** Harry Thompson, *The Man in the Iron Mask. A Historical Detective Investigation*, London, George Weidenfeld & Nicolson Ltd (91 Clapham High Street, London SW4 7TA), 1987, "Copyright © Harry Thompson 1987", ISBN 0-297-79051-X; jacket note "Harry Thompson studied history at Brasenose College, Oxford". The archive.org lending item is `maninironmaskhis0000harr`. Contents (from the contents page and running heads): Introducing the iron mask; Death of a nameless prisoner (pp. 14-16); The Musketeers' last stand (20); The first detective (23-26); The men who saw the mask (29-36); A royal deception (40-44); Speculation (49-52); The mad monk, and other clerics (54-56); The man who fooled Rome (61-66); The valet and the revolutionary (69-70); Behind fortress walls; The double-dealing diplomat; The mysterious Eustache; Exiles to the islands (108); Prisoners of d'Artagnan (119-124); The black sheep of the family (135-140); Poison (145-148); A gift of God (158-166); Criminal without a crime (about 170); The solution; Notes; Appendix (Appendix B "Lauzun in Ireland" at pp. 183-184); Family Tree. The total extent was not captured (about 190 p.). Thompson also gave the Cannes 1987 paper "La Théorie d'Eustache Danger de Cavoye" (Macdonald's bibliography, section 11). **Text obtained and how.** archive.org search-service fragments: 359 from the general list (`thompson_1987_snippets.md`, raw `thompson_1987_fts_raw.json`), 562 from the follow-up list (`thompson_1987_followup_snippets.md`, raw `thompson_1987_followup_fts_raw.json`), the contents probes (`thompson_1987_contents_queries.json`) and the probes aimed at the final chapters (`thompson_1987_solution_chapter_queries.txt`). No review was located in an accessible source. **The author's identification and explanation, in his own words (fragments).** - The identification. "[a younger] brother, born in 1637 — Eustache de Cavoye. The little used family name of the Cavoye family was Auger. So Eustache's [full name was Eustache d'Auger de Cavoye]"; "Eustache d'Auger de Cavoye, third son of François d'Auger de Cavoye, the captain of Cardinal [Richelieu's musketeers]"; "'Eustache Dauger' must have been a genuine name; for if it was a false name, it would have been entered in order [to mislead]". - The black sheep. "On Good Friday of 1659 a group of devil-worshippers were caught celebrating [a black mass]", "among their number were Eustache de Cavoye, his friends Vivonne and Mancini, and the King's chaplain, the Abbot Camus"; "did something else so terrible that his mother disinherited him, 'for good causes and considerations known [to her]'"; "Although his mother disinherited him in 1664, as she was entitled to do, and [...]"; in the chapter "Poison": "[the Marquise de Brinvilliers] who had fled in 1668. The drug dealer's name was d'Auger" (p. 148). - Saint-Lazare. "There was no sign of any Eustache Dauger at St Lazare prison. There was no trial, no sentencing, no committal" (the opposite conclusion from Noone's and Wilkinson's, who place Cavoye in Saint-Lazare from 1668 to his death). - The secret. "Dauger's secret must have been known to Fouquet before his arrest in 1661"; "it was his secret, not his crime, that led him to his awful fate. Of course, if there was a crime, the gaol sentence [...]"; "the King of France was trying to cover up some irregularity in his own royal credentials. This may seem [a sweeping statement]"; "Louis XIV, the young king, bore an astonishing resemblance to the Cavoye brothers and was completely different [from Louis XIII]"; "But for six years before 1640, François de Cavoye held undisputed sway"; Louis XIII had "a wasting disease which seems to have made him impotent. But then, early in December 1637, after twenty-two [years of marriage ...]"; "the child was officially named 'Louis Dieudonné'. Literally, it means 'The gift of God'", "a term often used to imply illegitimate fatherhood"; "Presuming, from the extremely close resemblance of his brother to the king, that Eustache also [resembled him]". - The dating and the cover-up. "this means that he must have been arrested