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About Google Book Search Google's mission is to organize the world's information and to make it universally accessible and useful. Google Book Search helps readers discover the world's books while helping authors and publishers reach new audiences. You can search through the full text of this book on the web at |http : //books . google . com/ '.''''"M I , .v.] T'"'VS!K^'fti^t»mlLmtl^km^M^^J.AMmMl*M!l£^llMmmmmmmmm^mmmmm0im i Iff h B 1 1 HM I ■■ ■■ > Iiliii THiS COURSE OF HANNIBAL. CilAPf ER THE FIRST. XN furveying the wonderful adlivities of man upon fliis globe of earth, we feel the neceffity of obtaining local knowledge Xo acquire hiflorical infonmation. Without a continual Werence to the prefent icene of bufinefs, we are foon Ipfl in the various movements of it. The n^npa^ion may be amufing to oUr fancies, but will be perplexing to our underfiandings. Nor is that vafl: ma& of fads, which Hiilory accumulates before us, any thin^ more than a mere chaos of traniadtionft ; before Geogmphy ipeaks the word, calls the ie- veral elements to their ieveral places, and ranges the vrhoh in its natural orden Vol. t B This 'AT COtTRSE OF HANNISAL OHAP. U This is equally the cafe in ancient and in- mo- dem ftoty. But the knowkdgc of geography h neceflarily much more defexSlive concerning an- cient tranfeftions, than it is concerning modern. There,^ names of, townd, of rivers, and even. of nations, are continually occurring ; which learn- ing itfelfiiiids it Tffyt eaiy to appropriate, and 'ilU- teratenefs mufl be content to leave for ever in lin- certainty. On this account, ancient hiftory is to* the main body of mankind, ^^ Monftrum informe,. ^^ ingens, cui lumcu-^adem^tum." Nor can even fcholars very frequently catdi more, than a glim- mering ray of light ; from the colliiion which tiiey make, between various paffages in ancient authors^ Thus are they themfelves like men,, digging in the depth of a mine, and fupplying the want of the fun by a wheel of fteel, that ftrikcs* eohtkiitally upon flints, and draws out a circle of fparks to eiillgh'teh thbm. . \ But this has been peculiarly their fate, perhaps^ iii that jfnoll dijftinguifhed period of the ancient hiftory of mail, Avhich occurs withifi thefe Welt- em parts df the .European continent ; the grand matdh of Hannibal, through France tb the Alps, and over the Alps into Italy. Here the wh^eef. of light, whidi learning has been turning for its ©wn iiiuminatibn, . is particularly faint. The courfe of this celebrated General has been drawn, ki a YSiikAy of routes ; no iels than four different t. polntS' SECT. U OVER THE Atl^S-. . ^ jpomts pf the Alps, being marked by the ^nger or knodern cn6ci&(i, as the Very line and track of his Nor has this uncertainty beett confined to the ffiodems. It extended to the ancients, and mounted up to the very Romans ^emfelvesv So €arly even as the days of Auguflus, the route of their grand en^ny over thofe natural barriers of their country, wa6 the fubjeift of a controverfy at Rome. Ncm: was this merely among the grofs body of the people, who are necefTanly illiterate^ and muft therefore remain ignorant. It was car^ ried on among the learned, and the historically learned too. A profeifed writer of the Roipan hiftory, a writer of the moft ancient periods of S:, even Livy hiiQfelf, engaged in the diipute, and digreiied iBrom his narration in order to ent^r into it* In this uncertainty concerning the point, when thofe to whom the hiilory of Hannibal was ^j&aally modem; and who, in tomparifon with us, were nearly cotemporaries with Hannibal himfelf ; could not afcertain his courfe over the Alps decifively: what hope can there be, of afcer- taining it at prefent ? Yet fome there is* Hope in general is that vital fjpsak of Jiterary, as well as natural, life ; which is not fo ei^y extinguifhed, as to a fiiper£k^ial bbierver it may leem to be. It B 2 has ^ COUksa OF ftAi^lSrr»AL jCkAP. ty has thctefore been cotrtiniially impelliiig the mo'^ derns to determine, what the ancients themfelve^ difputed. Even a grand attempt has been recently made to determine it. An officer of our o\vn army, who is at once an antiquary, a libldier, and a cri- tic, the celebrated General Robert Melvili^ hi ^T*fS *^^^ pains to trace the route of the Car-' thaginians, one General inveftigating the courfe of anothei', by an a6tuaf furvey of the gtound, through the vallies ahd over the crefts of the Alps, t am ambitious, tbe^eforfc, of following the ex^ ample of this amiable and friendly officer, who has moft obligingly imparted the liibftance of all his notices to me j but of following it in a dif- ferent manner. I wifh pot to ftruggk in rieatity through the rugged gullies, and to ftrain in reality /ftp the fteep afccnls, with him. I mean to act on sin eafier, and (I think) a more efFecStual/ plan r taking the hiftories of Hannibal into my hands ; comparing them with the accounts, of the; Roman geographers and modern travellers; collating all again with incidental notices, in other hiftorian^ among the a:hcients or among the moderns ; and then delineating the courfe of t{»e Carthaginiaix^, from the whole. Nor will there be found, I truft, fucfe a real .uncertainty in theii; courfe, as the difputes of the moderns and of the ancients feem to announce. The generality of mankind think little, upon any iiibje^^ S£CT. l^ OVEK THX ALPS. • ^ ^ubje<^. Even fcholars are more apt to draw cut &eir ftores of learning, than to exert their powers of intelledl. They frequently think as little^ as the mereft of the mob. And my reade^^ who expedls to walk only in the fhades of twili^^ or un(kr ihe glimmer of a few jftars^ will be agneeably fur priicd^ I truft, to find the clear light breaking in upon him^ growing ftronger and ftronger as he advances^ and ^t laft fonning a full blaze of brightnefs. —a — I FIRST preient myielf as a guide to ^e Car- thaginians, on the banks of the Rhone in Langue* doc. Hece Hannibal pafled this rapid river. But at what particular point did he pais it ? He had jnarched from the Pyrenees ; not along the grand road^ which we fee the Romaic afterwards ufing acrofs the ibuth of France ; but along anoth(^ that was higher up in the country, and came to^^ the Rhone at a gieater diilance firoyi the fea«\v, Almoil all our knowledge of weftern Europe, is derived from the monuments of the Romans ; and the roads of the Romans dpecially, are our prin- cipal directors to the roads of the natives before them. That of the Romans led from the Pyrenees, to Narbonne, to Nifines, and to Aries \ This laft a ** AntoBini Itinerarium** iti ** Theatrum Geographiae ^ TCteriif dttobus tonus diitin^biin, tdeale Petro Bcrtb Be« iaft town tv4s at the «£W^* of the Rhone, while Hannibal ctaffcd the liva: ilmoft fmfr days tHarck mbd^eK • Hanftibal, th^jtefore^ to^^k a toad to the Mrthj'oi <$iiffi. One ax^ofrdittgly "ocGUtH among the floaiaits^ that wctit over the Molie a^ Vitohe by ti bridge, of whidi fatti,e a^^peiauTances remain tdi ihis day ^, Yet this was too ftr t0 the north.. Hannibal was only fow dtfjt diar mogcapho," ii. zj. . b Polybius, i. 2^1. cap. {ii. iodi, 42. . Cafaubon, ^^iot. Vj^spa;'; 'TST&fwv oJbv aTEp^wv f ^a-lcsrE^iw Ttij Sa^arl^j* Mr. Hanipton*8, 'trRH^fe«tin*'6f 'Po^bi«5''hdving a jJelebrJty, tti^from a fiijglfe inflance I fii^p©& ta be ftiorb the fdialt 'of fancy thaa of truth, df re^HMTt than efr^ali^; \ fii^^xamme the v^rfion of alflldft ^very.extraft that.IprQduc^ from thj? Qre^k^ in or^e^ tp.mari; the deviations th^y I expeft to find. ** Ahnibal,*' fays Mr. 'Hamptb'fi/i, ^40; ■'edit. 3. 177^^, ** having ndwfixied his catnpi^ '^« upon the Rhone, W tfae »*ft^hce df a^*//'- almoft, S^eJoy^ •> foxiir ddysy^nwjf,'' iiwrch^ «.f from Aey^^f,/' from the camft pf Sdpio on ihefe^^ypaTltsrEJ?) Ttj^ &jj, ** refolyed," &c. c Peutinger's Tables^ ift ^gitient, in Bertius's Theatrumj^ after Antonini Itiherariuni, ". Vigenna xvi 5" aiid Br^vai's S^- '<:«ftd Tra?r^l3| li^ 13J1, p«bliflied i7r3a. - r d Sequel iu r, of t}ris ^^1^ . ^ . . . . ' . th.^ 019: rpRd i^n/ hf *mo ,vxbft^ mediate f^es, tiwenty-thre$ qulcss tp Chraia|^ Jby one &^g^, twenty ; and t? V^QWOft by five, &veAty-4i>P; in aU> 0^ hw^idr!^ ai)4 fo^j^fWi^* l^cr Itinerary th||» A|tfamiie% /* Arcllajtc ♦-—• -. — •*— ^ ^^ Mutatio Jrma^iney nu viu ;" a place menti^oed aidduioxi* JiJiy IB AtitoDine^s Itinerary (Bertius ii. 2s), and in Peu* ^ger^ Tabies<^ approjHiates this for tiie ifland of Hannibal fc the Wftory "*• Five and twenty miles from it doM^ the river, anfwering to th^ fix above Va^ lence, a^ the twenty beiow it, come as nearly to 4fifux number as we can either expedl cm: wilh to come, and leave us at our point of J^AURipi^ #g5Ujaf". All ££o.burgB, 177^^ ^^ Inde miHia quinque et viginti fcmie *^ fupca, parvseinfulaecircumfufumatnaemy btiorem ubi divit^ ^ drf)atnr, coque amis alto alveo/*^ m See a large FreiKh map of the coujotry, io forty fteets^ ' aiKf entnled ^ Les etat» de Savoye et de Fi^moot, le Daupbine, ^ k Breflc,. partie du laoonois et de la Frov^oce, &c. par Mr •* Hutiert Jaillot, 1706, a FarisJ* livy's words are xxi. zj^. **- i*«w infiilap circurafufum amoem;" and & JaiUot repr^r jfems it. Folybius's defcriptioa of tbe iflai^d i& xperely thif T* x»f^ iw=»$aii - ^eadof feventy-five, to theibuth of Lyons. Nor are the dis- tances in-M* de St. Simon, fuch as t^ey ought to be; he mif» .taking the comfe of the hiilory, as I fhall (hew hereafter; therefore fetting off his meafuremencs from a wrong point; even S£CT, i. Over the ALPSf., 13 At Lauriol in Dauphiny then, did IJannibal crofs the Rhone. To this point lie marched, not becaufe tvtn when he does not do this, giving hlk mcafures ; and aF« terwards not fpecifying locally and nominally his very point of paflage itfelf, only placing it in the ccuntty of the Trkaftiniy and about 21 kag^sfrom thtfta^ two marks peculiarly indefinite! **^ Je place le paflage du Rhone fix oa fept lieues plus baut, que ** le Chevalier Folard ne ie met d'apres les memoires de Man- ^ dajors, parceque Polybe dit qu^Annibal pafia ce fleuve ^ qua- •• tre joumees dc fon embouchure dan^ lamer," M. dc St* Si- nion never thinking of Polybius's 7$ miles, a much fm%r mark ; ** et que Tite Live dit, qu'AnnibalenvoyaHannonfilsdeBomiU ^ caraiFCC une gros detachement, pafier ce fleuve vingt-cinque ^ millcs au^efius de la pla^e ott il s'etoit arrets, ^ eaufe qu'unc ^ ffranit iflc," of which the gnaimfs is all given by M. de St. Slmoa himfelf, and is ezpreisly contradided by Livy, he cali^ ing it a fmall one : " qui s'y^ trouvoit, donnoit," 8rc. •« Du *^ point ou je fais pafier le Rhone, au pays des Tikaftins^-— ^ jufqu' si la mec on compte envima vingt eC une lieues,** only fixteen leagues and a half^ ^ q.ui peuvent setpondre ^ la ^ iUftance qu'on fuppofe pour quatre joumees de nrnrdie, ec *< de ce mime point on trouve en remootant le fieuve vingt* ^ cinque miHes, cVft-^-dire, huit lieues et un tiers, XittftgranJk ^ ifle qui fubfifte detems immemorial^ eotre Baiz fur ladroite^ ** et Mirmande fur la gauche, da Rhone.*' M. de St. Simoa aoftihiktes his own argument, by negligently fjififyiag the ac-^ count in Livy, making that a great ffle which Livy calls a fivall. one, and adually producing a great ifle ta anfwcr Livy's fmall one. Such an inftance of felf-confiited reaibntogy is too gro£» Co occur often in the literary world. In his map, at the end of kis Preface, he docs what he does not in the Preface itfelfr fixe» Beceflarily the pafiage, and fixes it between Viviers and Pont St. £fprit ; thus throwing the middle point towardii 0mt tnd^ ff- d«cinf 1 14. COUItSE OP HANNIBllt CHAP. U becaufe he thought it more commodious for^ his paffage over the rivef> having a lower bank and, an e^er afcent up it ; but for a reaibn more hifto- rical and fubftantial, becaufe the road which he had taken led him to it. The road from Nar- bonne to Nifines and to Axles, as we have al-. ready fecn, he left to the fouth of his Ijne of movements. " This road," fays Strabo, who wrote hot (as is generally faid) in the reigns of Auguftus and Tiberius, but in the reign of Ti~ berius only, as he appears actually writing the fourih book of his Greography in the very fifth year of his reign, " is good in fummer, but in winter *^ and in ipring deep with dirt, and obl?ru6lcd *^ by rivers : fome indeed of thefe currents are " pafled by ferries, 3,nd fome by bridges built of " timber br ftone," the latter afluredly intro- duced by the Romans on their copqueft of the' country, the former ufed by the natives be- fore ; '^ and the torrents render the road difficult; " to be pafled, even up into the fummer \^' But another duciDg his four days march from the fea into 48 miles and a. ^ Jialft and c^brgfeg the finjr days marcl^ to Lyons into a hun- dred aod eight iotod ^f f^veoty-five. • Stmbc^ ^. jtSj. Amftcl. 1707. esfm ^&v iv€»lov a^m^ |MXpiT«9i^.. Strabo mentions expreisly in his fourth book^ tt»l it ** w» now three and thirty years'* fince Drufus and Tiberius ««CT. t. OTEK TUB AL?%. I5 another toad branched out of this^ and ran pa-', fallel with it to the Alps. 'f. Of the road which ^ I have mentioned," adds Strabo, f' that whith ^ g(K^4ire3 to the Alpsis (as we h^e faid) tho ** Jbori one through the Vocontii; but that ^^ through the fea coaft of Marfeillea and liguria;' ^ 18 loi^ger^ '\ Yet even this would not accom-^ nodate h&If to the^tefigns^ HannibaL Thefe two roads went in ^ne conmcmftem to the Rhcm i the gteat^ road palling ^^ from Nifines throughr ^ Ugemum {new Beaucaire] and Taraibon, ta '^ the warm waters which are called Sextise^ '* and aiT near Marfeilles," the prefent Aix, " to ^' Antibes and the river Var;'* and the branch from it having, <^ as far as Beaucairc and Ta- *^ micon, the road from Nifmes common to it *^ and the other^.'* Hannibal therefore took an- other track, moved parallel with this road, bu** kept at fi)me diftaricc from it. He wiihed affu- redly to avoid Aries and Marfeille^ ; becaufe he TSierius reduced theVindelici andRhaeti, who were reduced in . €ie confuktes of Dnifu$ Libo and Calpurnius Pifb| or the year. 1 1 before Chrift* H^d rpiloy lut^ Tpia»oroy e1o$ tfivy i| -c^ x« 1* a.«- c Ibid* ibid. Tn; ^ ^h m; ^^^^^imy fi /«£y ct?^; c^i T«f AXrnc ^ Ibid. 270* £x KE/btavo-tf ^i ^ta Ov^vv [Ovyt^ytf] X0U Topfatrxwyor a^ Tft &ip^ vlWU T« Ztxlta xaXayLEvetj ate^ flrX»0itov Mft0'tf*yn fii(?ft n «*« Ni/««ur«. See D'Afl*- i^nevi? iS COURSE OP HANNIBAL CHA?. U knew this to be hoftile to him, and he appre-* hended the Romans would land at that. He took a higher road^ of which we have no account from the Romans ; but which appears to have been then the known and r^ular road firom th^ Pyrenees to the Rhone^ as fome embaifadours who came (as We Ihall loon find) out of Italy to meet him> knew it {q well> that they a£i:ually met him at the Ycry pafiage over the river ; by which he ranged^ peihaps^ through Carcaffone, Lodeve, Lc Vigan, and Andufe^; and, at the end of which, h(st reached the Rhone oppofite to Lauriol^. — It — l^OM this pQint, we muft pow attend hi* army to the Alps. But what line of march does he take from, it ? H^ has the Alps all running abr^aft v£ the courfe^ whicfr he has hitherto piuiued, at V Se^ D*Anville^3 map of Gallia Antiquai in hU Cprnplettf Bodjrof Ancient GcQgfgphy, London, 1775. w When Foljbius^ in iii. 39^ gives us the general meafui^ oC Hannibal^s march from the Pyrenees^ to the Rhoae^ he dped it only from the m^afifres of the other and parallel road^ the only road that the Romans then had in this direction. In Pen* tlnger^s Tables (fegment ift), we have a delineation of this^ and a grand parallel ros^d ; but the latter beginning at Bounleaux and ending at f7r«fff 9 th^ fpfmeralpne coming from thePy- rtntes^ and then croffing jthe Rhone at ArUs^ HannibalV axiddle rogrfi thereforej was nt^ver a Rojnan one,. (udi inet^ it «T8* TM AlFS. \^ fiidi k 4iiamc ttiAf, is M ikWlhAteVdy vi- fibii to die cjre^ llidffc afe dfo 7MUii j^Md ^idlHt 1iiroK#lf<^S3AL .m^^h .'U^hfk.^/ ^w#»lrh pit,^*«* i^mfi^r Ww«t ^ylhsifi of :3avoy,. afQ?ually marqbed >ij^ whia ^rccs; %Xbe %Q6^$C€r, }Q 1710, ^ii> a4YAitced ioitbetpppf it;' In 171 1 tliq^PuKccof^gupgidck crowed and rc-crofled it, wkh a part.pf the*F|endi arn^y. >ipder) hiim ; ,aad >^ent\QV^r -it^agaipj in M}Xc^\i More tthan twfo ccpatpriesi: beforeji. did Charles the Vlllth of France, the fixjl t»jbo ^^ froJi4tke,4l^ mthj^ his army and hi& actillcry Vy Monnt Geneweh. ,-, It was over this pioii^tsun too, . fays M. d? Sit- $iinon, tliat "all " the cannons and equipages of the French artil- f* Jery paflpd, i«r tiie :w:a;r .of- 1734 V Arid brer • i ***Oh faitpafTeVtoiites ceMes'^[v6itures] qui vonten Icalie» ^* pjtr le Mont Gen^vre; fet— c'cft pr'efqiie Jeule moritaghe dc ^ toutes les Alpes, ou Ton de ne demontc point les voitures, ***■ jiuf le^ tranfjporter idos de mulct" (Preface xxiv, xxv). • a Memoirs oP the Duke of Bcrwiclc, written by himfelf,, publiilied in French, and tranilated in 1779, ii. So, 9^9 i2g^ snd 136/ /• • • • '*!» Taufi Jovi!, i; joa. "'Via militaris et convthehdis tori •••IfcittitbrtimfcurnbtSs'ufifefai^Brigantitafrf reftaEburodunumA *'(|uc!*p^iWiiyi, qnaCaroltim'b(9tavurt, qui'primusin ItalJani ^ curriiHa tormenta trarifvexiti prdfoftum membftit^lmus." *' 4rt«%tf Cdft Xixp €etle JAontagit*, -qiie datis la^guerre-' dt milte . •^fi4)t^c^«'fr^4piac>«r|il!fiffe!^ e4^5 ^*'P' J •i Ibis SECT. lU - OVEIl- TWt AIM. • |d tibi$ Joouixtain is , jthe natural Ime of HannibaFs march,.at prcient ; TUri* being his'gwjd objcict, as we Ihall Ijjc hereafter ; and tiie road over Mount Oenivr^ canying him the llioirteit way, down the Doria of 6ufa» liircdtly td it z^. * . 3nt a little to the north of this, i&the celc* brated pafs over MouiU Cjenis. Shall we- theil €oridu6t tlie army of the Carthaginians, over thai mountain? The right reverend the Eakl of Bkistob, who has honoured me with iome letters upon the fubjc<9^ ^nd whofe mind \^as> long. bar. Uopiiig betweexi the different- mountains, finally thought they went over Mt)unt Cents. It: lies at in6ft equally befom them, inviting their ntiarch ^onO&ft ;.andfinall.diftanccs are as nothing, ujpon a gKdt fcale ^f . movemjents. In the war of Queen Anne, too, the main army of Savoy and Germany aflembled in the neighbourhood of Sufa, fet to work in putting the roads of Mount 4 Map prefixed to Berwick's Memoirs, and Map of Savoy, Pieilmonti and MoDtferrat, ixi mz^% for Modern Univ. Hifl. ; ia the latter of which the road is traced from Sezane, by Onlx, E^es, aodSuia, to Turin; though the river is falfe)y called ^ S$Hra^ which is the came of the rivu)tt immediately to the esft of it and of Turin. See a Chorographicai Map of the ^iog of Sardinia's dominioBS> in twelve fheets, taken from the ^ui^us map of Borgoni, with noany addUions and improve* isentv by A. Dury, 1765, and kindly tranimitted to me for my infpedtioa in CorawtU, by Oenera) MelvilL C a dais /\ a# COUXit 0> RAKKllAt^ CHAF. t. Cenh in ordcf, paffcd over it, and encamped iHf- ^ twixt Lannebourg and Terriiignon, on the French fide of it- This army alfo, on its retreat afterwards, pa(&d in part over Mount Cems again* In 171 1 the Duke of Savoy, hinrfelf, advancing from Sufa,' crofled Mount Cents with a part of his army, encamped at Lannebourg at the weftern foot of it, and pufhed up to Tennignon*. The pref^nt celebrity of the palfage indeed, which has gained it the pre-eminent appellation of the 'may to Rome^ among the Italians and their neigh- bours ^ ; teenis to point out this as the a6hial road of Hannibal, by Novalefa and Sufa to Tiirin. Nor is this a road merely of prefent celebrity. It was equally one, more than two centuries and a half ago. " The Alps," fays Baulus Jovius, ^^''moft celebrated and moft fhsquented for the «* greater eafe in travelling, and for the; more ^^ numerous boufes of inhabitants, are thofe of ** which wr now call the higheft fummtt Mount " Qnis g." Even by this -fcad, more than a thbu-f « Berwick's Memoirs, iu 7*, and 118. f Simler, 244,245. ** Qui It^lic^ Strata RorniiU dicitur.** M. Sauffurc in his Voyages dans ks Alpes, a Ge&cvet 1787^ ii. 41, *^ le palTage du Mont CeQi$,.U cbemin qui oonduit k " Rome.** ~ ' ' . g P. Jovii, i. 30,0. •* Alpes,-4-proptcr Icnitattm ipittoria ^( itinerisi crebraque incolarutn ^dificia, maxim^ cekbres et * "'frequentes, quarittn altiiiimum cacun^en hodie mQtifg im •'** [montem] Ccnifium nunciiparaus/* " • iland find ycairs ago, did Chatlcinflgne afbiallf ailtjr Iwamy, torediicelhelungdomoftliel4Mlibtr# initalyK Boib thefe roads temiiiiate in d»t pais of Suij^ vhich it a way cut through a mountain, and to naiTOw in itftlf| that three men can hanUy march abreaft in it*. Hie moft numerous amy theie^ love, as peculation immediately affurcs us^ may eafity be ftof^ied at it by a finall party of mens and fo both be rendered totally ufidefs, to an in« vading amy. But there arc incidents in war, which fpeculation never takes into its account, and ^iHyk:h, dierefoie, fhow the vvanity of fuch ^leculations in a work of fuch unocftunty. Thele fnppolc a common degree of courage, eter operating in Ac hearts of a foldiery defending a pa& ; .when apanic often interposes, finks the hu- man ^arit, eren in die brare, much below tlie oc£naiy level lior a moment, and gives a victory to^he aflailants with every probalality agaifttf it. Acocodingiy the £a£k is, that the pais has faeeii re-* pealectty £arced* Thus, when C3iarkffiagneha4 CTOiiedMotmtCSiai/, he puihfd^brough the defile ^ F* JcMTMi i. 30pb ^Qjfo kiatlf^lddiiaidiaatimKOlndo^, ^ ruin Impenam, in laJbin knipk Cftioli|iGdJbrafDlta&' in their tendency to-theipdint of.ccrftcnr-' rende, and by anticipation :united them togeflber for a; moment. Tho jnoit foiutherly of tfecfe . goes jfrom Milanv.to Arles^ acrofs . the hiUs; . £pt I ;iliaU 'gil5oAnly.&ich a' part oS it, -as comes near to the Alps;, and flxalL >invei:t the order* of- it,, to make it corr«if)0nd*i«rith the projeiSbed liae of Ha»ndl>ai'd motioas^ heiiss^ aaid.herc»fter^marking with'italii^ Inch names, as appear certainly coateipond^t^' TiieJikcocMbitB, f'.&g-w^rawm, m. p. •.•w.^v...^**, l/;?i;tfir^Mi thferDiJrance in Dauphiny, and on the l9jfi"6i it r *^\Al^ntcra, p.p, xvi" [Peutfaigcr'a* Tables, " Alarante, xvi.]/' Moncftier d'Alamont in D'An»^ille's opinion^ but Vfentavon in lifine, equally dh the Durance and on tlwj kfi ; <^ faptn^ ^^ r«;;/t m- P- xviii. [i^^incum^ J/* G^P%. ^ ^^C^ern Vn\v. Hift, xxUi. i2^ oftavo, gnd Breval, ibid, •• . . *■ the *< daone, yiii," Sezane; • *• Ad -Miu«Mi'«ii^ ** xxiv. [Martis, xvii.]," Oulx ; " Segufienem, m. «^ p.- il^ii -Jt^-glfflfJhfe, ' xM-J)" "Atfi'tW <*Wm. ^>p=xfnk- ifAjgdfta Taurinor v.„.«^v -Tktin*. part of the courfe. thus . *< Maniio Hebridiinp^ ♦' m. XVI Muta,tio Rame, tn. xyji. Siivo^,. ate. iamaf» forMoiaMiaaiK iiiib;.aiM)*'. ««( of •-'"'•?•' C4 * V t^ I ft. 94 «•«%!* «;fAiW|!** .«Mfr«* ^ntift fiC 9U9J, iM '<,fea» llie iiniwiit «C i^ ^ ;AiMr)V fige*. to % #4tiqo. callfMi M«fs> » aiM| ''''bdMift aaiDttaBr a&csL man And ttkl feasoebi i* :^«t iwV* «afj% evto ^^§^(6^ o^VJiig^^^^ %igi»iti^:iK.BRAn«>n". - -jy ., ., , ;, .; witoijf gut ^^ steng ai^tlipf y^^^^ ^ l«id of Cpttiu^ : as for »$ Bralic^tfii afid T^ ^' fdiToHft. it ii t^ mmmn^i^m ^ify&»% m itin^rarium » BordifaHU ^ fo^ afttndU lUblfOM««f and ** inHc {ncipit Itafei.** <« initate aiifcm lkiiju» Miec clivi^ planitiis «iti;m>. aftifiWciirikMi « ViiyMiaaiiiM.** 'f AeaceaUbto the boundttktf of the Yocon^ « and 4^ itpMOig rf the afcent tf tht Alps, wot '^ the tXuaDce and through Cavatllon, iixty-thice *< imles4 aodlfaenceagun to the other boundaries *< of the VoDonta, towwds the land oi Cotttus, 4 ^ huodnd miles wanting one, unto Ac village of ^ JSmbcttni then, through die village of Brian. " emit thnK^ SkmamapiSt and ovtr thffummt <^ ** ibe Ai^" die town /* j^d£fy?^t:«^^the river "Drom^V^ li^am La Battle' Mwr/ 5w/^a^^^ '** '^^'Viipincuhii m.'^.-kxiv,'* Gj^y as ^Bove: and then- 'ftretcbif^ 'cwvay, -as above,' by Clhtar^es/ EmbrAi§/-arid''Rame;^ to Bri- iiitori'V^ This latter^ reute-k-p^ikl^^^W thrf T(cbleS^a¥6^. feiit-tllciiv^iftflfead of WtniYg^if'a* ^ I^cas'^%i«-'iyRWi^'6eletieu^,^ '*fe^^*^^VaplAl *^ ^enitf^ ii?-fte^^mi'cr/ as- flhat cWy^; it- goes^bn thus, ^^ Auguftum xiii. ad Deam Bocontioram xii. ^t.M»^\ lA^mr ^ ^'.a:ig^tigne, m/viyr:^r,Br}aft> c^^xi^itds above a» j.S^ »tii:ill. snore 4iOFthedly.>is a l*fri/' it)«W» 1rtpi f h^«'^^ xvhich dttefJ^'-^ftH3!tt|t for the' ekterlt of'XIlOltius's kingA)m 'ori the 'Alps. Pliny alfo. merftfehs Skiricoipagw* under t'Ke lUMiie of 'Cincomdgus. in p^Antohme's Itinerary, '" aii'd TJ*Ariville, x 1 6- 1 1 7, a 63 J 42 2r 423,464-465. _ \\'y'''. \\ . . . ,/' . q' Second fegment J iiiap m Ifian^^ick^s Mepioirs j and D'An.n • * «^ ' vT^-'iA I « ,:. . H %- , ^ ' • ; WBCT. II. OTSR THB AtP9« ay f' vii," VjJkTB d'Arcncs, ^' Stabatiohc, riii,^ Moneflier, and fo to BriaRCon^ Thus dP thefe three roads all unite at Briancon. They therd unite to form one grand road over MountacToft Mount Gdaevre ? .We: cannot do either, in all honeft fidelity to tbe tra& of iiiftory*. .Strabo indeed^ a^ I &411 ftew hereafter S cohdu^Han^^ nihal ovwMoun^ Gencrre. .£olacd aUo dote tto •• • •* i' ' . v: #; . 5 :i* * .• ♦ r.^ecoodfegHM^t; . frftpin^MeffioMi m^ of Stvioff teu' Dury *8 ^aiap«. and D'Acvillc, %%i^ 663-6649 46 j*466t % i y% t^ %%2^ 6i3«6»4. , s ♦* Lenom Ati Afpcs Cotticnnct'nVoit point encore ftds * en ovrbfi, dans Ponzieme ficcle. nen^Damkn teivaat ^ <^ Adelfasi^ €Ue Ae MncJxdk Mafqiiis de Snfe, «t fnom^ V d'Ara^dee.C^m^eideMaUfienQe, la^ua^eduHtrfdiJOkciffk «♦ A^ium tottmum'': {Jj* fin\i\\t^ 56). M. Placide, in aq, ufefiilMap^f Savoy dedicated to his maftcr Louis thcXIVth, boldly calls them * *« Alpcs Cotdeiinfe ou Tfc'blttphin^*' at prefent. In map pfdSked to Mcmoirlof BerwicVand*in^Me- romn^ ii« ia8,. we ieea level funsmit between Sctaae and F«- j^^ aaiplly called *< Cotti rtooc'' 1^ ;hUd^4 . * Chap.iv. fca<6. 28 COITKSB OF RAfnriVAL CHAT. U fame, taking him by a yifionaiyibiit of g^nerahhip along wo Icnawn road idf the Ronians, |o Vistlle^ Bourg d'Oifans, Mont de Lens^ Lantaret, and Brtancoai^ then gaining the road of '*die Romam over Acfe C6ttian Alps; without ieeining ta> be confeiou^ of hts goad fortune ; leading Hannibal by it to Mount Gcn9^v» and Seaane ; but, inAead of keeping him on in the line «f this road^ a)ong[ the level of the river,, and down the defcent of the valfey of Scaanc, to Oulx and tb Sofii, ridicu- iooHy monnting the hills with him 9gain to Col de Se&nerfi, and going down them ta Sola ; then fuoreridicidoafiy leaving the valley of /^fa and ilbt dorpdir way to pick Im to £ami )ms Mm bmkca route, and totwandorwikUyafttaf £ him on his kft. *^ He marched," (ay3 livy^ ^ UP TH£ cvaaaNX of th«: Rhone, towards th« |ft Sl» StfUOiiV prcfiKTf xxxvi'u U(U the TMt of Cgmpariiba m ^ fad, Jud the tmo nsapi fi^lowia^ ; one of them htriog the CQitfie of Folard, and the other that of St. Simoot delmt« etpd upoaAenu Folard^ &j% Sc Simon, xipuii, and (I believe) m^m^ ^ t fe)e«( toutu \m ctfconfiapcei de Myhe e| ^ Tite^Iife, qui ne quadmient f$$ avec fim plan*** Thji i$ aflMfe af idiog^ at ionoe cvmpendiouv boldf an4 lecifive^ ^^ MtviAKD parts of: Oaijle 3 .«^/ bcc»ufeyi&» wa« •^ the ii^^<3 road td tbdAlps, but becaufe h^ ^^ tlaOUght THZ r ARTftS^ H£ AJ^VAKCSD FROM THE ^ SSA^ the icft likely he was to meet with the Ro- '^ mans; and he was iiieliocd to aVoid all en- ^^ couuterii^ with them, iefore he had entered into f Italy V* HAnaibaU adds Polybius, ^^tookhU ^^ eleph^Qts and horfe^ placed them in the rear of ^ his arpiy, and advanced at the head of them ^ ALONG TftE RIVER, Xnarching OFF FRO^ THB *^ SEA, and pufhing, as it were, for the MiDtANUt *^ parts of Europe^''. Thefe paflages are clear and peremptory, precluding all pbffibility of fup- pofing, if we mean to be direded by hiftory ; that he left the Rhone, that he pnflied diredlly j6>i: the^ borders of Gaule and the barrier of the Alps, and, that he crofled either Mount Cenis^. Jtfount Genevre, Momnt Vifo, or any adjoining loount^^iiis, at alL ^Livyxxi. 31. •* Profciftus adverfii ripii Rhodani, mcdi- •* terranea Galliae petiit ; non quia recflior ad Alpes via cflet, ^ fed quantum li man rcceiTilTer, minus obviuni fore koma- * mim xredens ; cum quo, priufquam in Italiam ventum fo-' ** ret, non erat in animo maftus conferere." . w tqh'biuSy iii. 47. AvxXA^on Km^»q tou;. tX£^«»Iaf xaucrw;, ^fiffyi Tal, making *♦ kfs rtar-giiard of the elephants andxavalryv continued, /hi f mar^h^ manchttdat thc.heacl of thera, **al«nf the river^" ■ . . - III. — ^t9^,tl%.' * ttVB&. THEAlkPA' • 'The reaibn of his conduft in the"p^cfent mo- ment^- was this* At A^ J^eiy'time that* he reached the banks 'of the Rhoifc, ^ij)io (the father of the famous Africanus) landed at the month of it with an army tcf «igage him." TTi^ Roman was fiir* prized to hear, that the enemy was fb near*hirii. He had thought it* iitapoffible for Hannibal, to hare cn)flfed the PjTe^iees, to have ' penetrated through the various Ytates of Gaule, and to have reached thfe -Rhone fo fpeedily. Hannibal to^ \v'as equally fnrprized to hear, tliat the Romanf were fo Speedily landed in Gaule to oppofe him *. With fuch a juft admiration of each other's ac» tivity and vigour, did thefe two generals com-- tnence that courfe oF national rivallhip, which was now' inflamed to a heat impoflible to be tooled, but by t^ie delhiix!^ion of one of the con- tending parties ; was intended to make cither Rome or Carthage, tjie emprefs of our wcftcm world; and was fure, in that infulatcd flate of Ibciety in which every kijigdom of it flood at thi$ period, and in that conlcqucnt facility with which a whole kingdom was then reduced, to give all a form, either Phoenician or Italian, for a round of ages aftei:wards i Hannibal was at firft doubt- * Liyy* xxu %6. aftd Polybius, iii. 41 and 44. ' . ful. ful, what plan of operations he fhould puribe i whether he ihoutd continue his cominenced inarch into Italy^ or .whether he ihould turn and ^ack the Romans '. But he was fixm deters mined, and by an aocidont of a iin^Iar naliixc«. At this very point of his march he was met by a^ formal train of embaifadors, from (bme Gallic Ibtes in Italy. Theie were petty, kings of the Boii ; ^th another petty king of the name of MaoaItUS, at the head of them ». They doclared to htm th< readinefs of their rcfp6(9:tve kingd by a .ihort and fafe way, into Italy'. To men who were familiar with the road» it would naturally appear fafe and fhort, though it might be, end* as a pais over the Alps, could not but be, dan* gcrous and Ipng* Hannibal and the army wera y jLivy, xxu ^, ** Hannibalem mccrtum, vttmtn cosp* ^ turn in Italian) tenderet iter* an cum co qui prioms ie obtu* ** litkt Rpmanus excrcitu^, manus confererer^ a%«itit»*' kc, z Uvy, xxi. 29, «« Av^rtiJt Baionam legalorum rtgaliqua ^ Migali adveotus'*; and FolybiuS| Hi* ^ Ton fm^Omtm ; r4»IybiM«t^ ui* 44* aaii Uvyi xat. 99 and 30* » plcaled SECT. III. OVER THB i^LM* 33 ilnick with the feafoimble arrival, and were plealcd with the fair promifeSy of tliefe Italiau Gaulsu A rcfolution was formed for marching up the Rhone, under their guidance, and towards their road. For ,lhat purix)fc it was, that Hannibal i^ade the graaicibend in the line of his march, and faced about to the north K He thus marched away towards Valence^ which, as the Roman name feems to announce, was no town at the time. He had with him SIGHT AND THIRTY THOUSAND INFANTRY, and more than eight ^thousand horsb ^ But, about three miles to the north of Valence, is the union of the Ifara with the Rhone **. Hbat river is ama- zingly ^ Livy, xxi. ft9«->3i« Pdybios, iii. 44. andiih 49. O^ KOtrtnuu *■ Polybius, til. 6o« Offmmii airo rnf rov PoJbvov iiaCa^wip oKlcuLkrx^^^Mf ** This army, when it palled the Rhone, coa- *' iifted of thirty-eight thoufand foot and'* mere than "eight ** thoufand horfc" (i. 371). Appian (AmflcU. 1670) erro- neoufly fay&, i. 546, that Hannibal liad ninety thouland foot and twelve thoufand horfe. * Plancus, in Cicero's Epift. ad Plancum, &c. x.* 1 5, fpeaks of the ** Ifara, flumine maximo, quod in finlbus eft Alio- • ** bfogum** ; and Piinyi iii. 4, notices the Rhone at bringing with it •♦ nee min^ feipfo torrentes iraram," &c. As wc are now conic to one local appellative, the true pronunciation of V^i. I, D which 34 COURSE oif HANNIBAL cnJLv.t. zingly rapid at times, efpecially on the diffolutioh of the fnows upon thofe Alps, among which it , rifes. which li Univerfally (I believe) miftaken, let mc afecrtain it at once by this line from Lucan : Et vada liquerunt J/arary qui gurgite dudtus," ic. In the fame manner, another line from Sidonius Apollinari» founds dec^ifively the raifpronounced names, of two other rivers ^n the fame country : ' B^henus, Arar, Rhodanus, Mofa, Matrona^ Sequana, Ledus. So Burdi'gala, as fpoken now, was fpoken Burdig^la by the komans ; which the bard of Bourdeauz, Aufonius, witneffiis tfimfelf, BurMgalat&ri3Xsl<^(o\xeaky dementia coeli, &c» And * * . SantonuSf ut £bi Burdigalam^ mox jungic Aginnum, tit; The Haedtii alfo of modern Latinity were Haedut with tht mntlent, as appears from the name in Greek, Zhwn and Ai^uoi ; •the mountain that C«far fays gives rife to the Meufe, ** Moia ^ profluit ex monte Vogefo'*, however accentuated long in o\xt vinoiiths, wsajhort in the Roman: Caftraque quae Fogefi curvum fuper ardua rapem. LircAK» Cafar's ** flumen Axona^ quod eft in extremis Rhemonim y^ finibus," appears to have had its name contrad^ed into the prefent Aifne^ by Mi rapid mode of fpeaking it, . Non tibi fe Liger autefept, non Axona prsecept • AuSONITTSi And the Attrebates of France and our own ifland, arr hi* ' tebjltes tn Sidonius, • • • * • • ^ • • qua Cloio pat^ea ; Attreiatum terras perfuaferat* . . Thit #Kerr. ni. ^^u% thb ali^s. .35 tifcs: On this account I beliere no bttdge h^ .been laid over it, near its moiith ; though the •great road from Lyons to Avignon, to Aries, and to Marfeilles, lies diraftljr acro6 it there; and though the French kings have lately been fo ufe^ iiilly munificent, in improving the roads of their country. , The only mode of paffing it ordinarily, .is by a ferry-boat Aiding along the faftened line of a rope ; a mode feemingly reliiliing of ancient rudenefs, and often attended with coufiderable danger *. Here, therefore, Hannibal would natu- rally halt, and prepare for palling the Ifeie,* juft as he paflcd the Rhone before, by the boats of *the country ordered up the river for the purpofe, .and by the extemporaneous craft, on which a 4]ctacfament of his army had croilcd the Rhon^ and the Ifere, two or three days before ^ He liad then, in addition to all the reft of his army, a train of seven and thirtt elephants op India accompanying him s. Accordingly,, in the beginning of the lafl century, juit at the - This is no bad fpecimen of the errors ki ^rtheepf^ inio which 'fbholars are daily falling, for want of attention to the retl profody of the Romans. -t BrevaPs Second Travels, ii. 133* i Polybius, iii. 42. and Livy, xxi. 27. f Poiybb iii. 42. £ir7(^ xoti rftsxoj^la, and iii. 46. Tot/f^tf IvJev;. Thabout, thirty feet long, tnvekje broad, and eight high ; over which was a Hone with a Latin infcription, Theutobochus Rex ; and within which was a human body, twenty-five andek half long, and ten broad over the (houlders. Thefe fi6lions refute themfelves by their extravagance. But Peireflc (hewed the fepiilchre and the infcription to be both fallc, and averred the bones to be thofe of an elephant (fee a note in Dukcr'f Florus, iii. 3). Nor had the fidion one inch of hiibrica| .ground,, to iland upon. Teutobocchus was fought by Mariui^ not here, but at Aix^ " in loco quem aquas Sextias Vocant** (Florus, iii. 3). Nor was he killed even there. He efcafitd out of the battle, but was taken^ and actually carried to Rome. ** Pioximoque in faltu comprehenfus, iniigne fpe^bculum ** triumfhi fuit, quippe vir proceritatis e^imiae fuper trafbita ^^fua cminebat." - ^ This ground, however, was the real fcene of another bat- tki betwixt the days of Marius and the titne of Hannibal. UCT. IT* OVER THE ALPS. ^ — IV.— Hannibal now marched by Vienne to Lyons. This he reached on the fourth day from his paf- I'age Mr. Pown^l has lately written upon die fubjed^ in his Anti« -^ quities ef Provence, &c. but has thought without accuracy, and concluded againft evidence. The triumphal arch of Orange be has described with ingenuity and judgement, referring, i^ to Pakms-M^imus^ who defeated the united Allobroges and Arvemi, and (as he thinks^ on thejiu of Fakna t!P wHiers tiave tk^en for granted froWi them r that thiefe iowers of trophy wefe fixed upon the very fiekis of battle, th^ 9f)eh liej^th, or the biealc motmtain, oti which the battles Wert, fbught/ No{*'C?bntertni fenfe* forbids thii^. They would ijiu^ t^e liabte to b*'tte*n«A)wn by any general' infurrc6tion', '6r even «»y petty c«wAttH)tioii, tirtiong the AUobroges of Ac country. ^liey W6ijM ^€i*tki«ty be fixed-ih towns, as at once oi-hamcti- talto th«9« mA protetit\ titber in w mains 01^ Ui traditk>n,-^t the eotijunftioh of thq borgue wlft theUhbhe, or at the town Vindalis, now Poft* dfc iorgtic (Brfefal*s Second Travels, ii. 141). Nor are there aiiy i^eitiaihs or an)^ tratdition of one, at the coincidence of the ^hpne Wfth'»the*Ifere.' JSnoharbus*^ indeed wa4 ercifted at iJ^aag9, a f^/^^ (Mefa ii. 5), about ty^'elvc miles only front liid mmnh of-the vSorgue (D'Anville, *6i)i and, as the liAb t>f .the roa- finally ft gi¥Lt to thje colony, with a tower over it (fefe Plates feBrcy^^ ii. lij-jj. Fabius'h therefore, with his /w# Hmfle$y '' ' was »««•• n^ OTER THB AlFtk 391 the further behind him. He at5lually ihews his appreheniions pf their following and overtaking him, by inverting the ufual order of his march^ in ftationing thofc elephants, and that cavalry for his rear, which (as we ihall fee hereafter) at other times he ordinarily placed for his van. He thus ^* came to an ifland," fays livy, *^ \there the ** Arajl and the Rhone, running down from dif* «* fercnt parts of the Alps, and comprehending ^' a portion of ground between them, unite to- ^' gether ; to this ground they give the name of ^' illand*^." ^' He came,'* adds Polybius, "• to ^' what is called an ifland^ a region very popu» ^' lous and fruitful in corn ; deriving its appel- ^* latipn from its circumftances ; as hre the was creSed at what was equally a colony (Ptolemy, ii« iO|^ p. 55),. Falincfy only three miles from the mouth of the Ifere*. We thus appropriate the arch of 0(*ange deciiively, I think. We alio afcertain.the place of i^ fecond trophy, which' has longvani(hed with its temples accompanying it. Noi* do I wiih to add more, than that Fabius appears in this very battle at the mouth of the Ifere, to have had eUpbants with him (Flo- ^ ms, iii. a) ; and that therefore the remains found upon the ground, may as probably be one of his elephants as of Han- ^nibal's. * Folybius, lii. 49. XUmfffa^iwi f{9$ %m rytio^nii D/Aippt; Tfiy voptiftT axo Tn^ haSt^^w^^ and Livy, xxi. 3I9 ^^quartis caf- <* tris.'' * LiVy, XXI. 31. "Ad infutanx pervenitj ibiArar Rho- ^' danufqne amnes^ diverfis ex Alpibus decurrentes, agri alt- ^ qaantum atnplexiy conftuunt in unum y m^diiH campis in*, *} fillae nomen inditum.