between 1667 and 1672, which tallies with everything else that [we know]" ("Antoine Ru's reference puts it between 1667 and 1672"); "the ministers detailed to secure him were almost certainly murdered when the king felt that they could no longer be [trusted]"; "Louvois and Barbezieux, had died in 1691 and 1701 respectively, very possibly murdered by the king's agents"; "While he was still alive, false rumours and stories had been actually planted [...]", "a false rumour planted, to lead the unwary investigator astray"; the opening framing: "we have before us a 'whodunnit' without a crime or a motive. Only a punishment". **Claims confirmed from the pages (with evidence).** (1) Publisher, year, ISBN and the author's Oxford background (copyright page and jacket in fragments). (2) Thompson's prisoner is Eustache d'Auger de Cavoye, born 1637, third son of François de Cavoye, participant in the Roissy affair of Good Friday 1659, disinherited in 1664. (3) The secret he proposes is the legitimacy of Louis XIV, with François de Cavoye as possible father and the Cavoye resemblance as the reason for the mask. (4) He denies that any Eustache Dauger was at Saint-Lazare and sets the arrest "between 1667 and 1672", so the book does not use the Calais reimbursement of 1669 (made public at Cannes in September 1987, the year of publication). (5) He states that the ministers who guarded the secret were "almost certainly murdered" and that Louis XIV planted false rumours; these are presented in the book as inference, not documented fact. ## 11. Roger Macdonald, *The Man in the Iron Mask* (2005) **Bibliographic details.** Roger Macdonald, *The Man in the Iron Mask. The True Story of the Most Famous Prisoner in History and the Four Musketeers*, London, Constable, "an imprint of Constable & Robinson Ltd", 2005 (hardback; ISBN and extent not captured in fragments); New York, Carroll & Graf, "First Carroll & Graf edition, 2005", ISBN-13 978-0-78671-606-7, ISBN-10 0-7867-1606-1, "Printed and bound in the EU", "Distributed by Publishers Group West"; paperback, Constable & Robinson, 2008, ISBN 978-1-84529-300-0 (archive.org item `maninironmask00roge`, Open Library edition OL26335335M, work OL17735748W; edition data otherwise from the copyright page in fragments). The archive.org lending item `maninironmask00roge_0` is the Carroll & Graf edition (Boston Public Library copy); Spanish and Polish translations are also on archive.org. Contents (Carroll & Graf): List of Illustrations vii; Acknowledgements ix; Maps xi; Introduction xv; Prologue: The Facts behind the Fable 1; 1 A Gascon in Paris 3; 2 The Devil's Child 21; 3 Cyrano de Bergerac 33; 4 Death of a Musketeer 43; 5 Nothing but a Sword 59; 6 The Fall of Fouquet 78; 7 and 8 [titles not recovered; running head "The Double Agent" at pp. 127-128]; 9 Return to Pignerol; 10 The Black Mass 155; 11 The Mystery of Maastricht 167; 12 The Secret Prisoner 181; 13 'Powders for Death, Powders for Love' 193; 14 The Two 'Merles' of Monsieur Saint-Mars 209; 15 The Fire Tongs Affair 221; 16 The Biographer's Tale 237; Epilogue: Revenge of the Mask 255; Appendix: Prison Plans 271; Principal Characters 277; Chronology 283; Notes and Sources 285; Bibliography 323; Index 339. Jacket: "Oxford historian Roger Macdonald has spent five years unraveling fact from [fiction]". **Text obtained and how.** archive.org search-service fragments: 484 from the general list (`macdonald_2005_snippets.md`, raw `macdonald_2005_fts_raw.json`) and 750 from the follow-up list (`macdonald_2005_followup_snippets.md`, raw `macdonald_2005_followup_fts_raw.json`). The OCR of this item inserts double spaces between words; searches on the saved files should allow for variable whitespace. No review was located in an accessible source. **The author's identification and explanation, in his own words (fragments).