** 40 tOU.RSE OF HAl(fN»AL .CHAP.^ •**^ Rhone, and there what is denominated the *' Arar, running along either fide of it, give a ** pointcdnefs to its fonn at their canjuuftion : *f .and it-is very iimilar, in fizc and in figure, to ** that region of Egypt which is called the Delta ; ** one fide of the latter being bounded by the ^^ fea and the Nilc*s currents, and one of the for- /^ tncr being guarded by mountains, of difficult ^' aicent up the fides, of difficult landing upon ** the fummit, and almoft (I may fay) inac- ^^ ceflible."^ The place, to which Hannibal was liow Gome, is here pointed out to us by the pr^- ^ Polybius, iii. 49. Hjce tirpe; T)}v KceXovptMiv Nn^oy^ X^i*^ "^^ /tAO'lo;* T«^ pEv y»p Pc^cbvo;, Tfv ds o Afapo^ 'Wpoactyopeuo^Evo^^ i^^oyjlf urap' iKalifouv rn* 'or^.evpxv, aToxopu^oo-iy avif); to iX'^H^ K»loe, my «rpo^ ' 4Brap'Atytrr1k> Kc&Xou^Eyw AeXl«6. flrXnv ExfiM^v /xw dotXecrV Tnv /^«v firXu/«> poeyy xm re»i Tm «7ol»p.6;y ^suruf, ^nt^ivywa-iy ■ iptvlfi^ ^' opt} i'jovr^oa^^etf KM ^va^fjJooXa^ xa* eople. It was called the Ifland, becaufe dieRhone and ** Ifara, rwnniiig on both fides of it, fall together below, and ^* fharpcn the land into a point. This place, both in. its fizc ♦♦ and figure, refemblesithat.partof Egypt which is called the ** Delta ; with this difference only," the Latin being ** eo. ^^ diiferunt quod,'* when the Engl iih is literally ojnf^ " that ** one of the fides of the latter is waflied by the fea, which re- ** ceivcs the river^ that inclofe the other two, wlyercas the *^ third fide of the ifiand is defended by. a chain of very rough ..♦* and lofty mountains, which indeed are almofl inacceffible," i, 353-73 54^ This verfion^ bcfides the marked deviations from (he fenfc, is verj' hcavjr, aukward, and clurofy. «SCT. IT. OTEE THE ALPS. ^K ddleft of all iignatnres in nature, the confluence of two rivers, the Saone and the Rhone *\ Thefe we all know to unite, immediately below the pitfent city of Lyons *• But where is -the iflanJy that both thefe hiftori- ans mention ; the very Delta of Gaul ? Is there fuch an ifland, or any ifland at Lyons now? There was formerly, and there is at prefeuL » The name Apapo; being corrupted in fomc manufcripts of Polybius into Xx^psf, or fome name of a place equally noo* cxiftent, Mr. Haroptoo, and a .few readers befide, who call ibmftlvis " lc» critiques les plus judicieux'* (D'Anville, 3^6)^ have taken their ground upon the corruption, deny the river t^ be the Arar, and maintain it to be the Ifere. At the head of .thefe are the great geographer D'Anvillc, the author of *• Re- ^ figton det Gaulois," Folard, and St. Siinon. But their opem* tions are ufthifiorical, and their efforts are infignificaDt. At the mouth of the Ifere is no tile at all. They are, therefore obliged to create, what they cannpt find ; to create it in fuch a manner^ as is practicable in any region of the world ; to put a largf csm* t&n for mn yU>t and to infmlati ^nly mu half cf U. They thua %uare half the circle. I fliall inftantly (hew the Arar, to have a£hially a fmall idand at its mouth; and fuch an ifland, as can alone agree with the circumibnces of the fiiture htftory. The copies of lAvf^ hiftory, too, ail prove the copies of Polybtusfs $o have had Arar originally in thein ; asGrooovius's (till haVe. Thofe may fiand^for the moft ancient manuicripts of Polybiusb aad tell us their original feading decifively. ■ Tbe name of Saone for the Arar is not, as it feems to be, a modem one for that river. The Arar is fo called, even by Mazcdiinus : ** Rhodanus— -Ararim, ^^Mtm Sauconnam afpiUant^ ** — ^ftum in nomen adfcifcit" (xv. xi* pt 20 j). The new fiame, therefbre> begsm in bis time«. Polybius 4^ COUIldE -6^ HANOTBAI, .CHAP. |if Polybius is mprefsly declared by hinrfeli^ as. ho was born a few years after thefe operations^ ^^ ta •* have had the tranla as oqe of the regions whicl^ he had thus vifitedP. And his defcrtption of the iftand above,, from the very particularity of itSi touches^ refers us to a^uail vilion for ite origiit; Whert, howcrer, was and is this iilan4 ? Me-^ nctri^r, who wrot^ a differtation on the hiftory of Lyons in, i$9^ difcovered what nothing perhaps liot the zeal of a local biflorian could ever have llMEmd.. Inlqokii>g over ibme very old recorda^^ lelating to the town, he found nvention made ex- ¥ lixftGtAf rebeWed' my 'account frh>, ^re to the onginalJ But Polybius firft appears upon the ftago of ^iib)ic l^iinefs, about the year 1 70 before Cixriil ; when he was fent by theftate of Achaia to the Roman Conful ih TheHaly, and was then about tljiirty probably. He vas xlixl^ born about 200 before our arra, and Hamiibal crofled th^ Al^ sttS'hdbrcit. ' Polybius iiL 59, V(x:k»\q^v^ prefsly* ^KT. XV. OVB& 7RB AlPSt 4)1 pns61y o£ |iie ifland, eym fo kte as the year loon; a donation bping thore made to theabkley of Aifiiey in Lyons^ a^ ^* Ac Tcry holy chutch of ^< God, which is built in ihe ijhnd Atbaimu$'C* Biit the antiquary has here dope, what ae&tiquaiies,' like Germans, xyith their genius in their backs,' are yery apt to do ; difcovered what is of little fcrnc^ to the hiftory, and drawn out eyidenco from the rubbifl^ of ages, £hat was not wanle4 to elucidate it^ A lamp niay bum bright in the fe- cret fepulcher of 'antiquity, yet would' eaft only an p&lefs gleam acrois the li^t of day; Neither Liry nor Polyb;us afferts'the ground, to be an ab- ibkite ailand. " Hannibal," fays Livy, « oamd f^ to an ijknd" formed by the Ararupon onelidc^ and the Rhone on the other, which could ndtv form an abfohite ifiand ; *' and to t|iis ground thej^ f ^ve the name of Ifland." *' He came;** adds Polybiiis, ** to what is called an Illand, — -onejide^^ f * being guarded ly mountains^ 'Hie ground there-^ fore was only peniniular, beiftg backed by th^ mountains on the north, lined by the Rhone oii the eaft and the Arar on could not have exifted in the days of iSannibal, ai^d was certainly artificial in itielf. It is now filled up with earth, and coveired over with buildings, but ftill indicates its previous ex- igence by its prefent appellation ; the buildings ^ being called Place des Terreaux, or the Square of the Canaly in that provinciality of language which was formerly ob}e6led to Ljvy, un(}er the j^cial fisaoe of PatavinitaSy and which fiirprifingly retains the genqral name of Patais to this day, in France and Italy. But it appears more plainly ftill to have been a canal only, from a couple of flood* hatches that had been fet up, one at eac^ end^^ in f BrmU. %»j-siztm^ order MCT. nr. OTBB. THB ^tv$. 45 mdet to form the canal ; and have lent an adjoin^ ing ibreet, the deioomination of Rue d^Ecloifons ac the Street of the Sluices*. Thefe fignificant iiameft indeed imply the infulating channel, to aik no antiquary*s refearches for the difcovarjr of it, to require no lamp from the fepulcher for dif- pelling the dark^e^ over it, but to appear in open day, and to have fo appeared only a century or two ago« There are accordingly ibme ancient snaps of the town, that note the adual exiftenoe ef the canal at the very time of their formation K And the ground of Lyons is without the canal* ^ in every reCpcA like that defcribed by Polylxus/* a peninfula, popularly denominated,, as a penin* fola popularly is in every country, ah ifland. The mountains then ^^ of difficult afcent up the '^ fides, of difficult landing on the fummit, and ^ almoft (Polybius may fay) inacccffible,** are undoubtedly Mount Fourviere and its three ele- vations, the hill of St Irenaeus, the hill of St Jull^ « Bicval L teS« ' ^^ Uaodeii caftai de communication, qui oceupok mitre- ^ fok'ie terreiii, o^ eft: aujourdhui i'Hotel de ViUe>avec U ^ Place des Terreaux et ce qui fuit, joignok dant cet radrdit ^ la Sa6cie avec le Rhone ; ccmme en le nfcU encore d^ns les am^ ^' cttMwei Cmrta de L^^.'* Hiftoire L 6. Yet M« de St Simoa knows no more of thk ifie^ than juft to mentioa it thus : ^ \t ^ oom d'ifie» ddcifi6 par le Pere ThulUier a Panglc de tem oi ^ lyiKk €& bati;** &a p* x?ii. and imd Mount ISt. SebaAian^. Thoji ate decki^ to bound one fide of thepeninfula^ and ih^ adually bound it at prcfent. One of our Englifh travellers ^eaks of " the hills, which hang about this ** city^;»*' A French writer calls them exprefsly *^ that chain of mountains, which extends froni *^ the gate of St. George and of St. Juftj up to •** the caftlc of ftcrre Cizc ;" a rockjr extremity of the whok5> that has been cut away for the paffagie: tof a Romaii road'^'s. ^^ All ycfierday mornings" .adds Mr. Gray, the mofl: ingenious of our travelr- .Icrs, '* wc were bufied, in climbing up Mount •*' FouirvTCTC, where the ancient city Qx>od perched 15 . a* fmrh a height, that nothing but the hopes of " gaoJCL cotiJd certainly ever per&iade their ndgh- •' bours> to pay them a vifit *.'* A French eccle- «;(}aitie .9f the lafl: century, who was confined by the cpurt to liyow for> long time, fpeaks very :jk^aily.tfae iaioi^ language, and yet fays more .juiUy; *^ the mountain of Fourviere is upon one /^ fide fo high and fo iieep, that it plainly looks *» Hiftoirc i. 17.' " Ccttc agreablc moijt^gop^ qu*o» nomme . J^ iHlijourdtiili h Mpntdgne de St, Juft et de St.Irenee ;" i. 269. .«* MontBgoet de Fourviere ct Su Juft;" i. Sji, **LaMoii- -** tagnc de St. Jrcnee.*' V Tbickncffe, ii. 88. ^ Hiftpirp i* uy^. !* Cette chaine de momag^e^, qui 6^E^el)d <« d^puts l«,f|9>t« 4e St. George et de St. Jttft» ju'.'* Thefe accounts of the hiU« reflect ftrongly the features of Polj^biiis's defcription. Wc need not^ we fee, to foppofe what is not true, to corifidcr Folybius as defcribing what he had never fecii^ and fo to make alloM^ance for that magnifying mifl: in his account, with which obje<5h never feen are frequently invefted, by tranlhiitted and fecon- riginal town of Lyons, metropolis to the nation of the ^SGUfiiANi. Cdefar, fays of the Se^iianii that " they ate the firft people, beyond the Ra- "^^ man dominions and on the other iide o£ tfage * Rhone ^" " The Secufiani,** addsPHny, '* mc 7 ^^ La Montagne de Fourviere eft ^d'noe |Niit fi haute e:t ft ** cfcarpee, qu*il ^rott bica que la oature « voulu la rendf« ** impradicable fur-touf, pour le coomerce )iras as lively and as fine as ihat of China ; and fp Ihews this elegant ipecies of carlhen-ware, which is now fo much a favourite . at our tables, to have been known in thefe weftr icrn parts of Europe, for ages before it was intro- duced by the Gape of Good Hope ; the lyare having been previoufly introduced over land by the Romans, and thus becoming fo common » Seneca^ epift. 91. ^* Una noi: fuit inter urbcno nmximant f * it nuUam/' Hifto}re i. i^6^i^j, ? ScQcca, ibid. " Uni Jm|K)fita^ ct hiiic noa aUiffimoi ff menti." ^ Hiftoireibid. \«BbT. T. Om THB- ALPS. 55 among them even in Gaulc^ as to be adually ufed in a kind of grotto-work upon the walls of their liouies at Lyons ^ But, r HHtoire L 149*1 ;•) 44-4S» and 44, ** de mopceaox d'tinc ^ porcelaiocy auffi, briilante et auffi iine que de la ChincV This'diicovery of porcelain ia «the Roman houfes at Lyont, afcertains the Fafa Mnrtbina of the Romans to be what Sal* mafius averred them to be, the Porcelain of the £aft. ** Eadem ** vi^loria^*' fiyi Pliny, xxxvii. 2, concerning Pompey's over Ponttts, lice '* primAm in urbem Mmrhlnm induxit, primuiquo V Yoaxf^wi^ fex P^cmIm ex eo triumpho Capitolino Jovi dicavit ; ** qiue protinus TA^bomimmm ufum tranfi&e, abacis efcariiffu^ ^ vafis inde expetitis^ es^crefcitfue indies ejus ret /v^rar/.—- Orient ^ Murrbina mittit; inveniuntur enim ibi in plurihus locis, nee ^ infignibusi maxim} Parthici regni^ prseci'pu^ tamen in Car*' ^ mmmd^^ though now in China and itt vicinity only : ^* hu« ** morem putant fub terri calore denfarii*' juft as the materiala of it were once fuH)ofed anoong ourfelv^ to lie maturing ia the earth for a hundred years. '* Murrklna et chryftallinai** adds Pliny, xxxiii. froemium ^' ex e&dem terHl effodirousy qui- ^ bus pretium faceret ipfa fragilitas/* Auguftus, ** cum, et *^ Alexandria captft, nihil (ibi prseter unum Murrhinum calicem ^ ex inftnunento regio retinuerit,'^ &c, (Suetonius, 71)^ The French name of porcelalti^ by which we and the French Imow the half-baked and half-^triRed ware of China now, is derived from the Roman ware, I apprehend, and from the pro<« vincial appellation for it among the Romans. The plant /tfr/»- laca vi called in French fourpier or percelaine^ and, deriva- tively from, the French, fwrjlaim in £ngli(h, from its purplq. colour; a little fliellfifh is called in Fngliih /«iyZr, in Frencb fourfre or fwcelaine ; and^ what brings all to a point at once,^ the china-ware of Rome was coloured only with purple^ ** Spkndor his fihc viribus,** notes Pliny tery ^aradterifti- E 4 cally^ 56 COURSE OP HANNI8AL CHAP, tl But, what is flill more remarkable, among cin- ders deep in the earth have been dug up more than two hundred weight of lead, the evident re^ mains of thoie leaden pipes, which once ferved to ' diftribute the waters of tlie aqueduft through all parts of the town, and particularly to the imperial palace. Among thefe fragments was one fo pro- digious in bulk, as to be capable of carr}7ng even twenty inches of waten This was the main pipe, and divided into four branches much inferior in bulk, being only foui* inches in diameter. Tlic knob, formed at the divifion, had relifted that vehemence of the fire which had confumed the reft of this pipe, and fo faved in part the branches iifuing from it. Upon fome of the fragments, a liquefacr tranfitum coloris purpvrd rubefcente aut •' ladtc capdf fcente.'* We thus explain a name with rationality, that has been hitherto explained with high folly \ the three words, pour^ c(nt annies^ being moft ridicnlojiifly fupppfed to have clubbed for the formation of the word porcelain. Wc alfo bring a confirmation, of the ufe of porcelain among the Romans. And wc finally fee the colouring of the Roman por- ' cclain, not compofed of that fine deep blue in broad patches upon the white, which is fo much coveted in our own at pre** fcnt, but of purple and wbit^ in ffou^ one «ECT. r. OVER THE ALPS. ^y one houfe only, the fite affuredly of a. water* houfe, were found twenty er thirty pipes of lead, moft of them from fifteen to tzventy feet in lengthy and appearing to have been laid^r the peculiar ufe of the palace ; as they had thefe words ftamped upon them, 77. CL Caef for Tiberius Claudius Caeiar, the certain layer of the pipes, and therir fore the affured conftru6tor of the aquedudl to which they belonged. All thefe are a full proof of the Roman acquaintance with that phyfical principle, of which tlicy are univerfally iiippoied by the moderns to be wholly ignorant, the power of a current to rife up as high as its fbuhtain^ We fee them here uiiTig pipes of lead for the con- veyance of a current, with the feme readinefs of knowledge as the modems themfelves. They, therefore, did not ere6l their grand arcades for aqueducts, from any ignorance of this obvious principle, as modern prefumption has flattered itfelf with believing ; but from the eccentricity of pride, and the infolence of vain-glory. Thefe relics, too, are an equal evidence of the fiercencis of thofe flames, which in one night deilroyed a whole city, and of the vivid imprefTion, which the conflagration made upon the very ground itfelf. Even, on the hill of St. Sebaflian were found in 1528 thofe two plates of brafs, that bore the V fpeech of Claudius engraved upon them; that had been buried in the ruins of the building, within which they had been fet up ; and buried at th^ con- 5S COUaSft OF HANNfBAL CHAP. K cx)nfIa^ation^ as tibey appear to have actually faffered from the fire % Nor was the town^ when it was rehuSt^ ror moved to another lite. It fiill continued tipcm title " very populow** TOonntains of HannibaL On ^ prmdpal of them. Mount Fourvierc^ was a large E^tm or Square^ whieh nine centuries ago ttadilion invariably attributed to Trajan ; whidi^ in the language domeilicated among the €rauls by the Romans, and^iliU talked by the French, was^ denominated F0r$im Fetus, and tls-own down by a hurricane in 840; but is mxticed by authoii? of that very oentuiy, Ma" memorable/* a ** fin- «* gnlar/* and a " Tolerable" pile of buildSng '• On Mount Fourviere was found a fine altar in. :i704i which proves itielf by its own inicriptioh lo have been erefled,, and facrificQs upon it to liave been offered up, " for the fafety of Antcmi-* •^ uus Pius, his phildren, and the ftate of the colony « Hiftoiir u i34t and Thickiieflc lU 84* i Breval in his Second Travels ii. 113, jGiys ,of Father Ck>m Ionia ; '^ the Father infprmed me^ that he had feen a brafs^coio, ** druck at Lyons^ with the head of Claudius, and the F^ufii •* Feitfs — on its revcrfe.** This was faid in 1738, and Colonia' publiihcd his hiftory in 1 7»9» Yet Mn Breval feems to knov^. lathing of die latter; and» as Colonia in Hiftoire i.. 169*170 ^nftantly attributes the For^m Fetus to T;rajan, I believe Mr. Breval to have made a njiftake, referring what Colonia orally feid, in allnfion to what he has written, !• 171, concerning a Min of T^ra^tm^ to a coin of Claudius^ «af ^ of Lyons'/* But Ae Tcfidcncc of Sevcrus in the palace of Antony thore, confinn« the whole ; the very name pf Severus having been found in£:ribed und^ a bafe-relief, that muft formerly have fcrved as one of the cornices of the. palace ; and title very palace itfelf having /formedy borne tbi {)ppellation» of Severus's ^. ' — VI. — The firft building indeed upon the pnfeni jfile ' 0{ Lyons, the Ifland of Hannibal, fo " fruitfo! 1* Hifloire i. i8$^i86. ' Hiiloire i. 169, and 1 j2.«x53. ^* Le Fslais Genatorien ou dm *^ Srveri.'* The French antiquaries who agree in lixing the original Lyons upon the high grounds adjoining to the iilaAd, have differed concerning the )>aitictilar pofitioa of ft tiiere, M. deMarcaiiJced it upon St.Scbaftitn^ (Htftoire u *66-t68)9 l>ut Coionia upon Mounts Fourviere sokd St. Jufi (i. d69V The latter adduces in proof of bis pofitioa, aU thole nsiics of the conflagration, which (he fays) are found Upon Moujtf Fouiew yiere only, ** qui ne (e trouvent que fur lamonti^nedeFoap* *^ Yiere et non pas aillcurs'' (i, ^72) ; where his mum Mrpmmt frecUdu bis onsm Mount ^ St. Jufi. The plates of hraft dff» xcMrered on St. Scbafiian's, he argues, piove not this hill 1^ iiave had the town upon it; becaufe the plates My haVe been 4ifpJaoed in Ibnae revolution^ from their original repofitory ta lihe temple ; and the temples werefometimes nvithitut the walle of a town (i« a74"*75) • ^^^^ X^ ^^ '^ forced to acknowledge ^ laft, that the town had undouhtdly begun t>etbre the fire, tc) taisp^efiM mf this nuimtaim (L ^7$ and 31). The platOBof teais indeed unite with the humble aqueduft, to (how the towm and the town4iaU at thc^tinie Qf (h^ fii?} exifiing upon the top ^StSfba^ap's. 6^ COURSE OF HANNfBAL tmAP. I^ *^ in com," was a temple to Augulius, of which fome fplendid remains, four tall pillars of oriental granite, ftill exift in the abbey of Aifnay * This was erefted, in honour of bim and oi Rome con- jointly ; the debafing fottifhnefe (^mankind link- ing fo low, as to^ deify a human zvorm^ to raife a temple to tliis worm j/ei livings and to pray to the ^ Hiffoirei. S9-93. That thefe pillars are /?rzV«/tf/ granite, h plain from their fuperiour-beauty. To refer us theitfore for their origin^ to ibme fuppofed and aifer'ted, but nnufcd and unknown, -quarries in the neighbourhood^ as Colonia does, i* 95^ 'and as Mr. Pownall does after him, p, 157 ; is very inju- dicious. To urge, that the Rhone could not bear a ve^l large enough for floating the -granite up it, as Breral does in hW Firft Travels, i. 22^ n biftorically unjuft; becaufe we know z much fhallower river, the Tiber, to have borne the greater . Nor do the jwlhu^ at Lyons appear to have been cut out of two, as the hiAorians of Lyons and Mr, Fc^nall unite to fuppofe. They are not the pillat^ f qprefented on a coin of Auguftus, with a view of an altar be- tween thefn; as Auguftus*s are t*wtf and ours are fiur^ and as the two have capitah and ha/es^ while none of tbt fiur has eit/jer^ The latter circumftance in all the four is evidently too regular, to be cafual ; and demonftrates the four to be as different from. the two in reality, as they arc in number. They were origK- pally four, no doubt, as they are now ; and originally fup-^ liorted the-temple, cxaftly as they now fuppoit the church. SBCT.VU OVER TH* AJ.Pi. . 6lC image of this living woiin for thi^ bleffings of Heaven ; but Auguftus having the modfelly to re- fufe the prayers, the temple, and^ the deification, not abfolutely and for ever, but €nfy while he waa alive, and only then anUfi the perfonificatiim of Rome, a mere figure of rhetoric, received them equally with him. Such was the fly humility of the man, and fuch the petty artifice that could then impofe upon the world! But indeed the whole iyftem of Heathen theolog}', as far as it i» purely Heathen, is {o grofsly pregnant with ab- fiirdity, and comes forward with fuch 4 vaft pro* tuberance of folly ; that the eye of the enlightened Chriiiian fiares with amazement at its appearance, that the common ienie of a Chriiiian .pc^%it ift ihock^d with the view of it, and even the iingei: pf fimplerieis is pointed at it with a jufi difdaio. ,T1^ temple was ered:ed by a combination of fixty tribes of Gauls, that carried on a commerce with LyoQS. " The temple," as Strabo explicitly iur forms us, ^^ was decreed by all the Gauls in gf * *^ neral to Csefar Augufhis, at tb€ union ^of tie ^^ rivers \ in which there is an altar worthy of ^ particular notice, as having upon it an infcrip* ^ tion of tribes, fixty in number, and there are ^i the images of thejn, an image for each ; witli ^^ another great altar," infcribed (I fuppofe) to Augufius ^. Such a large portion of Gaule had ^ ' . • • ♦ » * Strabo, iv# 292* To tj ttpo* to avot^Eix^'* "^^ iarav1a;» xoiv*) t*?ii united ftas couuss Of niAimrfiAt CAAf. U vmited in the ere<9ion of this temple, that it' was conMered as the common fabrication of airtha country. In it was one great altar, bearing upon it fixty ftatues; each ftanding as thfevifible aY>d tateiaiy repr^fentative, of each tribe, that united in the efe6Hon \ and each having an infcripti6n, which indicated the name of the trite repre^nted hf. it. But there was alfo another aftar>, equally m large one, that was defigned' for facrifices to be effered upon it, to the Human and Living Deity of the temple* So large and extenfive a trade did Lyon^poHefs, e^en at that early period. . But this Was plainly poflefled by it in k Icflet* rfe^ee, before the Romans fettled within it; and ftideed as esirly as the days of Hannibal. When yie» came to the Rhone oppolltetb Lauriol in Dau-' yhiny, he found* a number of vqflels upon the lirer ; ibme of them the firft and natural Aips of ittankind, canoes hollowed out of a fingle- tree ; others^ larger boats artificially coiiftrud^ed, ^ iMany of thofe who inhabited the baiftk&of thi? ^ Rhone,'* fays Polybius, " ufed to catry on a •* traffic in them, and even venture out to fea with ^ tbem'* All thefe Hannibal hired, for his paC- fcge^rofe the river'*'. So ^arly. did Commerce' • begin * Polybivi^ iii* 4ft* ^^nfofocn fir«p* civluf tm^ti '/4oyo|v\» «Xm« Ade^mtIik f^TofiMM( ^poMov; TCi^P^ 'f'^ «r»po«x6v/}4» ro* To^tM. - \ •« HI*' ACT. Vt. OV811 TtLZ AIM. Cjf be^ to take her courfe, upon ^ ufcful cufreht of the Rhone ! Lyons naturally became from its ;&tiiatio09 what from its Situation it has remained cvar iince, the gieat ftaple of the whole. It wa« ibisy no doubt^ which drew down the town from its aky pofition on the hiUs above, to ^e imme* diate banks of the Saone and die Rhone bdow« Biit the removal was {o ^adual, that hiftory hatf not noticed it particularly. The eye could no| mark at the moment, the advance of the ikadii t^on &e diaL It could only fee afterwards^ that it had advanced; and Ae grand addition that was made to the commerce of Lyons, imtnediaAelji^ after die reduction of the co^intry by the Romans^ waa the original c^ufe of all. As eaxiy as the death of Cae&r, we aso mfarmpA hf the ipeech of Antony upon it ; that ^^ nowr ^ Gaule is indeed enfla^^«i«-Qnd is all cidthrated *^ lite Italy itfelf ;" and that ^^ not miatdj Am ^ Rlxme is yet navigated, or the Saone^ but aUb *^ the MofeUe, the Loire, the very Rhine, and ^ the veiy Ocean *.'* With this augmentation of M He prevailed upoa them to /elHo hini all theit Canoes and ' ** boats, the nun^bcr of which was *very great ; for almcjl off/* . nsao/ of, ** the people that dwell on the Rh6ne are emptojei' . ^ in c^ftdnt commerce upon the fea.** i. 340. *> Dion Caffius xliv. 4^1. p. 409. ^ynli^y^S^ ^v^Tti^a^'-' ' the ($4 CO'UJJ^E OF HANNIBAI. .^HAP^ I. the general trade, of France, no lefs than fixty of the tribes about Lyons became engaged and intc-"*- . relied in it. Thcfe repaired continually to Lyons,. IIS the great center of commerce to them all/ They thus laid the foundations of the prefent city, iu a teimple for their general ufe, at the immediate confluence of the two rivers, and on the immedi- ate fcene of their commercial operations ; a grand inart or fair, I fuppofe^ being annuallj held upon the iflaaii then, and this fpcedily producing a new town^. ' W^ are accordingly told by Dio, Ihat Drufus " aflembled the principal perfons among ^f' th^eGauk,' under pretence of keeping the fejiivityy ^ wkifk :is even now kep at Lyons y about the altar of ^^ Augufius'^ which was accompanied with thegames, that are generally exhibited, though in a much lower ftyle, at our fairs, and with literary conteils much more exalted> than the rival ballad-linginga at oursy. We are alfo informed by Strabo, whof wrote in the immediately fucceedihg reign of Ti- berius; that ^\ tliQ. Romans inhabit the. town 7 Dio, iiy. 762. Tou; ttrpo/lov; ai/7ot;, «po$«o*ft jfif eopl^ify ^n* x»r *v ifffpi Toy Tou Aovfot/fou Bwpoy ev Aouy^owft^ teXouo-^, ^{\(x.%i^\ou^\3oq, Caligula " cdidit — ludos~-in Gallic Lugduai mifcellos/ fed ct* ^* certamen quoque Graeqae Latinaeque facundiae'* (Suetoniu% fp) » and Juvenal, , ^ . . : • Aut Lu|;durienftn) Rhetor di6liirus ad aram. Tn Hiiloire i. 889 is an iqfcriptioo, *' Saccrdos Roma? at *• Aug, ad aram ad confluentes Araris et Rhodani Famen ;" in, ^^ " Fun6lo Sacer. ad templum Romac et Augg;." and in 95,. *^ Sacerdoti ad tem^l^m Romie et Auguftorum.'' KCT. ^I. ' OV£R THE ALPS. 6^ t ^^ Lugdunum, which is built under a hill, at the *^ union of the river Arar and the Rhone ;" and ithat the temple " is erc6led <» the front of the ^ tawny ^ the holifes all looking towards ^ it ^. T^e commercial town of Lyons was thus built and thus inhabited, by thofe whom Strabo calls exclu- fively Romans, thofe alone who wqre engaged in commerce,, and who, with fome Gauls among than, appear from this appellation to have been principally Romans ; while the elegant, the dignified, the principal town, as we have fufficiently fecn already, ftill retained the foldiery, the gpntrj'', the magiilrates, and the emperours \yithin it. The lowpr town however increafed, as the commerce advanced; and the conflagration of the higher \n the days of Nero, would ferve addi-^ tionally to mcr^afe it. We particularly find the Town-hall, which was fixed at the time of the ^conflagration upon the hill of St. Sebaftian, and there was bimit down with the two plates of braft ivithin it, tQ have been never rebuilt upon its an^ cient fite, as the plates were left buried in the ruins for fourteen centuries afterward ; the com- mercial men, who had naturally dwelt around ' Strabo, iv.- 292. To AovyS'ovyoy, Exlkr/Atyoy vieo ?iof ^ ko^1» T«!y svfjJooXnt rev rs Apa^o; volafMV xcti toy Po^ayov, Kcdc^ovd't Pa;jtA«iOi, abd TO lEpoy ■■ ffpQ TawTtj; i^^vlou t»j5 itoXco;,-. The yfoxA vitoy under^ ^ » fometimtt read et*, upon ; but in direct contradi^lipn to the , whole paflage, to the mention of the tefnple particularly. Vol*. !• ' F their 66 COURSE O^ fiAVNIBAt tfHAF. f. thcii^ hall, now migrating in all probability to the ifland,' leaving all St Sebaftian^s in its reduced ftate of defolation, and building a new hall for thcrafclves in the new town. This foon ipread aicrofs the plane of the ifland. A temple was crefted to Antoninus Pius, on the northern extre- mity of the ifle, Hear the bafe of Polybius*8 Delta, and at the very foot of Mount Fourviere 5 even upon the ground of St. John's church there*. Another temple was ercfted upon the fame fide of the ifland, and at the Hace of St. Pierre, to the Goddefs Vefta ^. We have even a rare inftanec of a kind of modern holpital, conftruAed by a private Roman upon the weftern fide of the ifland: an infcribed fl:one at the comer of the fquarc of Louis the Great, and near the wooden bridge over the Saone, hinting at the commercial Ipirit of thfe inhahitants, and the number of medical gentlemen, around ; then offering a lodging to all comers, but luggefl:ing the neceflfity of their bringing their dinners with them''. TTie remains of a fbiirth temple probably, and of a Romaii • Hiftoirei. 179. * Ibid. 476. * Hiftoirc i. 236. ** Mercurius hie lucrum promittit, Apollo ♦* falutem, Septumanus.hofpitium ; cum prandio qui venerit, ** melius utetur ; poft, hofpcs, ubi mancas profpice.'* Ibid. 1. 168. " Cc que— Galien [Galen]— dit du Medecin Abaf- ^* caatus, qui fe diftiDguoit a Lyon par fa habilete, nous fait ' " voir, que Ja medecine, qui y eft aujourdhui fi floriflantc, y etoit deja fort cultivee d^s ce temps-la." I huilding ltf£CT. Vi. OVEK THB ALPS. €f iuiUing certainly, were equally difcoTered at ^ foot of Mount l^ourviere in 1666 ; the labourers coming to the face of a wall, that was wninfcottei with inlaid work ; and laying open a curious floojT of Mofaic, that bore the figures of a Female Hermes^ a Cupid, a Satyr, and a Silranus upon it,'and te proved itielf to be as early as the times of heatheniim'^. All theie buildings unite with Strabo to prove, that the commencement of a town dpon HannibaVs iflaiid was not till the days of the Roman empire, was then in th^ earlieft of thofe days, and the relult of the greater com^ 'nieit^e whidi &en fettlefl there; and go oz^ to prove by themielves^ that, even in the days of the^ R<»ttans, ihc whole ifland was inhabit^ed laxely^ from the very vertex of the Delta on the fouth^ to €bc bafe and the mti^mtains on ^ norths Yet the new town epntinned fiiU to gain upon i&m old, and even after the Romans had cea&d to be the loxdl of the oountry. The prindple of commerce^ whkh operated fo powerfully before^ continued its a^vities fl3L The diureh ot the Holy Crofs was buiH upon the banks of thd Saone, before 61 1 ^ The churches of Sir Paul and St. George were built on the fame banlcs^ in th$ ' Hiftoire k »37-239« ^ Un pan de rouraille, qui etoit re« ^ vetu dt pieces de rapport." I Hiiloirei. (partte leconde) 340, and iL 51, F » century 68 COURSE OP StANNIBAt CHAP* !• century preceding^; and the adjoinipg churdi of jSt. Etiennc was, in the century before that ^. Re-, ligidn thus fuppUes hiftory with marked dates, in the feveral periods of its facred ere6lions: Even the fovprcigns of the Burgundian Vandals fixed their refidencc on the ifland, in the fixth century; and the church of St. Etiennc became their cha- pd-royal^^ Elegance arid fafliion wovild then , cooperate with commerce, to invite the old town 60m its height. Under the attradlion of all, thfe laft and lingering inhabitants of it deferted the hills, and defcended to the plain. Then affuredly was tiie canal dug, that we have feen^ running along the foot of the hiUs from the Saone to the Rhone, and that was not there (we are fure) in the days cTf Hannibal or Polybius; to guard againfl: ^ny invadion fmm the only acceilible quarter of the ifland, Jto preclude any defcent upon the town from the defencelefs and defolated hills above. . Aod the fqiiare of Trajan, left exh pofod to the weather for two or three centuries, therefore called Forum Fttus, Fourvieil, or Four^ vieri, and fo giving na^^ye to the mountain t in 840 was thrown down from end to^ end by a iiorm^ and clofed the. final hiftory of Hannibari. ' ' Hiftoh-e i (part, fecondc) 339-340, and 133. ■ Hifloire ii. 55. , , * Piftoirc I (pt. idc) 340, and ii. 58-59. . . L town. V tUCi. ^I. 6V£R THE ALP^. €g town'. This has been almofl a folitude ever lince, having only a few houfes fcattered over the range of theiie hills^ and two or three monaileries . extending their gardens along the fitc of the an- tient town ; while the town on the ifland has been obliged by the narrownefs of its ground, pent in as it is between the hills and the riVers, to ufurp upon the li^ie of the canal, to fill it up with earthy and to cover it with buildings ; even to raifp the houfes enormoufly high, like our own Edinborough, and fo to pile one city (as it were) i^pon the head of another, Imponere Pelio OfTam K * Hiftoire i. 17 3* 1^4. Our Engliih name of Lyon/, like tho French name of Londrex, is derived from the exiftence of thefc two towns together, like thofe of London and Southwark. How falfely then does D'Anville aflert, that^^ce qui fait au« ^ jourd*hui la plus confiderable partie de Lion entre la Saone *^ et Ic Rhone, n*a commence d ft rempltr que fous le regne d^ •* Louth Xn. et de Francois I" (423-4*4) ; when it began fo many ages before, and when it had iaxely covered the whole iHand in the days of the Romans. ^ ] cannot leave this fine town without noticing, that it fur* niflies tf/ret inflances of fuch honour paid to Conjugal Love, as is rare to be found in the world. One gentleman has fo- lemnly regiflered upon the graveilone of his wife, that ^^ She •• lived with him 4a years without one hlot^'* ** Qu« cum eo ^* vixit annis yXxufint uUd macuW^ (Hifioire i. 50). A fecond has recorded hb wife, as '^ a mpft extraordinary example of *' goodneis, and very loving of me, who lived with me 23 ** years 15 dayr without offending me once ;'* ** conjugi rariffimi F 3 " exempli 7* / COURSB OF ftAJfJ^WIBAli <5»AFi !• — VIL — I HAVE enf eired into all this double hiflory of Lyons, in order to remove the obllruiftions in my ipi^chwithHannibal, which the mif-dire<9:edvigour of opppiition, and thie over-aftive ofEcioulhefs of zeal, have equally contributed to raife in my way. This was the firfl ftage in the route of ** exempli inc^iqtie ^mantiiT. quai yba. mecum amid xxitii. •* d. iv,/w uIU anmi UJi0ne^^ (Hiftoire i. 85). Thefe ar« tn remaiicable, as they are pleafing; but the third is ftilt^ itronger and fuller. Another gentleoxan dedicates a monu* incnt ** to the Virtuous Memory and the Eternal Hope, alfo '^ to the Incomparable Spirit, of Felicia Mina, a woman whd *^ was an example of the moft extraordinary chaflity^ and the '^ fuUeft affediod towards alt mankind,— his incomparable ** wife, who lived with him 3* years 5 montiis 4 days nxfitheut •* one quarrel'** ** Bonse Memoriae et Spei scternae, Spiritu quo* '* que Incomparabiii, Feliciae Minz, feminsc rarriHm^ cafhtati^, •* exempli afFeftiohis pleniffimae erga omnes homines,— CoU" ** jugi IndoQiparabili^ quae vixit annos xxxij. menf. v. dies iiiv ^ yine ulia quereld** (Hiftoire i. 103-X04). Such inftances of worth in the wife, and of gratitude in the hulhand, ought to be well known for the honour of matrimonial affe6iioii. Theite 'is foaiething peculiarly tender too, in the huiband's recording the very ^months, and even the very days, during which he had been happy in her love. The concluding touch particu^ lariy, of having lived ^3 years, even 32, and even 42, 'without wne iiotf or 09fe quarrel, or ofice offending her hujbandy caFrie9 &e love to its full point of amiable perfe^ion. Thofe men t^ho areg^d huibands, and feel themfelves happy in being fucb, will peculiar^ admire tbeie epitaphs, as what ferve for jnirrours to their own conduft. And give them back the image of tbeir minds. Hannibal, SECT. Vn« OTEIL THS ALPS« 7 1 Hannibal^ which wanted to be particularly aicer« tained; and to aicertain it completely^ was re* 'Anvlllc afferts tlitm to be called /r^^, becaufe they were no longer fubjed to the ^dtii ; ** les Segufiani, apres avoir ete cllentes. OEduorumi font ** enfuite qualifies ^c liheri^ (p. 423). But this is plainly ► an eiT0ur,.as the Seg\liiani are, after the Jays of Pliny j fiill pot down for fubjecEta to the. CEdui; Ptolemy reckoning forone , '©f the CEduan towns, this very city of Lyons (ii. 8. p» 52). aUi> SfeCT. Vtl, 6VER THfi ALPS. fj ^Ko a fenate and nobles ; tbat^ ah argument of the republican tendency of their government, a tendency very prevalent even then in the fouth of France; and thefe a proof of its tendency to the wifeft fort of a republic, a republic of grada-* tions and orders^ fuch alone as was then eila- bliflied in any part of France ; the inhabitants of that country having not yet mounted up into all the lunacies of liberty, and not yet afpiring to make the human animal walk, upon his head^ (prawl with his legs in the an-, and rear his rump againft the Iky. They were however curfed, as the Romans had been before, and as the Poles have been fince, with that uniform attendant upon popular governments, the diflraftions of diileniion. The great mafs of mankind, however we may flatter them and impofe upon ourfehes by fantaflical theories, are calculated only to obey* They are no more qualified to direct in ftates, than our fervants are to di<9:ate in families. Thefe prietendedly free focieties, therefore, are generally (ubje6ted to the moft degrading of all tjTannies, the tyranny of the mob. This we fee difplayed in all its fullcft horrours, within ^he region of France at prefent : where the mob-cry of liberty has been more favage in'its tones, than the Indian yell of murder ; where the politeft nation of Eu*^ rope has been transformed by it, into a herd of the bloo'dieft barbarians ; and where the mob it* fclf has come forward, witli ten thouland ftiries accompanying 74 COUkSB Of* HANNIBAL CHAP, f*^ accompanymg it, to malTacre the' nobles^ Hxei dergy, the monarchy and his queen. , But it had been diijplayed in colours Idk glowing and glar« ing, among the Seguliani of France before. In- ca^ble of diftinguilhing in their intelledts, and acceffible to every folicitation of cupning in their pallions^ the commonalty of Lyons all took part now with the ambitious brother^ and all broke out into a rebellion with him, againft the kingj the fenate, and the nobles ; a rebellion fomewhat like that in our own country once, of clbwus againft their mailers, or more like that of Paris lately, <)f fhop-fceepers againft their cuftomers, of SanS'Culottes againft gentlemen.. Government, wc |uiow, is all founded upon opinion* It is the power of the few over, the many, weak in itfelf, ji^nd fum only from a principle of obedience if^ ; the fubje6ls. And, whenever the many chufe to violate this principle, burft away from the fubor- ^^ination in which tliey are placed by Providence^ and fo deftroy the fyftematic hariaaony of the wholes they have the capacity of doing fo in their owft hands, juft as an individual has the ica- I pacity of lifting his arm againft his life. - ThisxebcllIonfeemsJtohavebcen,as all rebellion^ of the mob are, equally fiidden and violent. The royal palace ftood probably where the imperial was afterwards, upon Mount Fourviere ; and the lung efcaped from it with precipitation. He did ' . . ' , not SECT, Vlt. OVfiR THB. ALPS. 75 not retire into the open cx>untr)', where he might be joined by his obedient fubjcils, and whence he might return to cruih the rebellion of the po- pulace in his ca^Htal. But he fled down the iide^ of Mount Fourvicre, into the ifland below. There he was inclofed by the rivers as in a pound, and mufl ibon have been feized by the hands fo rudely raiied againfi: him* Yet he appears to have been pofieiled of the navigation of the rivers, his party wsis thus probably becoming ilrong in the ifland, and the ufurping brother defcended at the head- of his new fubjeds to deflxoy it. The corn was . DOW carried off from the fields of the ifland, as ' the month of Odlober had commenced \ Tlic two armies fiood oppofed to each other, upon them ; when, as if by inchantment, a large army appeared fuddenly on the eaftem bank of the Rhone, marching in regular order, and tending up the current. The oppofed hofts probably fiood fuipended in their hoftility, at the fight;. engaged in attention to this third hoii^ that wuA fo ftrangely iiTuiog 6*0111 the clouds of the hori- zon; and engaging the attention of this hofl: themfelves, as it gained a- nearer and a nearer view of them. Such a fight as this would carry >U the appearance of a magic fcene, even in thofe times of military movements ; when the golden dbain of property did i^ot yet bind man to. Hi^ ^ See vol. ii. chap« t« fed. iv. hertafter* 2 . &il« jfS fcOUksE OF HANNliAL CHAt. ti foil, dn which he was fettled; when the land lofts by riiigration from one country, w^ eafily re-* covered by the invafion of another ; when pro-^ perty was thus hung upon the it'pn chain, that girt the fword to the body ; and when armie^ were freqiiently ranging, over the face of tlj6 earth. But this new army would foon be known to be Hannibal's Carthaginians. The king ap-J plied to him, for his affiftance agdnft the rebels > and Hannibal affented to the overture. He thus, did, what iri his haite of avoiding the Romans was very imprudent to be done. HaxJ Scipio indeed been wife enough to follow the Carthaginians to Lyons, when he found on hi^ arrival' at the point of paffage over the Rlioncy that they had marched away three days before towards it; the march of Hannibal muft havd fcemed like a flight, the Gauls would have been ready to flop and attack him as one flying, and he would particularly have fuffcred for his pre- sent halt, in the defeat of his whole plan. The halUnefe of allliis inarch up to Lyons, Ihews him not to have known of Scipio's return to Italy by fea **. But he was drawn into the meafure by thofe principles, on which every general mull venture to aft at times ; his hope that Scipia would not pre&me to follow him, his confidence • Polybius Hi. 49. andXivy xxi. 32. in fECT. Vir. OVER THE ALI»S, fj I in the advance which he had gained upon him, and his perception of the good which would re- lult from his interference. He joined the king with a party of his army, for the conveyance of which over the Rhone into tlie ifland, tltc king jnuft have furnifhed the neceflfary tranfportsj leaving the reft encamped upon the bank with the baggage, and fo fccuring his return acrofs tlic JUione again. With his own meil and the king's, he attacked the rebels, defeated their army, dif* lodged them equally from the ifland and the ca^ pital, and put a complete end tp the whole rebel- lion P, ' Livy X3U, 31. " Rcgni cenamine ambigebant Fratres; *« Major^ ct qui prius iaiperit4rat, Bfancus nomine, minorc ^* ab fratre et ccetu juniorum, qui jure minus, vi plus, pote- ^ rant, pellebatur. Hujus feditionis per-opportuna difcep- •* tatio quum ad Hannibalem reje6ta effet, arbiter rcgni h£t\s^ f* quod ea fenatus principumque fententia fuerat, iiiiperiunt ** majbri rei^ituit." Polybius iii« 49. H^; HN, the ifland, ^^ixo/AC90$, xru m»\auKttSut » ATTH ^vo olliXf^^; vvi^ *r^ fiaa-iXHOf focrue^ovV^, km META- ITPATOHEAnN AI^TIKAeHMENOYS AAAUAOIS, fTkrvvpyv rfg IXpfjCplcftf, kcu xa^xxMXv/h^j u% n x^vaY*-^ip xpu avfPirfitiAttoif km invtxCaXtif rw ili^v, x* T« X« * f* It happened that at this tin^e there were two brotfaen /« f* arms againf^ each other, (onUndtngfor the foverei^nty ttf the f* place, . The eldeft of them had recourfe to the Carthagi* ** nians, and implored their aid Xofecure him the poffeffion efhit ^* rights* Hannibal embraced the occzCiOTi*ujitbno/mall}oy» f* — Having joined his forces therefore with this princo f* [prince's], he defeated and drove out the younger brother** (i. 354). More refponfively to the original, the verfion fliould fpn thus : M he came to the ifland, and found in it two brotben •• €ngage4 yS 'COURSE OF HANNIBAL . CHAP U **^ engaged in a civil war for the fovereignty^ and facing each . U 0fher n»ith oppofed armies y he was invited ^xAfolicited by the •' elder, to confederate ntjith hinty and 'with him tef vindicate tht ^^ fovereignty to him; Hannibal qfented; wherefore he alfo, in •* concert with him, attacked and diflodged the other.** Thi« account in Polybius is as regular and judicious, as that in Liry is awkward and abfurd. Yet Liry fupplies fome notices^ that Polybius omits* The town of Lyons continued for a long time, to be called Sometimes Lugji^dunum, fometimes Lugdunum, and fometime* 'both by the fame perfon. Though called Lugdunum in Pianct»'s . cp>taph, it is called Lugi/dunum in Antonyms coinf, the firfi that are known to have been ftruck here, bearing thofe prefent arms ci Lyons upon them, which £:era in the prefent pronunciation of the town's name tabe a mere/«», but arc only the .revival of Antony's device, a Lion (Hiiloire i. 40, Brcval's Firft Tra- tck i. 229, Second it. 1 13, and ThicknefTe ii. 91) ;' in the in- fcriptioo upon the altar of Antoninus Pius (Hiftoire i, 186) ; and on other monuments (Hiftolfe i. 48$, ii. 186, and BrevaPs rkft Travels 237-246). It is even denominated Lug«dun and Lugdun, in one and the feine infcription at Rome (Breval 228) • From the date of the altar, which is 160 after Chrift (Hiftoire i. 185) ; and froni the aflcrtion of Dio, that Lyons, vi'hich had been formerly called Lug«dunum, was in his time denominated Lugdunum ; the name appears to have not been ' generally prqjiounccd Lugdunum only, till the end of the fe* cond centuiy. . So much lefs reafon than ever had Menetrier, for his kaman town of Lugdunum, in oppofition to his 1^^ 4ian of Lug«^dunum ! And fuch is often tl^ lambent flame of ;sntii]uananirm, that is at once bright and power]i;fs, ftrikea upon the fancy, but reaches not the underHanding, Plays round the head, but comes not to the Irain f li^....^ Ltig*dunum or Lugdunum too does not mean, at Phuarth from Clitopho and an alkdgcd fa£l! interprets it, the I^ill Qf Ravens (Hiftoire i. x8» and Bitval 226) ; but, as our 0WO name of X«^ for a river, and the &me appdlation of Lu« g«dunum «ECT. VII. OVER THE ALft. 7^ gftdunum or Lugdunum for Leaden in Holland (Brevai 21)^ ninite to ihew, it means the Rhrer Town.. L^h^ a lough, lake, or fea, in Irifli, properly iignifies water^ as Lock-afairn is a Ihower of rain ; and forms Lui^ in the geflitive cafe. £ven Xir^a6Hially fignifics a ri*ver, in the Gallic (Bullet's DiAionnaire Celtique). — ^Nor was the ifland nanned Aihanatus or Athanacus^ as has been concluded by fome writers (Hifloire iL 20, and Brevai 22^}, from an Athenaum or School upon it. No Athe- naeum appears to have been ever there. Nor was it deno«« nated, as Father Colonia fuppofiM, from the Greek word JJkwtdt^ applied to the martyrs of Lyons here buried, and ex- preffive of their immortality (ii, 19-20) ; becaufe the name covered the whole ifland, becaufe a Greek name is evidently improper for a Roman-Gallic place, and becaufe, as the mar- tyrs fuffered in the amphitheater on the hill of Sl Sebaftian^ lb their afhes were not buried at all, but thrown into the Rhone (i. 280-281 ). Like our own ifle of Thanet^ which is called Athanates by Solinus xxii, and the Gallic town of Tane^ turn on the Po (Livy xxi. 25) ; jt derived its appellation from the Celtic word Tan^ ftill retained in the Irilh and Erfe for X region, and lengthened probably in the diminutive into Tan-^ for a little region.— Nor was the ifland eVer called Cannabis^ as Brevai i. 228 from an infcription thinks it was. The words of the infcription are thefe: **Vinario Lugudun. in CiixrW// ** confiftent.** The wine-merchants of Lyons are alfo fpeci- Sed in another infcription (Hiflotre i. 100). But as the ifland was called Athanatus, and therefore is now denominated Aif- nay; fo Cannabis is plamly fome other part of Lyons, probably one of the hills of the original town, as the Celtic name con** curs with the hiflory to fuggeft, and perhaps the very hill of St. Sebafl:ian. Ccann in Irifli is a hiead, Ceann-tor a headraady Ceannanas Kells in Ireland, and CeannfaiU Kinfale. — ^Thefe in* deed are trifles to be fettled. But half the learning of man- kind is made up of fuch trifles. And to remove the rubbiih which impedes or Reforms a building, is as much the bufineis af an archite6t ; as to lay his courfes of itone, and to ercA bis edifice. Let 8o COURSJE OF HANNIBAL CHAP.^I. Let me however relieve the drynefs of thefe petty difquifi- t)on$9 ]>y one fbort potice tl^at will go to the heart of all our Chfiftiaa feelings. In this region of conjugal epi^phs, one )iufband records his wife to have lived with him twenty*iive ^ears» nine nnonths^ five days,, and << by being tqo pious to ** liave become impious." In this manner does he unconfcioufly regider her for a profeflor of that Chrifiianity, which was^foon fp eflablifli itfelf on the ruips of Heathenifm, and to fix even ope of its epifcopal thrones at this very pity of Lyons ! . ** D. M^ ** et Mempriae JEternae," he fays, *^ Sutiap Afithidis,'* a namc^ Jhat fhews the bearer, to have been of Grecian origin, per* Jiaps from MarfeiUcs, perhaps from the fg^ith of Italy, "perhaps from the Eaft immediately, •* qijae vi:siit annis X3fv, men. ix, cL ** ^f ^^ dum nimia pla fuit fa^a eft impia*^ (^Hiftoire 'i. a64)> So did human folfy prefume to cenfure that as impiet)^, which was calculated ta fan the dying ember§ of piety in the worlds |0 blow them into a itrong blaze, and to fling the glorious fplendours of it over eartl^ and heaven 1 Yet, fuch-is the le- gacy of folly left by Hpjithenifn) to the world, I r^inembcr to. |iave met with this very expreljion, without knowing from }vhen;:e it wa^ derived, applied even by a CbrtfiUn pen to the llcvoutnefs and^ieligioqfnefs of a Chrtftian perfon. A Heathen woman^ by becoming Chriftian, might fecm to the ignorance of ^ ^eathen to be rebelling againft God, in deferting the comr infton deities of I^eathcnifm ; but a Chriftian, by no rigours of Chriftianity, cpuld poiEbly become, in reality or in appear* ance, a rebel to God. Chriftians, to their (hame, borro\^ li^eapons from Heathens at times,- to encounter the ftriftnefle§ of their owt^ religion, CHAP- SiBdK kw OTkR rki khVs. 8t fctaAl^TER Tk^ SECONa "JlIanKibXl havittg thus refiorcd Biihcus to iiis throne, the monarch manifefted his gratUtide by lus kindnefs. He fupplied the Carthaginians with torn, ajaid with other provifidns, in abundance. He tepUted all their old anfd biroken w^apdns^ with wt^^ns nfeW and fteong. Hfe fumifhed the greatefi part of them With neW clothes, td guard Ifadr bddies agaiHtft the cold of the Alps. He )evi^ pMVided them with new ihoes, to feeunS \hGat feet ff«ni the rt\igh mads of the Alps. , He thus, by a j^titUde as fbafbnable to the Cartha^ jginians a3 it Was hondiira^ble td himfelf, gave a hew £ice and folon to their whole army. But ^hat ihew^ hffi gtatitode more 4iTeliiy than all ^ reft, befcaufe of tihe trouble and toil which it .jgave hin^ and of the liigh encouragement which it lent by his abfence, to thie juft-fubdued populace jsi Am capilml ; he refolved to attbnd Hannibal in per(bii,^and with A detachmeht of his own foldiery^ II 6onMerable ivay towards the Alps ; and to do , : Vox-?!/- ^ j^ . j^^ 8l tOtkSfi 01^ HANNIBAL CHAP. It. him all the fervice, which he could, among the tribes of his countr}^men upon the road *. Thus » Livy, xxi. 32. " Ob id meritumy commcatu copi^a<^ <* rerum omhium, maxirai veftis, cftadjimis; quam infames ** frigoiibiis Aipes prxparari cogebant." Polybius, in. 49. 7»; TMT o^»y vTE^^oXa;, re }s ^tlVroyy evXaf itf( j'tftxi^^iyo*^— «VQvpaI«0;^af /xtia Tfjff o-^/l€f«$ Jwvaptwy, x. 1. X* ** He not onlv fupplied,th(^ ** troops with corn and other beceflaries, in large abundance'; •' but exchanged likewife all their ann$) that w^re impaired .*K and worn by ufe, for otheit that were found and new.** He thusy as the tranflator has ftraugely forgot ta iKt^, Jtafonaky gave anew fac^ to the nuhole army\ %3i»%n9^nn ve^an^tw ipva-iMf tvKatfWi ; but Mr. Hacnpton inoft negligently omits the princi- pal claufe in the whole fcntence. *' He furniflied ^rw/ part," tie ^reate/i parti ** of the foldiers alfo wkh new habits^ cldthcs, *« and efpeciatly with ilioes, which were of iinguitr ferVice to ** them, in their march afterwards acr^^s'the mountains. But <* the chief advantage was, that be attended with all his forcer^'' a point incredible in itfeli^ even if it h^'d been {aid by Polybius, * Brancus would thu^ have lefihis dipitaiagainin*^^ poiTeffion :kA rebels, aud ib have undone tltatvery aCt'df fciiM(aefs- for which he was toa| from which he had turned away on his left before > Folard, who wildly takes Han^ nibal up towards Lyons as far only as Romans on the Here, In ofd6r to lead him, by a fiidden lum on the nght^ over Mount Cencvrc ; now carries him to Mount Grenevre accordingly. But M. de St. Simon, who brings hkn up to Vienne, mor6 wildly (if we Can talk of greater or leflet Vvildnefs, where both are extravagantly \viid) puts hhn back — to his pohit of paflagc over the Rhone ; J^riuging lum up betwixt Romans and Grenoble to Vienne, and then putting him back by Tein> by Valence, and by MonteTimar; in order to ' tn^ke him^commcnce where he fhould have com- - mence(^ And iaS']o^ by this mV^oh 6i hU author's WkHj &lvtd th6 lioDovr of' tlie Carchagittians, he' veatdrts t6 fnagniiy theit <• ap^r^heofivtoeft*^ iMo '* gttet ftar and caution*' (i. 3S4). *Tliac Bnttii^^ atletfdtoce 'ufwn the: artny of Hannibal, wat ^ tha grMtftf' of til hni kilkib^iftf* Ms very weakly afiifintfd byfblybiuB. What fort ^ 4 kitidnefs >t wa&» the &quel fikwa * kk fefUaiy ilU'of thia very chapter } and the affirmation will then -fippcar xdtMy, dtTpiovod. Jn my text,' tlidtefort^,* I have jpvm itfiodierttirix to the navrativev ^ .. h * «• HtfCt'' criei Mr. Archibald Bower in Ancient UniV. Hift* si« ajSy-^^^-an hsftoriah is as much at a lois what rontb ,• - - C a " to ^4 COCR^B C^ HANVmAIr CHAP. II« menced Ijefbre, his outfet for the Cottkn AFps ^^ Or did Hannibal novT turn, on his right, in order to ^ to tale,** when he has brought Hannibal a march of ten .day» - h/yonJ Lyrni^ « as Hannibal himfc!f was" more than ten days . before, at hia paflkge acrofs the Rhone ; ** the andentt having ** left us in great darknefs^ as to ^e exad place where, the Car'* ^* thaglnian General paiTe^ ihe mountains. Some of ^ mo^ ^ dern» point out one place, and feme another ; but as thef ** may 4fU ie^ for aught our knaw^ e^talfy mifiakenj we (hall foi- ^ ** low Hannibal through the immenfe difficuhies he met with ^* i» thid his famous pafTage^ muiih&ui fretenMng u afiertaU tht *^ precife piace^ where he attenq>ted^ and happtl^r accompliihedy *' fo bold an ufidefftakiog." Yet, what ii verf furprifing, there is- a map attendmg this account, p. 235^ in which fhc couife of Hannibal is a^uaiij Min9att;d, Did the map-makep {jncy himfelf tat>e move knowing, than his hiftorian y that the graver thus pretends to fet itfelf in contradi^ion to the pen, and thefervant thus prefitmes.to give the lie to his mafier ? ^ See the maps in St. Simoo, and the mutes upon them* Both he and Fotod botft^ Qf their perfenal acquaintance with the Alps 'y and of their fuperior fftnefs in cohlbquence of thar^ for a£bertainii^ the route of Hannibal through them* ^ L*io» . ^ fpe&ion des lieus,^ fays the Ifanner ia p^viiy *^ m^i dona^ '^ rid^e la.ptusnette dii tottt^rhiftoire;^^ and <* m mc per- '^ me^ d'^tsc va peis decifif,'* fays the latter ia TwAk 4r ,€mp<^fm tt ht eadt ^ ^ ce pQinc que je poflede blen > ^ cela me fied l3«ais»ttp micoai qu'^ ua^ i^uire» .^ ne les ^iint ^ i<< ni vuesnietudiees^commej^aifiutdaosles Alpesetks]^ >^ renees.*' Yet the perlbttat koovrie^ge of M. de St. Simoo^ :prof(^ribes the perfonai kaowlodg^ of Fokud (p4 xitt?Mi>( 4^ .i^# pipfcrib^ that of bpth. Eyes tsM^ Cee \. but ooljr thci glafies of hiftory can enable them to fee ^oporly* M.de^t*. Simon aUb 1$ a$ contradia;grr/ to himf<^^ w he is^erHdneous nt Jiis iUeas. After .he has made Hs|Bnifaai| like a bare har4)}r cha'Tfd; to feacfa a mre nortberfy part of theie French Alps, and to pafs them by the road oi Littlb St. Bbr- HARD? Thi9i&4he'courfe, which he is iuppoied by fevflral to have purfued ; particularly by Mr, B^evaU Ihe moft knowing and intelligent of all our, SagUfh travellers ; and by that dignified officer of our army, who went over the Alps in ordor to trace die footfteps of the Carthaginian Hero upon them. ^* From what has been faid by *^ Polybit»;*' argues Mr. Breval, ** concerning ^ HMnibars pafing tbi Rhone at Lyons^'' he ihould have faid> concerning htt coming up the Rhone to Lyon^ after bis pafl^ge over it below ; ^^ and ^^ his entering ftaly by the coun^ (^ tiie Infubri* ^ [Inihbtes], which is the prelent Milanefe^ it ^^ will followi that he took the road of C3iamberri, <^ the Fitit St. BemsrJ, and the Vale of Aofta/' In a note he adds, that tbi Petit St. Bernard << was^ ^ port of tbs Alps, called Poenime from the dnced, to .xttnra upon his ovrn fleps, to double back to the point from which he ftt ont, and x»bct his veiy purfiiers ; he fc^gets all this afterwards, and fl>eak$ of Hannibal as marchings ** non en circulaat, ou revenantfurfes pasy ce que j€ nc fup^. ^ fofe ^ue ci General alt fait ;** and adds, ** que ce grand C*- ** jutaine n^auroit'fMs v^mlu Jhtdtn^ nnefr^nw nnfi^U d^ign&raitce^ ** ea refvrnani fur fis pat (p.xxiii)« CoAfiftcncy of afler« tions requires cleameft of diicrimtnans, and cootradidioos are the fure evidetice of confulioo* But fuch a grofs contradk^t tion as this, in a work of lb fn^ a fize^ and (^onfifting wholljr of alledged fads, caanot readily be peraUeled,, Ifuppofe, in all thcrealms of coofufion. G 3 ** inarch 86 C6t»USEf dP;HAimtBAtj C^fk^^ been aflViredx ^^ that all the bones of an elq>hant were diico- ^< vered upon this mountain ^" } yndcvftattd toa from ibme letteis^ wi^i which the General has. i&^voured me ; and from a large map of the Alps^, which he has communicated to me^ after he had delineated the courfe, and fet down obfervations, with his own hand upon it ; that he oamc^ Han- nibal from Lyons aq;o6 Dauphiny, enters the Alps with him by a.fteep^andruggodguUy, ia ^bicb an Jill vijibh the temains, of ant aikient rcad^ and a little to the fouth of which is the modem* entrance for Mount Cenis^- called. lie$ EfcheUes. He thence condu6U him along the vale, between high hills and up the river y;erd,:.ta thj5 plain where Chambeny nQw ilands ; over it, and by- St. Joire, to the vale of the river Ifere near M ont- melian. He then brings, him. up aloi\g its right bank, to the grand bend of the Ifere on the right, 4nd to Conflans upon it ; along the trough of Ac Ifere mil, by La Roche Sevin, Faifloq, Monftier, Ayme, St- Mauricp, and Spxt^ tp the foot of " Brevd'sFirft Travels, u ttjx fecaifen. 1-2. « p. xvi. ** On t'^fl encore plot attache it bos jours, i ««. Ibgteair qu* Ani\i|>al a do palfcr par le Petit St. Bernard^ de* /« pais qu*on aflur^ qu'op a trouyt dans cette montagnc tmis ff les oflemeo^ d'un elep|iant." • ' /• ' LinU $aCT. %. OVBR THB JII.M. 87 Link St% Betntirdi up lis wcftom iide^ through « long, ileep, and rugged gully^ to the ri^t of a rapid current without a name, but clofc pn the left of a Kill called Roche Blanche, near the bot- tohi of the afcent, by the entrance into the gully, ^nd at the village of Les VUlars ; fo to the fummit of Unit St. Beim:d% the-gor^e or pa& of which is 'wide and long, enough) to contain HannibaFs army cicely encairipcd **, ♦ ' See Borgofirs Maps 6f the Klng^ of Sardinia's domiBions^ improvecf by Dory ; aod Placide^ Map of Savoy. •«' Being of opihion/' fays Mr. Fownall, ** with thofe !earned (' an t iquaries Who hare, with a great degree of prohabte con* ^ jedare» tilced die nmrch of Hannibal diroogh thirvale'* of the Durance ; ** -'-^•^ H bedkipe matter of amufement to me, ** while paffing down from the heights, to trace and follow ^ with my eye the fuppofed courfe of this matx:h | as he is ^ fuppded to hate paAd the Rhone at Bettncairl an4 ^ RpfmiMMmre ;^ Beauicaire, whidi I have Ihown from.^trabo and D*AavilIe before, to be Ugemum on the weftern bank of the Rhone,, and to be anlwered byTarafcon on the eaftern, both to thcfimth of AvigM9u \ and Roquemaure, m hich I have equally ^ Ihown frtMD Father Colonia, to be to the north 'of AingkoHy even hiweem Avignon and Orange, and confcquently thirty or inor< miles to fhe north of Beaucaire ; fo confounded does Mr. Pownall here appear, in the geography of the very country* which he is vifiting ! ♦* to have marched in two c&hmns up to ** Amhrmney and to have thenct pierced through the pafles «> (thofe o| the fr&itt Rod) of the Celth Alps to Turin" (Roman Ant. in Provence, &c. p. 43). The Jatter half of this extrad^irefints us With as fignal an inflance of geographical confuftdocfsy as the former hfis done already ; and it is my un-t welcome lot^ to dfied and exhibit b6th. Simler was the firif^ ] believe* who ftarted the idea of Hannibars marching in more G ^ * • • tkan 8S COimS« <^ HAKKftAC dilAP'.H^. ' Mr-Bteval, as we fee above, cai^ri^ ^ Car-. thaginkns fix>!n JUiik Sp. Bftmrd down the Ytrfp^ diaa one coiairii: oyer the Alps; «idli#.ipalpeat^c^iuiet/;:v^«^ (p. »z I K But the nptioQ. <^ frwral^ or even of t^j^ » tPUllT* ungrounded in itfelf ; and» what is morp ilnuigii pcr^pi, is not made any hiftorical ufe of by either of tb^ adopters,^ Sif|d^ or Mr. PownalL Th4^ latter earriet Hi^lM)i> whole arn^, in, fpite of his owQ.Ji|i:potfadBf, over ^ir mid tht fam fi^ROiC mountains. The mentiop of the %Mt9 r^k ftem^^ t^ h^. parries the who^e oyer tb^ Gei^ral's ridge, thelittte St.BerQard. Yet the march from Roquemaure itirfdHy xp M AittbroQe,*^^ l^ads Hannibal tmiclf to tl^ finfk of tbofe AlfN^. and in, a lipe ^nly for the Cottiaa Alp» or Moupt Q^ofnif^ Mr* Pownallj indeed muit aftnally mean the CoKi^n, if tif^Gfkkt Alps.;: 41 the Alps, being Cdtic in fad, an4 iKm^ of tbe^ pacticularly Celtic Vi appeUatipn. AGconjiingly, io 1^ own analyfsi of hi«. i^ork prefixed to* the whoie» he ftys hiiiifelf f 4upc he here. gives us ** a tranfient vkw of tiie maid| of ^mmihaltrrftoni; V. Beauc^ire 10 Ambrooff, and^ct^^fi die Otiurn Mfi$, to die ^> vale of Tuirin.** He thnt oarxi^ HapnihaL i^ £ii»hi;iHi over Mount Gei^vret and bf the White Ro^k oyer littlp Se Bem. ^ard, in ^fte and thM fame r^ute. He ^en carijes Hannibal to. Emhrun^ and from tbence to th^ foot of hh^k Si.Simard; in, prder to convey h^m oyer the C^iiun, Aip^ to Turin. The ^uth is, that Mr. f owoall very naturally imagsd ^o himfelf the conrfeof the Carthaginians, as running aqofs the Rhone, by the Roman road at B^ucaire, and firetching over the Alpa by the Roman road' to. Embrun, Mmmt Geneyre, add, Turin ; < that he afterwards beard of Colonia** point of paflag^ at Roque*. ipaure, and of the General's line of vaKfb by Roche Kai^he ; that with all the baftioel^ of a man, of genius^ and widiout f ondefcending to undei;go the dull dfudgery of fxaminiog, he. progceffiyc^ly Aifpe^d, fuppofed, and* believed bocli tl^fe routes $0 be the fame wiiji hi^ owri; then mentioned then) boldly as fuch ; fo confouncjtedhimfelf, copfonaded his readers^ ^nd confounded all geography. of of AcAa- In the Ikmc line does the General alib conduct them. On ^ tqp of £i//iSr Sir. Memari^ he obferves, is a finaU lake wlych gives rife to a liver, that at the vUlftge of H^utovillc, vulgarly und errqneoufly caUe^T^iHe, |s join04 hy % hnx^k . Over this brook, as well as the Qeneral recollects, the road goes dowq to TuSle, a finall dtft^nce below, over 8^ very high and narrow bridge. A few hundrec) yards bfyond the junAion of this brook with the river, ^ fuch a narrow path on the fleep tide of a loo^ and rocky hiU> m is liable tp be waihod away by falUtig r^ns ot' melting ihow^, or even to be beat down by balls of inowi ^d as well correfponds in the Qenerar^ opinibn; V^ith the broken road ^v* iliterrupted HannibaVs march. When the Generi|l paflbd it in the end of September 1775, it had beai repaired in feme places by long pine-trees, laid length-^wife, and planed ^ong their upper fides. Over thefe hd, his iervant, and his mules were obliged to pafs*; an4 he wa$ told bj^ hia mule-4iiver, that this was the worft part of the Alps, and that the inhabi- tants were forced to repair it every year. The rpa4 appei^rs from the maps, to reach the river of Little St. BemarcJ juft below the fall of a brook into it, \o erofs the river, make a circuit round a yilla^, re-crp6 tlic r^vcr, make an equal circuit upon the othqf bankj crofs ^ river again, make 9 third circuit, and finally re-crofs the river for St Pidien J^n the ^cejat to St. pidtier> therefore,^ I fupr ^O C0UB.8K 09 HAKK#%^L CHAP* I S* I {afpoik that daog^roi^ |i»fti;a1]hf; wf^chilie General's pa^awory is ol4ig? j^Tfofsulaxly fieppei: out . by tho GcncraJ, certainly bears very ftrong marks of prgi^ bahiKty/i^P' the fac? of it* But, what adds to the probybility, this y^ry.rc^te was purTued by the contending armi^ef, o^ jthe French and the Al-^ lies, in jdie war of, our 4lueen Anne. In 1709, the latter ient th^r main^body oyer Mount Cenis; while Vk foi^ll coifjs drew neai: by the valley of Aoft^ to little, St. Bernard^ afcendod, and palled' ovtsc iU The wh^e ar^ny retreated afterwards,, p^artly by Mount QBni$, and partly by* Link St^ fiernarJ. hxijii they cyaffed Mount Cenis again, in, order to make the French quit the T^entaife 5 ^nd to aifift fuch of their own forces^ as were tQ pafs by Little St. Mer$iav:d^ They even advanced atjaft, very nea^ to Montmelian. But, as they( %ffeu obliged la foflaw tbe^ courfe.of the Ifire^ th<^ itannons, which the.JPrench had planted at La < Bprgbni's niap by Dury, the Geperal^s o^^'i^ remarks on thi|; jRarginj^ and PlacidcV map. . ' Chavanfv tUCT.U OVER THE AI^8».. 9I Chavanc, did fiune dama^ to thdr mluimid. They feat parties^ however^ ta tal;e poifelfion of (jhamberry ; and fill thek cavalry eqfMmped there. But they .were at length compelled to retreat, and. all paiTed h^^ hy JUttU St. Sin$ard\ Such ^ pra6li|ed jro^ hgs. this ;lwe|)j. ta ow moderr^ armies! ^QT was it fo, merely to the modernst Jt wm not unknown to the Romans themielves. Thefe aiSx^Uy laid one of their jgmndroads^ acnofs the Little St^'Mermrdy which fiiDs '< from Milan over ^' THj^.GiiAiAN Alps to Viennc'' in D^uphiay- Bu( 1 11^11 ija vert . the order of it^ to accinniTiodate it to pw pi:erent pnfpoie. It then goes thus : " rtenaa.^.^,.yf,^^^ Viitau*>. ^yBer^uJiamf m^p. »^/' Baurgm y ^^ Augufium^ m. p. xiv" [Pputingcr'?^ Tables, f Angc^lfiw xiij/l A^^ at the fall of tb* Guifer o^ Ycrre into the Rhone near St. Genis * i *^ Lahifcimfin^m. ^. yi^ \J^^ xiv],'* acrofi tjie Gwicr at Yepe, lays P'Anville, to Novalefe on the Petty Laii&» but 9t the. difiance only of fight mif^y ajsd, as / thiQk» by a curve fiill greater on tl^e right than I)^Apvil]e has. made on the left, i;^ the Gui^ or Yere^ -*nd alongiide the AlpsS to the General's ^eep and rpgged gully, in XB^ich ure JHf vifikfe thf rtmam i>f a Roman road^ ^ Berwick's MeqtXMrs, ii* 73*74, 81, ti8, IB4, and 119. ^ lyAaviUty ift8a|idli54,i.s|nd)iiiiiiapofCfaUmAnti9ua. ^ Pacide*! jBap. «Wd g% COURSE » HANNIBAR ' CHAP; Ttl afnd'te the^l^gd dfFcftfein foudlf of Pont dc Bean- vdtfin and *liorth of tiie gnlly^; thence tip thft * gnlly, Wtchrfe ftxAned by the'Guicr or Ycre, and is its outlet from the Alps,* flill along its current, fe it ?ifterwards fpr Coriflans, but keeping! ot its /^^ , bant for the grand cuive of the licre'on the right, to *' Maiifenani, rii. "p^ 3Qri [Mw/iAri xvi],** M>ntalleu between !Rreteriv6 and Tournoii, and ^ little to the left of thtlprefentiioad*; idyanGing upwards pn the left bankiliM ^^ Ad Publkrinos, m, , *^ p. xvi [Ad PubKc^no^, yi],** to L^Hopital on the Arli jiift at the cxirve of the Ifere, and to Con^ flans on the other fide of the ArJii, where ihe roa4 of the Itinerary an(i the route of the' General iinite again ; *^ OWimtim^ m. p. Jii [Obilonna>. ^ xiii]," La Roche Sevin; s^H ^^ DaYanfafidm^ ^ xn. p. xiii fDarantafia, x],^' €eniron9 now a: ' Flacide*s map. =^ Brcval's Firfk Travds,, ii. 3; i. apd D^AwilIc» 4|0 j». ? Placide's map* • , vilUjre^ tBC*. 1. OVl» THE. Att«. 5|J village between Monflier and Ayme, biit (as ap- pears from, the name) once the capital of ttid Centrones, and therefore the firfl mctiiop()U& of the TaroHaifCf borrowing its pre/eat Jtppellatioa from its people^ and lending its <>rr^/W.onQ to jts r^on "". But, in order to ihow the general juft^ neis of this arrangement, let me here ii^oducd another route of the Romans, which falls into thid. at Darantafia ; and fo proves Darantaiia ftill morei to be Ceatron* This goes " from Milan over •* THK Graian Alps to, Strafburg/* Inverted^ it has theie frages to its point of concnrrencx: witli the other : " Lacum Laufonium ——.—/* Laufanue^ on what was then called the Lake of Lauianne, but is now denominated the Lake of Geneva, fo ihifting is the property even of territorial names t " Equeftrimy m. p. xx," Nyon ; " CemAum^^ m. p. /' xvii,*' G^itiva; " fiautas, m. p. xxv/' Old • Antomoi Ilftncrariun, ci, ** A Mediolaoo ptr Alpet ^ Gndas Vieiitiain -— .,— : Darantafiatn -*— — ; Obiimuti^ ^ m. p« xiii ; Ad Publicanos, tn* p. iii ; Mantanam^ m^ p. xvi ; '** Ixminciifli, m. p« zvi ; Laibifconem, m. p. xtv ; Auguftum^ ** tn. p« xiv ; Bct^fittil, m< p. xvi ; Viennanv m. p. xxJ* Beatiiiger't TtUet, firft atid ttcand fegment i ** Vigenna --— ; ^ Bcqplfiuin, i3; AiigofiurD, aiv ; Lavifcone, xiv ; Lemincoy ^SEvi; MiMri%m; AdPaUicaflosyiii; Obiloiwayxiiiif •^Da*' ^ caoMfit/ s.** See alfo AeMip prefixed to Bamck*s M«- rneHn ; the siDch more ufefiil mapjof Savoy, &c. in mopt fot Modern tJoiv. Hilloiy ; and the ftill more ufeftil map of Bor^ goal bylybry. ^k alfc lyAatlllc, 153-154, 43a-433f *»<* •;|oj.404; • . . conciir to carry him into Italy^ It aj^peits to b6 not, from a Uxgt variety of hoticcs, Ibme ancient^ fome moderi), but all converging to otte fcoinmoii point. Thcfe combine to lead hina & Very difi ferent way ; and it is hiy Tvifh> td ppint tout th^ yay dccifively to my reader; . Hannibal had hitherto kepi clofe to the Rhonej iand thus advancai up to Lyoii; Ht Jlill kept: thff to the Rhone, ml thus 4thanced up t6 the Alps. Hq ftiU ^urfiied the eurtent t^f this nv^ upwardgs tit:ti^ffisx pUriiiOd it neatly ikp to iUfimrce. This> 1 bclfevfe> h48 nevir been obfervad before ; yet it is Very ctrtaiiii tt Is ddmt^niftrably plAin lipon thd jpages oFPolybitiS; From the point at which he troffed the Rhoiie>>£iy8 tlii^ aUthor> Hannibal Vent " ALOHd THE AiVER^ leaving the feia behinci ^^ him, MAftCHitre BA8TWARDs> and pufhing, as il; ** WCffej f0VAlLD$ THE MtDLAND REGIONS OP El/- ^ KOPB.^" This is c\eiai\ yet what immediately FoUowB ti ftiil mdre fd. '' But die Rhone," »dda iMyHus in te Wry nM worilsy "i&aj iisj^ringi >!^!fifa9fve thlb Adriatic gulpK^ int^inihg to the weftj ^' in 9b6fi pifti ef the Alpt whkb fait' a^Ohty tdi^e ^^ north} it. flOVv^ howevet* towards the ioui^\f ^^ Vcfij^^tid difcharges itfelf into tha .fea of Ssrf-^ ,V 4ijii^4» *nd is cfirried-^onq^ a val^eyj the nopt ^ thttrn fide of :which \s» lnhaibited by* Arduei V< ' J. •;*'.*« -,,..,.-. »,-.„;.,. ^ - . *-.-?, Bjly^ni til. 47. :llfi^ rot vt^^^t^ ^*)c9i43^ ^ ' avo fi^tniftS^iai m^lot* vXfu^y o^*^ova« Vflt^ay^ ir^o; A«xIoy xcxXi/ACMM rtn AXvtm nrct^^tteu* ** The Rhone has its fources above t!ie Adriatic gulph, iii thofe ** parte of the A^pe that Jlm^ tidWavdi the norths and atjb^ ^^ fiows v^v^ard\ \iVX afterwards \t hcnds its fiream to the ** fouth-weft" (i. 349). All this is moft confufedly traaf* iated. What b^oogs to \!tLt fpnngs^ Mr. Hampton has given to the current \ and made this to flow to the weft, then turn to tho liii]Ch;4iieft, when Pol3fbttis onlf fixes the fprings ahwt the Adriatic gulpb, hot «* indhung to the ^eft *' of it, and carriea the river at oneeto thefettth-wtft. And| in order to cosimit ' this violence upon his author's meanhg^ hehasbeen compelled to ufe die word ^^/, when his aiHthor ix^Jlmjs ; and abfo- lotdy lointeipdatc the words at firjty and afterwards. The ngscdlErjrfer tfaefeopcradCttsfliouId have awakened Mr. Hamp- ' toot from his dream of tfiattentton ; ahd tnade him olpen his ' . cfes, to the obviotii meaniog of Pdlybms. But he was too miichiockfid up in iiui|d)er^ to be awakened evefi by fo loud a c^l aody, mdna ^4W Jfumtendf confufimi enfutd among the Greih. ' ^Yat.I. H «are J^8 COURSB QF HANNXBA^ ^^P- !^ ^^ a?c feparatod from the vaU^ abng th Rhom^ // }>Y the crejsof iibe foremntloned Wtfjf;^— which *^ CRESTS HANNU9AX. TipiJ^ MOUN-JTED OVEa PROM ^f XWSUB PXACES ALONQ THE RilQIf £^ and SO EN- ,1V 3:ERBft Itajuy ^.'* ,. . ...r , ', ,,. \ . This i^^ very pcranptory, and needs, no c<^Or boi^tion. Yet we can, Iqiwi ^t ^foflace, aijd iil^ Polybius himfclf. Ii^ a preceding part <^ hJ^J^if- tory, he reckons up the length of Halnnibal's ip^rch, ftoiu New Carthage (or Caithagerta) in S{>ain5 to the plains of the Po in Italy; by ibtne grand meafures which he Ipecifies, In thefehi?^ hei-o, like the Neptune of Homer, .ftall^s in tl^rec or four ftrides acrois a whole, continent. Thcle ^ercfore muft point out in the.pmcifefl manner^ tbecouxfe of Hannibal through France into Picd- jnont. From Carthagena to 'the river Ebro, hp^ ftates his march to be -2600 ftadia, at eight iiadia. ., 1 Polybius iii. 47^, T^ *t flrAo^ra wo^.tp* na4V?,----aBW^«Kju»V: lipbhk^u ^^ The plaiQf aj^Mnd. the Yorr^^ ^^fmintA tf^froa ** tl>is valley by;tt^cj;%-r-: thdfc Wffr,^>fi9««<»ntt» which. •V Annibal wtfj /tf>J..'•••* •• ^•■ iiX^jwtrw E»; Imx^. '^ From the paiCige of theRhooe^ if wq « uj^c our cour^ up the river,-* as towards- tbi ffri*gs^ thir ipatcri^mark qf du*e(5tion being, aftoni^uxigly omitted hylArx Hamptoo, «* f9 the ^gvi^^fy!^ ,^tn up to the afctut^ word$' much' more empjiatical and prcciie, ** o^ the Alps*' that kdd int0 lial;^ th?ic yxjrjds pf ftafl highp moment in the menfum- ti9n of .the route^ hi;iQg fiiU more afionifhio^y omitted bjr Mr. ttampton. So inacoiirate, fo uoj«f(, A> falfeto the origt«» rial, in thk trapflatioa hen ( • * ' Ha mounted I lOO COURSE OF HAimiBAL CHAP., IV mouQted up near the very rife of the Rhone^ that there he afcended the Alps, and thence be penetrated into Italy. All the various fuppofi* tions therefore, of his inarching over any part, of that great barrio: of hills, which flanks the wefiem fide of Nprth-rltaly ; vanifh into air at once, like io many mifts, before the ftrong lufter of this hiftorical fuui Hannibal reached the mountainsj at a very different point. Hannibal entered them^ in ^ very -different direcSlion. He went not from wefl toeaft alpng them, but trayerfed them from north to foutji, and aftually interJeSfed all the lines of his fuppofed movements % , ' He had indeed the beft of reafons, for fo doing'. 7^ere wat no formtd road over the weftern Alps, at rthe time. There was none, for about two hundred years afterward. This is apparent from feveral no- ■ There is an attempt ipade by a very recent traveller, to' afcertain thd courfe of Hannibal^ and to carry him by Briancon IQ Feneilrelles. See Travels through Swifieilandi Italy^ &Ct by Thomas Watkint, A. M. 1791, i. t86*Z90. Bm the at* tnnpt is fo feeble in Its operation^ ib ungrounded in hiftoricaf idluthority, fq falfe in fads, and' ib ^ivolous In arguments ; that il cannot provoke a particular expofure. It is indeed little more than a puflage in that << liimr^re par M. Duteos,^i^hich is the Foundling Hofpttal for underftanding (I believe) to half of our letter-writing and pubUdimg travellers ; expanded in a fuller difplay of errour, and beaten out into a greater tenuitj of foUy. The ongtwl paffitgf t Ihall cz«atikt and expofe, b vok iL chap. H fcft. jv hei^^er. S«CT. II. OVfiK TR£ ALPS. 10 1 "tices. The tribes upon the Alps ^verc in that political flatc of nature^ as it were, which was fnggefted by their lituation ; their elevation sibovs their nei^bours, their inacceffibility in their fkft- nefles, and their power, of plinidcring with* im- punity all who ventured into their mountains: They were on thefe terms of hoftility with all mankind, till the d^ys of Auguftus ; whcn^ they were firft brought witfrin the pafe of civility, and' united to their human brothers around them. In • all this interval of civic barbarififty'they naturally madb no roads themfelves acrofs their moun^ tarns', and neceflarily foffcred none to be made by others. The Romans indeed ufcd to travel over them ; but juft as we travel over the dcferts of Judaea and Syria at prefent, by no regular road, only by fome general iignatures of a courfe, and in continual apprehenfion of the ruffian in- habitants about them* In this manner Cseikr went at the end of almoft every campaign^ from the fouth of France into the north of Italy ; and returned again in the ipring. He even ordered two legions at one time, and three at another, over thefe formidable hills \ Hd once marche^ over' ^ BelU Gait. ii. 9. p. 59. Davis« *^ Duas legiones inC^^noi^ ** Gallii novas confcripfit^ er", ineuiUe achate, in Intcriorcm, " GalUam qui dcduceret, Q^ Pedium legatum mifity* and, vi. z. p. 186. *< Tribus ante exa£tam hiemem et conltitutis et ^* adJu^is iegionibus." In the former pai&ge ^^ Interiofctn^** H 3 which, jp^, couKSE or ^}n^9J^ . cHf p^ ^k oj^qr. tlii^ J3^^1i> ^t . the ^^ of ^. ]COis^|dei:a^ ajmy J ^ hgs dpfcrib^d ^./KjfpecUtipn. %y>th W^ own jpp. IJia defcriptipp ihfews us vcijr cls^ly^. the; total W^t of r<5^ al9Jig.,tbefe J'irciich -^Ipfirii; - ^fwii^g -tbal ^c Hcirejii inlie^c^ *Q :^c& ipta the J^qm^a ja?ts of ;(5fijl€,;.he " t^^€as ^lis^ •^ owji, (i^^rtur^ from Rqm?, y(]f^ ^\ the pjpe^- prefeijtt lupg4w» ,^, Fi:^nqf,.