** - The thesis. "[the] Man in the Iron Mask was not Louis XIV's twin or the one credible candidate previously suggested, Eustache Dauger, of whom almost nothing was known hitherto"; the publisher's cable in the introduction: "'No interest in twin: find alternative solution.' So it was that the labours of more than [...]". The index gives the identification: "Danger or Dauger, Eustache See Martin, Etienne" and "Martin, Etienne (Eustache Danger/Dauger) 120, 121, 123, 125, 126, 127-8, 129", together with "[whether or] not Etienne Martin had been the temporary valet under suspicion of poisoning his master" (Roux de Marcilly's valet). The masked man himself is d'Artagnan: "D'Artagnan probably died in January 1711, aged about eighty-eight. As a second funeral [...]"; "The year he died, 1673, was the real clue"; "no trace of a grave at Maastricht has ever been found. Nor is there any reliable evidence of his corpse being returned to France. / Louvois knew what [...]" (p. 174); chronology entries "Fouquet's death at Pignerol faked" and "Mask's death at the Bastille faked"; "After his faked death in 1680, Fouquet was moved to the [...]"; "After his death was faked in 1703, the Mask may have been held in the Well [Tower]"; index under Sainte-Marguerite "Fouquet imprisoned in 216, 218 / d'Artagnan imprisoned in 216, 218"; "The inescapable conclusion is that La Rivière was not one of them [the two prisoners of the tour d'en bas]". - The name and the warrant. "[the name] supplied by Prignani was entered on Louvois's warrant as 'Eustache Danger', and not 'Eustache Dauger', as was originally thought. Bernard Caire proved this by a meticulous study of the [minutes]"; "By the warrant dated 28 July, Vauroy was ordered to arrest 'Eustache Danger' on [sight]"; "It was Louvois, and Louvois alone, who wanted Martin under lock and key. However, if Martin possessed knowledge so [...]". - The secret. Introduction: the themes are "the parentage of the future Louis XIV; the Secret Treaty of Dover between England and France; and the Affair [of the Poisons]" (p. xvii); "[that the] future Louis XIV was almost certainly a bastard was a sufficient problem in itself, without [...]"; the reason for Martin's "incarceration: his knowledge of the Secret Treaty of Dover" (p. 187). - The mask. "the metal mask was announced by Bernard Caire in 1987, at a symposium of historians in [Cannes]"; Saint-Mars "was to refer to a velvet mask five years later". **Claims confirmed from the pages (with evidence).** (1) Editions, ISBNs and the full table of contents with page numbers. (2) Macdonald's solution: the masked prisoner was d'Artagnan, whose death at Maastricht in 1673 he treats as faked, imprisoned by Louvois and alive until about January 1711; Eustache Danger was Étienne Martin, Roux de Marcilly's valet, arrested on the warrant of 28 July 1669 for what he knew of the Dover negotiations; Fouquet's death of 1680 and the Bastille death of 1703 are both "faked" in his chronology. (3) He accepts Caire's reading Danger (index "Caire, Bernard 130, 314-15") and credits Caire with the "metal mask" at Cannes 1987. (4) His bibliography lists the Cannes 1987 papers of Brugnon, Caire, Noone and Thompson, Brugnon's 1992 Bastille register, Mongrédien 1952, 1953 and 1976, and the Pinerolo 1976 and 1992 proceedings, which fixes the titles used in section 6. (5) The jacket presents the author as an "Oxford historian" who "spent five years" on the book; his academic affiliation is not given in the fragments. ## 12. Access-methods log The methods below were tried in order for every work. What each yielded: **(a) archive.org search, metadata and `_djvu.txt`.** Item search (archive.org advanced search and Open Library `search.json`, with non-ASCII query strings URL-encoded) located lending items for Petitfils 2003 (`lemasquedeferent0000peti`, now flagged `source: removed`) and 2004 (`lemasquedeferent0000peti_h1r0`), Sonnino 2016 (`searchformaninir0000sonn`), Noone 1994 (`manbehindironmas0000noon`), Wilkinson 2021 (`9781643137421`), Thompson 1987 (`maninironmaskhis0000harr`), Macdonald 2005 (`maninironmask00roge_0`, plus Spanish and Polish translations), the Pinerolo 1992 proceedings (`pinerololamasche0000unse`), and an item of *XVIIe siècle* nos 17-18 (1953) whose full text is served openly (`xviie_siecle_1953_nos17-18_full_issue_djvu.txt`, from which Mongrédien's "Deux documents inédits" was extracted). No item exists for Petitfils 1970, Mongrédien 1952, the 1976 and 1989 proceedings, the 1988 first edition of Noone, the Constable and Amberley editions, or any article by Caire or Brugnon. For each lending item the `metadata` JSON, `marc.xml`/`_meta.mrc` and `scandata.xml` are public and gave ISBNs, extents, leaf counts and cataloguing notes; `_djvu.txt` answered 401 and `page_numbers.json` 403 on every lending item, so no full text and no leaf-to-page map were obtained. **(b) Search-inside.