^^ ftti4;^i;iry«s.at ^n, ^^ nevja.r" ^a part o|[ C5a\4qt]^^ though i^ is f^^o£ ipielvetf V aker^ tl|ieir pla^j, ip C9nf^queiiice Qf hvfe 9ppofit^o|i to^ them; aad w^ .^oy^ ^efolr^ to,. pais alqqg .tjie upjth of tlie Rhpi^fi, ajid by th^ vd»ipb| M D9;YU5;mtei^<]$.dgii.it).ft Vi7ffiu£| oU^^t- to be .'die iisadv ij^, and is thf^adual reading }^-Clai:^^*$. ^nd.Ouc^ndf^-g^l^ editions fince; ought appacentlv from yi^hat is iLpKBiiouf. to airedittons and all manvfcriptr, a relative juflnefs of lanr ^gc ^ni a'perfonal uniformity pf ap'jielSatioiis, to be " UJrc-. *X ri(MrAai.*^ ^This word alone ^nfwers t6 " Citerior" before; afid thi^ q^i^e is the wpi;d, wtTjdh CaefaV ufes in yii. p, 8 aiwl* Xf p* I2-. It was indeed that fixed aiid appropriated word for ^hc prefent France, from which Caefar cpuld not with any re- gard to general diction depart. '* Belir&all. i. 7. p. 8, ** Ma^rat ab ufbc proiicifci, ct. 1| quJpi maxiiiiis itmeribus'pbteft in Galliam Ultcriorcm con- ^] teiidf^jj' ct W Genevam* pcrvenrf*". .. " * ' * ./ ^^^ SECT. II. onsfi THK a£f«. t« j very narrow ddile betwixt it and Mourft Jura**; he " goes with great expedition into Italy again •/' He there raifes two legions, draws three more out of their winter-quarters about Aqnileia, ind pufhes back with all five acrofs the Alps into Gaule. " He takes his route with fhofe five Ic- " gions/* he fays, " by the neareft way over thtf " Alps into Farther Gaule.'* He was too ftrong, to fear the ihfults of the Alpine nations. He was ioo eagerly bent upon his plan of operatiofts, at {his grand coriimencement of his Gallick warfare 5 (o take the cuftomarj'' way /rom Italy into France, He refolded to piifli throdgh the h^rt of the Al- pine ddroinions, in ofdfer to cut Ihort' his march. He critcred the Alps; he informs us,' at ** Vcelum^ ^ which is the Ufi town of the Hither Provincfe** or GaHick Italy ; and; ^ Strabo further calte it, ^ the limit of the land of Cottius^;*' that is, at Exiles, which isjufi within the bounding line of Italy at prefent ^. He thus took his firft ground! upon the Alps, between Mount Gencvre and * This pais it now fecured on the French fi4e^ by' Fort rSctufe; and has been recently made the foundation^ forfomi w'dd (peodatiom on the Lake of Geneva (SaufiUre u %0%'^ij^ and Pownall's Ant. of Provence, &c« p. 86-^8)«^ * Bell. Gall. i. 10. p. la. *' Ipfe in Italiam niagnis itin^i^ •* bus contcndit." ' BeH. Gall. i. lo.p. t«. *« AbOcelo, quod eft Citeriorii ** Provinciae extreinum," and Strabo iv, 170. flxi^ey, to Tefoj < Map of Savoy, &c. in n^aps for Mod. Un* HiiU H 4 Mount 104 COUIV$>K SM HAHNI&AIi' CHAP. lU Mount Xicnis^ and in thi? courft of the road, that I have already Ihown the Rinnans to have laid ^ervvards, from Sufa by Exiles and over Mount Gen^vre, inta the fouth> the middle, and the north of Pauphiny^ But he purfued nat ^y of thefe tranches of that great ftc^n. He tvranted Od pulh direSlj into the xjorth of Dauphiny. He therefore could not go down on hialeft t^ MoiAt Gencyre, j^^d there, turn Qff oji, his right to Vi^ enne. He turned off fliprt on his right^ at once ^ - paffed Mount Genis dlofe Qn,luaxight, andMouioi^ j^ncvre remotely on Ws left j ^nd fluaped his courfci acrofs the mount^in^^ tow^jd$ Grenoble He thus had the Une of th iy, 314* H ik ha Kfylfawci^ $v<7/Aix«1e(a, and 318. >^«i ^ii««s wXiiofoi n ha Ht^mwi^i ^olemy iii^ i. p. jx.* £« }« T»i{ ■ ■ • " • ' . jj^. 106 COVR«B OF iTAJfNlBAt, C^AT. ft,' Thcfe i^read from Charges their capital, by Em- Bran and Bii^icon, to the Arc ; and even ex- tended on the weft, td the bdrders of the V ncT, in ovsR the alm. ^07 All ffais Hjs open the wild and ferociotid fiate tof thcfe we^ern- Alps, in the days^ven of Caefar himfl^lf* 'There was particularly, no formed road over them. This we ihall fee ftill tnore from Cae^, almofr knmediately. And we fhall fee hereafter irom Livy, at the time of his writing an f»rly portion of his hiftory ; that the>c was then *. In the period between both, Augufius reduced a nuflidber of the Alpine tribes; and> coaifequently, carried th^t perpetual attendant upon the con- qw&s of Rome, and that eternal monument of Hei;cale6> 'f Gr^ifrt^m upturn imtkUi^^ In Wel(h wc banrt Vchil figivfyiog. hi^h^ apd wc have th^ Ocb^l {liUl. it) jSoot^ laud* Ptdomf , though right ia his geocral p<^tio& of the Cen-- thinesi an4 in \m paiticuiar a^gntnenfeof .Axiiqi^ to tbc^m, yet' (Iraogelj affignf than ^^ fornix Ciau4ii/* which, (a* I Oi^Ufli^\r* hereafter) bel9ngs.to avety 4i#BFpp( p^ ofi the A!^^ and hai^ rnif-led D'AnviUc 517^31^ by. Ma flftifiai^* Tbt^-CeotroDcr are agaia ipeotiQaed by Flioy, apd ^th 4te .C|k^urjig«i^ ill iii^* %^\ "^ fillip praetereaL^tio dons^ti iQcol^/' ii)iiftbitai)t« oCtho' Alps, <^ ttt O^odinp^^t)'^ iMH» a^ li'AnjriUe j^ . ^oofidcrs' them> the Yexiagri^ whq are (a^ it wer<^) ip aaothv hemUphere»^ but (as appear^ fro|a tlie ntigihurb^^ a^goed them in the words izpiiiediat^y foUowing) the iph^bitaots . of IdodurwW \xk the Tables before, t^ people oC Aveac^n on the Vepce.b^^ tween G^ and Charges, and io lying nefr tp the Ceotronesy " ct finitimi Ccptroncs [Ccntroijfti]." Ftoleajji^ Ihottgh teT pla^s jcbe Caturiges, or («s he; calls them) thfr Cantrigidi^' eq4ial}y.with,^e Centrooes^ on the Graian Alps (iiU t* P«7i^)0 yet jrecy coi^tra^^^rily tp himfctf, though ^'^ properljr inr ^int of fa^^affig^9tl^jl^ Eb^jr^^tjopdt or £i|^ .• Cl|api. iv,'fea. .^ .1; - . . . the lOtf COURSB OF HANNIBAL CHAP* «•" the glofy 6£ the Romans, a train of^ formed toAds ^ong them ; their very minds iecming to mounts ^s niuch fupcriour to the nations around, as their ,arms tbem&lves ; and their minds fo znounthag probably, from the- very fuccefs of their amis. He r<^viced thofe tribes among the reft, which wc have fecn contending with Caeiar before. He reduced *^a^ the Alpine tribes,*' iays a. monu- ment that he erected on the occasion, " which " reach from the Adriatic to the Mediterranean K'" Some « *' Imp^FatoVi (Jxfan, Divi Ffl. Aug. Pontifici Maxfeao, ** Imp. xiii, Tribimltia Poteibtis S. P. pear irom this infcription to be falfely reckoned among the RlMti by Strabo iv« 315, and are actually diftinguifhed front thrnvby Strabo hunfelf in p. 313) having left their naioe to a lFai«almoft oppofite to the Lake of Brientz/thatof Leveatiir, being thcr^ iuted at the fprings by PHny hintietf (iih so), tMmg^'filaJbed by Ptotemy>inoneof his many bltinders eon-. CQi'diBf At^ Alp$^ ''upon the Cottian Alps," yet prefented vei7 prc^tly. with the town of Ofcella, Domo d*Ofiiia at pnc^ fcot (iii. i.«p4 7*1);' ^ NaiKiiateSy Seduni, Veragrii,** of Whofe fituation I (hall fpeiik hereafter; *' AcitaY6nes> ^MeduIK^ Uce- ^^^' ' r •♦hi/* MCT. lU OVER Tttft 4l£M. . IO9 Some nations^ howeverj that were tinder one monarchy and courted Auguilus'ii friendihip ; he ^ ui,** dB on the north-wefiern Alp't to the borders of th« estrones and 0£iodurcnfes, who arc omkted for a reafon that ! fhall give in the next note ; " Caturiges^ Brigiani, Sogiontii, ** Ebroduntii,*' only parts or divifiont of the Caturiges pro- heUy, as the Ebroduntti certainly are, and the inhabicantt of Brianeon and Seine, as thofe are of Embrun; '^Nenialonf, ^ BdcBate^ fiiiibisiai, Veamini, OaUit«B» Triulatd, £aini» M V^i]guDni, Egititurt* Nementuri, OniteUi, Nerufi, Vellaunv * SuctH," ranging fcom the Caturiges ddwn to Nice and Mo^ oacQ moch' hi^re the French vfurped upon the Alpine nationi ! We have thus a comprehenfive lift of thofe tribes on tlir Alps, that were reduced by. Auguftas under the yoke of Ronoe. The monument that had this inilnpcionuponit, was-plaoeif at' tbe^ Urmvtathg f^ini of all the conqneftp, «n that (hoie of the Mediterranean to which the lift proceed^ and near thoie towns of Nice and Monaco at which \t ends. Pliny cdls it ** Tro*' '^ phsum Al|num" (iti* ap). An adjoining town was called from it " .Troph«um Augufii '/ (Ptolemy iii« i. p. 68)« nis * tttains the Qsicne of Turbna or Tcrbia, at prefient ; as tlfoi overlooks the lowi^ of Monaco, and now exhibits ** the appear# *^ ance of an M ruio^. tower.'* But '* dictc is a description ^ of what it was, in an Italian manufcript ; by which it ap* ^ ** pean to have been a h$autiful eAifict 9f H>io Jl^rUs^ ad^med ^* Vtitk C9hmns aid trofUa in alto relieve^ with a Jtatut '•/ I to CDimM OF ^fUNNliBAI, ^ >'.'-'.- ' mxti ^^'Augufius Cafar 0ii the *tof. Otlon6«0f th^'fidei 5*«s ah irf^ ^ fcription, /wff undrda of Which ^^p fttU'legibldj i*pe« thU ^-fragment «f a rmrble found clofe to thifc' ($ld bUiWin^r'* 'We fcookt therefore have ioA this valiftble, tholigh geacral, td^d^ ^caphjr '4jf the Alps fbp ever, though itifet^«d' Upon 'rriar*blii> • yt: tc had' not been Cdped upon the pag^s -c;f Hkiy. So niuclr more doral^e than marbie itfelf, i6 a manufq^ipt ; and merely Sfom the pawtjT of ittultiplyirtg cJopies ! ** This noble monu^ ^ nsentof antiquity wasj&^^i of -all deftroyed by fiti^* a &• ttuly'(I p?efume)>lmBg withki it; "and^(teiVaWl6,/itf'G^/KK^ ' **. jtiinesV eottv«rted.i*rito a kind of foptiHoation. The Kia'rblerf .«* belonging: to it/^ to the uppin*ym. of it, " were either cm^ ** ploycdio adomMg^the dhurch of ^he adjoining village;'^ by fosmlgthe aitar and fiMVie feputehrat tablets, liuppofe, ^* ^ H-^diMoiwertrd^intotcyinbilcm^ afige of Strabo coooerning th« (ivw 314 )» *' Pmefeftiis chtitBCum qM ftibfcriptc fust, Sej^ •^ vioffMH** the people about Sesaae perfaapi^ GeMao being 4tf» calM Segovia^ I fuppofe^ a«d fi> leaviogthe aame of Se- ^anA.ti^'tbe town; ^ Srgpifiiiomin,*' tbofeabontSiafa^ diofii irtojinhabited along the ooctheni fide of die Doria, oppoto *^ Che prefeol 8iiia, Suia itfelf bcaag in Italy, a$ I fliall finof ibew in tlie iext, aodtherefoee 110110 the kingdom of Cotttus; ^ Bdlaopnim,'.' I know not whom ; ** Caturigmm^ MMklkntMy** both.aniatiimed in die Cornier io&ripiion ; *^ TrebavionifB, «' Adm^wf^ mentionfid in the fiH-mer ; ^ Savincatium,'* a mnne that matt not be fuppofed* as written and pronoutic«4 iiamcafmm^ iq be, the original of tbt^name of Savour, bccjin& this appears twice in the Notitia, and is then written nearly a» it now la in Latin, Sapaitdia (fol. 179} ; ** JJ^iumua, Fermi^ *' nmum^ both mentkoed in the former infcriptibn; ^ Veoi^ ** £muontfn, Irionim*' .the people about Iria (Ptolemy, iti* u . pr 71 ), now Vogbera, a town a little to the eaft of Tortona, aentk)ned with Dertooa by Ftoleroy, and ^ven with it to the Taurin^ by him; '^ Efahian§ntm*' mentioned in the fonnei:' i^ijpptioA^ '^ Ovadiavium; etcivitates quae fub eo prcfafto^ ". fuerunt" (Breval's Second Travels, \. a9o^«-t9i), Pliny qjls ttie Cotjdaa tribes, frnthr ia kiumber ; yet there 'art fmrtttm, h^ref. But Dio, Ix. 24. p. 961^ informs us^ that Auguftua <' tnUrgti to Marcus Julius Cottius his paternal principality, ''. which he. poflelTed upon the Alps of his name ; then firft *' gtvi^ghim-the title of King:" Mafx^i laxtfi K«r% tw W)p«ay ^W^ Tii» IV* tut AXsriM TOT 9fumffW9 uxh w^ithv^h^v, MmdiKs/^ «v3oy aTi nfu\9» «tyo/*dt0M(. Yct, on a doie inipedion^ we do not find, anj of thefe to be of the twelve Cottian dates of Pliny. Thcfe. il^ COURSE OF HANNIBAL GKAP. It^ hereafter fliow from Straba to have been exlilin^ in his time "". The prefeat kingdom of Cottros too, Thefc arc all tribes equally reduced by Auguftus, with thblfe in the former infcription | though, from the change of nanaesr by involution of one appellative in another, we cannot trace ail the ttamea of the latter inthe former. But that »Ur\vcrt tribes equally reduced with thofe ^y Auguftusi is j^ain on a careful examination of the preient infcription* Cottius tre&s the arch and addrefts the infcription to Augufius, exprefsly as the Frafe^rf Augufius to: all the tribes recited ; " Cottiur «*• praBlie(5hi8icivitatumq«« fVibfcripta funt.** Thefc tfihet alfo concur witb him in the a6ty ej^refsly as forming If is PMfe^urr iff Augitftus 0ver them ; *^ Cottius praefe£tus civitatum qtia^ fub-* ^^ faiptse funt,— et civitatcs q\wc fub co pnefe6to fiicitint.** They are therefore t^t appendage of, flates merely^ which Auguftus fuh^oined to his hereditary kiogdooa* His kingdom itfitlf is not particularized, the t\Velve tribes are not enume* cated at all, and we know the 0£todurenfe^ and the Centrones to Be omitted} thoAigh they are exprefsly fpecified by Pliny an members of his kthgdcma. After both thefe inicriptions there- fo/e> we mull fiill repeat what Pliny has laid after the former only^ '^ aon funt adjedbe Cottianas civitates xii/quae non fue* *' runt hoftiles." From both weknow merely the fiates, that compcfed the Praefe^re annexed to his kingdom; and know only, that the kingdom adhially confided of the Centrones aad O^durenfesybut muft alfo have comprized the Caturiges and other tribes. Some of theie others are even noted by Ptiny* ' as branches of the Caturiges, and therefore (we may be fure) under the kingly authority of Cottius with them : " funt pwe- ' ♦* tcrea Latio donati incolac, ut Odtodurenfes ct finitimi Gen- ' «* troDCs, Cottianx civitates, Caturiges, ct ex Catarigihs &rii^ ' *\ Vagicnni, Ligures, et qui Montani vocantur^ Capilatonim- ^^^ueplura genera ad confinium Liguftici maris;" yagiettm^ the ! Chap. iv. (ba. vi. war. 11* ' OVER wm aus. tij too^ was equally formed into a regular road i and this is laid for tl;iat reafon, to go over the Cjttian Alps. Thefe Alps appear from an lur of the Romans, to have taken their commencement at Embrun ; and from an intimation in Marcel- linus, to have ended their courfe on this fide of Suia, at that Doria which flowed along the northern fide of its walls^ and ieparated the Alps from Italy and it^. In the»Tables therefore, juft over the uniting line of the roads, that converge at Briancon to crofs the Cottian Alps together ; is written cxprefely " the kingdom of CottiusV* He was a King^ the fpn of a King, and the he- the peopk about Feints^ 1 fuppofc, to the weft of Gap ; Ugmns^ a tr^K ffiU xetaining the original name of all the Caturiges, who appear from Strabo (iv« 3x2) to have been all Ligurians, and lying towards Vemimiglia and the Ligurian fea, I apprehend ; Mntani^ thofe who dwelt upon what are called the Great Alpi« between the counties of Nice and Tenda ; ^xAfivnal tribes of Cafilati^ probably Jix^ and fo with the others eompofing the iwthfe ftates of Cottius*s kingdom ; thefe fix lying about the pafs of CayoHej but firetching thehce to the neighbourhood of the fea (Map in Berwick's Memoirs) ; and all the twelve^ at the tribes under the fway of Cottius and in alliance with Au*^ guftosy ^ing equally *< Latio donad,*' or admitted to the fa^ privSeges with the natives of Latium. *, Bertius, ii. 39. " Itioerarium a Burdigall Hie rufaleoi *^ trfque, Maniio Hebriduno, m. xvi, /« SBCT. ir. OVER THE ALPS, II7 This then was the grand aera, of civility tri- umphing over the Alps ; thofe the loftieft ihounr tains in all the old world, being now reduced (as it *were) to a level with the reft of the globe ; thofe once dangerous faftncfles laid open, to the free intexcourfc of fociety- ; and Ac once formi- laid, upon aa at^h xmx the w^lte of Sufa. Guicbenoii, aoother F«5ncb author, in his Genealogical Hiftory of the Houfc of S^ivpy, torn. i. Hv.i. chap. Sv. repeats the infcription in Pliny, not as fet up on the Monaco trophy, but as fixed on ^trimmphal mrch^ that was ere^ed upon tht teduRi^n §f €he A^itu naH§nf^ not at Sufa, but at Aojla. So very niw:h have thcfe three au- thors confounded thofe monuments, and the inlcnptions oa th«n ! SmoUet alfo has not attended to Pliny, when from Da- Iccbamp, I ibppofe, one of the annotators upon this author, he Tajs, Piiny is ^ miftaken ki plaicing this liifctiption," that of the trophy near Monaco, *' on a /rij^," he means thie arch, ** near Aofia'' (i» ^70) ; as Pliny fixes it cxprefsly at no par- ticnlar part of the Alps, only faying, « non alienum.vidftur,^ « hoc loco fubjicere infcriptioncm ^ trophaeo Alpium, qua; talis " eft ;" and as from his mention immediately before, of the if J^igurcs" and the ** confiniumLiguftici maris,'' be iadire^ly «Aac(Bf it near Monaco. But Miflbn has added another miftake $0 all, i¥hen " 'tis faid,?' he tells us, ** that at S*fS4~thcrc is a H trjuippbal arch — , and that the infcription was engraved oa <« a plate of gold, of which one half is broken ofF;'^ and fo gives, as frojn Mabillon, the very infcription on the trophy near Monaco (i, 574-57S, edit- jth). Such a train of blunders eoaimitted by writers of the firftnaroe, coj^rning thefe archer and this tt^jphj, 1 hppp for the honour of literature, is not to be paralleled in the region of fa6ls. Such nebulous fars in the irmamcnt of antiquariaiiifm p?rtip\ilarly, if frequently occiv ring, would be fo many bUts ip the HeaYenS| and r^gi^ them generally up to the power of darknefs, 1 3 dabk dable robbers upon ihem, united in amity gnd peacr ^nth mankind. AccordiBgLy Strabo iur forms us in general concemiiig the Alps and their jjoads^ ^t ^^Auguilus Caefai*, iar the dei^rudion ^ ofihp robbers, added fuch a form of roads ^ ^^ it waapolfibie for bins to make ; for it was not *^ pofiible every where to force nature, by break- *^ ing through huge rocks and down rail preci* ^^ pjqes, fome overhanging the road, others fall- f^ ing down from it, fo that, even pi^ ?i flight ftej^ ^f out of the track, the dangex wa^ unavoidabliCy ^ the fall being |nt<> bottoiEnlds hollows ; ^tid fo ^ narrow is the way in fome part of it, as to give ^^ a giddinei^ tp tbpfe who walk on foot along ^ it, b9th tQ w^^ and to Ijpails, if, unufed to 4t ; V but the beafls of the country carry b\ff deas ^ alt>hg it fafi^y : neither was this curable, nor ^ the vaft plates of ice Aiding down frora above, */ th^t are capable of overwbeUning a whol^ ^^ company of travellers, and Qfpuihing forward ^ in oiie ma& ihto the hollows bdow ; for many *• plates are accumulated one upon another, the *^ foo^ being chryftaUized in icq. upon ice ; and *f the ice. on the fwface being always Ippfened and )t» veiled i\Kk emboiled backs, by the ccmibudi^ft of theie roa4^ i Wc therefore find the aimies of Rome aflerV^ards, paifing and repaffiag eq[tially by the Cottian and by the Graian Alps ; ^ed lb early a& th$ days of Otbd, Vttollius, and Yeipa^ fian^. , ; / Y. : . — / ^ / • In '■*... . • . ' ^afyd^* 'v^o'XfJu'yk^ e^nXM^' E^ty.»y>M WX^txlV, itracrftnr tin «rdro<^ yiMjkicMnr ;tidi*f ;(^pp^^oel.^anf, x«* taWf li"* iiTiiroXij^ ftu fuitvg ««o- ^ Tatdlflfi rtft. i. *!, during the infilrrcftroflf ^gaitift Otha, ^ Vifeyias ttineray bello deftinavit ; Fulvius ^ ytfanft attkrere, vd, fi atoxraefent, tailarc, GalHa's, e< &/- •* /i«toiiu#5l«wiltaliaiiiiritmpfi^/'lbid.8^^ ••C<*ti«Arpcs;et ^' c«/«ri GalUarum aditus^ Viteilianis exerpicibus daudeban- I 4 " tur/» / H6 COURSE OF HANNIBAl CHAP. it. In that ftatc of the wcftera mountains^ when they yet thruft their big heads into the Iky, un- iubdued by Uie civilizing hand of conqneft, and untraveried by roads of communication with the V world below them ; there couid be no formed paf- fage Bccdis them from Gaulc in the days of Han- nibal, or even in the later days of Caefar him(el£ At either of thofc periods the only paflage from Gaule into Italy, was not in the weftem Alps at all. It was in the northern, and near the fTRiN6$ of the Rhone- We have a remarkable intimation in Appian*s account ofPompey, and a frill more remarkable one in C^far's Memoirs of himielf ; that prove its exifrence, and indicate . its poiition, very plainly. Pompey, fays Appiany being ordered againfr Sertorius in Spaiii about tj^o years after Hannibal, ^^ penetrated into the « Alpine ' mountains with a high Ipirit, and> *^ copying Hannibal's magnificence of adtion, «* .tar." In ii. 66. " Lcponcm,*' which was ordered front Turin for Brtum, " Gratis A^ius tradu&am, taJUxuitmtrU ^^ ire jubet quo Viennam vitarent;" the town, to whidi we have feea the road of the Graian Alps diredly tending before^ and from which a branch here appears to have turned off on the .right formerl^r^ as we fee one turning by Grenoble at prefent, to go immdiatefy for Lyons (ifee Map of France la Maps for Mod. Un. Hifl.)- Hift. iv. 68^ at the utfmreaion againft Vitellius, •* Legiones Viftrices S^xta et Odlava, Vitel- ^ lianorum Una-et-Viccfima, h receps conicriptis Secunda^--p* «< CoHiMms ICoVam^l^Alfihtts^ par^ Mante Graic^ tradu- •* cuntun" , « '* formed SSCT. 11^ OVER THE XLM. tfti: ** formed a new route about the %ings of the ** Rhone and of the Po, which rife out of tht? ** Alpine mountains not far ftom each other ^.'^ This account is a little embarrafled, by the too great generality of the author's language ; but it Ihews us clearly the courfe of Haxmibal^ by the route of Pompey, through the Alps. Pompcy copied Hannibal^ and marched along his road. This was ABOUT . THE SPRINGS OF THE RhONE AND OP THE Po ; extending between them ; and reaching from about the fources of the Rhone upon one fide of the northern Alps, to about the fountains of the Po on the other. This geographical defignation, however general, is fiifficiently diftin6tive for our purpofe ; and proves the march of Hannibal to have been^ in the tradition of Pompey and his cotcmporaries, from the current of the Rhone netr its rife and much to the eail of Geneva, to the ftream of the Po near its commencement and about the city of Turin. So well known hy tra*- . dition was Hannibal's route, in the days of Pom- pey ! This general, cnunently illuftrious at iirft^ and ftrikingly unfortunate afterwards; Ihining forth at iirft, as the brighteft of Jftaib in the poli- tical horizon of Rome^ but overpowered and, nb&ured by ayirir, that arofe iuddenly, and threw * Appiao, p. 696. O k If T» Akmia opt) fith ^fwnfi^Ch^ aanpf ov,' Toir Tf FoJbMu KBu VfAmu^ M Wfox^oi /«» ex ran AXffutn efUf #v ^mxfstv aw* 4^^ll9U^r# its 12^ COUJISS OF HANKIf AI/ CHAP* U^ ksvefl of light over all the others; xzieafiafed IwJi tbe Reps ojTHaiinibal oyer the Alps, frpm aboixt the ri& of the Po to about the coauBenceoiexit of th» Khone. Then he equalljr rererfed the. march of Hannibal^ by marching along the lUiQxie to Ljozza, 1p Vienixe, and to Lauriol; bj there crof- £ng the Rhpne^ like Hannibal ; and £o marching away for the Pyrenees. He thtis " formed a »^ ** route" ibr himfclf, ntw to the Ronu^ns wbp went into Gaule and Spain ; he having dc^^ined tl^ more dire(5l route over the.weftem Aip^ and talten. the circuitous road acrofs the northern^ becaaie tliis was Hannibars^ and becauie he ^y^a^ piroud to en^^ktc H^inibal \ But Cssbx gi^^ '-••'• ••■..' • : ' us ^ AiiKMjg the fragments of a gen^rsfl Hifloiy by Salluft, w« fad a letter from Pompey to the feoste^ irhkh has. been. aiecj* ideotaliy preferv^d by. N«)mu8f and ijeeini to coatra^i{t;Mi« la it^ Pompey is made to write thus:, "per eas [Alpet] itj^ ^ tf/zW atquc Haqnibal nobis opportynius patefeci'* (Salluftii Oi)era iifmnra, ^lifgow', i77'7, p. tj2)\ But the fentcnce, as hiAmtamdi;w(S6ntrid^&ory atottoif to^ppiaa anil t4 itfelf.- It {peaks of a ro^ .99 unad^. inorqrfVt44 aod more €omfkio4toiia| yet docs not notice, pofitivcly wt^t road this was. It notices the road only negatively, a? diff^tnt fr^m Hannibars, It thus fpeaks of the road as an unknown one, even while it intimates tbe roaa to hafve been' tnade m^e'widc and mtri comtnodicros; Such contradidorine(s neither ToiAfefj nor any maaofcom^^ mon fenfe, could admit in a mere recital of fa£ts done by ^hc relator. The words therefore^ we are fturc, ih/mhi ht (vti^jsis reconcile. Popdpey with him&lf and with Applan. Aiingie, word (loes this : '* per eas idem atque Kaanibal nobis o|^)or» ^ tunius patefeci." Fompey then fays with Apftiaa, that h^ purfqcd 9^CT. II.. OV£]L THE AtVS. 1^3 Hs Iboie i4dkioiial and fulW infonaation, coa* cenwig thi9 H>a4 of Hannibal's and <>f Pompey> over the Alp6. At the end of his Second cam- paign in Gaulc, and about 170 yeays after Hajv nibal^ he ient a body of troopg amoi^ the^ibes^ ^^ that reach from the Lake of Geneva^ and the *^ riy«r Rhone, to tlie tops of the Alps */' Wlwt then was the pbjei^ of this private expedition i Csdiax himfelf Ihall tell us. ** His reafon for fend- ^^ ing the troops was, becaufe he ws^itcd to lay ^^ open THE ROAD through the Alps^ bt which '^ UPAP THE MBECHAKTS HAD BBfiK Uft^O) TO TRA^ *^ VBi-, AT A €rREAT RISK, AKI> VflTH ORSAT JM-* <^ rosTfi LAiP u?o» THEH ^" Thefts wor^s dif- clfo^ Jt very important fact to us. They Ihwr uf ih fiVfi Qnly fnvmed road of the tim^> through tb« Alpm^ mountains. Th?y. fliew itj as fcch, wicr# fr^Pfikd hy the itimr^nt menffants oi the neogh* b^uriag regions. When tber? was only one ioimcd iiCK»d> between two countries {q eactonfivej ii¥}uftriousy and refined^ as Italy }:iad long heeoa gtvfued the courfe of Hannibal oyer the Alps ; that heividened it, which is what Appian means by his ix«po«r(ri» or '^ formed ;** au'd tiiat he thus rendered it more cotirentent'for the Romans, With ikich a double congnnly ia llieoev readingy w^caanat beto^ ^ipooaeqt 14^ adoptia g it* ^ BelL Gall, iii. u p. B{. ^ A lacu X^em^i^o^ «t 4>wm^ Kb%- '< da^Pf ad Sumiirras Alpes pertinent.** ^ Ibid. ^ Cau& mittendi fuit, qudd iter per AlpeSy quo ^ itinere, magno cum periculo magnifque poitoritt, metON ^ toxcf ire confucv^jrant**' and 124 COURSE OP HANNI0AL CHAV. lU and Gaule was now beginning to be ; it was furc to be much travelled by the trades of both. Thefe had firings of horfes or of mules, for the carriage of their goods. Thcfe conveyed the coimnodities of either country, backwards and forwards, upon them. And thus was a confider- able commerce maintained between the coimtries, along this fingle and lingular pais. All this coincides in a moft extraordinary man- ner, with the movements of Hannibal at prefent. He goes not from his paffage acrofs the Rhone, dire that wcrp vifibly rearing their cloud-capt head^ before him. He knows there is no formed road over them. He therefore turns up the Rhone to Lyons. He knows alfo, that the only formed road over the Alps is at a great diftahce, on the northern lide of the mountains, and near therife of the Rhcme. He therefom turns not to the Alps of ^little St. Bernard, that arc equally riling in vifible'darknefs on his right. He goes on from Lyons, ftUl mounting up the current of the Khone, and intending to enter the road imn^- diatelyfroinit He knows both from his guides and • attendants, the embaffadours of the Galliak flates on the Po. This was the one only road,>by which they themfelves had conle to him ^t hig paflage acrofe the Rhone, This wa$ the one only road. SBCT. ni. OVBR THE ALPS. ZiJ as I (hall fhew hereafter \ by which they, their anceftors, and ^11 the nations oif Gaule that had gone to fettle in Italy, had penetrated into it* This was the one only rOad, that is mentioned by Polybius as exiiling in his time ; when he lays he '^ had viewed the fcenes of ai^ion^ and had' in *^ perlbn travelled the road through the Alps, in ^^ order to know and fee "*." This is for all theiib reafons the very road, by which the embafiadours i promised at firft to condudl him ; towards which he has been {oxnc time moving, under their di- redUon ; and of which his hiflorian Polybius again fays, that it is " the point op ascent over those ^' ALPS which LEAD INTO IxALY ^'* ~ III. — On this principle, and with this view, Hanni- bal iet out from Lyons for the Northern Alps. He ftill marched along the banks of the Rhone. He meant to mount up towards the fpring-head of it. He therefore turned now to the righ ; as now the Rhone makes a grand bend in its chan- nel, and forms nearly a right angle with the ^ Chap* iv. feft. 6 and 7* , ^ ^ Polybius ii'u t8o. Tdv; ^c rovovg xalfciTrtvxnaM, xau t*^ ii» rttf * PofybhlS iii. 44. Ata rMr w ^wo mn flM rw us ItmAmbt «Df tmy^ and 39t iv ttifiSokm tw AXvim rut i^ lTa9a»n lower tft6 coxrksn 6P nximmAj. chap. n. IcMver pArt and iAen it was< a^^iialfy wanted. But wa^ it is aU unjuft and impertinent Hannibat mw msHrdied diredUy tmvaxcb the Alps, and thevefor^ tamed now from the courie which like had pm^ &ed before; no* Ibngev ranged up towaids Ab fiortibl, but faced about to the eaih This alfo livy himfelf ihews U6 immediately afterwatd^ when he comes to give us, as he gives us very u&fiilly, iome of tie natioual Jages of his advance; But he wa& not aware of his own contradldbori- meik Hie did not know his remarks, to be te- fitted by his fa&s. He copied faithfully the hif-^ tory^ firom tiie authorities before him at the sio** naent ; but knew the localities of the hiftory, verjr imperfedUy. He thus flands a memorable m^ Hance of en'oneouihefs, from the want of thole neoelTary auxiliaries to a narrationu Let toit obibrve alfo a parallel kind of errone^ oufhefSi, in his brother-hifiorian of the times, Polybkis. This author, who has certainly been rated 4bove his merit of late, by being plated^ notmeiely iupetiour to, but in a^al fuperfe^ dence of, livy for the hifiory of Hannibal ; hals failed equally in his geography, at this period of 4 liis »S trOtmSE OP HANNIBAI* CHAT. 4U iiis oarraticm When Hannibal had crofled the |thone^ he iays, he advanced " along the river, •* leaving the fea behind him, marbhing eafi* ^ WOi'dSy and pulhing, as it were, towards the ^ mikttix^on^ ofEurcpe^* that is, as if he was intending to penetrate into the heart of Gerv many ^. Thefe words are juft as inapplicable tot the j&^ part of Hanibal's march up the Rhone* as Livy*s are to the fe^nd. Ibofe apply only to €b.efetondy and thefe to the jirft only* Nor was Polybius Icfs confounded in his geography here, than Livy. The bed of the Rhone from the fea up to Lyons, is nearly right north and fduth. For this range of the channel therefore, Hanni- ^ bal could not be faid with any poflible juftricfe of geo^phy, to march towards the eaft. But at LyoiS^^ it fuddehly makes fo great a bend, that Ptolemy has marked it for one of the memorable incidents of the river, and gives us even the lon- gitude and latitude of it. « The point of the f' river at Lyons," he fays, « at which it turns to- " 'urards the ^Ip, 23-0, 54-15; that part of it *' which is at the lake called Lemane, 27-15, " 45-^5 * the Ipring of the river, 28-ao, 44-ao ^'* . From this bend therefore, and only from this, dofs the channel of the Rhone take an eaftem < PoIyblUft iii. 47. TT«pa rov vrolufjifip x. t. A^ » Ptolemy li. 10 mifcallcd 5. P..54. H vtto Aoto^&woF «v ^^ ritf^ov m^i T«f AXcriiff trirfo?*}, wy^ f*€ >' to noC\» ?U^»ar aw]#u /t«tpo; W KoAoi/jUipr.y Ai/*svtjy, xf i, ^a . . . n wqTi] toi^ «o1. xn y> ^ y diredlioix^ tmcT^ mw ovEB. Tis Avn. 119 dtroSfion, to Ifiofe ^o moont tip lis t^txrrbnt^ Asndia tMs inftsmoc xjf inaccuracy m. Folybhifr^ foiaHK ai parallel to the lother in litvjr, dad is.indeed mote capable 'in VoUjhias Ihan the othter it in liTy^ becaufe dK'J[>nder'«£biail)r tnairdled inte Gaule and feenis to li^veivett -^riBkcdyj^mfliicac the iake of looal infoimafion^ &i.l>otk\iinitdto ifaow Ae Bdirairta^^//tvkich/m 'moHerns faavr ovar die ancients by tiie aid of inaptk I But Livy is Imudi: more ufbfiilithan {blyUiia^ in the immkdSaiterpto^e& bf the narration^ and tells us^ that Hannibal from Lyons ^^ turned int6 " the country of the Tricastini *.**• This is a nation of Gaiils, nventioned by ieveral Writers. They inhkbited from tlie Rhone on the nortf^ flOiong the back of the Allobroges of Vicnne^ and of the Segalauni of Valence, to St. Paul on the foirth. Of the Allobroges we are told by Ptolemy^ ' that " their city Vienne is in the middle of their *^ dominions ^" *^ Below thele/* he adds, ^^ more ^^ wcfterly," that is, lower down the Rhon^ which he apprehends (as we haTe juilieen befioo^ to run eaft and weft in its general coutfe, ^' are ^^ the Segalauni, whofe city is Valentia Colo- ^^ nia"." " More eafterly," he goes oh to lay, • Livy xxi. 31. ••In Tricaftinos flexit.** * Ptolemy ii« lO* p« 55. iU «roXi$ ^wofuo^f OviWa* ^ Ibid. ibld« Tf' v; J^/axwlipot f4iii XifoijlaMJraiy in inXit OvaXih Vol. I. K an4 and means higher up the Rhone^ ^' are the Tricaf- ^ tinif whofe city is Neomsgus ""Z* This town of theirs was alfo calkd '^ Ax^ofia Tiicaftinorum ;" and fiill preferves a ^nt memorial of its pre-^emi- nence^ in fiiU letainii^ the ilanus of its nation^ and callmg itfilf St^ Paul Trkafiin'^. The Tri- caftini therefore inhabited in a Icmg and narrow portion of landj betweeti the AUobroges of Vienne and the Segalaoni of Valence» on the weft^ aod another nation, which I fhall mention immedi- ately, on ihc eaft; hong h^ukd by the Rhone on the north, and faaTing their capital low to the fouth-wcki. But, as Livy next adds, .Hannibal went from them ^^ along the extreme border of the land of ^^ th^ VocONTii\" This was a tribe, which ^ * Ibid* ibid. Ayob^ixiincp^ttfiTpixariiws c^vtiroXif Kic^to/ofi "^ Pliny ill. 4. " In agro Cavarum," who arc here niade the fame with the Segalaunl of Ptolemy, while Ptolemy him- Telf diftingnlfiies the one tribe from the other (ii« 10. p. 55)1 and- wild arc therefore only the inhabitants of the fame region, one being conquerburs and the other conquered, ** Valentia ; ** Vienna AUobrogum 5 Oppida Latina, — Augufta Tricaftino- f rum. *' Valefius remarks in a note upon Marcellinus xv* lo. p. 10 1, *^ manet etiamnum Tricaftinorum appellatio in ** Delfinatu noftro. " The name of Trica/iin^ ^oweyer, is po- pularly disfigured into that (ASrqis^-Chateaux. See alfo D'Aa- viUc lao-iai. > Livyxxi. 3i» " Inde per extfemam oram. Vocpfitiorum ^' agri tctendit.'* - cqtially ISbt* liti bVBk tMB ALPS; i^i toquflUy Uy in a lobjg and narrow brai4 ilr^tching tt tibfte back of theTricaftinii had equally the Rhone for their boundary bh the tlorth; and tquaUy had theii^ cipital Ibw to theibuth. The Voooatii> fiiys Hiny^ " have two iiapitals^ Vafco ** [Vafio]'* or Vaifon neaJr Orange, and/^Lucus •^^Aogufti'* appropriated hereafter f. « The ;"' capital ojf the Vocontiij" add^ Mda> ** is ^ * Vaifon V* A Roman Iter^ invertedi gives us fheii^ namtt in fucceffion ; '^ Vlennam 4 « « • • ^ . ) *f Ui^^ybn^ ni. pi xxvi> Faknttatk^ m. p. zxii, ** JugufioMy m% p. xxii," jAi^?^ on the lower jpart of the river Drome^ *^ Dbam Vocoif tiorum; *^ nu pwjbdii/* Dilj on the feme iriver, ** Lucum, «^ BK p. xii/^ Luc on the fame riVer** Pcutin- ^*s Tables give us equally thefe ; ^' TtpM ..../* tm oik the Rfaon^ betwixt Vienna and Valence^ fiuttoUs for the difcovery of i cufious moiiument of Roman antiquity ^i ^^ P^dentia ±m, Juguftunk ** ariii^'* ^tffte^ ** Ad 1>kam BocoxriokUM xii," I^B, " Lucoxviil/* Luc^ But3 becaufe the Vocontian dominions extended fiOixi thd !^one \ii the north to Luc and Die in the fouth^ livy y Flby ia» 4» ^^ Vdeotofioirun^ civitatis feedertte^ duo ca« ^ pitat VafoD et Lilcus Ai^fti. See b^Ahville 423; • Mekii. 5» ^« Va&> Vocotttiortuh.^^ . * ten* p. AS| and lyAhVille 1x6-1 17^ 4fti-423« . ^ ftiftoire dftk Viile de Lyoa i. xot and 1*9, and Brcval*ft Sceoiui Travels ii. 13*4 £ Steond fegmeat Ki feys 1^2 COU«LSB! OF tfA]*NIBAL- CRAP .It. fays of Hannibal as he ranged along flii fffaone^, that he kept only upon ¥he extremi^^cff'VtS^ diftiia. . •: From thfefe he advanced, as Livy addifiorially informs us, " into the region of the Tricorii **.** T^'his is a tribe, of which weTiave an eijual 'men- tion in three other writers of antiquity. Strabo Q)eaks of it repeatedly, and dways placed it clofe to the Vocontii, above the Cavares' of Avignon, Cavaillon, and Orange*, It is again noticed' by Pliny, and with greater circuimftantiality of pofi- tion, thus : '^ off from the fea," a note of polifioTi that peculiarly accords witK the intimation in Po- lybius, of Hannibal's leaving the fea behind him when he marched along the river, " the tiotiritfy " of the Tricorii, and within them that of at.thp hapk of thjeV^ontii, and t^s^^if^Gepev^; hi^^ en^tf^ndix^jn, l^^t^^ towards CaYaillgr^ajxH Oraqge inj.thefo.Ujth,; TJheyj^of- iefled the rc^i^ ; pipb^ly, betvvreen th/^ Arye oJf Cpeneva and the Sier at S<|yfl[el, the prefwt Putchy of Geneva. The Vocontii. as pjobabjy polTef^ei^ the country, from the Sier back to the Guier or Yd^e at St. Grenis and Pont Beauvoiiin ; the pre- fent Dutchy ojf Savoy. The Tncaftini, of courfe, owned the lands frpm thence to Lyons. And all lay e^nding from thefe their refpe6tiye poffef- lions upon the north, in three long w^ves, as it were, one bdiind the other, down ,the narrow length of Dauphiny '• Ijliefe ^h[cc9 :trib^ ^jowever, thpifgli. . ^^ he came into the country of the Vocontii" near Grenoble, he tells us, ^^ thenceinto the region of *^ the Alhbroges^* near Vienne, and " from the ^^ Jllobroges he carries his army among the Segu-^ " fiani^^^ He here fpeaks of the Proper AUo- broges^ we fee, as diflin6l from the Segufiani ; but aftarwards comprehends them both, under the general appellation of AUobroges. ^^ BetiXrixt ^^ the countries of fiie Helvetii and the AUobroges^\ he feys, ^^, flows the Rhone — ; ihc^fartbeft town of ^^ the AUobroges J and the neaxeil to the borden of " the Hehetiiy is Gtl^EVA: from diat town a " bndge reaches to the Hehetian territories W He thus extendi the AUobroges up the Rhpne^ *• BeU. Gall. i. 10. p. i%. ** In fines Vocoittioruin*— perv«. ^ nit, inde in Albbrognm fines, ab Allobrogibus in Segufianos ^ exercitum docit." • BelL Galh i. 6. p. 7. *^ Helvetiorem mter fines et Alio- . *' bKognm^i— Rhodamis flnit -— ; extremum oppidum Allobro. ^ gmn efi, proxinramiiie Hdvetiorum fimbus, Geneva: ex «* ^ <^ido jxmt ad Hdvetios pertinet.'* K4 in X^j5\ COXntSB QB HANmSAL CHAP. U* in a Ificpentine fcum aU thtt waj from Ifienne to For ti^ ifiafon it was^ tjhat the hixiyHrcAoved King of-Lyons vefohrGd to^aocomLpany Haiuiibal^ ift <1»$ ftittuid maich throughtbe comntry ; ^^ ac^ tuallfy formed his reax^aord fi»r the whok route. ^ Dm Mmeof Altd)t^gd8, then, is tttceffiorily OZ/j^l. Yet^ 1^P^8»9t^rpirfeff we ii^'a writer^ Ikel;, inge^iouf, 9iid )uu>iyin|9 i9. a ftrAoge,p^aai;yfm of fancy interpreting it as ai^ Englljb ouc. ** Atlohrogfs or Jllah^oughs as I call them,** fiys Mr. Pdwnall, p. 146, ^^ AU-horoughs^ or republic of ho^' ^ iroMgbs^ called by the Hoifian* /dgt,** a urordj> which^ in the Eiottiaa applicatliott/of^ittD die Qslids;o£H^v ^W^^V^pitim^i^ at ^^ , ,Th^ir na^q is mx^yLQfU^his^<\K4i9(k'k^ '^ rea- .iityi.,^.w6 h^ve tli^J?rjg-^ti^.fo|.%^r^ia^!:ibe iaytlM?.jqo«t|i of England, ^vcn Rel§». jillai^ges % aQOfher ^.thc foqth, 4a4 £rfgm ffHT ^b^Britifli language finOtretaji^y^) gjit, to a W/^r w>otopifi.i»ot Britilb» 9^c^4?g:igviB)|n^i?jje,.^opg 11s is Englifh ; and, to ^ Engliihman who is ^.i^ts^p/9(»;,cy^j(^go- .T5W:«naf « U.iffiftwJjJjfiiih: '^^.^/xfrenay^f igire by his p^eiencc asnd po^yw tp[repre& any attempts of parties againft him* TheCar^ thaginians had marched ahready, thre^igh the country of the BtDper Allpfarogea ; and 'bad there probably secmred iome infalts j npoa tbdr reac They would therefore be aj^vdienfiise of.thevikmc again, from the brother-tribes of the Allobroge$ ]bey4Mui. Th^ can bcr.the: only giminds; fin that intimation, TdiichPbl}Aiitia;veKy .weakly^ as teiy "▼aguely, gives ns ; of (heit ^ being in a ilate of :^.appfelKnfiyeneis, becauiei of thpic march ^ throu^ the country, of the Oaula^xfehomt*- ^ nated AUdbvges ^;* T01 giiard againft thefe, •coutd be.the only inducement for Braness ib o£ef , and • for. Ifann^al to aoeepiy the . -attendance' of this pett}^ km^ and o£ his petty hoft iqicm the army* And, whit fixes ,tber point £br .evi^ afiion being the heft afcertainer of opinion; Brancus took not pofl :^^\h his troops in the van . of the Carthaginians, accompanied them not upon fiam ^^1^ •!**> foltovfid 'oid^. ia ifceir riarK Hhxis aft6iid the poet of 6pain in the reign of Ncto, Silius Italicusr^ /^ or through cultivated fidds '*-" It -was, fub^ joins Polybius^ *f £&r ten days along the river, and over a plane country^.'* It was Aereforfc along the eafy margin txf the* Rhone* ' Hannibai< incfeed iaet only wkh one difficulty in it, and that not £ro " is iiffelf an JUpinicriver^,Md!by;j5|r tbe.^ *^. difficult to be cEolfcti jof apytOfj^t^igBil^? hi *^ Gaijlej as, thougl^ it. brjpgjj^dawn % grcaf '^ body of watei;, it is. yf t i|^pabfe c^' bcaxxng «^ aiEy Yeficls> u^on. it; b^t^ coQ^inJodi/by no, *^ banks, flowing in federal chann^s.5(|^ cfp^jcy 'f afid thofe di|{(erent at dif&xaot t}2|i|S$ ^ {mpioQ ^ l^s^^^^e new fords an4. ViPSi{ eddies^ ^nd| ^ ^^ i5?ia4ering,. tile p&fl^gc;- upgcrtaip, .even £&ir ^ wadiiig; tolling dp\Hn,. befid€p> fts^nacj^ of ^ ropk th^t gqiijici. ipto gravel, finji,; in cg^j^ « quence o/ this,' feaviug no fure or ^^^J^tj « ing for Hm fo^r *;V ► !rh^t>thi&. Prdace xx. " Annibal arrive i la Durance fans obftacle ; ^ (;eUrTivieKc4€£^ud4'&Q^l^J^^^^i^^^^> c'eit done e&tre «* ces deux villes, qui fe trouvent a la droite et I la gfftich^ de ^» la route des Carthagiaois, qu'il fiiut^cbercher la, piace i ]a« ^* queUe. ik amveot. La dir^^n^ de la roarcbe'bqtu^uiii ^ b f* Breoule, o« fort pres.** What this diroftiDu is n^ade bj M. ^ St Simpo, hU i»ap prefumes ^ fliew, but hU. fir^face is afluuned to telL . ■ , \ - » Livy? xxi. 3 1.. *• 1» e(t ipfc Alpinu^ ai^nis^ loing|. onanium ** Galliae flumiuum difficiUimu» tranlitu di. Nam, qpiup •* aquat »BCT. IW OVEB. THE AEW. t^l defcHption was meant fer the Anne, under the name of Dmentia; is evident, not merdy from the ccnirk of the hiftory, bAt •from tibc nature of flieArve, andfromthfe teftftnonyofBtiabo, both comhining into dnc with Itiati *raie'Dr«entia, &y» lavy, « though it brings *^ down a great body of water, — is yet incapabld ** of bearing any veflek upon it:^' -The Durance ^e^e know to have been a6hially -navigated by the Romans. We have an irifcrription at Ades, that fiarticularly notices ^* the failars of the Ihmma^ and cvett ({xfcifieg (what is very exifaordinary in every view, whatihows the leathern boats f>( Bn^ tain to have been common to the inhabitants of Gaule, what proves the prefent €Oracks of our own Severn to have been ufed by the Romans upon the Durance) " the corade men of the town ** of Orgon'* upon it\ Yet the Arve has never t)ecn made navigable, fipom the days of Hannibal to the prefent " We ihould gain a great part <' aq[U« TOi vehat ingcotem, non tamen navium patkiii eft ; ** quia nullis coercitus ripis, pluribus fimul neque iifdena alveit <* fluent, nova iemper vada novofque gui]^te8 faclens, et, ob '' eadem, peditt quoque inicertavia eft; ad hsec, faxa glareofii *^ volvens, nihil ftabile nee tutum ingredient! prasbet/' Mar« cellinus, in his great confufion about the gec^raphy, placet thi0 rDnientia on the Italian iide of the Alps (xv. io« p. louioi)* • Thickncffe's Travels ii, 15. "Patrono nautar. Dnien? ^ ticorum et utriculariorum corp. Srnagincnfium.*' % ^^of 141 cotmsB Of «AimfsAt fykktiiU ^^ of this ufeful prDdu£tion/* lays M. Saaffurd concerning Geneva and a coal mine, " i£ thcf " Govemnient wouM permit the Arve to be reni* *' dered navigable 5 fbt the expence of conVcy-* " ance is too gfeatt^ by ' the brdiiiary carriage V^ Or^ as fie expreiies himfelf in another place con-- ceming a cfuarry^ " thd ftones^ of it we^iM iiijd a '^ good market at Geneva^ if the conveyantfc wf , " them ccndd be facilitated^ by permitting; thA « Arve to be made lui^gablc ^/* Sd ^* inca^ble " of bearing any Teffels upon it/* ddds the Arve y^t remain; while the Durance has be«i navi-- gated tbefe fifteen hundred years I The Dmeiitia^ adds livy^ is ^ confined % no banks^ flows in *^ feveral channels at dnce^ and thofe different /^ at different times." At Sallanche itk an early part of the Arve's courfcj remarks M. Saaffurci " we cannot but regret, while we are taking this^ *^ route, the quantity of ground which the oyer* *^ fiowings of the Arve render ufelels^ eipecially ^f if We refieft how valuable .is arable land in a " mountainous country. The bottom of the ^^ valley is fo flat, that with a little overflow in « * Sauflurc ii. 179. " On tireroit Uti grand parti de cette V utile production, fi le gouvernement vouloit permcttrc la ** navigation de TArvc ; car, par les voitures ordinaire^, lei ** frais de tranfport font trop con fiderables.** « Saufture ii. 202. *' Ces ardoifcs feroient d*urt grand de- ^ bit ^ Geneve, fi I'ou en facilitoit le tranfport en permettant ^* l.a navigation de I'Arvc," ' I •^ the SXCT* ir. OVER THB ALPS* I43, *^ the river the waters invmclate it entirely { even *^ in the brdinary ftate of the riTcr, they cover a ^^ great part of it^ and the flighted obilacle makes *^ tllfln change their bed, almqfi from one Jay to art'- ^^ other : if // were fojlble to confine them by banks *^ to a certain channely near a league fquare of land •« would be gained \'^ The Druentia, fub)oins livy, *' rolls down fragments of rock that grind ^^ into gravel, and, in confequenoe of this, leave " no/ure or fteady footing for the forder." As- we come out of Boimeville, notes M. Saufliirc concerning the Arve in a lower part of its ci;irrent^ *^ wc crofe the Arve upon a bridge of ftone, long ** and narrow; and we enter into'^a valley, which <^ has all &e features of the grand vallics of the "Alps. The bottom of this valley, perfedly *^ horizontal, is ibaked with the waters of the " Arve aiKl of brooks that fell into it;— and the « valley itfclf is about three leagues in length '/ from Bonneville to Qufe : — ^wherever the earth " is opened, we fee the bottom is Jand dijpv/ed in * Saftfliire ii. soft* *< Oa fegrette, en faifant cette route, la * «< quantite de terreia que les debordemens de I'Arve rendent ^' tnutilei furtbut fi Ton reflechit combien les terres arableU ** iont predcufes dans ces pajrs montueux. Le fond de la va)^ **> lee cSt & plat, que pour peu que la riviere fe deborde, elle ^' PiAondeenentier.; m^me dans les tems ordiDaires, elle en ^ couvre une grande parde, et le moindre obftacle iui fait *• changer de lit, prefque d*un jouriL Fautret fi Voa pouvoir, ^< par un digue, la contenir dans un lit permanent^* on* y gag* ^ nerdk ^efqu' line Ueue quarree de terrein." ^^ horii? 144 covnte or hannisai. chap, n; " horizontal bedsy mixed alternately at times t^f/9^ •* beds of gravel and of boidder-Jlones. Hie nature ^ of the land and the perfedl level of the furface ^ in this valley, demcmilrate the bottom 'to be ^ formed iyan accumulation of dif^Jit^ from ^heArvey ** and Jhis river, oc the ctirrent whi to ite fource K'' When the bridge ^ Silloidie felt its fiiry, all ibi country as loto as V ^fi %vat c9wred!itHtb its/hnds, and af^aied in a iuined condition £br ibme time afterwards ^ ^'l^ie '^^ pofition of SaHenchcs," we are told, " ouglift to '^ be veiy fine, if it be true that the bottom a£ *^ the valley was once a lake ; traxiition fays it *^ was, and every thing feems to render the tra- *^ dition credible, becaufe the bottom is Aill in *^ grest part overwhebaiqi with the Axvci the M3l)* The ipmi»m fit P|»fly fire two inicriptions )a nmbkp both to Mars, and one fo Afort 4»pi/hu (Uu ^a). Tfaofe ac Le BofilKmm i^ a^iMl i^ifs : *^ oa a trowl fpr o^te fuin» ^ sske dea n^^ailki 40 pksiDWef fnpercwi" (iii. ^jj). ^ Saufli^ea. 167. «* Eikvieot&jetteciii^f^UtyUGfflQietit^^ *c. , - 1 fiootrit til. 23. L» *'Jake 148 COURSE OP HANNIBAI/ CHAP, tt, / ^^ laker muft have been two leagues long, and *^ one broad "*•" The tradition of the paft, and the appearance of the prefent, fhow it to have been really a lake, the bottom of which has been gradually raifed by the very depofits of the Arve, till the ground has Iwelled in many parts above the ordinary level of the waters, and is only over - flowed occalionally at prefent. A torrent, like the Arve, defcending impetuoufly from the monn- ' tains, and Ipreading out into a lake in a valley, would inftantly refign up all the plunder of all the hills, and enrich the valley with its ipoils. This it would do upon all the parts of the valley remote from its current, even though it was ra- vaging lis very channel at the time; and thus heighten the level of the valley, while it wa» deepening the bed of the c^itcnt. Tbefe two powers, howe^^e^ contrary in their nature, yd adting in confederacy together, have plainly ef- fedled the change ^. The Arve afterwards puihes along T Bourrit.ru. 19, "La polltion dc Salanchcs dcvott ctrt •* trcs-belle, s'il eft vrai qu* autrefois Ic fond de la vall6c fiit *^ un lac ; on te dit, et tout femble le faire eroire, pulfque ct •* dcu3tlieiies de long, fur une dc large.** - ^ 1 have made this remark, to fweep away the wild hypo- tbefisofM.Sauffurebeforifconceraingthis very valley, of fom}^o$v rft&«y Ex»]oy e>^ciy ^ao-» riiy iataScUnv* xoV*. ItvOiy ivscXiy rqy iirt rou; opov^ to»; th; IraXiot; KodaJSoflnv. Ay« ^V ty Tf^i: xoiXoK X^'i^'fy Xipti Ti. av«ir«W f^^roAn^ km vt^cu }vo ov. «f9\i; «v«9e». atXXDXaw* o^y ix/Asy td; tiepdt; iny o t^fcvifhoif moi»ii/(fi ^dfCii^mifiii Wi f7( T0» Poj^yoy xaVpaT?>i* x£U o Aoup^f fl; Tay»y1to(|,^ Ttf *^»f Tlaiu oiffA^iMfuy^ iuQai^MS $<* £»Xao'<7Wv c<; Ttiv. ftflo; rw - AKirtm KEXl IniPi^erfit fuado laceris deformia*memhi'is« L4 The j^^ COURSE OF HANNTBAL CHAP. tU The Arve falls into the Rhone, about half a mile to the weft of Geneva; and forms the boundary, between the dominions of Geneva and poffeffions of Savoy ^ But it was formerly much nearer to Geneva,, than it is at prefent; anew channel ha^^ng been cut for it by the Genevans, to prevent its frequent inundations upon them \ In confequence of this, a Difcus of lilver, weigh- ing thirty-four ounces and a half, being ten inches in diameter, bearing a Roman infcription, and exhibiting a Roman emperour, one of the Valentinians, in the a6V of making a largefs to the army upon a viftory ; was found juft in the an- | cient bed of the river, a little above the bridge | over it, during the year 1721 ; and is now kept I in the publick library of Geneva ''. This was I origipally, * Mrs. Miller, who, in her Travels i. 26-29,. fp^aks ipudi of the Arve, as from her own infpcftion ; appears from the very courfe that flie take* in her jpurney, by Geneva and Rumelie to Chamberry, to leave the Arve behind and on the left of her, to mean therefore the UiTes or the Sier, and to re- port untruths of all, when flie fays (he was *^ obliged to pafs *' the Arve continually." This it is to write an account of a . day's travels, when two or thr^e day^s more have intervened, when places and names have crowded in upon t!li memory, and the laft have confounded the firft. " Miflbn ii. 408. ' BrevaKs Firft Travels ii. 17, where we have a view of the Difcus. The infcription is " Largitas Domini Valentiniani ^* Aug ," probably Imp. and therefore referring to •jbe firft of the three Valentinians 9 the figures are the Emperour and. erly importing Jones for building. We thus explain a word^ Aat has puztled all our antiquliries of law and of language, in a inanner ^ricically ju& aad fttiafi^orily coovinciMg. in 1^6 eO(?IiE OF HAITNIBAL CHAP. II» in iKTintcr^ becaufe of the melting of the fiiow^s on the mountains *. Nor is the remark new. It is almoU as old as the fa6i: itfelf ; Igtrabo having made it^ near ei^een hundred years ago\ Thcfe rivers therefore muft naturally be in.thek higheft ftatc, whert the fummcr-hcats have been a£ting longeft on the fnows, during the feafon q£ Autumn^ And to theie fnows^ which had been long meUihg, as well as to the accidental rains of Livy and of SiUus Italicus ; muft we attribute the obi^6Hon, that the Arve now gave to Hanniba^, }n what will appear hereafter to have been the very fepfon of Autumn K ^ V. ^ Hannibal was now entering the Alpine rcgioa, thpugh he was not yet come to the great pafe of the Alps. The friendly King of the Seguliani, therefore, left him. He could be no longer, of Service. Jfe went with the Carthaginians, fays Polybius, " and gave a fecurity to tlieir match ; *^ till they APPKOACriED the pais of the Alps ^^ ^ Addifon 460. f Strabo iv. 28 j. Hmmti ^i r»i ex rm viatun iiiax6hai m x^'^ ^ Vol. li. chap. i. fc6t. iv, f Polybius iii. '49. Au^Xn vc^^^ffxivaat rw ^toiof auToKy svg nyhrctv r^ tm AXff-ftw «rafa^oX»i. " Hc fccured tbcir march from *« infult, till they arrived at the foot of the Alps" (i. 354)* With fo little difcriqiination does Mr. Hacppton tranflate I SECT. V. OVER THE ALPS. IjJ He went with them to tlie farthcft regions of thofe Gauls, of whom Hannibal had exprefled his apprehenfions, and upon whom the prefencc of Brancus could have any influence. He went as far as " tlie farthcft .town of the AUobroges, ** Geneva." He then took his leave of Hanni- bal, and returned. Hannibal was thus come, as Polybius iays exprefsly '* he marched along the •* river, about eight hundred Jladia,^ one hundred miles^ from Lyons**; Geneva being fomething^ more than ninety-fix miles .by the Jhorteft route, on the northern bank, of tlie Rhone ; and therefore a fiill hundred by the longeft, on the fouthern *. From Geneva eaftward along the Rlione, the eountiy 'firetdies about forty miles toSt.Gin- goult^ and die road runs on the low border of tlie Dutchy of Chablais. The current of a river always marks the low part of a region, as every ctirrent is in aftate of progreifion from the higher to the lower parts. The road therefore from the ibuth of France to the entry of the Alps, liad been laid along the channel of the Rhone, as keeping off from the mountains on the eaft, and preienting the moft level line of the intermediate region. It thus alfo continued gradually afcend- *' Polybius iii. 50. nofft/flu; «r«p» tw voh^Mf Ui oxletxfiO'iWf • Sketch of a Tour through Switzerland, 1787,^ S— 6; Gray 58. 4 ing _x^ t^$ €OURSfi OP HANNIBAL CHAP, iti ing the inclined plane of the ibream^ and carried Hannibal inrenlibly, though circuitdully, 4o a nearer level with the Alps. But whiere the Dutchy of Chablais encb^ and near the eafiem horn oi^ the lake^ conunencesVhat may be conlidebed as the cradle-valley of the Rhone^ Polybius has in-* ibrmed u6 concerning this river, that " for a long "' time it is carried down a valley^ the northern ^^ fide of which is inhabited by the Ardyes Celtse j •^ while the fouthern is bounded by ibo/e Jkpis of thi ^ AlpSy which incline to the north r but the plains ^ upon the Po a^e fepiarated fiom this valle-^ ^^ along the Rhone, hy' the tr^s of the Mps^}^ Accordingly, we find there is a valley, which ex-* tends firom the Ijtk^ of Geneva up to the i^rings of the Rhone $ is therefore one of the longeil vallies tn Ekirope, bding no lefs than ^irty-four leagues iii textent; ttnd has the current of tfaft iRhone, running endlong for its whole length* It is formed by a vail chafqi^ which the hand o^ ia^tuite has ^oped out between two pajtiUel lines of nioi^tains ; as the grand outlet, for all th« iPolybius iii. 47. ^ifiV V tviTtoXvi a. word trahilatet «* chiefly*' by Mn Hampton (i. 349), lo undei:ftood by all> but platilly from the context, that befi ftandard of meaning^ fighifying here> ias it fignifies in other audiors^ a t^ng thrn^ ^ ^' ATo /xEd^jifCpift; ctuTov ^XEvpay opi^oVtf^f tad&av^ «fpo( apKlov kexX(^ ^* -f.vKU rw AX^fwy 4Er»p#pciat* ra h i;niit6 ra itJ9bf» rot Tletibf^ ** ofuf aKfufumm ^ > ^ waters iEC*iV. ovMr tiIe alps* 4j^ waters of the mountainous country adjoining^ ^hc region of thofe who were called Ardyes Celtao in the days of Polybius, who were denominated Helvetii in the days of C^ar^ and from a parti-^ cuiar diflrift within it are now n^med Switzers or Swife ; lies all to the north of the Rhone^ and among the northern chain of mountains s^. And to the ibuth of the Rhone are the^Alps, that lead into Piedmont or the Milanefe in Italy K But this long valley fpreads its narrow lap along the foutbern bank of the Rhone^ between it and thii ibuthern mountains^ under the emphatical appeU latioh (hat naturally prevaildi in the vicinjity of fuch a valley, and afterwards diffufed itfelf over tile reft of Europe ; that of VallAis, or the Valley* Into this valley, which is only a continuation of the inclined plane of the current, but divided fircHtn the preceding by an interpoiing mountsun ; Hantiibai next entered, turning the gr^nd angk df the Alps, but, as nature forms- all her large angles, one rounded off into a bend iniperceptibk in its beginning, and tmdefineable at its end % mairching tinder the very ihade^ of the Alp$ oh s Thofe who were called teU^ in the cbys df Polybius, and jlrdyesCtltm as Mountaineers^ Were afterwards called Hehetii as Cebae. GaJli, Galat^^ Gallifa^ Celta^ and CaleJ-ones^ JFuUfy Fa^t^ JilcAsTOgt^ and Hehei-Xi^ are all the fame ap- pellatiret, altered merely by provincialities of jpronundatioa and diverfittes sTriTre^'oK.Tio-oiy, aTri»;^yIa 0a^^0 . . " . * JLivy xxi. 3,2, " Ab Druentia — cum bona pace ad Alpcs,* ** incolentium ea loca Gallofura, — pervenit/' or, as the words (hould evidently be tranf|X)fed, " Ab Dru.enti^ — ^^ad' Alpes, ** cum bon^ pace incolentium ea loca Gallonim,-r-pervenit." Lyons SECT. V. ' OVER THE ALPS. l6l Lyons to the afcent of the Alps, charaftcrized between thefe two writers; Polyblus defcribing the former half, by its refpedl for the efcort and its fear of the cavalry ; and Livy delineating the latter, by its *^ apparent good-will" to Hannibal ! So difcriiDQinately indeed are both characterized by livy hirafelf, the only one of the two that men-* tionsboth; the former half, as having a road ^' not embarrafling,** and the latter, as having a way ^^ moftly level." The region denoniinated the Fallals is divided into two parts, theUppa* and the Lower^ Thelc are not defined by the natural boundaries, that a6lually form a couple of vajlies ; but by fome ar- tificial and- arbitrary limits of their own. The Upper comes down weftward to the city of Sion, and the river IVIorge on this fide of it ; while the Lower ftretchos from it in a pleafing oval, as fiir- veyed from the mountains above, by Martigny and St. Maurice to St. Gingoult. Near St. Mau- rice the grand line of the Alps, which con£uie^ this valley clofe on the right, puflies up fo near to the Rhone, as to leave no interval for a road between them. One therefore has beep made ^brough them. The obfiru6):ing barnrvark of hills has been perforated, in order to admit a* cbinmu^ nication between the two vallies. An opening r$ thus formed, which is fome leagues in length,, and carries the appearance of avail, magnificent ave^ Vol. I. M nuc l62 COURSE 0^ HANNIBAL CHAP. U. pue. On each lide is a range of lofty rock^ while Jthe ground is completely level under the foot. Such an entrance as this into a valley, might have been defended by a finall number, againft the whole army of Hannibal ^ ! But it was formed,- no doubt, lince the days of Hannibal, and by thofe tamers of the ruggednefs of nature, thofe . conftrudtors of roads for half the globe, the Ro- mans, on their redudlion of the country. Till the period of this redu6tion, and till the vidlorics of -^uguftus over the very Alps themfelves, a bold and broad arm of the Alps came forward acrofs the road, un-perforated and un-levelled. The road, that had traced the plane of the weft- cm valley, here mounted the projefting rampart of the Alps, and then defcended into the plane of the caftern. And as Livy with great precilion applies the naipe of " Plane Country," to the re- gion between Geneva and the Pafs ; fo with ftill . greater he dcfcrjbes the road along it, not as level entirely arid uiiivcrfally, but, becaufe of this grand interpofition of mountain, as '^ mqflly level '\'^ •" Simler 88-90 and X08-116, Bourrit i. 18-19, Coxe i. 392- 394, 'and Moore's View of Society 244, 447, *49, " Re£t^ *' itaque incolae totam vallem unum quoddam oppidum cenfent, ^^ moDtibus quafi moeniis aiunitum, cujus porta Tamadae fiC^ .^Simler 88). ; .;,.[ " Livy xxi. 3*. " Ab Drucntift, cainpeftri maxim^ itmcr«t** ' .t— :ad Aipes." . . , Abou^ SECT. V. OVER THE ALPS. 1 63 About ten miles to the eaft of St. Gingoult^ near the middle Of this perforated mountain, upon the rocky point of the whole projedlion, and ciofc to the Rhone, ftands the town of St. Mau- rice at prefent, the Tarnada of the earlier Romans, the Agaunum of the later, and the reputed, the probable fcene of the martyrdom of that legion of Chrijftians, which bore the appellation of Theban, which honourably refufcd to renounce their Heaven-defcended religion, and were all maifa- cred for the refufal by that favage enemy of Chriflianity and of Man, Maximian*'. About twelve ** Sioiler 88>90 and 108-116, Bourfit i. 18-19, andCoxei. 392-393. Tradition has htta always firm and fleady, in aflert- log this to be the fcene of the martyrdom. As the town be- longed to the Kings of Burgundy, on the fettlement of the Van- dals in this part of the empire ; and as Chriflianity fingularly taun^phed over the very favages, before whom the empire lay vanquiihed and proftrate ; an abbey was erected here in the fixth century, by Sigifmond, King of Burgundy., Ever fince, has the town aiTumed the appellation of the Saint, to whom the abbey was dedicated ; Mauritius, the leader of this milhary band of martyrs. Such a tradition, and fuch a fa^ accompa- nying it, come in as powerful auxiliaries to the original naita- tive»- Yet in that fpirit of fcepticifm, which is now prevalent in the critical world, which is proper and ufeful in itfdf under llrong reihi^tions, but is generally as it is operating at prefent, a mere gas, of folly with which Ignorance fills up its balloon, and Infidelity fets itfelf wildly afloat in the air; not only .the place has been difputed, but the very fa6t has been denied. Every humour in literature and in dieology, that once becomes popular, is fure to grow ridiculous. Ninety-nine in a hundred M ft even r64 COURSE OF haxkibai; chap, lu twelve miles to the eail 6f this town, is that of Martigny p, the Octodurvs of the Romans^ the very limit of Hannibal's march along the even of thinking writerSy are in OMoy points the mere ochoen- of popular opinions, and the ytry parrots of the talk of the times. To dilbelieve or to doubt one half of eccitfiafiical hif- tory in particular, Is the impertinent fafliion of the moment^ and is more eminently the faihion with fome, -who are ail the while difpUying their own weaknefs of credulity in hiftory fe' qiilar, modern, and national. But this improvident Fyrrbotufnt 'often fliows itfelf in a milder light, carries the fecc of fomc zeal for religion, and then fets the .whole narrative aiide with* o\it prefuming to difpfoVe it. This is the mode with thofcy. who mean well, who cannot difprove, and who dare not admits ** Without entering into the merits of the queftion" concern-: ing the narrative of the Thebaic legioii, fays Mr. Colse i. 393, «« I cannot but rennark, that the caufe of Chriitituiity has fuf- ^ fentd more from w«ak and imprudent defenders, than from « the Iharpeft attacks of its. i»o(t inveterate adverfarics.'*^ He thus creates a fi^ion of his own> as if the aflbrtion ^ the faA was connadled by tlic alTertcr, with the very -*« eaufe of ** Chriftianity" itftlf 4 and then^oes on to condemn the aftr*^ tion, " witho\jt entering int» the merits of the queilion.'' This is no bad fpaeimen of .the p^rt and flippant and ridicu-. lous mode of writiogaipon fuch fubjeSs, that is preddminating among us at prefent. It is confined, I believe, to our own nation, ft fai^k in with the bent of mind, in the generality of Ei*gli(h fieaders, and »m tbc-gcherality of'Englilh authors too,, who are only Which does not love to difcufs a dpmbted point af hiih^ry, to clear it of the rubbilh around it, and to let it ia a full point of view before the eye.' <> ^tader no, ^nd Moore i> 349. Vailais, trtCt.V, OVER THS ALPfiw ^ 165 Vallaisiy and th^ very point at which he entered ,Ac Alps. But, in order to throw a flrong light upon this part of Hannibars expedition, let us caB in a portion of hiftory, that is only about 170 year? latter in point of time. We have feen Pompey engaged before, in tracing back the Heps of Hannibal acrofs the Alps and along the Rhone. Let US now contemplate Caefar, equally though mediately employed in following the very track of Hannibal, along the channel of the Rhone, and into the body of the Alps. Caefar fent a de- tachment of troops, as I have Ihown before, to open that very communication between Gaule and Italy, to which Hannibal is now marching. Let us then attend the operations of this detach- ment, in order to know particularly the nations, with* which' Hannibal is at' prefent, and is to be ibon, engaged ; to fee exadlly the nature, of the country of iJoth ; and to make the whole illuf- trate, afcertain, and eftabliih the real hfiftory of Hannibal, " When Caefar went into Italy'* at the conclu- fion of his fecbnd campaign in^xaule, *^ he fent « Ser. Galba," he fays, '' with the twelfth legion '^^ and a party of cavalry, aiQong the Naniujates, ^ the Vekagri^ and the Skduhi, who rang€^from ^* the borders of the AUohroges'^ at Geneva, *^ from " the Lake of Geneva, and the river ipione, to 'M3 "the 1 66 COURSE OP AANNIBAL CHAP. II. ^^ the tops of the Alps ^. The occalion of fend- " ing hUn, was this ; that he wanted to hive " THE ROAD laid open, by which road the mer^ ** chants had ufed to travel, at a great rilk, and *^ with great impofts laid upon them '. He per- ^^ mitted him, if he thought it requifite, to ftation ^' the legion there for the winter'. Galba, " having gained fome vidtories over them, and " ftormed feveral of their caflles V' &c, * This account is peculiarly ufeful to 'us, at prefent ; as it draws up the curtain, which hung before the; prefent portion of our hiftor}% It fliows us very diflindlly, that the nations, with which Hajiniba^ was engaged after the friendly Sovereign of Lyons had left him, were the Nantu axes, who lived along the lake from Geneva to St. Gingoult .pro- bably, and fo filled the line of the prefent Dutchy « BclI.GalL iii. i. p. 85. '* Quum in Italiam proficifce- ** rcturCzefar, Ser. Galbam cum legione duodecimo et parte <* cquitatii^, in Nantuates, Vcragros, Sedunofqiie mifit ; qui ** a finibus Allobrogum, et lacu Lcmano, et flumine Rhodano, ** ad Summas Alpes pertinent." ' Ibid. " Caufa mittendi fuit, quod iter per Alpes, quo ♦* itinere, magno cum pe^ficulo magnifque portoriis, merca- *• tores ire confueverant, patefieri volebat. • Ibid. p. 86. ** H\iic permifit, fi opus cfle arbitraretur, ** uti in iis Jocis legionem, hiemandi caus^, collocaret.'* '' Ibid. ** Galba, fecundis aliquot praeliis fadis, caftellif- •* que compluribus eorum expugnatis,* &c. of 81CT. ,V. OVER THE ALPS. "" , 1 67 of Chablais ^ ; the Veragri, who ranged on along the lake and the Rhone, to the borders of the Lepontii Viberi and the town of Vifp "" ; and the Sjbduki, who inhabited upon the road of the Alps to' the very fummits of the mountains. They all extended^ we are told, " from the borders of the " AUobrogcs, the Lake of Greneva, and the river « Rhone, to the tops of the Alps ^." The rtio- * There is a town of Nantua to the n§rtb of the Rhone and ' to the RMfi of Geneva, in the Brefle, and on the ihorter road from Lyons to Geneva (fee Maps for Mod, Univerf. Hift. and: Sketch 5) ; byt this is too remote from the Nantuates to have any connection with them, being not lefs than forty-four miles from Geneva. Coincidences of appellation muft always be ap* plied, in accordance with geographical proprieti^. " Simler 5a-53> '^ Non long^ infra Glifaro, mums a Rho* • '* dano ad excurrentia juga proximorum montium du6kus eft ; ** hunc ad hoftium vim arcendam quondam extruftum fuilTe, ** turres et propugnacula oftendunt.— Hie terminus Viberorum *\ fiiifle ceofetur ; unde et pagus in monte fupra Veipiam, a ** Sedunis Termna^^* in ^be maps Terminen^ " appeliatur,'' Now, *^ hie murus fiegleClui babetur, multifque in locis " fetifcit." ** How untruly then has Dio abbreviated this part of Cafar'^ " biftory, when he fays that ** Servius Galba,'* Taxffbc^ • Zipwoj, which ihews his full name to be not Sergius, as is commonly fuppofed^ but Servius,- " brought the Fera^iy who live y/0/1 ** the Lake of Geneva^ cUfe to the Allolroges^ and up to ^be •* AlpSyXo fubmit, fome of them by force," though one nation, '* and (bme even by confent ;" Ovapoypcf^, «rwp» ti t^ Ai^Cayw Gif rovi h TLOU Ofijolkofutj maf trnorotUi (xxxiz*..^. p. 192)* ^The manner of the narrative is as injudicious, as the geography of the country is fidfc. M 4 tivc 1(^8 COURSE OP HANNTBAt CHAP* H. live for fending troops amon^ thefe nati6fls^ was to penetrate as Hannibal had penetrated before, through the Nantuates, and through the Veragri, to THE ROAD over the Alps and the Seduni living along it. The troops lent *^ gained forae vi he brings him tp Lautaret, and ipeaks of tie hank at the entfdnce of the Alps : *< It a cinfuUme au Lautaret ; c'eft ** li qu'il foutint un combat centre ccinc de pays." On the fiventh be carries him up to the top of the Alpv ^<^ ^^ ^ eighth begins to cany htm down; ** le fepttttne jour de ia " marche, il — vint camper fur le mont— ^ la ibminit6 dct •* Alpes ; la huitUmt il defcendit des Alpes :" when in Polybiw hch$sn6tyct reathed the Alps, when he there marches /» ^j!i\ and tl^ tries to enter. This is fo aftonUhingly wild, that we are amazed to think how the name of f olard could ever have been raifed into celebrity, and how the wOrld of fcholart could eVer unite to put fuch a grofs impofition upon themfelvcs. But let me fubjoin for the fuller convi£tion of my reader, if /ullcf can be, St. Simon's general account of him ; not as from himfelf, who is a profefled antagonift, but from another writer of France, to whom he appeals, and of whom I remember Mr. Gibbon to fpeak highly, " J'efpere qu'on ne me refufera " p^s,** he cries, " de fe rappeller que Guifchardt (voyez Mcr H moires Militaires fur les Grecs et les Romains. Edit, de la « Hayc. i- :o id aCTi V. OVER ««£ XhT^ ' tjj ^^ Galba/* adds Cceikry ^^ having gained fomc -^^ vi^boiies ov^ them, arid ilormed feveral of •^ their caftles ; on their fending embafladours *' to him irom evefy quarter, giving him hof- ^ tages, a;nd entering into peace with him, de- *^ termined \o fix a couple of oohorts among the ** Nawtuat£s, and lie himielf to winter with the *^ remaning cc^orts of the legion, in a fmall town ** of the VbragRaI that is denominated Ocxontj- " Rus ; a town. that lied in a valley, with a plain ** of a moderate fize a <^ Gallis conceinirat omnes notliu difceffilTe, ntontefque qui '• iftipenderexit a maximA multitudine Sedunorum et Vera- *^ grorum tcneri.'* * Ibid. ^* Id aliquot de caufis acciderat,'ut fubit^ Galli belli .^ renovaridi legionifque opprimendse confilium capcrent.'^ . • . "ftUL SECT. y. OYER THE ALPS. 1^5 " ftill weaker ; was delpifed by them, as a feeble •' body of foldiers "™. Their fccond was, that ** becaufe of the inequality of the ground, when *' they themfelves Ihould run down from the *^ hills into the valley, and throw in their wea- <^ pons among the Romans, they thought thcfe ^^ could not ftand their firft charge*. There *^ was alfo this additional motive, that they *^ grieved at thef taking away, oif their children *^ jTrom them, under the title of hoftages ; and *^ were convinced the Romans did not adt folely ** with a view of fecuring the road, but were *^ aiming at a perpetuity of poffeffion, in thus •'endeavouring to feize the tops of the Alps, ^ and were going to annex all the country to ** their dominions adjoining^, Galba, on te- ~ Bell. Gall. iii. a. p. 86. *• Primum, qu6d legionem, neque ^ cam pleniflimam, detradlis coliortibus duabus, et complu- ^* ribus figillatiita, qui coromeatfts peteadi causi mifli 'erant, *'^ abfexitibuSy proptei' paucitatem defpkiebaiit.*' Dio very oddly fays, but very appoiitely for us, that ** of the foldiers *• fome remained, as heing not far from Italy^'* rtn rf^Mwy 0* ^& vapi/Acyof, Ota ixn «oppv T91$ IraXiag oyle; (xxxix. {. p. 1 92). * Ibid. p. 87. " Turn etiaro, qu6d propter iniquitatem loci, ** quum ipfi ex montibus in vallem decurrerent, et tela con- ^ jicerent ; ne primum quidem pofle impetum fuftineri exifii- «* mabant." « Ibid. ^* Accedebat, qu6d fuos abs fe liberos abftra£^09 ^ obfidum nomine dblebant ; et Romanos, non foliim itineris ^.causfty fed etiam perpetuae poiTeifionis, culmina Aipium oc- ^ cupare conan, et ea loca finitimx provincic adjungere, fibl •* pafuafum hdbcbant.^ ^' ceiving ^^6 COURSli OP HANNIBAL CHAP, it •* ceiving this intelligence, as he had not y^t '** completed his quarters for the feafon of winter, ** or his works for Ihe fecurity of the place, and -** had not yet laid in a fufficient quantity of ** corn, or other provifions; becaufe he had no "** apprehenfions of a war, when they had liib- ** mitted to his arms, and given him hoftages; *' haftily ca:llcd a- council of war, and began to *' confult'his oiRcers p. In this council, when a ^^ danger fo great and fo fudden had come con- ^' trary to expeftation, and now almoft all the ^* higher grounds appeared, covered with num- ♦* bers of armed men ; and no affiftance could ** be brought, of no provifions carried in, be- ^* caufe the roads were a:ll blocked up ; fome of " the officers, almoft defpairing of their own *^ fafety,. propofed tp abandon the bag^ge, to ",, felly out, and pvifti away for their preferv£Mti(Hi .*' by the roads, through -which tjiey had marched *' thither ^i. The greater part however agreed, N ^i(^- " rcntur; neque fubfidio vcniri neque commeatus fuppo^tarif • ** inter- 9MCT.r.' OVER, THE ALM. iJJ *' to refervc this meafure for .the laft extremity, ^' in the mean time to wait the iflue of an at- " tack, and to defend their entrenchments '. In *' a Ihort time, fo fhort as hardly allowed them " an interval, for forming and fettling their ar- ** rangements agreeably to their refolution; the ** cneiny, at a lignal given, ran down from all " parts of the hills, and poured in their ilones or ** ihort darts, upon the ramparts •• Our men re- *^ fifted them gallantly at firft, while th^y were ** frelh in vigour ; ajid did not difcharge a fingle ** dart in vain, frcMn the iimmiit of their w6rks *. *^ As any part of their entrenchments feemed ** to be deprived of its defendants, and to be *^ prefled by the enemy ; there they advanced, " and fupported one another*. But they be- ^ interdufis itinMbus, poflet ; prop^ jam defperati falute, *' nonnilllx hujufinodi fententix dicebantur; ut impedimeDtift *^ rdidis, enapdone b£Aj iifdem idaeribus (piSma ed per* ** yi^ifieat ad falutem contenderent.'* * BdL Gi^L ill. 3. p. 87. ^ Majori tamen parti placuit, h6c ** refervato ad extremam coafilio, interim rei eventam expe* ** riri, ct caftra defendere.'* * Ibid. 4. p. 88. *^ Brevi fpatio interjc6fco, rix vt hia rebus^ ^* quas cooftitaiiTent, collocaodis atque adminifirandis tempus ** daretur; holket ex oqinibas partibus, figao dato, decur- *• rcrc, lapides gaefaque in vallum conjiccrc." ' Ibid, p; 88. ^ Noftri, pdmd integrii viribus fortiter re* ^^ pugnare; neque iillum fruftra telum ex loco fupcrior^ -•* rohterc." ^ « Ibid. p. 88. «< Ut quacque pan caArohim, ottdntA.defen' • ^ (bribus, premt videbatur ; e^ accurrere, et niixilium fe^re." Vou L N gan 178 COURSE OP HANKIBAL CHAP. II* " gan to fink at laft; bccaufe the enemy re- *^ tired out of the battle, as they grew wea- ** tied with the length of it,^ and were relieved " by frelh men from behind; while our fol- " dicrs were not able to do fo, from their few- " nefs "".' With our foldiers, not only could not ^' the weary retire from fight ; even the wounded . " were not at liberty to relinquifti their fl:ations, ** and to fhelter themfelves behind ^. Both fides *' had now gone on in one continued engage- " .ment, for more than fix hours *. Then our " foldiers wanted fixength, and even weapons y. « The enemy preffed on with greater keennefs ; ". our Ibldiers a(9:ed with more faintnefs *. The •^* enqmy began to fill up the ditches, and to cut ^^ down the ramparts ; and our men were now •' reduced to the laft extremity *. Then P. Sex- '''■■:''■■' ' ' • . "tiui - i* BdL Gall lii. 4. p. SBt " Se3 h6c fupcrari, quid diutur- " nitarc pugnse holies d^feffi praeHo excedebaat, ^iii ihtegris '* fiiccedebant ; quaniin rerum . a noHris, propter paudtatem^ "- fieri nihil potcrat." - * Ibid. p. 88. '' Ac non mbdo defeiTo^ ex pugnl excedendi; 'V fed DC fkuciaxfuidem, ejus loci ubi conftiterat reUoqiiCDdii <^ ac fui recipiendi^ faculta* dabatur." • ' Ibid. 5. p* 8$. '^ Quum jam ampliiis horis ni coatinenter */ pugnaretur." ~ y Ibid. p. 88. ^* Ac non-folj^m vires, fed etiam tela, nofirii «* deficcrent." ^ Ibid.' p. 88. ^ Atque hoftes acriilis inftarent, langttidiorK «* bifquc noftris.