** Open Library's `search/inside.json` returns hits but its per-item text endpoints, and archive.org's item-level `fulltext/inside.php`, answered 403 for every lending item. The route that worked is the archive.org full-text-search API, `https://be-api.us.archive.org/fts/v1/search?q= AND identifier:&size=5`: at most five fragments of about 130 characters per query, the matched term marked `{{{ }}}`, a slash for each OCR line break, no page numbers, occasional HTTP 502 (retried). It also answers for the 2003 Petitfils item although that item is no longer lendable. A script submitted term lists of 100-200 entries per book with a one-second pause; the outputs, deduplicated per run, are the `*_snippets.md` files with their `*_fts_raw.json`. Counts: Petitfils 2004 606 + 425 (plus a raw list of key-phrase probes and the contents probes); Sonnino 480 + 517; Noone 550 + 691; Wilkinson 536 + 601; Thompson 359 + 562; Macdonald 484 + 750; Pinerolo 1992 612 + 589; the four 1970 periodicals reviewing Petitfils 1970, 213. About 8,000 fragments in all, with some overlap between the general and follow-up runs. For Mongrédien 1952 the equivalent was Gallica's `services/ContentSearch?ark=bpt6k3357084j&query=`, which answers with page-numbered snippets ("p. N (vue M)") even though the viewer says "indisponible" (the book is in copyright); 3,439 snippets were collected, and `services/Pagination`, `services/Toc` (Latin-1) and `services/OAIRecord` supplied the pagination, the table of contents and the record. Gallica requires a browser User-Agent string. **(c) Google Books API.** Every request to `www.googleapis.com/books/v1/volumes` answered HTTP 429 "quota exceeded", and `books.google.com` answered 403 for every page, so neither bibliographic data nor preview snippets were obtained from Google. **(d) HathiTrust.** The catalogue API `catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/brief/oclc/.json` works: Mongrédien 1952 (OCLC 2868514, LCCN 52033350) is record 008006855, volume `uc1.$b765953`, search-only; Petitfils 1970 (OCLC 1380263) has no record. The HTML catalogue (`catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/...`) and the full-text search at `babel.hathitrust.org` answer with a Cloudflare "Just a moment" challenge (403), so HathiTrust's search-only snippets for Mongrédien could not be used; Gallica supplied them instead. **(e) Publisher and retailer previews.** Rowman & Littlefield's page for Sonnino was unreachable live and was taken from a 2021 Wayback capture (`sonnino_2016_rowman_publisher_page_wayback2021.txt`: description, ISBNs, page count). Pegasus (`wilkinson_2021_pegasus_publisher_page_with_review_blurbs.txt`) and Amberley (`wilkinson_2021_amberley_publisher_page.txt`) pages were fetched live. Perrin's site and `www.jcpetitfils.com` were unreachable (502 on CONNECT), and the Wayback Machine reports "has not archived that URL" for jcpetitfils.com. Retailer "look inside" viewers are JavaScript applications and could not be read; Google's preview is blocked outright. **(f) Reviews, interviews and author summaries.