*'. '^ Ibid. p. 88-S9# «' Vallum fcindesft et foflas complere &BCT. Y. Oyfi& THX ALPS. 1 79 *^ tcttsBsGtdus^ the higheft officer in the Iq^on ** next to the- particular commandants, who had *^ recdved ilMiny feVcre bounds in the battle " againft the.Nervii before; and alfo Caius V6- '* luienus, one df the commandants, a.man of '^ great judgment and g^tllantrjr.; . run up io " Galba, and tcU him. That the only hope of pre- ^* iervatioflt is in :maldng a fally, and trying the '* kefl: refocirce of war^ Galba accordingly af- ^^ fembles tibe centurioas, and by.them'apprifes 5* the foUiers. inftantly to dcfift a momoit from " fighting; only to pick up the weapons which " were'difcharged at them^ and recover them- ^' fi^ves from their fsitigue ; then, on his giving •* the fignal^ to burft out of the entrenchntients^ ^ vixd to place all their Hopes of prefer^ation in " their valour*^. This they do, iuddenly fally " out at all the gates, and leave not the enemy ^ coj^Mertt'; rdque ^kt jam td extremnm deduda ca- ^ Bell. Gall. iii. 4. p. ^9. ** P. Scxtius Baculus, primipili . •* ceottirio, quern Nervico prselio compluribus oonfe^m vul- ** ncribos diximus ;• tX item d Volufeaus, tribunus militum, " vir et couiilii magni et virtutis ; ad Galbam occummtt ^ at^He unaiin'efle'fpein ftludi docent, fi, eruptione fk^ft, ** cxtreifturii atsxilitnii cxpcrirentur.** « Ibid. p. 89. ^* luque, convocatis ceiiturionibud, cekriter ^ inilites certiores ^cit, paulifper intemiitterent prselium, ac " tantumtnodo tela niMa- exciperent, feque ex labore refi- ^ Cerent; poft, iigno dato, e caftris enimperent, atque oamem ** fpcm falutis in vktut^ poncrtut" N 2 time. 1 82 COUllSE.Or HAimiBAL CHAP. II. at Geneva, ajid' falling into the road 6ver the Alps into Italy. ' But we have alfo a particular view of the country, in it ; this glafs of hiftory, as we look through it, exhibiting'objedls with more clearnefs> becaufe with fiuote mihutenefs. OcTODURUs, we obferve, was " a finall town of the. , ^^ VERAcJRij-^that lies in a valley, with a plain of ^^ a moderate lize adjoining to it, and fiarrounded ^' on all iidcs by very lofty hills." It was alfo ^* divided -in two by a river.'* We read likewife of " the hills hanging Qvex' the to\yp i" which ' *^ were occupied by a very great body of Seduni,'* the natives of the hills, '^ and of Veragri," the natives of the valley. The town, therefore, was at the confines of the two nations. But thefc united forces had a rodd, by which, " wh^n they " themfelves ftiould run down from the hills " into the valley," and throw in their weapons among the Romans, they thought " tbefe could f' not Hand their firll charge." So near to the town, and fd fteep in itfelf, was this road from the mquntalns ! Along this rojidthey a6luaUy^^ ran ".idowji tVom all parts of the hills, and poured in y their ftones or lliort darts upon the rampart." This was the road alfo, by which the fpldiery oi : Csdip entered; the » mpui^tains,;. when . y the ^. Sc- ^^-duni" ^ were ^ conquered upph the Alps" by thfem '; ' and % \^hich "they ''again '^cfiafea theni" from .06todurus, " beyopd.the hills adjoining." ^^nd'tfeis was evidently THE R9Ai)>j^J3iQh ,Paelar wanted to " lay open," and 5M>yrwhipb-7-the mer- > A ^* chants SECT. V. OVER THE ALPS. 183 ** chants had ufed^ to travel." Galba marclied into the country to lay it, open, attacked the Se- duni upon the line of it, and took pofl for the winter at the entrance into it. All thefe notices combine, to point out Martigxy for 06loduru3 decifively! All thefe rays of intelligence^ are taught feparatcly in our fpeculum, but are thrown off to converge at Martigny, and at Martigny unite in full luftre. Martigny lies equally in a valley, has equally a fmall plain adjoining to it, is equally encircled with very lofty mountains, the mountains on both fides of the Rhone, and is equally divided by a river, the Drance ^ Mar- tigny is alfo fituated at the foot of a mountain, and is even fo near ; that but for a Avood which covers the foot, which equally covered the foot of Hannibal's Alps at the entrance, and is pre- ferved with the greateft cai«e by the inhabitants, the town would infallibly be deftroyed by the overwhelming balls of fnow from the mountain "", A roa4 too afcends from it up the mountain, to go over the Alps into Italy ; and this remains a ' grand celebrated^-pafs, to the prcfent moment*. On account of this, the Romans laid a road out * Coxe i. 390. ^ * Sauflure iv. 290. ^ Situc au pied de la montagne. 11 M CQ eft inenae G prb, que fans une for^t qui courre le pied *^ de cette montagne, et que Von conferve avec le plus grand '< f or ' Switzerland, fronn that hard pronunciation of the letter j, which marks the provincial fpeech of our own Soipeifetfhsre at prcfcnt; which in Germany goes ftill farther, gives the tone of a / or fore is old and original, and Somerfetfliire is fingular only be-* caufe the other counties have innovated. It is a^ually found mnoing the Romains, their EporaMa being written Epariw iti their very Notitia (ct 180). It- ift/^ven found among Mr Bri« t^fli anccftors, Bre^opek for the language of Hretagne being pronounced and written Bresonek, and La^^k' lA QbitiWoU being always denominated La;)soc1c/^ ^ ^ , *^ . unites SBCT, V. OVB& THE ALPS. I&5 unites with Cbfar*s and with tiannibars route firom Geneva, at the town of Tarnada or St. Maurice, and goes on with it to Ododurqs or Martigny; in order to afcend the Jlps Jhere^ and to pujh acrofs them into Lombard)! ?. It did fo, for* merly ; and it does fo, at prefent, ^^artigny thu$ remains at this day, what OAodurus muil have been before, the grand center of the trade be- tween Switzerland, and Italy; the merchandize^ that went over the Alps in the days of Caeiar, ftill continuing to crofs them, and by this very channel of communication ; and all, that is con- veyed over the mountains from either fide, being regularly depofited at Martigny for- this ^. The town accordingly ^/or/Vj, to ufe the language of cuflom and propriety united, in poflciling fomc Koman remains, within it. It ihows a Roman tnicription upon a ftone, which has been worked up into the ftrudhire of the churc h, and appears in an angle of it. It ihows a fecond on a ilone, f Berthis ii. aa for the Itinerary of Aotonious, Second Seg^ inent of Peutingcr's Tables, Breval's Firft Travels ii. 35, 37, 39.46, Coxe ii. 71-74 and 1.394, Bourrit i. 19, and Sketch 71-83* Ododurus took its name apparently, from the Dur or wztcrofO^; the other name in Celtick, for thrDranceon which it ftands. See P'Anville 5 13-$ 14 for Penne. Viro* magus between Modon and Vevay in Peutinger's Tables, n St. Sapphorin, where is a Roman mile-ftone with an infcrip* tion ; the diftances in the Tables and the Itinerary, appearing eyidently ^e on a collation with the mile-ftone and the realigr (Coxe ii. 73-74). f Sketch 8i-Ba. in tS6 COURSE- QF HANKIBAL CHAP, II. m the hinder porch of the church* Thefe two have been thus preferved, to gratify the hiftorical icuriofity of the prefent age ; while others have mfliircdly been broken m pieces, for waAt of fuch a repofitory^ or turned with their infcriptions inward, for^ want of fo much taile iri placing 4hem^ Martigny ' ** It is faid/' as Mr, Coxe informs us i. 390-391, *' that " near thij place may be traced the remains of Sergiiis Gal- " ba's camp, — I cannot however afcertain from my own ob- ** fei-vation, whether any- traces of a Roman encampment ftill ** remain ; nor could I gain the leaft information from the '* inhabitants ; fo that the conjecture concerning the dtuation *• of06todurum [or Ododurus], refts only upon the faith of " antiquarians, and on the general pofition of the country/* So does this fpirited, enterprifing, and judicious traveller allow himfelf at the prefent moment, to write Tike a mece antiquary, and to overlook the hiftory ! From thi« 1 have already proved Martigny, to be 0' mm — ; nam qui Oftpdorum inferiori loco oftcndunt, et •' veftigia ejus eluvione Dranfae et Rhodani deleta volunt, *' nuHft firm^ ratione nituntur. Nam primum, -ut Caefar dc- *' fcribit, Ododoru8 .vicus pofitus in valle, noamagni adje^ .'* planicie, altiirimismontibusundiqufe continetur^ et in duas '* partes flumine diyiditur ; qu^ defcriptio Martiniac^ optimi '* convenit. Flumen auteq^ non Rhodanum intelligi a Caefare^ *' fed Dranfam^ Eutr.opius oftekdUy qui tomntem nominal ; et> •V Rhodani, celeberrimi fluvii^ homen Caefar baud reticniiTet. M — Qjjo niin^ illi audieniii fiint, qui longius a PoentnD Ofto- V ** dorym removent; minimi, omnium, qui Oftodorum ^^ ^ volunt S. Mauritii oppidum. Poftremo, infcriptiones Ro- •* mahae vetuftatem huju« loci teftantur." He then noticei Jbe Vf\p in my text. But now the town is, he adds^ *' frequen- " tior esx .notior propter, n?,erca^ores^ quibus hie frequens per <'. Alpes iter eft" (p. 85-87). . .!^ , . has l&B COUUSE OF HAKKIBAL CHAP. If. has bo«i built three quarters of a mile nearer to the'^pafs into the Alps', in order to gtiard it. Thfere it has the f oad into this pafs, another that pulhes into the collateral Alps pf Savoy^ and a third that courfes the whole valley of the Rhone, all uniting at it. But the caftle had been built before the days of Csefar, and h^.d produced a town at it before* This town indeed is the very 06lo»- di2rus noticed by him. It was then divided by the Drance, as it now is, into two parts. It l^ad then probably, as it now has, a wretched bridge of wood without any rails to the fides, f6r con- nefting the two parts, and croffing the large, rapid, agitated current there. Of thefe parts the eaftern is the half, that was then configncd to the natives ; and the weftem, what was occu- pied by the foldiery. Both thefe together are the Martigny, which is lituated fo near to the foot of the mountains, that it would infallibly be de- ftroyed by the ovci?\^hclii^ng bails df fnow from them, if it v/bs pot protefted by the wood upon their bafe ; and which the 'mountaineers of C^-r far might well think they ihould fiorxn at once,- in ^ violent run from ihp hills hanging oyer it^ The weftern half was ieiaed by the Romans, be*-, cauie it is naturally much ftrqnger than the other. In \t, and over'.againft what is now, ana • Sau^ure iv. 290-29 r, ** iin qiiart' dlietire/* and a ii(Ae'ib vol. ii. ch. ii.'fc(St. 3. 6crgoni*5 map is very erroneous here, in ks meafures. " V i probably SICT* VV 07£&. THE AIM. l80 probably was too in the time of Caefar, the main part of this daughter-town ; is a high, ftecp, and craggy rock, impending over the Drance. The iimimit is large enough to carry a caille upon it, which was at firft, I fuppofe, a fort or Aation of the Veragri lb guard the pafs, but has lince be- come the palace of a bifhop ; and even now ap- pears majeftic in its ruins. Yet thefe confift only of a fingle tower at prefent, very antique in its appearacKie, rearing its head very high, having the Drance impetuous at its foot, and fhowing walls of tvvrelve feet in thicknefs. And, ifanding ^s it does at the very elbow of the great viilley,. we have from it a moil extenlive view of the whole ; and ca,n trace the Rhone with the eye, almo^ from its fource in the eaftern Alps, to its termination in the lake on the weft. About three quarters of a mile to tlie fouth of this, do the mountains open for the grand pafs over them K -VI;-,. . < CoaeL 3p9iif SbetchSs, and Saufliire fl90-si9>i^ 3i$*3^7^* SioBler 8a %»thYiri }* Saxe ctiam,'' the Bourg of Manignyr "qtfnmottly caUcdSa^^ffj from the Sa^nm or rock on wtnch^ ^^ Mrigm^ hmrg or caftle was \m\l (fee Map in Sketch)^* «xaft||jr <« vicut M«vlipi99ua ad de^nram Dania [Pranf«] fluvu," ta^ tlie.ci|^.oc o^rthr^i as t^ author eooaes along the valky £poin eaft tb weft| ^ a cujus aUtrd pana Arx m pradpiii petrS IpC) COURSE OF HANNIBAL CHA7« It. f- . " '' ' Having thus exhibited the region through which Hannibal has been long marching, and the town^ the pais to which he is marching, in all the lively lunfhine' which that luminary of hifiory, Cacfar, here throws upon them ; I now groceed to place Hannibal, in the town and at the pafs. . He laad {pent ten days. In marching from Lyons to. Geneva, and in traverfing only about a hundred miles of ground. A dctacnment from his army however, which was fent along the wellern iidc.of .the Rhone, in order to crofs pri- vately fibpyc, and to facilitate the paffage of the wholp«army ovei* it ; had marched no lefe than five and'twcnty miles nearly, in one day ^. This indeed •< fita eft; quam, aliquoties Vaftatam, Epifcopi Sillinius et Mat* ** thfcus Cardinalis reftituerunt ; Mc loco via per Alpcs,'*.&c, The former of thefe, " aririo 14S2, e^ifcopatum Sedunorum *^ ftdirpiiiis, cum aedificandi ftudioliis effect, veteya-templa^t aedi< *♦ ficia piitKca paffim totk regione inftaura^t^. Arc^t OB^Jg* •* fe>iffm et Agaiinenfem, fiipcriori bello con)baftas, notuu di «< iftrtgr& extruxit**'{^, ^54}' Under x^ie latM- of thcfe^who imme^wwe^yfttcceeded the Other, ^^^ Anem hantS9 without haggage. But the whole aany marched up to Lyons after* ward, a length of about feventy-five miles, in four days ; which is a ftage of eighteen or nine- teen, for each ''. A march therefore of only ten a day, and this continued for ten days together, proves* lufficiently the very flow and very cautious manner, in which he had proceeded finCe be left Lyons, He then marched from Geneva about fixty miles; readied Martigny; fo ftood under the very bafc of the Alps, and in the .very mouth of the pais into them. He prepared inftantly to gfcend them by it. But as Livy tells us with that pic- tiu'efque vivacity of reprefentation, which con- iiitutes a principal felicity in hiftoric writing, and into which Polybius is always too heavy to af- cen4; the foldiery were greatly ftruck, with the very near appearance of thefe wonderful joioun-. tains. Objedts, that are indiftindUy known to the. mind^ are generally exaggerated in the report. Obfcurity of diicemment gives ifree play, to the powers of imagination ; and the clouds lend a higher altitude to tha Iky, than ever nature has lent it. They had heard many and moft: form!-' dable accounts, concerning the Alps ; but now beheld t^em, rearing immediately before their " Se€t. ift and td before. , . eyes. igi COURSE OP HANNIBAt/ CltAP, If- eyes. The moutif^ns there are aftually of a jftupendous height*. They furveyed their riling lides and elevated heads. They looked at the fnows on their tops, almoft mingling with the fky. They gazed at the ill-lhapen houfes, pitched upon the rocks along the lower and nearpr parts of the movintains ; the flocks and the herds there, rough with the cold ; the men, hairy and fiivage in their appearance ; the animate and inanimate creation, all llifFened over with ice \ The Alpine mountaineers were then marked a^ they are to this day, by their long, fliaggy hair, and by the wild appearance which this gives them^. ^ Moore's View i. 244, * * Livyxxi. 3*. «* Turn, quanqu^ifi fami priiks (qui In* •*.ccrta'tti majuiB vero fcrrifoleht) prae-cepta res (ient account of the Alps, " The c;reatures that in- «' habir them," he fays p. 67, *' are in all refpeds below hu- ** manity ; and moft of them, efpecially the women, have-the ** tiiroidumgiittur, which they call gofcia. ** This fingular excrefcence, which is fp marking a part of the Alpine appear-^ IncCy to every iin-famiUarizcdeye 5 and which .would be equally difcernible by the Carthaginians in this microfcopick vifion, as the roughncfs of the cattle from cold, and the llifFnefs of all objects from froft ; muft be attributed to the Alpine waters, I think, as impregnated with metallick particles. Accordingly the diforder in a leffer degree is known among ourfelves, by the name of the DerfyJbire'Wcn, That county is at once the moQ Alpine and the moft metallick, of any in the kingdom perhaps. " Etiam in Italic equiculis^*^ fays Munfler, " guttur / ** intumefcit, aquantm qtias bilunt vitic.^^ Simler adds s " ia SECT. VI* ^ OTBH r'M ALM. ^ I95 *♦ agro Tigiirino ad Tunim fluvium, proximo qu^ Rhenum ** ingreditur, in villd Flaach nomine ffns tfi qui hihentes gut' *' turofos tfficity ide6que'5/r«A//^jfv/«r i^re them, and even to fettle their mfittopolis in them. The river Morge to the weft of Sion, that boundary of the Upper Vallais at pr^nt^ is £> in a)) probability, becaufe it be^ camei tho boundary of the Seduni and Veragri at this period. . But as that ceffipn of a part of the Veragrian lands on the eaft, produced this early memoruil of gratitude fyoxa the Sionefe to Au^ gitftus, the Seduni of it naturally exprciling their thankfuinefs to their ^^ Patron "^Z'- fo a fimilar ceffioQ of the Voragiian lands to the weft, drew , * Co^ie I, 388*389, and more cprrc6Uy Sinalcr 72-73. * Dioliii. a5. p, 719-720. * Siipler 73-74. •* Civitas Sedunoruna Patrqrio. ** O 3 . . . forth 1^% COURSE OF HANOflBAL CHAP. IIU forth an equal memorial from the Nantuates of St. Ma\irice, and an equal acknowledgment of Auguftus for their ^^ Patron" too *. From both we fee, that the Nantuates and the Seduni re- volted from their brethren of the Alps and of the Alpine Valley, while the Veragri adhered fimily to them; and that thofe deferted the caufej^. wiiich thefe maintained, againft the Romans. Biit thus did Sion become the capital of the Se- duni, as it had been (I apprehend) the metropolis of the Veragri before. Tliis metropolis was now . . fixed at Martigny ; and the fmall town of Caeiar became a confiderable one, with his fucceffors. So early as the days of Ptolemy, it was important enough^ to engage his attention, amidft a multi- plicity dt objects. Wildly afligning it to £Lhoetia> and therefore placing it at the fprings of the KJiine, in that general cQnfufednej(s of topo- graphy, by which he has ^irowu the Alps into the utmoft diforder of polition ; s he Angles out Ododurus or (as he calls it) E^lodurum for our notice, and gives us the very latitude and longi- tude of it ^. And Martigny is acknowledged by the writers of the Vallais, to have been formerly the capital, not only of the Vferagri, but, from fome incidents unknown to hiftory, of all the Vallais ^. It accordingly became afterwards, and * P'Anville 473, from GuichenoDj^ " Nantuates Patronq.'* < ftolemy ii. 12. p. 61. * Simler 85. ' " Martiniacus vicus eft Oftodcrurii veterum, «* ?aput ^uottdam Vallenfiviu," ^^^ S£CTJ I. 6VBR THE ALP84 19^ very early, the feat of a Bifhop; Chnftianity, wherever fhe gained an entrance for herfelf, always iiArodUcing Epifcopacy in her train ; and forming for herfelf an epifcopal polity, as' foon as ever Ihe had a fufficiency of fubje6\s for it. The Bifliop thus took up his refidence at the capital, and the kingdom became his dioccfs. Theodoras, Brfhop of Martigny, adually affifted as reprefen- tatiye for all the Vallais, at the Council of \qui- leia in 381. But the fee appears to have been at Martigny and at Sion, conjointly, as Sigebert notices Florentinus for Bilhop of Sion in 41 1 ; as another Theodorus appears Bifhop of Sion^ after the year 500 ; and as Conftantius and Rufus equally appear Bilhops oi Martigny^ in 5 10 and 546. The caftle on the rock at the Bourg, then became the pakceof the Bilhop, as it remained to the de- ftru6lion of it, and as a caftle near Sion remains to the prefent moment ^\ Tlxe Bifhops of* the Vallais ceafed in the fixth century, to ufc tlie name of Martigny for that of their fee^ and have ever lince denominated thcmfelves, by the name of Sion only '\ Martigny had fuflfered much in the wars, which thofe, who had thrown the i Folybtus in. 60. . T^o^nv and oro^uf**/** *PoIybiusrii. 35. T*? »7roar;c5wtc otTCEXiffe Ti%> Hanno in SpaiiH The SECT. I. OTER THE AX^S^ ^OJ llie breadth of them therefore would not be jaaiore, than the lengtl) of the packs upon tiic burden-horfes, or than the width of the narroweit ways, within the Alps at prdent. But, though the Nantuates and the Vcragri of the valley had fhown Hannibal no oppofition, as they equally fliowed none to CaBfar's detachment afterwards ; yet the Scduni of the mountains de- termined to fliow him fome, as they alfo did to Caefar. Thougti not re-inforced by tlic Veragri now, they refolved to reiift his entrance into their country. For this purpose they had col- lected a large body of their foldiery, and had at ^ this moment broxight them down to the avenue into it. Hannibal, however, know nothing of their, defigns. He therefore ordered his troops to advance, and enter the avenue. In that critical naoment, had this Alpine nation taken fome fe- cret pofition, concealed themfelves in fome of the many hollows of the mountains, fuffered the Carthaginians to enter the pafs and extend along it, then attacked them as they were! ftruggling through it; they would have completely de- ilroycd their army. But they openly took poft upou the hilU, ^t the eatfaiac^ of the pafs% They > '- Folybius fii. 50. 0^ ^ Wfpi rw Am9»f Dp|«y7b ^9»fti9 tKT«ff 3!B6CP;^pias*-T*««»or to *rXiifcf «ffOK«3iXaJ^oj»'Jp T«#f ti>x«*j3ii?? Toray, 3k*w f$Et Ttf^ «rtpt Toy hTnS%f xfitV ajrafxtii VQiua^iu mjf •m^Xui* » /msv m eotmsE 09 HANxiiAL CHAP, m^^ Tbcj &\X5 ^ifi^lcd their ddlgn by their afipear* «obt. .They vme fecn by the Car&aginianff SovTy as tb^ were by the Romans afterward^ aU iVBgod iipon the htUs iin fight of Martigny. ^ And MS fyfm as Hwnibal was apprized of the fa^ by hit >r4llgi:mrd> and by tbofe Gauls who had comis tx^luia on the embalfy from their countrymen m Ifedy^ who had fince been his guides and con^ dafilois to the Alps,^ and were therefore at this muaeiit marching with the van ; he commanded it to halt \ The §eduni and the Veragri of Caeiar were confpicuous. to the Romans, becauie^ iihe& were within th^ Bowg i and the Sedmii would now appear atmofl equally con^icuous to the Carthaginians, as thefe were within the ViBd Hannibal therefore flopped the advanced part of his army. He afterwards faw that he eovid not Ibfce the poAs immediately, and &erefore>en^ camped with the^ whole upon the littie plain^ which i& about one mile and a half acro&, ex^ tending from the ViUc to the mountains. Hq Wt imh noda^iks ytto^^m* Livy xxi. 3^. *^ £r^n^U9 in pri* *^,sD06a^tn€ndiV0S| sipparueruntimminoiCestuinuloi iofideote% ■^ Montam, qvi, fi valks occultiorcs infediflent, coord im ^ pogn^n TtpcD^ ingentem fugam ftngem^uQ dedMent**^ * Polybtas tii. jo. r^vy y»f r^lnfti t^ x^X^-^* cQi.ii^ mthx*f^*f «fc B«^«fti Tovf wnrnt^i^ romui^ av%f ^cv ib 1« X Liv]r auu%3|2. *^ Hsumftial confiftere figna jubeti GallU^ue ait vi- '^. feoda locapnen^fi^" Uvy hardly knows the ju|l meant |^,Qfhi^9Vf»W9^4»» thu5l SfiOT^L OVER 1>HB AL>4.- - imf thus iafiliiiated by Livy to have, «nca;npod \n ^ narrow valley, the hiitorian placing him ^^ i$^ as "^ very extended a vale as Hanmbal could find V' He lumHsMy as^appears from the fcquel^ encamp!!^ with the van on- the middle of the plajn^ an^* «f is ihown by livy, on what is now covered, and ^•ra» covered in the;. days of Cscfar, with j^}^ bttiidbg§ of the Bourg. He took poft upon ^ «ofck of the caitle, as the commanding cmifienoe •f the plain, as the neareft to the pa6 «nd tbof enemy. There he had the roots o£ it ihootii^ mat ia o'ags around him, the fides de&etMling long and fteep from him, and the fummit hanging particularly in a precipce 6v€T the impetuous Dkance. He is accordingly defcribed by livy^ £ikhfiiLto reality even in the minuteft touches ^ his pencil, to have << encamped ainidft a broken ^ toenc )[^ crags and precipccs V* ^1»m$^:v9^^u9u Livy vfi. 3«- ^* Pofiquam oomperk tnuH ^ fiCQBi eft OOD efle, caftra— qu^ exieotiffiiinl poteft rztic ^ local.*' Oa the veiy fame plain, according to the floiy of Ac TlichHi legiOD; Maximian equally encampedi Thofe fo« , jliooinct pifiaig ^* e Sjrrift Ronram** and ^ per Alpes** fmai ^ome, "di^reftrre by tiie Alps of Maitignyy *^ m ca/hm Impera- "M tons, ifut Oaodori erant, perven^re. Maximiaout haft* ^* raior ia amoenft fianitig fub urbe, non long^ a Rtodaiio^ '^M^MS^; tt^'extrcitu lufirat^^ in fut vecha facrameotam <• darelpofiitlabat" (Siinler tog). " L^y xxh ^2« «* Caiha inter ooafn^ofii onmb^prasnipta^ 106 COUasU OF HANNIBAL CrfAP. ttU Here he continued for the reft of the day-, viewing the enemy, furveying the hills, »nd forming his defigns* The terrours of his m^n at the light of the Alps, were now fubdued by the ftronger feehngs excited in their hearts, from the ' fiew of thofe Alps covered with arrjied enemies^ and forbidding an entrance into them. The fears of the man were thus loft, in the feelings of the foldier j and Livy, who has juft before pointed them Out, finds them not agaift. As f^on As it was night; Hannibal difpatched away fome of his GaUick guides; directing theip to .ileal up the pa6 in tlie dark, to explore the intended opera- tions of the Seduni, and to obfervc their adtual pofition "". Thefe' Hole in, accordingly. Theil> u% being equally Gatils with themfelyes, as living at the foot of tiieir hills on the other, fide, and ^ therefore agreeirrg wholly with them in latnguage and in manners^ they ealily mingled with them, joined in their convertiifions, aaid penetrated iiirto their plans '^ The Seduni, they found, had kept th^ir pofition only while the day lafted, ^nd at night hiid retired to their town and villages ad- •» ^ Poly bills iiL jb. npo<5rs/x4^« Js rtw? twv fsr^QKo^fifdvftsvuv «m/^ ^ Livyxxi. 3«. <* Per eofdem Gallos, hand fane mil Jturft ** lingiifi moribufque ^bhorrentcs, qiium fe itDmHcwiflcntflol* *• loqiuis nbontanorum^" &c. This ufeful notice wcovve en- tirely to Livy, Polybius has it not. " * • ^ joining. SBCT, I. OV£R THE \LT^ IO7 joining \ Tlicn, in the courfe of the night, tl«^ returned through the pafs again, and brought him this important intelligence. He imnaediately took "his refolution upon it. To be near enough for the. execution of this, he decamped early in tlic morning witli his van, and marched acro6 thic reft of the plain^ three quarters of a mile in ex- tent, up to the very mouth of the defile ; as if he meant to force a paflTagc through it, immcdiatqlj* The enemy were not near enough, to annoy hiuji there ; being poftcd on a hill, fome way within the entrance, * Yet as hefitating to puflx in, now he came to view the defile ftill nearer, to look uff ' the narrow avenue, and to mark the hill beyond; he halted at the entrance. There he flood, as if every mom^t he meant to enter, and yet could not fumm'on rdblution enough to do'fo.^ He tlms {pent the whole day, in a threatening pofture of oflEence, and in a timorous kind of inadlivity ; that wete peculiarly calculated by their union, to lull an enemy into fccurity, who knew nothing of Hannibal's charader, who was unacquainted with tlie hAiefl frauds of war, and, as all un-r * Polyblus iii. Jo. T*^ jbtw vifjupa; rrtp-sAw? «'»ppv7*xl'» iarap«KM/ut«V7jv ^o^w afl'aX* X»Tlo»ki« Livy txu 32. ** Interdiu tantum obfiderifaltum, no^ ^^ in, fua quctcquc diiabi tefta. *' Here Polybius » njorc exad than Livy, in mentioning the town. But then Livy b flnom tx3t& than Polybiuji, in ftoticing the rillajes afterward, xw. 33. ** Ex caftcllis," 4. diiTci- iO^ COlfRSIff OP HAJiTNlftAI*. CHAF. lifi. difcipliiicd foldiery are, was only for prompt ef- forts in himfelf or in others y. ' Having thus thrown away the day, in a feem-" fcgly unmeamng fufpenfe of action; at evening Ire pitched his tents and formed his camp, on the very ground lipon which he had been halting fo long*. He then ordered his men to light their firesi and take their flippers, as ufual \ This a « /Aflfrxpav t»> mioXifjbtm Kalirp^Ws^sv^-s. Livy xxi. 32. " Luce prim4 fubik •^ tumulos^ ut ex sperto atque interdhi vim per anguftias £ac- ♦'^ tunis ; die deinde fimulando aliud qiiam qiiod parabatuc , ,*' confumpto.'* . • * Livy xxi. 32. " Die— confumpto, quura 66dem quo con- ** fiiteniot loco caftra communiflent," &c. Livy is particukriy ufeful bcr^. Without him, we fliould not have uriderflood the, meaning of thib movements * Polybius iii» 50. Tuj h wxloj iViysrfuvyiCf ai/viajflfrg ra fln>p» ' * Livy xxi. 32. «* Ubi primum degreflbs tumulis Montanos, •* laxatafquey^»/f/ cuftodias." * Ibid* ** Impedimentifque cum equite relidis, et inaximl: •» parte pcditum*'* ' of fecT. h bviSk THE AtP&. / ^6^ ' of foots, as "joe have lately introduced into ota? armies^ a corps of light infantry ; which he had long kept up in his army, arid kept, not like xiA in companies- attached to regiment^, but in onid fentire? body by themfeiv;es ^. He even had the precaution, as they did not confift of men picked ooXjin^y for the fervice, but were compofed of grofi divifions that his eye had dilHnguifhed for their alertnfefs and fpirit ; to order their fires, td ' be kept up in their abfence: There would thus be^ r\^ appearance to any eye> that flloidd be looking down upon the lighted camp from the mountains, of any detachments being drawn out of it ^ He put himfelf at the h^ad of them. He moved briMy with them into the defile. He jpaHed brilkly along it. He actually took poll upon the very hill at fome diftance within it, on which the Seduni had been ftatioued in the day- ^ toi^FbiuS ill. 50. Tov$ ^' fsrtlnik^laleuf tv^awouf vtoinratqy and iii. 43. Tim ffKWJUiMotlm wi|«f. Livy xxi. 32. *^ Cum expeditk^ ^ t^mmo qudqtt« viroi" md 36. ^^ Expeditus milesJ* Mr« JbaofiUm. i. 356* ** Hoviog klt&cd fome of the braveit troops ^ smd difincumberedi them of every thitig that might retard << iIksu; march" &c. ; the tranflator making thisr light infantry the produ^OD of a pKimedt, aad ndt attendihg to the esuAeoc^ bi Hgjbt infantry,, as a regular corps of ibldiers^ at the j^iTagt ' i»f ,the Miooe^ Sic. Ho might w41 forget now, hec^oaft be hw fupprelfed before; the %^ in^ntry of Polybius' ttei^Q, beijlg jEoerdy infimtry la Mr. Hampton. i ^49. *■ lUyy al«ti<^ teli^us thi»; *^ f^ibnsi igoibia^y qtiim pi« ^ **' niiattiter manenrmm ia ^fticmx fi^ia.^' Vol. L P V tuoe afp COURSE OF HANNIBAL CHAP^ 111* time before ^. This was the hill, I believe, 'which lies abdut one mile within the entrance, and in the vety coiurfe of the defile. The road pafles generally along the winding fide of a mountain, that has been cut down with great labour for the admiilion of the road, has its' rocks therefore rifing perpendicular above, and the Drance roll- ing its waters white with foam below. It has thus grand maiTes of rock on its left, interfered in the hollows, and crowned on the heights, with lines of fir-trees ; and the Drance at an in- creafing depth, on its right. But, in one places it pufibes through the heart of a high hill, that is de- tached firom the reft of the mountain, and cont- pofed of earth, gravel, and blocks of granite ^. As ' Polybius ilk 50* A*>iX9e ruf »t/x1a, X»i jwfli^x* '*^*'f «'*' «* moXt^um iirpox«1aXT)^»I»( rovov^y »Tox6;^flDpDxo]ivy Twy Bapffcefetnr, xa1« Tfif pwvl^tuicvy «; TDv iiroXiy. Livy xxi. 32. *' I/>/e^^T9ptvm BXL" *' guftias evadit, iifque tumuiis quos hpftes tenuerant coo- « fedit." < Sauifure iv. 289. ** La route, large et bien eatreteaue^ *^ fuit en ferpentant les bords de la Drance, qui roule fes eaux ** bianchiflantes d'ecume au pied de la montagne-— , dpnt les *• rocbers tallies i pic fbrment de grandes mafles tntrecoufles •* ct couronnees par des lignes de fapins. — ^Leurs couches — <* font couples \ angles droits par des fentes^-^Ajt chemin pafle ^* au milieu d'une haute 'CoUine, toute cfompofee de terrc^ ** de fable, et de biocs de granit." Bourrit alfo i. 31 marks on this road, *' les echappees charmantes qu'on vok ** entre les coupures des montagnes." But how is the diihince of that hill from the entrance, afoertained ? Sauflure in iv. 28S S«Ct. I. OVEk THB ALPS* ' aU 4s fuch a; hill, when fecured by a refolute party of men, would effe6lually command an avenue, that runs pent up between its two parts ; fo may it weH be diflinguilhed by Livy, with the fignifi- cant appellation of a citadel. It is the natural citadel of this important pafs, to the tnouritaineers within it. It is thus noticed by Livy at one time, in the lingular number; becaufe the two parts of the hill conabine into one, to form the citadeL, But it is equally mentioned by Livy in the plu- ral at another ; becaufe it confifts of two parts, and thefe, conftitutcd a couple of hills at the time \ Now ufed by the Seduni as a citadel for tW fpeaks df a hill,, '' au pleil de laquelle p^ffc la grandd •• route, i detni-Ueue de St. Branchier." He afterwards cntcre a wood, " on entre la dans une belle for^t.*' He cOaTics out of* it and croltes the Drance ; " en fortant de cette foret, on traverfe ** la Drance." T^^cn, ** a Jemi-Ueue tt€4h!\ the road paflei through the niidft of the hilU If therefore We fuppofe the inter'* mediate flage, to be like thofe oil each fide of it, half a league; ive ihall placo the hill one league and a half below St. Bran* ichier. But the hHl is probably fti 11 nearer to the entrance,. Immediately after he has noticed the hill, he adds thus : " oci *' pafleenfutte dans un hameau nomm^ LaValette**' and, ^^ pen *^.au'delti de ce village, la vallee," the hollow of this roiad and itf accempanying river, ^' tourne i droke, et entre dftos la '* grande vallee di; Rhone" (iv« 289-290). I therefore place the hill, about a mile within the entrance. On Borgoni's map^ the foperficial diftance from the hill of entrance to the top of this hill, is about an Italian mile* ** Livy xxi. 33. **; Arce," and 3a, " iis tumuUs quoi hoftes •* tcnuerant.*' P2 the Srl COURSE OF HANNIBAL CttA?. ttt^ the firft time, I fuppofe, it occafioned a counter* citadel to be formed by the Veragri, I beliete, on the rock ^t the Bourg ; this rock having no fort upon it in the time of Hannibal, yet having a town around it in the days of Caefar, — II. — Hantstibal having given this lingular proof, of the fup^riority of policy to power in war ; he waited ftir the morning-light, in order to make his advantage of it. When the morning came ; at their ufual fignal, the Sediuii began to move from their villages and town towards thdr poft •. They were to come in one body from their town by. the great road, and fo to pafs under this very hill before thj^ could afcend up to it. They had nearly reached the -foot of the hill, when to their aft^niihment they fuddenly fee the Cartiiagi- hians in poffeffion of the fummit, apd appearing almoft over their h^ads^. They therefore flop ihort ill their advance^ and draw back from Uxe ^ Livy xxi. 33. ^^^ Montani^ figno dato, ex caftQllb ad ifia<- •* tioncm fditara convcnrebant, quum** &c. There is a lilrcly cireum&mtiality m Liyy here, which is Very uftftil» ^ Fo}ybici8 iii. ji. IloXty ef 11$ E«o»txr»ylo td^ opfAnv.— ^Livy X3». 33. " Ad Jiationem folitam convenieBaJit, quum repent^ cott- ** fpiciunt — ^1 arce occupad fu^, fupcr caput imminentet*- « h/ftcs." hilL UCT. fU OVSA TH£ ALPS. ai3 hill ^. In the mean time^ the camp on the plain below broke up^ the army there began to march^ and entered the defile. The elephants and ca- valry formed the vanguard. . The laden horieisi and the horfes in the cars, came in a long train behind ; and the main body moved in the rear of all ™. All were drawing ikem/elves, like a f^rpent in a long and narrow perforation, with great difficulty and at great length through this defile» This prefented a new fobje6t of furprize, to the Scduni* They ftood motionlefs at the fight of both, beholding them with a fixed eye and an axiefted attention \ They foon however obferved the * Folybius ill. jl« Oi Bapffotpoty 9fa0'»jLifyoi to yifoyo^f tok /miv AfXOf attmara9 rq; nrt?(A1|^ This is more natural than livy'ft yconnri who afcribes their flop to the fight of this and of ^ tect objed in tonjunftion* "^ Livy xxi. 33* ^* Primi deinde luce caftra mota, et agmea ^ reliquym fncedere ccppit/* For th? order of movement, fee Juivyxxi. 34, andthefeqneU * Polybius jii. Jl. Mfia h rayW, itufoyflif to t^w wo^vfiwt ^Xii9o(, xcw rwf iiprM^i Ju^x'F^^ ix/Ati^o/Acyovf xou fjMKftt^ rctf iuc^ ji^«pMK» X. % X. ^* But haying afterwards obferved, that the '<< cavalry, a|id the Jf^n^s that fonwyeJ the haggagt^ being ^* cranj^Jfdandfr^edclofe together byi the narrownefs of the nvay^ •* advanced very Joavfy foTVfsixds^ and ftot without /^^ ^r^^^^ *^ difficulty'^ &c (i. 336). Literally the whole runs thus: *< After this, they beheld the multiti^de of yohJ hec^fis^ and •• the horfemen, with difficulty a?^d in a long train drawing << themfelvcs out of the defile" &c So little has Mr> Hamp- ton here, either the manner or the matter of Polybius ! Livy ni. 3^. *^ Confpiciunt alios — fuper caput i^iminentes, alios P 3 ^ s\% ai4 COURSE OF' HANOTBAL Cttip. m^ the Carthaginians, advancing with difficulty along this it>ugh and nattow avenue. Thcj^ marked the hurry of their'iiiovemfentS'ih it. 'Phcyfew nil the army cd^nfounded ^nd tumultuous, from its own exertions. They efbferved the horfes' m the cars and under the burdens, to be partictilarly troublelbiBe ^ -They therefore derived- new c6u* rage from their obfervation^. They thought thb addition oftorour, which they fliould make by an immediate aflault upon the whole, would be ftill fufficient for their deftru6lionP. They in- ftantly fallied forth towards them. But precluded from taking the benefit of the road, by Hannibal and his hght infantry on the hill ; yet accuf-^ tomed, as mountaineers^^ to violent, exertions iu afqending. and defcending their heights ; they raa: in wild diford^ down their, rough , rocks, committing themfelves headlong to the devicKis ** vi^ tranfire hoftes ; utraque /w»7obje(^ares'ir«//4 anipnfn ' *',^«^, immobiles parumfer COS defixit,** This laH'toiich is ia the ufual vivacity, of Livy*s ilrain of writingl * Polybius iii, 51. To rm YnOZYrinN* WXijOoj xa* tow^ ' limEIX. La^y xxi. 33, couples both forts of cattle together, thus: /*' JB^«/j maxim^ coniternatis." Thefe "two paiTage? combined fhow the beafts ot burden, and the draught-cattle, tp be what I have regularly named them in the text, horfes, ai\d not mules. The fequel confirms the obferv^tlon. But Mfr, Hampton has no draught-cattle at all. P Polybius iii. 51. E|ExX»i9»jfray vto ra a-vj^awovlof, cfaTrlfo^a*. r^ txjofiiob^, Livy xxi. 33. " Quicquid adjeciflent ipfi terreri8| *' fatisjjd pernicicm fore rati." ^ »ii4 acT. nr " arm the alps. a 15 and impaflable precipices of them'i. Tfaey thus went clofc upon the ri^t, of the party on the hiU ; and then threw themfelves by the holloas on their left^ upon the Carthaginians in the road beyond. . But their efforts were dire6led, like the efforts 0/ all un-difciplined armies^ in preferring plunder to glory, and in attacking the baggage ^. They fell upon the long line of this, in feveral points at onceS A great flaughter was made among the Carthaginians. Yet the wretchednefs of their road was more defh*u6tive, than the weapons of their enemy. From that, they were in great con- lylioii before ; but were now thrown into much greater, by the coming of the mountaijieers upon them. Each ilruggled ibrongly for himiblf to pufli along the rough and ©arrow defile, ftraiii • This ftriking circ^tnfta^c^ we owe entirely to the pencil of , Livy, though it is fo necelTaiy to the uniformity of the whole, Livy xxi. 33. " Perverfis rupibus juxta invia a^ devia aiTue^t •^ difcurnint." The ufe of the firft word here is fo $Dgular| that it is un-notjced by the lexico-graphers. But ** peroerfa ^^ rupes," we know froro that on which all lexicons are formed^ the great principle of analogy, muft b^ th^ fame in fi^ification ^ " mpes r«/ya«^.