** Petitfils 2003: Stéphane Genet's H-Net review (2004, `review_genet_hnet_2004_petitfils.txt`); Diego Venturino's review, *Dix-huitième siècle* 37 (2005), pp. 645-646, from Persée's HTML (`review_venturino_persee_2005_petitfils.txt`; a complete text of the same review, `review_venturino_2005_dhs37_petitfils_complete_pp645-646.txt`, is also in the directory); the Canal Académie interview of 2005 (`canalacademie_petitfils_2005.html`, `.txt`); the summary of the thesis on masque-de-fer.com (`dabos_masque-de-fer.com_la_these_eustache_danger_summary_of_petitfils.txt`). Petitfils 1970: fragments of the reviews in *Le Figaro littéraire*, *Historia*, *Bulletin critique du livre français* and *Bibliographie de la France* (`petitfils_1970_reviews_and_periodicals_fts_snippets.md`). Sonnino: Julius R. Ruff, *H-France Review* 16 (November 2016), no. 258 (`review_ruff_hfrance_2016_sonnino.pdf`, `.txt`; the same text is also present as `ruff2016_hfrance_review_sonnino.txt`); *Publishers Weekly* 2015 (`review_publishersweekly_2015_sonnino.txt`); the LiveScience, UCSB Current and UCSB History Department interviews of 2016 (`sonnino_2016_livescience_interview.txt`, `sonnino_2016_ucsb_current_interview.txt`, `sonnino_2016_ucsb_history_dept_interview.txt`); the 1998 Deseret News (New York Times News Service) interview (`sonnino_1998_deseret_news_nyt_news_service_interview.txt`); the CrossRef abstract of his 2014 *French Historical Studies* article on Mazarin's testaments (`sonnino_2014_fhs_three_testaments_abstract_crossref.txt`); his 2016 curriculum vitae (`sonnino_cv_2016_ucsb.txt`); press and review summaries (`sonnino_2016-2017_press_and_review_summaries_parrott_noozhawk.txt`). Wilkinson: *Publishers Weekly* 2021 and the Pegasus blurbs. Related open-access scholarship: Madry's 2016 article in *Cahiers du dix-septième* (`madry_2016_cahiers17_the_valet_louvois_invited_guest.pdf`, `.txt`), which surveys the Petitfils-Noone-Sonnino positions. Noone, Thompson and Macdonald: no review found in an accessible source; the Wikipedia reference extracts (`wikipedia_en_man_in_the_iron_mask_reference_extract.txt`, `wikipedia_fr_masque_de_fer_reference_extract.txt`) preserve how each is cited. Mongrédien needed none, since his text was reached directly. **(g) Wayback Machine.** Used for the Rowman page (2021 capture) and for the index of the *Proceedings of the Western Society for French History* (to check Sonnino's earlier conference papers; nothing on the Iron Mask was copied from it). CDX index queries were used to find captures. Raw (`id_`) fetches were cut off intermittently and were retried. jcpetitfils.com has no capture. **Legal stance.** Every text fragment in the `sources/` files comes from a public search service answering a specific query (archive.org full-text search, Gallica ContentSearch), from an open-access periodical, from a publisher's or reviewer's page, or from a library catalogue. No lending copy was borrowed or decrypted, no full text of an in-copyright book was downloaded or reconstructed, and no pirate mirror was consulted. The fragments are short quotations gathered for research and comparison; they do not replace the books, which remain necessary for reading any argument in context. ## 13. Hosts blocked or unusable (by name) - `www.jcpetitfils.com` and Perrin's site: 502 on CONNECT (proxy); no Wayback capture. - `books.google.com`: 403 on every request. `www.googleapis.com` (Books API): 429 quota exceeded. - `babel.hathitrust.org` and the HTML pages of `catalog.hathitrust.org`: Cloudflare "Just a moment" challenge (403). The JSON catalogue API on the same host is unaffected. - `www.persee.fr`: article HTML pages are readable; PDF downloads and some article pages are replaced by an "altcha" proof-of-work challenge (403). The Persée PDF of Thierry Sarmant's 2013 review in the *Bibliothèque de l'École des chartes* came back as a 313-byte challenge page; that placeholder was deleted from `sources/` and the review was not obtained. - `www.cairn.info`: "Please enable JS and disable any ad blocker". - `rowman.com`: unreachable live (Wayback used). - `www.bloomsbury.com`: JavaScript challenge. - `www.simonandschuster.com`: blocked. - `journals.uchicago.edu`, `academic.oup.com`: Cloudflare challenge. - `www.noozhawk.com`: 403 (nginx). - `www.booklistonline.com`: JavaScript challenge. - WordPress-hosted blogs: 403 (nginx). - `www.europe1.fr`: blocked. `www.lejdd.fr`: Cloudflare "Just a moment". `www.lemonde.fr`: empty response. - `archives.cannes.com`: most pages readable; the "quelques ouvrages" bibliography