*' ' This important circumfiance, ib ftrikingly corroborate^ by the fequel, we know* and by mere accident only, from Po- }ybius iii. 51^ ExC^qdtiyapt ivpo; ra^ v^tattve of Hannibal's, anfwers this account cxadly. Bourrit telU us, that ." la royte— -eft dans un gorge, occupie en'partU '* fat ' \ 6BCT, n. OVER THE ALPS. 5&19 the line of march, than when they did. The burden-horfes, which moved immediately after the cavalry and juft before the prbviiion-cars, as they felt the finart of their wounds, either rau wildly back upon the ftrihg of cars behind them, and flung the whole into great confufion ; or ' clfe puflied furioufly forward upon the cavalry before, and carried an equal confufion among them y. They even annoyed both fo much, as to ♦* far laDranctj^ and *' ks rochers-^lonient kchemlrt*^ (>• S^')* And SaulFure informs us, that in coming down the hills, and on entering the fine wood of larches, pines, and birch-trees, ^ la route^kii en ferpentant ks hards de la Brance^ qui roule ^ fes e^UK bianchiflantes d'ecuroe aupied dc la montagm^ dont •♦ Us rocbers^* &c. j that, upon leaving the wood, ** on traverfe ^ Ja Drance, et on pafle aupudde ces rocbers 5" th^t afterwards the road pafTes through the middle of a bigb bill^ and then gbc$ through a village which has a mountain above itj ** la montagne .^ fitueean-deiTiisdu village" (iv. 288-290). T Polybins iii. 51. MaXirn tuv roiovltiy rapa;^ iv^iouy m rpav- uM^o^ifOi ran ^inrtn' rovluf yof ot /mv, »t\uu ov/AiriT?ov7cf , not on. tho ^;^do^poK or beads of burden, as being thefe themfelves, but . 9'foa%tf ofirnif* if«9oy/|if vav to 9V/A9rapaTMr)oy ey rcuq Si/0-;^(tfp(«i(, fxifa.-% Xqf aieuffa^oflo r»f»x^9. *• This diforder was occafioned cbiefl/ ** by the horfes, that were wounded. For thefe, Being rendered ^ fenfelefs^and ungovemahUt^^ Mr. Hampton's own interpola- tion ! " not otXf felly** ran, ** againft the heajls ofhurdtn^*' the draught-cattle, *♦ that were near them,'* behind them, " [when <* they received a woiind] ; but forcing their way alfo tbroug^ •* the ranks as they [thefe] were labouring to advance," literally thus, running againft the corps [of cavalry] that was ftraiuing up the defile before theip, ** filled every thing with tumult, if ^od bore down all that was within their reach" (i. 3 $7)- beat $M> C0VR6B OP HAVKJAAL CHAP. IIU heaA iocDC of the cstvaliy with their riders, aad xa^ny of the cars with their loa^is^ down the pre* cipices. Thus was the priocipal attac): mad^ ^nd thp principal lo& foftaii^ed^ upon wd hj thffc beafts of burden ; which drove them&ives, drov^ thofe behind, ^ind drpve thofe before, ia linited n^n over the clil^ *. Hannibal beheld all this with pain, but was afraid to move. His fear, however, was the fear of a Hannibal and of Prudence. He was appre- henfive of increaiing the diforder, and of aug- menting the deftrudlion, among his pwo people in the defile *. Yet he was compelled to move at laft. He faw, that the mountaineers had atfhiallv t>roke in upon his line. Tliey were carrying off, he obferved, the beads of burden and even the t>eafts of draught in numbers, by the hollows K He ^ Liyy xxi. 33. *^ Turba— dejeoit-^tioiaam et atmatasi Polybius iii. 51. ^Puraijind Livyxxi. 33. ^^ ^m^^i^ ma^um^ ♦^ niodoy jununia cum oncrihws devolv€bantur.** ^ Livy xxi. 33. /VQuaaquam foeda vifu erant, fletit pa- ^ rumper tamen HaDQibal, ac fqp» ccuUiojuit, ae tumul^mn ao •* trepidationem augeret," \ ^ Bourrit L 3 1, deToribiog this road as it goes from the Tate |ip the mountaip, notices theie obje6^s io fucceffion as they |>refeot thenafelves to the eye ; ^' les roootagoes, boiiees," the wocxi on the foot of the mountains, ^* les rochers qui bordent ** le chemW at firft, « ou la. riviere" afterwards, when the road deferts the immediate bank of the river, to puih through . ' the SECt. It. OV^R THE ALfSi Hi He was thns^ loling his tents, lofing his prd-^ vifions t and if be loft them, he knew, he ihouM condti<9: his army through the pafs in vain. Without tents, how fhall his army encamp by night upon the Alps ? Without provisions, how ihall his men march along them by day ^ ? He -therefore came down in hafte from his hill. He attacked the enemy, who were in force upon the heights, and within the hollows, along the road* He thus did, as< he had forefeen he Ihould, in- creafe the confulion and mifchief among his own people. The light infantry under him fhoutcdj^ and charged the enemy. The Seduni returned the Ihout and the charge ^. All heightened the diforder in the defile, and much additional mif- thc heart of the infulated hill, ** les echappets charmanta qu^m •« voit entre kS'Coupures des montagnesy^ the fine but glancing views which we'havc between the hollows of the mountains^ Thefe very narrow hollows therefoc^e oonw fo near to the level of the road, as to give the eye of a traveller paffing up the road, a full view, though a glancing one, of the country throng then^ Thefe hollows are the mere gullies of torrents, I pre- fume, fornied by the fweeping rains, venting thefe int6 the coad and the river;, and gradually worne down by their attii- tion into a near level with the former. * Livy 3cxi. 33. ** Foftquain interrumpi agmen vidlt^ pcricu- ^ luBique efle ne exutum impedimentis exercitum nequic<|uaai ** incolumem traduxiflet" &€• PolybXus Hi. 51- 2vxx«r*(o/w«)>^ v^ wii tm; Aaj^fouo'i Toy xntivwf 1I1 o't/lflpttf, rov crMU^ftwau ^oc^^f, olof X* 1. X. and'afterwards v/Xn^t tw wo^vfum ««« iTnrcn, * Polybius iii. ji. ^.l^fifwi ^nd^Aa rwrw 'sffoufri^^msf xfmvr ' chief ZZZ COUKSB OP HANXIBAL CHAP* llU chief was done in it ^ Yet all was foon over* *rhe light infantry had a great advantage from the ground, the nalnral dedivity of the mountaia adding much to the weight and force of theif cliarge ; and the Seduni were inflantly routed ^* The greatefl part of them were killed upon- the fpot. The reft, unable to recover their adjoining town, becaufe Hannibal was now betwixt it and them, took refuge in the villages near ^. Then 5 Polybius is weak enough, to reprefent the lofi of fhe Car-* thaginians upon this occafion, as e^ual to that of the Seduni ) 1114 51. OvK i'Aa-Ttovi oc xctk Tuv i^ufv^ This is faid by him, in contradiction to what he fajs both before and after. In the words immediately preceding he tells us, TToXXoi [aiv rm 'srdKi^iat kVb)Koyh ^»«. TO ccrasia-OflM rm e^c^ov— rev Avvi^ajr, ovk tXicrhv? h xak tuf iS'tjyy, yap koIo- Tr^v «ropf*aji ^opv^oj x. 1. "x. ; and adds, that Mofi of the enemy were killed, tou; psv vr\i\rov^ — uTrzKluvu Thefe paffages, compared together, prove their own contra- di^lorinefs very plainly ; unlefs we will believe, that mofi of the Carthaginians were killed. Even as reftrained by the O TAP xalflt Ttjj» -oropEiav ^opu^bj to the roa^^ the afTcrtion is ftill wild in itfelf and contradiftory to the reft of the narration. For moft of the Carthaginians certainly were not killed, even though we take all upon the road into our account. The whole how* ever fliows u», that the Carthaginians fuffered much damage upon the road, from the coni\lfioh occafioned by Hannibal's advance updti the Seduni. But I cannot conclude this note, fo truly derogatory to Polybius, without remarking that Polybiua here is much more circumflantial and ufeful thanLivy; tl)C latter only faying, ** Suis quoque tumultum auxit. " ^ Livy xxi. 33. ^^ Impetu ipfo fudiflet hoflem." Polybius iii* J I. Aict TO larotsw^a* Ti^y s^o^ov \\ \yj:u^i\w>i rov Avvi^ay.. * Polybius, lii. 51. E?ra h th; py inXu^ifi — arexlwyf, T»f j^ Xoiffov;, Tp6%l/«/x£yoj, mcfffxMa'i ^vfnv iti rm otKii»y» See the fequeL the SECT. Iir. OVtJi tHE ALPS. 22^ the remaining train of cavalry, "burden-horfes, and provifion-oirs, paflcd along the defile ; ftill indeed witli great trouble and difficulty, but in ' perfect peace, and, fuch a change was there within the fhort compafs of a moment, almoft in perfeii filence too K '— III. — Ha\ing ftruck this blow, Hannibal determined to improve it. He therefore united the cavalry in the defile, to the light infantry with him '. At the head of both, he pulhed up the defile to the ^ Poljbius iii. 51. To]e j^i to fAiv ih mtfiXnvoifxtifw mXm^ rm if9^vfiv» Kcu rm iwmv^ fioTa; tuu raXou^n^vi ^mwn T«$ iua-xuftrnfm ^^ Annibal then conduced through the paffes, though not ** without tUfe greatejl pains and difficuhy, what remained of ** tlkC cavalry and heafis of burtheiC* (i. 357). Let Polybiu« fpeak ever fo repeatedly concerning his i/vo^VAo, Mr. Hampton ' ' will not iiften t0 him* Though the word proclaims fo loudly to every Graecian ear, of carriages being ufed and of cattk drawing them in yokes ; he will f^ill confider thenr as pack* horfeS) and ftill denominate them beafts of burden. He th\is makes the uTo^ufia to be the fame with the ax^&(popM, and fo an* nihilates the viro^vfM entirely. Livy xxi. 33. ** Is tumultus *'' memento umporis^ poftquam liberata itinera fugi montanorum ^ erant, iedaturi nee per otium.modo, fed pnop^ fUentiOy ^ mox omnes tradu6ti." . . ' Polybiusiii. jf. Ai/lo^ ^e cvfoJ^^iffOi octti *i^v»]o ^^ut^a^ tx Tou iu\wv. Thefc could be only the cavalry, as they alone preceded the cart jand burden-horfcs, and as theinfentrj- fol- lowed it; ' * • . . •" adjoining %i4- coviiiii OF rankibAl cha^; hh adjoining town of the mountaineers. This was^ tio doubt, the prefent Saint-Branchier, a towii of no inconfiderable fize, that is fituated in i hollow on the very top of this long and floping mountain of entrance, and at the head of the Whole defile through it ; and has a poft-houfe in it at prefent, for providing paffengers with horfes to carry them up to the fummit of the Alps ^i Biit he found the town deferted by almoft all its inhabitantis ; nearly all having (iome out to the attack before ^ Numbers of them had periihed in the attack ; thofe who efcaped had fled ; and Hannibal took it without any oppofition™. R was then the capital of the Seduni ; having Ife- Veral finaller towns, fubofdinatc to it, ^md at no great diftance front it. So well peopled was this lower region of the Alps, as to have, feveral towils upon it, one the metropo)ii& of a kingdom, and a \vhole nation for its inHSbitants ! Accordingly we fee the Carthaginians before, in their iurvey of the Alps from the valley below, marking " the *^ ill-lHapen hoMjes that were pitched upon the " rocks ^" When Caefar's foldiery entered the * Boorrit L dS and 31. Simler f^js 9i, ^ vicud hujua loci ^ [Brenfchena] a D« Mauritii t^mplo^ &t valle, nameu habct." * Polybius ill. Ji* , npoo-EoaXe itpi Tuv firoXin, i{ m vmnnvotrh rvf opfAfiv 0* lObXfjuuot* xa7«9to^(»» it axtiw t^iitm^ has to «ft»y]ft{ ixSXn- %mU mfOf rati »f (Xhck* ■* Folybkism. 51. Efxp»V fAviTo thj «w3iE«fv * Livy xxi. 3a. « Tcda informia iropofita nipibu*.^ > 4 Alps . Alps afterward by thU very pafs, we find they *^ gained fcwne viftories QVet the Seduni, and '^ ftormed fey^r^l M their Cafiles °.** In the very fame langqage, and in this very hiftory of Han- nibalj Liyy iays the Seduni went away at night to their own houfes^ and in the morning returned from their Caftlei to their poll p* In anothei* place .ftlfo he denofninates that a Cqftle, which Polybius Cftlls jsi City, which he himfelf charaAerizes as ": ,the Capital of ,^e region ;" and denominates ,i}^ fubqrdiuatc towns> at one time Cqftles, dt an- other .^/i^«. In a barbarous and Alpine Hate of nature, every town is a caftle^ arid every village a. fort. Among thefe villages had the furviving jniiltitude of the cajatal difperfed themfelves, on their flight from the battle. Hannibal therefore fent out detachments, to take pofleffion of them* They did fo; and he thus made a confiderable addition to his two blows before ^. He derived ftlfa great advantages from all, for the prefent *> ,C9Jjir|^p.^86. . ** CaftelUfqU6 coittpluribus coram expug* *• natis." ,i^(Liyy xxi. 32» ^ *' I^oQe in fua quemque dilabi te6b,*' and *' 33» '^ ^^ cuftdlis ad ftaviooeai iblitam conveniebant*'* J^ liyy xxi. 33, " Caftdlum indc, quod caput ejus rcgionis •* erat, vicploique circumje^os, capit." We fee the feme ,.S^^ tffidla vkdi in the feme maoner forf«y. , Polybius is VCiy tifefully circumftantial here. " Befides the horfes and heaftscf ** burthen, and prif oners nvhich he gained*^ fi. 3S8). ^Ir. Hampton did not underhand the paiTagCt Literally, it runs thus : " he immediately recovered a multitude of horfes, and *' draught -cattUy and r^en that had heen taken with them.*' Both the body aiwi foul of Polybius arc here vanifiied ! ' Polybius iii» 51. £k Jt « /xfXXw, ttrx^ A** ''** ^*'*' **** 9pf^f*»Jiw,, tvi Juwy HMt Tfitiv n/ktfp«»?, tvv9fKtv» Livy xxi. 33. *' Captivoniin *' ftcorihus^i triduum excrcitum aluit." Livy forgets the f^hr. "^ Eourrit tti. 286, and i, 33* . Half a league above the ^otible hiil, and in coming down the Alps, '* on trouve \k let ^^ fremtfrtivignei** (SaufTurc iv* 289). From that point t^ tlic iicf . III. OVER XRS ALPS. 22*7 early as (he days of Tiberius, the inha1>itanb of Ihefe very mountains are exprcfsly faid by Strabo^ " to be thien doing what we fee they wete doing in /the days of Hannibal before, " cultivating the *f vallies witfiiri the Alpd^." Ydt, what wag more impoi^tot than all, Hannibal ftruck iiich a terrour into the whole nation of flie Seduni, by the defeat of their forces at the defile, by the re- du6tion of their capital, and by the feizure of their other towns ; that hfc met With no more dp- poiition from thcm^i While he was thus marching to the Olpital, ' ^nd taking pofleifion of it ; his baggage^ his ca- vahry, and his main body, were pafling along the defile, now no longer dangerous, but ftiU troublefome. When they had all palled it, and fo had gained the fummit of the hill with him ; the great vallejr, '' bn Vok des o^i^j foas d)i^ i^bdten eboulet" (Boucrit i. S9)» In the great valley itfelf, '* c'eft une opinioa ** re^ue dans le pays, que ces mifltres du nionde»" the Romans^ ^ plant^rent les vignes de la Marque et de Coptemfin, qui oat ** beaycoupde'repuUtion*^ (L s8). * StrabOy iv. s8^. Twfffin — rv; oeuXmoti r»; ijf roi; AXrm. ^ Tolybius iii. $ii To ^i vwnxpH ^09 uffad-a^ tok i|«if* >* By this conqueft alfo, the people that lived along the fides *^ of the mountains were ftruck with terror** (i. 358). Joly- bius fays to h &vnxov, ^fumming up the advantages ; but Mr^ Hampton fays only ^^ alfo.'* He thus neglefts all attention to' his author*s manner ; and the mode of tranfition bccomei^ not l^oJybius's, but Mr. Hampton's. CI2 he he encamped them and his whole artoiy at thd town^ for the reft of the •were too powerful, to admit a renewal of his march the next morning. He was obliged to' halt at the town, for the whofe of the next day^^ The traift'of baggage was tiirown into jMh con- rifcfion, iand'had fuflained fuch injury, -as madb ^this'intetv^l of r'eft abfolutely neceiTary, for^ rcdi- fying entirely the oae, and for repairing in auy meafure the other. The packages of the burden^- horfes, the Ifiwdin^ of the ears, and many perhaps -of the em's themfelves, that had fallen downthcr prefcipicey would be recovered by the delays The SfiCT. HI, 0VER ,THB ALPS. . %1^ Tlie fcattle alfo, that had avoided the fell, would be too much exhaufted by their tvild a^tation« and violent exertions, not to want the repofe of a jday for their' reftoration. Even on the third day, he put his army very late 'm jDOlSWfe'again, and made only a very Ihort march *. He had^ a& is plain from the fequel, fevefal o( hn healfe of burden^ feveral of his c^tl6 for the cars, and their refpeii| marching forward immediately. The hope of 4hcir init^nt riecovery would naturally induce |iim, to defer his match a^ long as ev^ be couldf But his ibul was too much on fire^ to be detaioed' in its mtove^ients long, even by ^ch impediments^ Jle fet out, in oppofition to all ; even leaving fnany of them behind him^ and e:s:poling the men to the cruelty of thefe beaten and plundeped mountainoers, rather than be delayed any longer by them*. The foul, while it is embodied, muft inove according to the Uws of matt^, and iH>t ^he j»inciples of fpirit; yet will pjove its own ipirituajity, by the v^ eocsgjr which it witt l«l4 At St, BraiBchier, the road up the Alps turns to the rights and aicends a hiU» It then runs aloqg I S^$ vol. lit chap. i. {e&. 4* Q 3 a valley. ajO COtTRSE OF HANNIBAL CHAF. Uiy ft valley, that is watered by the weftern arto of the Dranca on the left. Along this arm and tliis valley Hapnibal now iiiarched on the third day, I apprehend, and advanced only a little ^ay from St. Bnui^bier. In tbr^e miles the rqad croffes the Drance!'. Herp therefore I believe Hannibal tq have ftopt, at the conclufion of the tjiird day "". Three miles comport fufficieptly with the language of Livy, who alone is accurate enough to intimate the flxortnefs of this day's march ; and who thus in- lipiates it. " As the.CarthaginianSj" he iays^ " were f not greatly inconunpded, either by the moun- f^ taineers already iqaten, pr^ by the road ; Han- " nibal made fom prpgrefs in thofe thre^ d^ys/.'^ By his reference tq the beaten mquntaineers^ he reftrifts the progrefs to the- third d^y ; but, by his cxprefs mentioii of /^r^^ days, he extends it equally pyer ihefirjl. By both, he contr^s the prqgref^ * ^SaulTure iy. »96. ** ^ %• Br^nchier une grande lieuc" • Livy X3^. 33, fays, that the day Hannibal enters the defile ** caftellunl — capit, et captivorum pecoribus per triduum cxer- ♦*'citum aJuit, ec — aliquatitum to trlduo viae confecit." Han- nibalV nwn fed iipon the dattle the day on whiqh they took them, and two day Sv afterward. Livy thus reckons the day of entering the dfifilc, arid the day of re-marching, as equally parfs of the triduum or three days. And he thus coincides c^- aAfy with Polybius, who makes Hannibal to halt one day before bis re-marching and ^/^r his entering. •* Livyxxi^ 3^, *^ Quia nee mpntanis primo perculfis, ncc ^< loco, magnoperi impediebanturi aliquaDtum eo i^riduo vise "t! confecit.'* ' " ' ' ^" ■'^'y ^;* '■ ''^ ■;'** ■-■' '^ \-. *' > ^ -, of S^CT. Ill* * OVER THE ALPS. ^ 23 1 of the third day, into a» Ihort, a Vcrj^ fhort com- pafe. The nature of otir road, too, coincides exacSUy with his defcription of Hannibars. ^- The " Carthaginians,*^ he remarks, "were not greatly *^ incommoded by the road." It did incommode them a little, but not greatly. It inconwnodcd them at the commencement, but not afterwards. In going out of St. Branchier towards the top of the Alps, fays one traveller, " there is an afcent " a little ftifF and ftcep, upon a road paved and " flippery, where it is prudent to light from your " horic *." But afterwards, adds a fecond tra- vdler, ^* the road is on a level, and tlie valley ^^ prints a thouiand beauties of the pailoral " kind^." Or, ^ the firft traveller fubjoins to Jiis account of the afcent, " all the reft is very " fiqe ; the road rpns raifed above the fides of ^* the Drance, which ferpentizes in a canal, bor- ^* dered with cjumps of trees and ranges qf fair . *^ meadows 8^." So completely does this road cor- jeffox}^, ydtb th^ w^y that Hannibal marched;"^ f S9JX0XUP w* ft86, ^* Une pepte un peu roide," 287. ^ fyx ^ cbeipio paye ^t gUiTaot, ou il eft prudent de mettre ♦* pied i terrc." ^ Bourrit Ui. 286. */ Le chemin eft en plaine* et la valley ~^^ prefcDte mille beautes^ dans Is geqrp padoral." < S^iifTure iv. ft86. ^^ Mdis tout le refte eft tres-beau ; le ^* chemin eft eleve au-deflbs des bords de la Dr^ncei qui fer- ^* pente dans un canal bo;'de fie bouquety d'^rbrei et ^e joljes f * pnurics, *' . a 4 l»oth a3a COURSE of hai^nibai, chap, rrr^ both in what Livy hints of the roiighnefs-j arid ir\ \yliat Livy fpeak^ of the fmoQthnefs-! ^ IV, — ^ But here, I apprehend, the river foymed tha bounding line of the Seduni,, So niariy imtea had they extended their habitations/ up &ist northern fide of the Alps 1 Nor was the cQtititty even yet defolate. He only came to a netv nation of mountaineers. So great was^ the po5)ula?tioii of the Alps, at this period 1 In the days of Caefar indeed, as- we have feen before, tftp Se^ditaj ^' reached to the fummits of the Alps^,'* B\rt, in the days of Hannibal, they certainly cjid not^ This thB current pf our preifent liiftory verj^ clearly fliows. ^- Hannibal then came," fay§ Livy ex- prefsly, ^^ to another people, for nxountafeieers ^^ abounding in numbers */' Thefe v/ere aflTui^^^y the Salassi ; who are §)ecified together with the Seduni, the Veragri, and the Nantuates, aa equally an Alpine riatioli with all,- and as equally with ail reduced by Augiiftiis, in that in'fcrtption by which Auguili^ b^s recordqdhis own cqjiquefj * Bell. Gail. iiii. i. ** Ad ftimrnas Alpes peitiiiei^» **' i Livy xxi. 34. " Perventurii iitdc ad frq^uezUemciUlxsiribttsi •^ alium, ut inter montana, popuLum. " Livy is vioft iumi- pcwfly particuUr here, while Polybiua wrap?, up all ^x f: d^ generality of narration. Qvef BBCT. IV, eVER THE ALPS, ^33 over them ^- The B^lafli are accordingly de- fcribedby Strabo, with great iimilarity to Livy's*. nation ; as pofleffing a region *^ ample in itfelf, ^f and reaching up to the very fmnmits of the ^^ Alps I" Livy thus notices the riumeroufnefe of the nation, and Strabo dwells on the extent of the region, but both denote the powerfulpefs of the people. Conformably with both, we know the Salaffi to have ev^n lived along the Ibuthern fide of the Alps, and to have had fome di3(fid-. guiihed towns at the foot of them there ^, They extended therefore from this^ point of the northern ^fcept, up to the funmiit ; anH fprcad along the whole of the fouthern ^efceiit, from the top to the bottom. So completely do the Alps appear to have been peopled fr0m fide to fide, in this particular line acrpfs them T ]>Jor does Jfailnlbal meet with any />?>/r^' nation, in all th^ courfe of his match up and down the mountains, l^ut as Caeiar carries the Seduni on the north, up " to the i' fummits of the Alps ;" and as Strabo equally caities the Salaflx from the fputh, up *' to the very *^ fumniits of the Alps ;'* the two nations muft have then bordered upon each other on the crown ^n4 creft of the mountains, though nom theybor- dered fa Iqw on the nqrth as the W^Aern I>ancc4 i ' ' . - .... ^ > . •■ . ^ PBny iii. «d. • <« Nanttiates, SeAmi,' Vcragri, Saiafi/* ^ Strabo iv. 314, H ^e t«» ZdXaa-o'm •bWXX^ ^w inV-^^fttpo^ J^f fi See voj. ii* chap, ii, fed. 6, 7, 8, This «34 COURSE OF HANNIBAL CHAP. II !• TTiis new nation had learned the fat^ of their neighbours the Seduni, by that communication of intelhgence, which hence appears to have been readily carried on along thefe mountains, an4 i» an additional evidence of the clofenefs of popula-. tion among them. Some of the Seduni undoubt- edly, the women and the children, had fled from St. Branchier on the approach of Hannibal, had taken their flight to this palfage over the Drance, and carried to the Salafli the mournful news, of the defeat of their own army and of the lofs pf their own capital. Alarmed at this luccefs, catching the infeftious terrour of its reporters, aijd obliged to a6l upon the iippulfe of their pre- font feelings, while the paain body of their nation lay too remote^ to lend them any afl[ifl:ance in time; they determined on the march of H.apnibal towards their country, to receive him in a very jiifFerent manner from the Seduni. They had fome townsy and fome of their more confiderablc towns too, upon the line of his intended march ""♦ So thick fet with to^ns does this fuppofed wilder-r. nqfs of tlje Alps appear, at prefent I " Livy xxi. 34. " Caftellorum.** We have feeh Livy before «[enominating, what Polybius calls a TloXi^^ and he himfelf * Caput ejus regionis," a "Caftcllumi'* and calling the fub- •rdinate towns " Viculi circumjedi.** PolyLius iii. 52, 0«— }y Jm^v oMtfyli^) ^* the iphabitants of thoje par^s of tf^ j« ^$umius'' (i. 358), 3 Their 8ECT..IY,. OVER THE ALPS. 235 Thpir towns, from their promifcuous appella-* tipns of Caftlcs and of Cities, muft have been fuch a& many of our own were originally, ranges of houfes under the proteftion of a fort ; and the commandant of the fort have been the govcrnour of the town. Several of thefe governours cpn- venod together, and came forward to meet Han- nibal in a peaceful manner °. They met him af- furedly on the banks of their limitary ftrcam, the I^ance p. They came probably irom Orzieres, a town upon the road, and immediately on the pther-fide of the current^ j frofn Lidde, a large y4¥ge • Livy xxi. 34. ** Magno natn principes caftelloreoi.'' / Polybius ill. 52. Iwmtlw etvlu. - « ♦* On paffe ^ Orfiere," feys SaulTure iv. 484, aj he i| copmg down the Alps to Orzieres and St. Branchjer, *^ grand ** village £tf}e dans un food, au bord de la Drance ; et, aprex ** ei^ txxp forth on pafTe a la rin^ gauche de ccrtprrept, dent on ^ avoit toujours fuivi }a rive droite depuis le Boprg de St« ^* Fiernp." This fettles the pofition of Orzieres and St. Bran- chier at once, and fhows the miftakes of ;he maps^ Orzi^rei is apparently on the foutbern fide of this current, and the cur* rent is crofled by the road between it and St. Branchier : while the very map in SauiTure's th^rd volume places them both on thp fame, the fouthern, fide ; the map in his Firft volume alfo does the fame ; Borgoni*s map by Dury does the fame again ; and Mr. Coxe's, in his Firfl volume, does the fame oope more. In that great variety of maps i:elative tp this region, which is ia tl)e King*s Library at the Queen's Houfe ; and which Mr. Bar- nard the Librarian, with a politenefs and a cordiality (to fpeak • yery flrongly) truly worthy of his Royal Mailer, enabled my mucb^fteemed friend George ChaUners, Efq. to ezamipe for mq; %^ COURSE OF flANKIBAX. 42irA>, Iff, wfllage in a fine lituation, diretSHy on the road t)cyond itj, and, about four miles beyond Orw ^iTSREs'; and from Saint -PeterX another Jown on the road beyond both, but about three piiles from Lidde ^ ■ They appeared before Han^ fiibal, bearing branches of trees in their hands, ^nd carrying garlands of boughs on their Jieads, as' tokens of peace sn4 fignj^U of amity to hinjt^ That me ; fomc maps place Orziercs Jipon one fide, and fbme upoii the other. Bourrit's in his Firft volume is indeed the only piap, which I have feen inyfelf to accord with the narrative of .j^ufTure, th^t certain ftandard of the reality. • ^ SimlerSirSz, Bourrit iii,a8i6, Map prefixed, Map iq Sltetch, and SaufTirrMS iv. 28i-ft8;f. ' Sauflureiv. aSr and ^83 &«. and Map prefixed to VoU Jlid^ > veiy ufefiir^ becaufe a very cincumflantiaj, map. • • Livyxid, 34. ^' Mag^o natu principes caftellprum, era- ^* tores,' ad Poenum veninnt 5" P^fybius in. s*j %x\i^ ix^vhg xat ri't*finK>a6tog€fimo,'« near gi century, and a ha)f after HanriibaPs march over the Alps, ■" M.'SeiusL. F. JEdilis Cu- ^* ruiis obi denas Yxbrzi^ Jin^tdii ajjihns pr«ft?tif poptilo Romano, ^* 'pei* totttm annum. AKnu« ea miretuf' qm fciut, t^ft anMi ^ ^iL%\ — deumfr^vincm {Hfliam mifiJftP Bilt tbc olive itfejf \ *^ NUNC y S3BC*/ tV, OVSR THE jl^i. ^ ^^ That Man >was originally defigned to live in ji garden, and to find the gentle pleafures of a,gai^- den, ** NUNC pcrvcnk trans Al PES qnoque, ct in G//wbrtncK •'* bfeing a figtid df peace, not only amocfgft Greeks and Ro*" **' roans, but iikeiv'ife am'ongft the Alpine nathns, whb hut '^* '' Hatif^hal en his poffage" (fee his Sermons and Trafts,*^: 'j'ii^ J. 214). The prelate, itfeems, reads Polybius, hot Withhfe own^yes,'but writh the eyes of Cafaubon, He examines oofy int colrnnn in; the page of Pol3rbius. He hotiours the Laiik^ Ac rejeftibn'of the Gr^ if*. If it is thus he reads the Fafthcfg and the Scriptures, he may be all that the fharpe'ftfufpicibufnefs of orthodoxy has furmifed him to be, all that is mod unworthy ef 7i fcholjr, and all that is moft indecent in a bifhop. Wten iuch virtue is feduccd by th^ vamped face of a tranfla* tlon, wecannot vfrortder at the fcduftion of common virttle, in •^e hMorian Of Ant. Un. Hiil. xii. 239. But M. de St. Simon, equally with* the hiftoriah and the prelate, contemplates iPoly-- 'btus difforted in -the f;jlfifying mirrour of- Cafaubon*s verfion. He fpeak? equaHy of the olhe branch in Polyblus ; and, to carry the nuftake into theAvildeil abfurdity^ he a/certains the courfe of Haanibal from tHe falfe fa^, B^celonette b^low tobrup^ 438 COURSE OP HANNiBAL CtfA!^. ilL den, the happinefe of an earthly Paradife to him i we kncJw ftoiti the primary pofition of man, m that 'fce notes, " eft la feuie vilic (le I'autrc coie dc fa Duraifcc, «i^ •* PMfuzJfi trouver des oiivUrs ; il o'en croit aucun dstnS toutas ♦* ks Alpes Pennine^, Grecques, oa Cottiennes— ; U n'en ^ vient qu'autour de la ville de Barcelonctte, ou Icpays, commc * le difent Polybe ct Tite-Live, eft plus ,cultivc et plus •* otjvert ;*' the author thus confounding in the chaos of his ideas^ the region fomc rojles up the Alps upon one fide^ acid the country at the foot of the Alps on the other ; fo rivalling .the very confiifednef3,'of his antagonift Folard himfelf (p. xxiit)* •* Cette circonftajice*' of the oliv.€ branches, he tells us in the page immediately preceding, '* repand une grande lumiere fur la •* nm^t fAnnibaly et confirme hien que ce Heros pajfa par Barce^ ^ Unette^^ -(p. xxii>. Through the thick atmofphere that lungs over all this author's reafonmg, no fun could penetrate to diipenfe its illumination, and a mock-fun would not be even dimly (een through the haze. But to take my final leave of an author highly . refpeiftabie in himfelf, with more politenefs and {ood-bumour ; I will conclude with an anecdote, that is yeC new (I believe) to the publick. The Royal Society is faid to have once debated before Charles the lid, mhy a fifli did not weigh in water. After many hypothefes advanced to account . for the extraordmary circumftance, much learning difplayed, :(nd much reafoning exerted ; the King, whofe mind's eye was not confined by^ the mufflers of erudition, very pertinently ., afked if the fuppofed faft was true. A ftare of amazement at the bold fuggeftion, we may fuppofe, fucceeded the queftioa* fiut, in deference to Majefty, even Erudition condefcended to examine. Water and a Fidi were.intro4uced, and the fuppofed , &6t ou/Tj found to he abfolutely.falfe^ So r!(ficulous does Learning make itfelf, at timcs^ But it is tbea moft ridiculous, when it firuts peculiarly in the laced clothes SfeCT. IT. vOVER THE ALPS. aJ9 ^at only hiflory of our race for the firft two thoufand years of its exiftence, which GOD dic- tated to Mofes. From this original deftination of Man^ we ftill delight in rural fcenes and rural images^ and fome of our pureft pleafures are de- rived from the enjo}Tnent of a garden. It is thu» that a branch of a tree in the hand, andi a gar- land of boughs on the head, are pointed out by nature, and have been coniidered by all ages, as fignificant fymbols of peace and feftivity in the bearers. They were the inftituted fymbols of amity at the period of Hannibal's expedition^ among almoft all the nations of the world \ We have even found them in thofe excurfive ranges of the Genius of Navigation, which do fo much honour to the prefent reign of our own Sovereign, and the prefent generation of our own country- men ; ufed among the iilands that have lain fo long fequeilered from the reft of the world, amid the wild waile of the Southern Ocean. And it i^ only from this univerfal idea of the peace, the feftivity fignifiedby exhibiting a branch of a tree; that the Orientals in general, and the .Greeks in particular, at laft feleded the olive from all other dothes of emdition, yet (hows by a Monmouth-ftreet ticket tipon the back, that It has purchafed them out of a frippef};^ iiop there. " Polybius iii. jo. T«7o ^ap 9%^^ «Nt'* I'm; B»pCftpoi( ir« ^x^ tu^ fiX^Ac; " the fignal of peace among [a]inoft.aU] the bar« ** baroui nations" (1,358). trees tree$ ^t this fignifitiatiori, bccatife the olive W- fcicd with it in additional import of pcace^ froiri the adual ufe of oil in feftivity; Hannibal la\v the , i^frnitols, iAUd lihderftood their iQeaning. He received the bearers, .there- fore, with j^indnefs ^; He crofled the river firancd to them, I fuppofejfand eipi^tered with them injo Iheir town of Orzieres on the othef fide. Therd Ke exercii^d that cautious policy, which i^ .pain- fur to be praftifed iii common life, becaufe ,it .keejps the miti.d continually upon jht itrain ; which 48-necei5raryto.be exercifed by every inan^ that ftlpii;es togain, 0r wi^es to preferve^ a pte-en^i^ riejice^ojtrpradlical wifdora among his cotempora^ ries ; and wias always kept on the w;atch in Han- ttibal, by the iiecclffiticis of his fituation, and by .the habits of his life "^^ He therefore endeavoured • very jC^refuUy, to explore the bottom of theif ^hearts, and to fee the whole extent of. their de- •j ^. Livy 3Ui..34, " Bquigo^ qxmm refponc^iflet.*' "^^ Polybius.iiivja. E»Aot?«>5 J's ^wtKWjutsyoj wpo; T»]y rota.vlfif «i5^» Ayy»^aff. That ivXu^wi hecKn^ivoi her^, however Contrary tlie inter- • J)i'Ctatiph«naybet6'analogy,fnean8 ( as it has always been r^- dered) cautious, folicitoil9» apprehenfive ; is plain from iiii 491 >lKbei^Hlinmtnil's.i»en are;i>i^y.b^a^ii^ of their. interiid«d inarch vArojU^^he^Cfrvintry.of the Aljipbrog^s froqi^LyQns, t,o be *y\a- Cui h»H»fA(voii and where it caimot poifibly fignify a&y tbjpg teCt- IV, OVEft TitE ALPS. i^t Jigns \ They were well acquainted^ they told him, with his rcduAion of the capital, and with his (laughter of the army, before y. They had been taught an ufeful leflbn, they added, in the experience 'of their neighbours *. For that reafon they choJfe father to be in friendfhip, than at war, with him; and had come for that puirpofe to meet him, as not wifhing t6 fufFer, and not wil- •ling to form, any hojftilities *. They then pro- idled their readinefs to execute all his conmiands, and to fupply His army with provilions \ They even offered to give up ibme of their number, ^as hoftages for their friendly behaviour*^. All . this certainly carried a very fair appearance, .of a dread of his ,power> and a defire of his favour. Yet Hannibal law fbmcthing in their . ■ foIyUus ill. p. EjrjWf . x«» tuf. - T^ Ibid. T«w h 'ftt&ttov%fy ksiXif^ ti^kfou Kx* Tn> tvif 4lroXcwt ^mlXtmij xai rnf rtn t^x^^f^n''**^ *^ ^^*^ a4hrXi(aV. ** They . ^* anfwered, that having been [well] informed, that he had taken ^ neighhuring town,'* that he had taken the town, " and ' ^* Had deftrojed ail thofc that had appeared in iarms againft .'him**(i. 359). « . • Livy xxi. 34. •* Aiiertis malis^ utili b^mplo, doAos.*^ * Ibid. "Amicitiam malle quim vim experiri Potnorum;^^ Polybius iii. p. Aiatrtt^vyV A iPx^thCi hot TMla^ |9«Xo/«|y0» * * Livy xxi. 34. " ttaque obcdicnter lihpicrata fofturos, com* «'. rteatutnque,-— acciperct." • Polybnis iii. J». T«r«d';pw^Ej»«y Jr xai iui&m if uvim ofAfifa* ^ itivy Z3U.34. ^' ^^ Adtm promifTorum obfides accipetet/^ looks and fpeechcs, that-indeed did hdt alter the kindncfs of his manner, hut hcfghtened Iris cau- tioufnefs into drftrtift ^. A man like him, accuf- tomed to convetfe with mankind, io look ftitl in the face of all^ and to dive to the very bottom of the eye ;^ might perhaps mark fonro mufcle to Wriggle^ or fpme nerve to fferink, fome fqiiint of cunning to appear, or fame referve of fraud to lui4t, tinder hia fearching* ejre-beam. The verf promptnefs of their offers, and the very grcatncfe of theif promifes, would certainly throw an air of fttfpe6lability ovelr all. Btit even experienced policy often counterafts its own purpcrifes, by iti own refinements. Hannibars prudence ^as un- willing to fhow the fulpicions, that his lagaqi^ fuggefted. His ftiipicions hnfrg upon his mind^ for many hours *^j the rtatui'al fcnfationd of a mind, habitually jealous and judicious. But if he accefrted tlieir pr^iFers of amity, he thought at laft, he fhotild ipeedily perhaps render them Gait more kind and peaceable ; if he refufcd them, hcf , fhould certainly throw them into a flatc of opein hoftility with him ^ With this kind of doubling policy^ nv\ct^iiio apparently means to be cautious. • Ibid. tloT^vv fA(v ;^po»oy. ' Ibid. SuXXcfi^ojutsvoj, w$ I* 7mS(u Tot -ftrpfldsw^ft*, T%^ mf ' ii(rjfi €VX«?Er£poV? Kcu iv'paolspou; ^ofdniif jealoufy^ finothcred ami kept down, died away In itB own aihes ; and er6n a Hannibal wa$ thus )Dyer-reached^ hy barbarians. H6 «<5cepted theit offats, and embraced theif amity, with an hypocrily that recoiled upon him- ieM^ They delivered up their hoftages very, puniftually. They brought in their cattle very l^lentifully^ They gave thenifelves up withou|: jtapprehenfion and without referve, into his hands^. This muft haVe bcion the work of the afternoon^ er evening, at Orziferes ; and effeduaUy iinpofed upon Hannibal, and his gejmetal officers. The jfu^idons, thiit had. not been avowed by the ^ liad rede&ed liirUbhi hirofelf, ^fiat hts dbmpliance with the ** terms which this people ndw pro|k)fed,'* literally, his ac* cep^Qce cf the offers made by them, *^ might ferVe perhaps '* to render thetn more miU and tiutticus^^^ what an odd com* bmatioa of Ideas, and hbw repug^Dt to the general meaning 1 ^ aiid, on the other hand," &c. (I. d59). EvXitCirsfot^ is evi^ . 4ently ufed here^ not in its common acceptation bf cautioiif* f»e&, but in its primary and analogidd import of kindnefs ; and the fudden variation of the meaning h ai remarkable^ as it i^ -wrong, in Polybius^ * Polybius iii. ji. IvfxAlwrwi T015 Xe|o/tiyoK> JMn tft»>wr«piM ^ ibid. Tuf ii 0af6afO9 ta o^iifa «mpCK^Vy xa» 9fr/A|M^ > : ]Ri totigtte> 044 COtfRSE 0? HANNlfiAL CHAP. ttU tongue^ ilow faded away from the heart;. and they all began to confide iji thofe^ whom they had dif- trullcd bfcfore K fheriy the next morning, I fup- i^ofc, aild juft as Hannibal was preparing to re-^ new his^ march^ the Salafli brought forward the grand point in their plan of frauds, and offered to conduct: hini by a better road than he was go- in^ to purfue.' This was filrely ^ very ftartling offerj and by its vety found Ihould have put Hahnibal upon his guard of policy again. But even a ^annibal was fubjedt to the laws of na- ture, lind fufceptible of credulous weaknefs at tinies. Kt^ iand his bfficers lifteiied to the pro- pofal, with their fiifpicions all lulled to flumbef in their heads, with their jealoufies all languiih- ing into extin iii. 50 twice again (p. 282), and bere again oi tD-epi rov Am^dv* Cafaubon uniformly tranflates all, by the pcrfonal appellatioa bf Hannibal. Nor is there aiiy other fault ih this^ but a de-^ viation from the morde of Polybius^s language ; except irt thik laft inftance, in which the Words import itahnibal and his general pfficers. In iii. 53. Cafaubon accordingly tranflates ^ffavVs — TOV? -rtrf^i tov Ayy«^«», by ** Pocnbruth univerfu3 exer<* CitUs" (p. 286).