page answers 404. - `gallica.bnf.fr`: readable only with a browser User-Agent; in-copyright documents are "indisponible" in the viewer (a rights restriction, not a proxy block), while the search services answer. - archive.org lending items: `_djvu.txt` 401, `page_numbers.json` 403, `fulltext/inside.php` 403 (rights restrictions on lending items, not proxy blocks). - `fr.wikisource.org` and Google Books were not needed. ## 14. Files Report: `notes/F_modern_works_access.md` (this file). Raw material in `sources/` (sixty-five files; fragment counts in parentheses): Petitfils 2003/2004 and 1970 - `petitfils_2004_snippets.md` (606), `petitfils_2004_fts_raw.json` - `petitfils_2004_followup2_snippets.md` (425), `petitfils_2004_followup2_fts_raw.json` - `petitfils_2004_followup_snippets_raw.txt` (key-phrase probes) - `petitfils_2004_toc_and_chapter_title_queries.json` - `petitfils_2003_ia_item_fts_test.json` (proof that the "removed" 2003 item still answers) - `petitfils_1970_reviews_and_periodicals_fts_snippets.md` (213) - `review_genet_hnet_2004_petitfils.txt`, `review_venturino_persee_2005_petitfils.txt` - `dabos_masque-de-fer.com_la_these_eustache_danger_summary_of_petitfils.txt` - `canalacademie_petitfils_2005.html`, `canalacademie_petitfils_2005.txt` Sonnino 2016 - `sonnino_2016_snippets.md` (480), `sonnino_2016_fts_raw.json` - `sonnino_2016_followup_snippets.md` (517), `sonnino_2016_followup_fts_raw.json` - `sonnino_2016_chapter_title_queries.json` - `review_ruff_hfrance_2016_sonnino.pdf`, `review_ruff_hfrance_2016_sonnino.txt` - `review_publishersweekly_2015_sonnino.txt` - `sonnino_2016_livescience_interview.txt`, `sonnino_2016_ucsb_current_interview.txt`, `sonnino_2016_ucsb_history_dept_interview.txt` - `sonnino_1998_deseret_news_nyt_news_service_interview.txt` - `sonnino_2014_fhs_three_testaments_abstract_crossref.txt` - `sonnino_2016_rowman_publisher_page_wayback2021.txt` - `sonnino_2016-2017_press_and_review_summaries_parrott_noozhawk.txt` - `sonnino_cv_2016_ucsb.txt` Mongrédien 1952 and 1953 - `mongredien_1952_snippets.md` (3,439 page-numbered snippets), `mongredien_1952_gallica_raw.json` - `mongredien_1952_gallica_toc.xml`, `mongredien_1952_table_des_matieres.txt` - `mongredien_1953_xviie_siecle_deux_documents_inedits_extract.txt` - `xviie_siecle_1953_nos17-18_full_issue_djvu.txt` Caire, Brugnon and the colloquia - `caire_brugnon_articles_citations.md` - `societa_storica_pinerolese_bollettino_indici.txt` - `pinerolo_1991_colloquium_proceedings_snippets.md` (612), `pinerolo_1991_colloquium_fts_raw.json` - `pinerolo_1991_colloquium_followup_snippets.md` (589), `pinerolo_1991_colloquium_followup_fts_raw.json` - `cannes_archives_1687-1698_masque_de_fer_ou_de_velours.txt`, `cannes_mediatheque_masque_de_fer_star_cannoise.txt` - `madry_2016_cahiers17_the_valet_louvois_invited_guest.pdf`, `madry_2016_cahiers17_the_valet_louvois_invited_guest.txt` Noone 1988/1994 - `noone_1988_rev1994_snippets.md` (550), `noone_1988_rev1994_fts_raw.json` - `noone_1988_rev1994_followup_snippets.md` (691), `noone_1988_rev1994_followup_fts_raw.json` - `noone_1988_chapter_title_queries.json` Wilkinson 2021 - `wilkinson_2021_snippets.md` (536), `wilkinson_2021_fts_raw.json` - `wilkinson_2021_followup_snippets.md` (601), `wilkinson_2021_followup_fts_raw.json` - `wilkinson_2021_chapter_title_queries.json` - `wilkinson_2021_pegasus_publisher_page_with_review_blurbs.txt`, `wilkinson_2021_amberley_publisher_page.txt` - `review_publishersweekly_2021_wilkinson.txt` Thompson 1987 - `thompson_1987_snippets.md` (359), `thompson_1987_fts_raw.json` - `thompson_1987_followup_snippets.md` (562), `thompson_1987_followup_fts_raw.json` - `thompson_1987_contents_queries.json`, `thompson_1987_solution_chapter_queries.txt` Macdonald 2005 - `macdonald_2005_snippets.md` (484), `macdonald_2005_fts_raw.json` - `macdonald_2005_followup_snippets.md` (750), `macdonald_2005_followup_fts_raw.json` Reference extracts - `wikipedia_en_man_in_the_iron_mask_reference_extract.txt`, `wikipedia_fr_masque_de_fer_reference_extract.txt` The other files in `sources/` are not listed here.