- " Annibal was in a great degree induced, to «' throw away all fufpicioh ; and even intruded them" &C* (^» 359) • -literally, TJi?o/e aidut Hafinihdl trufted thcin ft far^ Hi to^ &c. • ' ' ^ ' . fond 5BCT, IV, OVER THK AWS. - - 24^ fond wiflx of abridging their toil of travel acrof$ thefe rugged mountains. They: agreed to take the Salaffi for their guides \ and fo fell into the very fnar« that thefe had laid for tjxem. Thua did Hannibal, as Polybius with a ufcful particur larity dates the faft, ^' on the fourth day" of his being aiQong the Alps, ** again become expofed *^ to great dangers ^ ;*' and thus was Hannibal, as livy properly obferves, " circxmiventcd by his \^ own arts, by cunning firft;^ and by au ambuf-. ^^ cade aftenvards ""/' The Salaffi^ we have fcen, delivered up their Hioflages imtnediately. So near were their towns^' to Hannibal's prefent pofition; and fo plainly does the fa R3 the the range of pafturage tftten- afcend ! But it fe vfry obfervable, that they fomifhed him not mii^ com, as die Scduni had done bcFwe K This- fhows the cultivation of com nbt to have rifeik up the mountains then> fo high as Ot^ieres^ though it had &en reached St. Branchier. This^ therefore, foann^ a broad line of divifion, iii the* aibcnding courfe of Alpine agriculture^ Tlie thermometer of civility, if I may fo expxefe mylelf„ had rifcn nearly as high in the fcale at the period of Hannibal's expedition, as it is rifen at prefent^ At Orzieres, fays a traveller conodng down thefo Alps, ** we fee, and not without wonder, th^ *^ harvefts ftanding upon the high mountains <^ and the Iharp defcents i it is goats which drav *^ the plough, and women -who hold it, fo li^t ^ and iboveable is the foil ° f " Very far ranoycdt therefore from that g(?neral barbarifin of manners, and that particular ignorance of the arts of life> which has been univerfally imputed to thcmj were thefe Alpine tribes at the time J Even now, let me add to their honour, that efculent root the potatoe, which has been as falfely as univer&Uy attributed to our connexion with North America,^ tivy ha$ only ***pccoribu8^ befcre, and now •* comoieatu.*^ S<^ IndifiiD^^, and even deceWing» in his language here ! *» Bourrit iii. z%K •• Au bourg d^Ofzicrfes— ft<>ti« nc vianek <' pas fans admiration, les moiiTonA fut de( hautes jdoot^gDet << f|t fur dfi$ pontes rapides^'' &c« which which has been fpecifically/iurmifed to hame been firft brought from Virgitiia to Ireland, but waft originally introduced to our tables from Portugal^ Spain, and the £af( Indies ; is cultivated in great abundance upon the Alps, at Chamouni to th^ right of Hannibars line of afcent up them^ and at Q>nnayeur to the right of his courle of defcent alfo, even amidil the very gkcieres of the luoun^ tains ; though it was fo little known in ihcftrntk of Italy a few years ago, that the people of Na^ pies refufed to eat it in an a6lual famine^ and ai) EngUfh cargo of potatoes was obliged to b^ thrown into the fea, hecaufe it could not bafold for money, and would not even be accepted as a prdent p. » *< It wa» at this town,** fajn Smith coQcernin|^ Y0iug;hal4 ** that the firfi potatoes were lauded in Ireland by ^ir Walter *^ Rakigk. ^ The perfoo who planted thcixH tnoagioing -that ^ the a(>ple which grows on th^ ftalk was to be ufed, g4tbere4 ** them [the apples] \ but, 1144 likiog their tafte^ negled^ed *^ the roots till, the ground being dug afterwaids to h'ff^ ibm^ ^ other graioy, the potatpes were d^fcovfred therein, and tgt ^ the gfeat furprift of the planter vaftly iiKreafed. hn^from ^ thefefew the ccunhy woifurnified %mtb feed%^ A iU>tc here adds ; *^ Beo Johnfon in his play, eaUed Eveiy Maa out of hia *< Humour, Adt ii^ nuntionf potatoes as « ^eeit rarity whea .« be wrote." Text procc^a thus; "It is iaid, Sir Walter •' hwgJbi tkem, together with tfhtcco, into Irehnd, from Fir* ^ gini0*\ < Antient and Prefect State of Cork I, laS. Dublin^ 17 $o). This iervea to fiiow the general foliaciouCnefa of tra- diliOfi* The firft atteoipt made by iUkigh to trade with R4 An^rica^ %jfi COURSE 'of JfANlilBAlr . CHAF. lift We arc now come to. that point of HannibaFa march, which no delineators of his march have ever preflimed to touch* . They have all agreed • in America^ was in April i $84 ; atnd thcA, n^i hy hbnfilf in per^ jfott, but hy others for him, Thefc arrived, not in rirginia^ but at the ifland of Roanoke, near the -mouth of th^ river Al^ bemarlc, in North Carolina ; traded with the natives of the ifland, and of the continent adjoining ; and returned to £ng^ land with furs, pearl, coral, fa0afras^ cedar, and alitfU tohacco^ In .April 1585* R^lcjghyirii/ out fome (hips in order to. cpUnj/e^ which failed along the coaft of Carolina^ fettled a colony at Roanoke^ and returr\ed. This colony ^zs taken off the ifland in 1586, by Drake ; but a fecoad colony of fifteen men waU fettled there, in that year. Thefc were all dead or gone, when three fhips arrived early in 1587, y>«/ equally by Ra-t Icigh ; commiffioncd to fix the colony xo the north, in tlie bay of ChefapeaK that divides Carolina from Virginia ; but unablie .from the fmallnefe of therr force, to execute Ihis commiflion. Twoycara afterwards, or in* 1 5^9, a {lender Feiaforcement X9^s/ent them by Raleigh, but was beaten back to England by aflormj[ and the whole colony periftied, not one individual eyer returning to England (Mod.Un. Hift. xxxix. 235-340)^ Thefe tveiT all the attempts upon North America, that ever Sir Walter Raleigh made ; and he iVas ferjhnalfy concerned in tionc. But the potatpe was knonjm among us^ long before any of them. ^* Of rti^ poiatoe and fuch venerous roots," cries Har- ^ifon, who wrote in ISZ9 (P* *^S)> *^^* ^^^ brought out of <' Spaine, Portingak^ and the Indies^ to furnifh up ojur bankets, •* I fpeak not ; wherein our mures^** a general word for rootSt ^11 ufed \a the weft, ^' of no lefTe £6rcc^ and to be had about' in ooergSBefal conspiracy againft.the^fa^b, that 'po\v fucceed ixmnediately in his hiflory ; anid havo . , united ** Crofbic Ravcnfwath, do now begin to have place** (p. 167** Defcription of England prefixed to Holitlflied), Potatoes thetefore -were pi imarily Introduced lAto thefe iflands^ froai the £aft ladies through ^Spain An fecujely in them *^ gppeafs not to have ever thoq^t of this grand tarn itr his line of movement^ m^ adhiaUy car^ ties him by one ancl the feme roaftJ, without any tfverfion to the right or to 'the Idl, from the foci lo the fummit of the Alps. Yet the divcrfion* jskovf mad& by the Carthagiaxans^ forms a grand feature m the complexicHi; of their Alpine tranf* aftioRS. ' It is ftrrkingly apparent fiare, and ro«re firitingly hereafter. Any defcription thcfrefofe'j^ that omits this, mufi: h6 defedivc from the omif^ &m itfelf^ aad &lfe in the courfe aifigned. If Hanibal now deierted the r^ular road going up the Alps, as he certainly did; th« ^iter, wha Itill carries him along that road, muil <:ither ftip- fvds the faft, of his cafting off his old guides fot . new, Of a6t in contradiclion to it i mufl equally Hipprefs all that refuHs from this change of guides^ •♦ Raleigh wa$ thefirjl^ miho planted them iu he^antP^ (Sha1(C« ^are xi. 4J7).— A$ to the venereal influence attributed to tliem here by Harrifon» by Shakefpcarc incidentally/ and by kis coinmentator at full length from others (^i- 4(3-4^7) ; it & ©t»ly a BQonuKient of tcnnporary foUy^ ftimulat^d to cxpofo^ stfelf by a pruiiency of paffion. For potatoes at Chamouni, fee Sourrit iii. 50, at CbrnQayetur }ii, £49» and at NapkSt Baretti's Actouut of Italy iL 139-^40. •tor. T« OTfiA TUB Atft<. f^$l orequaUjad in contradidtioB to it; ttitft itOA either ftamp his accouilt with the grofT^ £gn»« ture of foUy^ or prore qnjuft fa th^ teHimociy of Polybitis said Livy, untrue to the chart^cr of Hannibal^ unfaithful to the venuuty of hiftoijr^ Hannibal bad hitherto kept the OiOiick Mobflib iadoiirs fot iM guides^ who knew the road weU^, had juft cotBt along it to him^ and had nov brought him fuccefifuUy nine imles up. this lido of the Alps, He had only about fifteen &ither^ in a right afcent to the top 9. He would theren lore reach the top^ by a continuanoe in his prefexxt courie^ the very next day, the Jlftb of his Alpine inarch. Yet, with thefe new guides and by thia new route, he was treble that number of days^ So egregiouily was he deceived by thefe SalaJffi^ and {q wildly devious was he now perfuaded to make his march ! He was perfuaded, he ihoulcl jBnd a road finoother and Ihorter than his own^ The Salaffi eould rend^ it as ihort and aa £nooth, as they pleafbd. The GaUick embaifa-i ' dours could not contradi^ then^, as they had liever travelled it. ITiey could probably corro-. borate their account^ * in the principal pointy. ^Iliere was adhially a road, as I ^11 foon ihow,^ ^nd there ftill is, leading to an opening in the Alps and a defcent into piedmont, known only to ^ S^ jba. «th«f tlu$ chafer. a few, e5!2 COURSE OP HANNIBAL CHAP. Ill* a fe^,* but reported bytaany, and having proba- bly reached the cars of the Gauls . thcmfelves* Thus truth would fervc to prop up the fabrick of falihood, ajid all combine to impofe upc«i Han- mbal. Yet thefe moments were furcly the weakeil:, of Hannibars whole life. They cer- tahdy lower him, from his elevation of intelle6l. They exhibit him fimple, confiding, and credu- lancc. He now advanced,. I fuppofe, along^ the Jouth^rnj and came oppofite to St. Pranchier jigmn. Here commences a valley, that extends to the fouth-ieaft, ^nd nearly parallel with the re-» gular ifqad up the Alps, for many miles;, and ^ leads in a long, level afceixt, up to the crcfts of the mountains; being watered all the way, by what we muft call the Eaftern arm pf the Ehranc^ and having the two arms unite .for Martigny, a little to the (buth of Sit. Branchier. This is called. th« ftECt. V. OVEK THE ALPS. 1^5 3 the Vajl de Bagnes or the Valley of Baths, from Tome baths at the village of Bagnes there, to \vhich the gentry of the Vallais ufed to refort in fummer, but of which there are only flight re^ toains at prefent ; they and many of the houfes having been over-whelmed, by an immenfe maft >of fnow, that rolled down from the top of their lofty hills '. This- valley forms a confiderablc part of a diftri6t> that ftretches up from the bafe to tlie ridge of thefe Alps, and is denominated Pays d^Entrtmont or the region within ,the Moun- tains % is fenced itfglf on every fide, by large high ' Bounit i. 31, 37, 3B. " Ccttc valle« [de Bagnes], ain(i ■•* nommee des bains celebres aux^quels pn courroit ancienne- •* ment de tout Ic Valais, commence ^ Saint-Branchier, et »' ** ctend jufqu*aux fommcts des montagncs,"— fur un plan in- *' cline." Simler 81-82. ** Vallis prima, quae magis ad Ori- ** cntem veigit, Baneas, credo a Balheis que fort^ olim hie «« fucre, Domen habet^ et nomini inlignia refpondent ; han to move neai-ly in the jine of his for- mer dk^ion, and to gain the lummit of the Alps by a ihort^ and fmoother road^ that was known only to the natives of the mountains^ and would cany him ipecdily into.Piedmont. Beyond tte end of this valley is a defile, by which ond may penetrate into Piednlont and the MilanefeT ^e defile is ^very little known, even at prefent I and is generally known, only to the inhabitants 6f thefe mountains- But a lively and adventurous Genevan, having heard of its name> and being idfufed of its exiftence> waB tempted a few years ago to explore it. He took a native of the hills-, a hunter of the wild goats, for his guide ; and Reached it* Ht there faw Piedmont dire6tij tinder his eye. But tvhat is very remarkably and feems to indicate that this paffage was known •to the Romans, the opening there whicth pr^fents the finoft view of Piedmont, in the French and , Savoyard language tliat is . fpoken upon thefe Alps, and that the natives very properly call by the general name of Roman ^, i^ denominated La * Bourfit 1. 3«. " La Vallec eft fermec ^ f eft pir dc hautes , '^ montagnes.i — La Val de B^gDcs f^it une panic confiderable .^♦♦.dU'P^s d'EntremoiiU " Simler 8i ; " Proxirous cotiVentili ^V .a iittf nomen habet, et .Intratnontius npminatur.'* ^ Simler 77. ^* Noftr^ state Veragri Gallkd five SsiautUcJ ^* utuHtur, {uam ipji Romanam v^ci»Ht.** Fenetrt i<«/rr^ or the Wiiidow ^ The teport of fuch a {aaifiige as this among the Gauls of Piedmont (I hare obferve again^ in order to throw a ibbercr «ir of xeality over this extravagant part of Haa-^ aiihal's ooadud) would give adcUtiopal cxedibiUtjri to the relation c^ the SalaiE now* Thoji did not imow, and theji would not tell, that the pailage is Uocked up almoft always, by froil and ihow. In truths it is pra&icable only for a fprtnight through the whole year. Eren then, it is pra6ii« <€aUe for the natives alone ; and ib little even for them, that when the natives block up the other pafies, to 'guard again <^ any peitilentia] difoiders, ikofc moil formidable Hannibals of our race, in the countries below, they never think it wprth their while to block up tlus \ Hanni-' ^ Btmrrit i 41*43^ 75. T^tv Great St. Bernard we have al kill, called equally •« Col entre les deux fen^tres" (Sauffure iv4 ^49). Iq Bourrit's ^ Explication des pianches*' i. tiv, is tfafs •dditton : ^ la gorge des Fen6tre9 eft entre les deux premieres ** 6)maiitt»f" oi Mount Gdk aad Mouat J^pril vi plates ^A and ndd ^ Bpurrit u *jb. That rode t nd rmrgh engineer «yf the Re** &niiitioD^ who ms Kiors eager than frilful^ who blew up half ^tbe outwmks of Cbriflttnity, hi fpringifig « mine to demoJilhv^ . 4rfiogk <»4», 44*.^...- -.;...; ^ .. ;^ • • > c »• ' ; * them- IheHifelyes apparent in their real forms : thus ibund them perpetually at a greater diftance, than fbr^ had fi^fied and he had apprehended them *o be. He bare the dilappointment the better, I Ibj^oUe, • from the levelncf? of the ground and the pteafantnefs of the region. On the two fideS bf this plain are very fine hills, all cultivated *M)w, and always ranged in an amphitheatrical form ; and the land is very fertile, as being fereened by the height of thefe hills from thofe formidable bkfts of the north,- which in other tjuarters of thefe Alps come with ^uch a diftrudive ibffica6y*. Accordingly, neither Livy nor Poly* fcius notes aay difficu% in the road, for either of Ihefe'days. Both therefore Ihow it by their fi- ienoe, to have been as this is, eaf^^, level, aiiS pleaftintk Hinnlbil, fays ]PotybIus> '* marched tVo da)^ «* with the jSalaffii preceding his army" to conduft Irnny; But he matted, even in this confiding ilate o^ his mind, with feme, appr^hcnfions -firU awake in his foul % and with all his precautions carefully ' taken againlt a furpntCi The man . Jn^ight be Qver-raphcd, but the genpr4 90uld hot l>e 9W W g»9rd. H? pfi^WWy reGomrilcd t<^ W^ • " Hourriti. 3^-j3. .^ . * • * Polybiusiil 53. AiJwlff »^w m wo^v^; •' ** ^ *** ^58 COURSE OF HANNIBAL CRAP* IIJ^ felf his fond affiance on the Salaifian guides, by his circumfpe6tion in guarding againft any entcr-^ prize from their countr}^men. A Hannibal' muit certainly have had fome blind held up before his eagloHcye, under fuch a confiding weaknefs.of -mind. He had even, adds Pblybius, */ a foreiight *^ of the future %" a prefage upon his mind of t^c treachery intended ; a fort of dubious intimatioa from his reafoh, which adled up to its conyidticsi^ and rung a p^al of warning in his ear ; not/uffi'^ cient to divert hbp. from his defign, yet loud enough to make him move in it \v;th cautiouihc& and care. He therefore p^^^fed through their country, juft as he ha4 paffed . throu^ that of the Seduni and that of the AUobroges befijrc, in regular order for fighting, and with his ufual line* of march. His vanguard was compofed of the- elephants and cavalry ; his baggage moved be- hind ; while he himfdlf came in the rear of the whole with the main body, all heavy-armed in- fantry,, throwing his eyes attentively abput him, sUid being folicitous for the fecurity of all ^. * Polybius iii. 53. npoo^po/AEvo* to jbuxxov, " by a wife precaii« " tion" (i.360). • Livy xxi. 34. •• Nequaguam ut inter pacatos, compofit^ ** agrmne duces eonyn feqnitur ; primum agmcn elephanti et •* c^uites eratit; ipfe poft cum robore peditum/ circumfpec« ** Cans folUcitufque omnia, inOKdebat/' Pplybius iii. $3. T« , |*:y (TK^vpf of» M»» tm >vifHf uxQV ** T^ arpv1o7f9pu»| ri$i . ^W^is/* and Livy xxi. 34, ** in to/aku* " ' Livy xzh 34. *t Uigdique ex infidiU feu-biiri— ^ a fn>nt»*« ^ coo|ti,— pctuntf " S 4 f^her »54 COUMB or UXVVOJLtt tUAf^W^ £irtber faelbre it under pretmce q{ xtc&nrm^mng the afcent, and ilole away to tbmr cauvKxyxQi^ tia the motmtain, ^ Thus aifailcd in front and in tear at oi^ce^ bjf a fudden burft of perfidy.; had Hannibal b^en off his guard at the rnome^^ the whole army of the Carthaginians midi have boon crushed by tbo bibw ^ ; and Hannibars mari;h over the Alps have been conlidered in^the hiftory of xnan> « one of the wildefi: exertions of military extrava^ gance. So much depends upon fuccefs, with ^ being that petend^ to reafon I In fronts the Sa- U£Si upon the creft of the Biountain, moving pa- rallel with the elephants, the cavsdry, and the bj^age^ plied them with mii&ve floiies &am tha boulders above-mentioned) and rolled down npoQ them the huge rocks noted befqre''. Bi^they brought their principal force, and made their principal affauit, ^gainft the rear*. Unlefc this was beaten^ their perfidy would b^ incompbtt. To overpower the horfe and el^bants> to maJk» ^ -Ibid. Av%ipe^^ufo9lti ^ifitt^at^^ teus metfUftauif xM vaiffiflr tasi Xti. 34. ^^ A kon^O'**ooori^f***^ims!^ f(etimt,,iauGei iopolia in ^ nffrwk devoWum.** Livy tHciiiB ft#o^fii^Bmfg pifttiopfars km fo]ybm*% acoounty iitt momg paxslhd mUbt ikt C^dngiauli van, and plying it with Hones {hooi tfac kduL. ^ Ury ^. 34* << At«um» ^ t^6 tis .bpawii «f£e- ^« bat." -.:... the Ijbe baggage, nu^t be fome advautage aad ibntt credit; but to cruih the UMn ho^y,vfm 9MA^ rally their gmmi aim. Hannibal however iaceA a}M)ut with tbe ni3in body, an l|is aifailing ^im» nies. He had the flower of l^iis anny wiUi lud^ and foon beat them oifp. No numbet ^ um difctplined mountaineers^ probaUy, could ftand againft tho veterans of hit main body i attitfazt firoke of iucce&, waa the psQfenration of tfat whole army ^. Yet the enemy QUI contiaued in foxt}<^^ at a Ht^ tie diftancc from him. He was unwilling theK^- lore, to quit the ground on which he flood, an4 to mafch down into the hoUow^ jfy ^yin^ thi^re, he was ready to ^ure tbe advanced jMita ya/Af«; fvx]i^cv0«f wff» TI AETKOIIETPON OXTPON, ^^i; rm tnetn neu tmt vTo^vfiwy Ef fS^^etWIofr Tuloiq. They *^ fpread fo great terror and f^^ diiord^ tbroiigh the ^nny/' a faint dead iperfion of what oujhl tAS CQVtiSZ OF HAXVUBAI. Cfi^F. UU 1^ all the illuilratians which have hitherta hc^n nude of HannihaFs route, little . attention iius becii paid to that ueccflaiy work, of adapting the «night to have been rendered thns, Thej reduced the army to foch an extremity of confufion and danger, ^^ that Annibal^ . ^ with one half of the troops, wa,? forced to take his flatioa ^for'the night upon a naked ahp besskt roci^" (i.^^o). This is in the original, ^a certaia reck whit^ and jQiroi^g^'* juft as Strabo fays the Apennine ends pear Rhegium in another i.cu£opeira or white rock, teXewIx -w^ tw A£vxorElga». Tn; Piir*>n? xa^«^/AEVTi; (▼. 324) ^ but in Cafaubon's veriioa is made as it is 1^ Mr. Hampton^ ^' in munit^ qn^dam desert a TiVDA<^£ ^ VXTRA.'* We have thus an iofiBnce very r^marlMiUe ix^ Mr. Haxppfion, of abandoniog the Greek and Bering to the- Latin- He indeed, who fr^m his fituarioa cannot catch th& rays a^ they conie dire6^1y from the fun, muft be content ta lake them in their indexioo, as they rebound inom aAother «bje^. But that Mn Hampton (hould evw be one of this Hutuber, is very afloniihing ; and it was the accidtntai view e^ tills very p^flage, which put me i^n eii^ainining his , whole tranflation for my period of the hiflory. Bourrjt i. 45, " Vil- * lage fitue pres deDrancfe; -p-en lyjj-r-l'avalanche rafa ci **^ poiifla une vingtaine dc maifrns dans la riri^rc ;-^a village ♦* de Lflttiefy nous commencdmes a monter un chemin> * &c. The very name of th^ village, which was thus the fcene of JIannibars encampment before it became the fire jof a village^ i« a<^ual]y derived (I apprehend) frotn this incident ; the rocfc being forcibly pointed out by thje pra^ice of Haonibal, as aa fxcellcut poiition for a town or a forjt to guard the avenue;, "ipd Liiiuer jgjpifykig ^ ftort or a towA ia tbie originaL jEaiii* S*(5T. Viti OTER fttE ALPSi ' i^ fee Iccncs to the adtionsi Even when attcntio* has been once or twice paid, it appears injudi- cious in the aim, and tinfortunate in the ifluCi We fee a gleam of this, <:afling a fort of dubiotKi light upoii the prefcttt portion of thd hiftoryJ The white rtx^k of HanmbaFs encampment feemi tfcfigned to be refledled, by a rock of fimilar ap^ Jxrllation in the afccnt td Little St. BemanL General MeMll, as trc have feen before^ cameS Hannibal xtp^ to the top of his Alps by a " R^ckt ** Blanche ;" and Mi^. Pownallcondu6tsliim equal* ly, by ^ XixWhitf Rocky ' Thefe coincidences iri found or in fcnfe between their route and Poly-» bius's, though not urged as an ai'gument by either of thofe authors, may fecm to lend a flight ■ kind of fanat the French rmfht^ ix^roduced^imo^g ii|.1^.0ur:i|xilitS7'nien, coi^es very nearit* ' :\^QL. L T 4md i74 COirk&B or HA^KlSAL CHAP. ttU s^nd drivers^ to a vei?y great amount '• Nor was this all. The cavaliy axid the elephaasits haften- ing' to get opt of the dejQle, in order to fave themr ielves from t^ galling artillery of 1^ moun|ain ^ ^x^ the baggage neceifarily moving with much greater flowiiei;^ after them ; a lai:ge interval wa& jbon made between; ^em. The main body alfo ^ing poil on the rock' at the mouth of the de-> £Ie^ there was another interval xifiajde between the l^aggage and it. The Sa^ffi on the ridge faw both ; and ran obliquely down the fleep fide of the hill, ta take advantage of botl^. They ^u» took poft upon the road^ before and behind tho baggfege; all the baggage muft now have been, a* Aeir command ; and the whole army was in the mo& imminent danger of deilr^^oQ^ ^qm the total lofi of its tenls.and itd provifions % '. ■ ■• • \ 9Qt, ^ F^lyfaitlft iiu 5^. tlo^ltt Ti 4BXn0^ icoti««rM»' df^i mi rvy v«o^v» >^ dadc .(tnajoie tamca jumcntpnim quiwteminum pmaae) . • Livy alone informs us o£ Ihir bold j&ovtin^t tqi the Sa* iaffi^ xxi. 34* }*'Onm cuaftatnr Hatmibal cfensiftere agmea «^ ia an|[uAia8,««occarfaDt^ per bUiqoa MMafeun, pempio <« medio agouno, ^am inied^ne." Livj notico onij die ftop of Kanmbal at theriioiithof the defile, ik^tkocatfft of dot in* tervali *^ tunc quoque* ad txtceamai pericniay 4iO' prop^ peiv «' iiiciem, ye^tum e{^, 9Mm; dum truoftatur/* && J^ the meiy il^ure 6£ the ^qwoaiiiw' fbggtfti auotiicr aniie wit^ it, ivbkh I hare t&erefore bf^itedii livy indeed ^mntap^s Mt tfae.faiifM fage^ but tlie lofs of tiis could alone tringdf/lrM^ upoa • . ii . . tbc SECT, yrt * 'TOK * bVEH alp*. > 475 V :BaV.faippily foj Hsfenibal, tTiat very hatufe of tibc greund^ which was* of fo much diflervice to him, and had been feledled for his complete de* ftinAion, was tidw his preferviitibn. The bag- gage was takeni y6t*co\iid not be <:r&rridd 0^. The enemy had no opening out t>f the defile. The elephants, the c^talty, w^re at 0nft extremity «f it, and the main body was at thfe X)thdr^ A frightful predpice linjed the road On the left, and an overhanging ihountain Ihaded it on the inght. The bfiggage therefore, thouj^ in the hands ^of th6 Salaffi, was ftjU locked up ^iife from them in their own faftncffes. Men indeed, fo Hfejd to * .But their courage, being merely the courage of iniidioufnqf?^ of treachery, and of cowardice,* never thqught of filch an exertibn ii^ all proba^ ^ Botjrrit i. 3$. ^^ Letin mpotagnef | pref1<»f, X. Tt ?it Mfon pillagii]^ for thecafelv^, than ftudious of annoying the enjemy, th^ey flUl kept oja the mak rau^g warfare I but with kfs eagfrnefs^ becaufe with lefe hope \ Th/as ftopt sn^d examined fuc- cefiively in jptarts, througili the wholo^ ni^t ; the long line of baggage had Juft reached; the hea4 p£ the afc^ntj when, the morning ^aai,e ^* Han^ nibal therefore had no baggage before, tQ KetarcE his mardi; no battery on his flank^ to> gall his. tropps ; and no en^my behind, to att^k hia j^^n. He puft^ed through the "defile withoiit any Qi>% ^rucHojnij Bp,d joinecl his yaflffija^d^ agaij^, \ . Hannibal h^d how efcaped this fec^d dat^epv The well-j&bricated balloon of SalaiSia^ villainy^, had burft with its own gas within ; ^ivi tlw^ whQ were i»Qunting to thp clo^nds ki, it,, i^jerc thrown to the; ground feverely hurt. Yet H^^ danger was much mftre fbrmidable, tl(an that at the entrance into ih^ Alps^ from the perfidy gx\ * Livy x^i. jj. «. Pofieco ^, jaiu Icgniiw inttrcurfaniihu^^ ** Barbaris,^*&c. « Polybius iii. 5.3. Ei? ^»i tii vxfTtli-niJtoXi^. ' Ibid. Xvjw^Vaf fur and*twenty miles, by his new road from Or-^ :tieres ; when fixteen, by the old, would have leached the iummit of the Alps K But has he now reached the fummit, and ihall he now de^ ^nd upon Italy } Alas ! he cannot deicend, be- cauie he has not reached. He is upon a hSU^ that, inflead of ihowing Italy immediately under him to the fouth, ipreads out a delightful plain b^re him ; exhibits beyond it the EaUern Drancey glmoJd buried in the deep abyis of its nearly doiing banks of rock ; and diQ)lays thafe vaf^ deArts of ice and fnow, the Glacieres, extending in all the horrible majefly of a Polar winter, along iho horizon K What courie therefore ihaU he now take^ « 13vyxxi. 35. ** Sal tus— baud fine fZar^fip — ^fuperatus/* ^ Ibid ^ Majo];p tamcn jumfiQtonun (^uim honriinum per^ '«« nicic.'* > See the fequ^l of this fe£lioQ« ' Bouirit u 46^49, and SaulTure^s map prefixed to vol. iiu The Gla^iereti which are now ^^ted as objefta of terribly T 4 cnuoaty^ cSo CWJftSE Of HANMBAL C»A^, XIJU take ? He has alrendy fpent jfw days in tfie Alps^ and on th&Jkctb is to deternune upon Ihs route up* them- So unfortunate has he- been made, by his lat^ eraption of credulity !• From the ifllfce of it he has. learnt Aill mote than ever, we v»y be fure, to Iharpen his n^tUr^ edge of fuipieiaufr nefs ; tp be doubly ojx hi& guard, againi^! any re^ mains of generous confidingnefs, in his bofom; and to confider himfelf as in a ftate of perpetual hoflility, againft the e^fiin tiieachery of man. But how fliall he extricate himie]£ at piefen*, from this favage wildernefs of rock^ and ice into which he has been deluded ? JHe now, no doubly had recourfe again to his original guides th« Gauls. Thcfe, 'however^ were got b^ond the fphere and orbit of their knowledge. He bad der ferted the great road, \vhich they knew j s^nd de^ viated into another, with which they were unac? quainted, The Sal^ap guides top^ whp might ciiripifity, and w^rc fo viiitcd for the Ji^Jt time by «» caterr: prifing traveller pf our own country^ Pococke ; were pre-j Vioiifly reckoned fo formidable, as to attach the name of "Montagnes Maudites or Montagnes du JDiahkj to fomc of their adjoining hills (Keyiler i. 222, and Bourrk K 208).^ Pococke bimfelf fays no more of his vifit, than that '^ near Baume he. ** i^yi in the month of June an extraordinary grottOy called Gla- ** qiere, by reafon it has always ice in it,'*' &c, (yol. ii. pt. ii. p. 219.) Yet as Bourrit t«lls us iii. 4, •• lllluftre Pococke fujt ** le premier, qui voulut connoitre,*' So much more dignified have the Glacieres finc^ become, than they appeared at Ikxfi. I But.perhaps Pgcocke was. too phlegmatick. have 8*CT. VIII. OVEK THB ML'P% «Bj have been compelled ^perhaps -with a halter about their necks, to fhow him the bed way out 6f that wildemofs into which they had led him ; and who yet could hardly have bceft trulted^ after fudk evidenced of malignant treacherj% even with in-* ibmt doath before than; had affuredly elcaped^ in the inanner which I have fpecified already. Yet, -with all this, the lituation of Hannibal was not fo defperate as it may (eem to be. . iTiough the Oauls with him knew nothing of this wild and devious part of the Alps, they knew enough of.the general line in which they had moved, to be certain they could not be very far from the regular road. When they had, at * three miles from Orzieres to the eaft, entered the Val dd Bagnes; they had moved almofl parallel with that road, only diverged fipom it gradually to the caft, and could not therefore be at a very great diilance from it at prelcnt. In fadl, they were pnly about eight or nine miles < Yet how (hall they get back to it i The nature of the interme- diate country is fuch, lays Bourrit concerning one pafs in it ; the oply writer, who has travelled over any part of it, and who had no idea of Hannibal's march along it ; that*" there are no f* troops, which would expofe themfelvcs to f' perifh without gloiy, in a gorge like this^/* ' M^p prefixed to Sauilure, vpl. iii. ■ Bourrit L 47. ** H n'cft point de troupes, qui void ui&nt ^f s^exppfer ^ peririans gloire, dan3 \iQe gfl^e conune cel)e-la.'' t Hannibal z%^ eouRgfi or HANNiirAr* . chaf. ii jt, . Hao^bat however w&s /;/ the co^ntrj, and ixft a<9:-aswell as hf could in order to get out of it. ^ He th^e&re took his old guides^ and began ta ftaplotp .his bKad way to- the being views of Cho^notane ; ai&d lE:tpUcati0m dt fkaO^ prefixed^ p. xtVt * uaprf; 9MCT.ynu -OVER ths a»». 1185 inare inland b»y th^ the Utter, tp throw him off ftill more to the north; i» the Gkcicre of Dc Tacudey or Valforet, to the north and weft of Mount Noir and Mount Vekn, and a ^little to the fouth of Saint-Peter*s on the regular road ^ Cannibal therefore piuft have been doubly obliged,. to Jiarch his unknown way, and to /?qntry by coiijecftiBre, and entered the vallies by furmifea but could frequently find no paffagc through them, and was obliged to come bkck to their openings again. He thus marched along the Alps, bewildered and confouxKied by the confe^ quences of tlie 5alaffian treacher)\ f M|ip prefixed to Sauffurc, vol iii. . ' livy xxi. 3,5. " Pervcntum eft ptr invia plcraqtiey ct er- H rores; quos aut ducentmixi fraus, ant» tibi fides m nooeifet, f* temer^ iHits^valles a conje6taniibu& iter^lfaciebaitf •" How >a84- COURSE OF HANNrBAI. CHAP, llf* How then can- Polybius, by any extravagance of neglc of the hiftory of Polybius ! Livy, it is plain, had accefs^ ta ♦' Polybius ill. 53. Ty/^''lsr«uptoy, rm lEToXf^ftw ;^wpio^ykiW, tfv- other S&CTf,\ixt OVER trffe AtpS, iij 0ther dobunvenis for his fa<6^s; and 16 was ea- abled to iupply the great, the numerous defi<- ciencies in Polybius^s narration. He a^twUly appeals to Tarious other documents, at tim^s ; to * ** authors" in general, to **L.CinciusAlimentus,'' and to ** Coeliu^," in particular ; the former of whom' ^ writes he was taken prifoner by Hanni-^ •* bal/* and ^ heard" a circumftance *^ Grom the ** lips of Hannibal hinifelf;" while the latter ^ (ays, Hannibal pailed over the Alps by a parti- •^cularhili^- Yet all this part of the hiftory, hecanfe it is not m \ Polyl^ius, has never been thought of by the former delineators of Hannibal's courfe. They carry jhim in one fteady line, up the reguldr road of the Alps. TTiey make no diverfion from it, and caa . tharfore form no return to it. They have na guides deceiving him, and no wanderings into . -which thefe led him ; no ways taken by guefe, no Tallies entered at random, and no movements re^ trpgrade out of them, in order to regain the de- jferted road again. Their march over the Alps i« thus any thing, but Hannibal' si a march without his feduiSlions, without his deviations, witjiout his recoveries. • Livy XXI. 38. " Ut quidaai au autem audifle Haniiibale /' ^' C<£lh]|i' |ier jj^eoionU ** jtt|[um dkit tranfiflc." Jq 486 COUlkSE OP SANNIBAL C«At.ftttv In tbw period of Hannibdtl's Alpine iBXpeditionf» which took. K&pi nearly half of tihie whole, and ^mployod «v> ifjfo.thMt fiur 4$tys ; he moved in a ^iga^f I heliefvc, ia which no ariny ever moved beibte or fince, not one has been purfoed in this line^ We have travels in the Val de Bagnes upon one fide> mid in* the f^gular road oti the other ; but have sat one^ in the region of defecation between^ We knovirnot even the naiaac of a ftngle moun^ iaiB, or tven the i;xifiencc of a fingle brook^ vithin it- From the maz^^ of this un-vifited deiert, thi& Terra Attfiralis Incognita of the Alps» Ihis little world of Winter's own ; Hannibal was IK> lefs than thuse whole days, in winding him* ikU and his army* He then reached that regular road at 8t. Peter\ which he had 1^ five days before at Orziere«5> only about fiviu miles below *•. ,' Saufllire iv. ^6i. << 4 viie dcmMieue audeflbns de St* " Pierre, on palfe a« hameau d^Alcvcj" P. 283* "A unt '* autre dcini-lieuc audcflbus d* Aleve, on pafle k Liddes;** Jbid. *' A uac lieue auddfous de Lidde^ oa cotoie det fo«> */ chers-:- ;** P. ^84. " Uo qu^t dc li^uc plus loin, on pa0« « a Oriexc. " * , SECT. VIll. and thoi^h their capital dty had ntik hea^ takom like that of the Seduni ; yet fach waa the dtffereooe between the co^'ardly cunning of ihofi, ajod. the martial bra^iery of ibefi, that they fubmitted ahnbft equally with the Seduni) t» the ipirit ituid the power of Hannibal. They faaA been previoufly taught by the experience of the SeduiUy to rely upon fraud rather thaa fiMte. This fratid they had profecuted, with every degreo of dexterity ; yet had been baffled, in all their ex- jie^tions. They therefore gave up all farther deiigns, of general oppo^tion to himS Some finall parties of them, only^ kept faoveririg about the army. Thefe made occafional attacks uppq^ it ; taking their opportunities of time ox. place, oa the march, on the hak, or during .^e^camp* meilt, to fall Ibmetimes upon the rear, andTfome^ times upon the van. But their aim ill all, was merely to;^ plunder the jbaggage. In the retrograde. oioyeiaente pf the army> the order of march muii ^909 pn^tafuf, ' ** Frpm thift time, the barbarmns ne^r came t* , •^-attacilJWth'liKijy wry *«/w«ri«/^«^** (1.360), oXoerxift* tfv. rv/^l^ with $heir *wMe army. 'How xifiglig^t is tte tranflator !^ have iSS totkiSE OP HAkNtBAL fcHAP. nf^ fcave been totally inverted at times, and ithe bag- gage have eccafionally followed the rear, or pre- teded the vani. They thus, from time to time, carried off a little of the baggage ^ But they wotrld. have carried off rtiore, if Hannibal had 3aot thought of an fexpediejnt to prevent it> by attaching the elephants to^ the baggage. Thefe indeed moved flowly down the fteep and narrow ways, but were of Angular advantage from tjtieir prefenfce* On whatever li4e they appeared, there the Salafli did not venture upon an attack. They were wholly un-acquairited with the anir jnals ; and the very light of them carried an alio-' xrifliing terrour with it '• * Livy x:^* 55. " Inde Montani pauciones jam, et latfocinit ^ magis quam belli more»^ occurfabant ;inodo in primum* *^ niodoio noviflimum, agmen, utcuoque aut locus opportu-^ ^ nitateifi daret, aut progrefli morati-ve aliquam occafionem *• feciflent. '• Polybius iii. J3. O* juisv »to tu? spa/Tay, m h xcr» ^ Polybius id. ^3. M^Hmy tVi/lv , mou^tix^o X9^^'^ ^* ^infMC. I jsff^ or yecf ToTov vTftp;^oi rn; 'srops*o&$ r«t/1«f ttrpo; rot/lo ro ftcf^t tf k. . tjf3>-}»,w 0» •RToX^oi vp90'»cyaiy ra tvap^^of ov uc^XnrhiAivo^ t«); TMy ^wy ,^ay7«^ ab hoilibus quacunque incederent (quia infttetis, adcuadi •* propius inetus^ erat) agmen prabebant/* -? i« MCT. Virt. OVEk +flE ALPS, ^9^ in this manlier^ did Hannibal regain his loft road at 'St. Peter's. He would feel himfelf very glad, to be once more upon it after all his dangers and all hi^ wanderings ; to be again, un^ der tiie certain guidance of his Gauls ; and to bi only nine known mites, from the great cr^ft , of the naountains '^. He would therefore n^axch Up to the crcft the next day, with redoubled vigoun This day was now the ninth, fincc be Mtered the grand defile at Marligny ; .and, at kft, he found hinifelf happily inounted with all his army, upon the real ridge of the Alps *. ' ♦ fiDurrit iii. ft86. ** Bourg.dc Saint-Picrrc^ qui oft k troil <* lieues plus bas," &c. ' PolyBtas iii. $3. Eriwkuo^ Ik iiamicrm^ ii; r»$ vie%fitif^. lArf zxL 3$. ^* Nono die in jugum Alplum pcrventtun eft.'* Po* lybiuB tb«8 concurs with lity, iii afligning nint days to th« mtrdi up tbe Alps \ and {o gives /viyr to that part of it, which reaches from Luttier to the top. Hannibal halted for the ficcnd^jx 1*^^ rs^^fiiyw; «i|«i^aff «v8k w^pA* On tht /bnrthf he ' mardbci away with his new giiides ; fi)^ h rilafisuoi w^ ctM^ti o^ xiy)Wfeo( ^enTo ftk^iCKw^. The guides led hirti^ that day and. thej^i^; 4it^o^ivofM.hw Teuflm fti 2^ Djuit^ceK. There remain Iherefore the/xiby the/e^entby the eigM, and the nin^h^ to be accounted for by Polybius ; tvea according to his own eoume- ration. And thefe are all thrown together in an account, that ottiits every circumftance riecorrfid by Livy, defcriptive of the Atfiom Alps' into which Hannibal^ had been feduced ; that omits indeed evtry chicumftance i^hatever, except only the general and fiimmary one, of his gaining the top of the Alps. Let m^ here fubjoin one oMervation upon Mr. Moore's t^rav^is over tlwrf^ Alps, in order to prevent a miftake in. Vol. J. U . oti»rs, ^9^ COURSE OF HANNIBAt CHAPs llh others^ into wliich I had nearly been led myfelf. From Gha^ inouni he goes, *' after various windings on a very rugged •* road, — i/tio a hollo^M of the moft difmal appeararice — * *' Having traverfed this, we continued GUI' journey, fome- ** dmes afcending, then defcending Into 0th^ nfallirs whoft ^^ ^names I have forgot. We, had along qontinqed afcent over' ** Mont Noir, a very high hill — # We came at length Xo the •* pafs, which feparates the king of Sardinians country, from •* the little republic called the Pa^s de Vallais. Acrofs thi^ •* there is an old thick wall, imd a gate— ^. Wheit you have ** paffed through this !ong defile, the road runs along the fide ^^ of a high and deep mountain.— ^-The road led us at length to *' the lummiti Having traverfed this, and defcended a little ** on the other fide, the LoWer Vallais opened to our view,— •** The diftance fronl this point to Marti gnV, which ftands •* near the bottom of this mountain, is about fix miles" (i. 241-142)^ In this vague way of writing, does the author delineate his travels here. His courfe is all a bird's flights He gives tis only, one local naote, to mark his route from Cha- mouni to Martigny; and, by a ftrai?ge fatality^ t^Jat ene is 'wrong. The mention of Mont Noir I.confidered as mf great landmark, for tracing the line of his movem«itS4 I ac- cordingly, took the large iTiap, prefixed to the ^d volume of Sauflure. There I knew I. fiiould find Mount Nair near to St* Peter's, on the. road from Martlgny to the top of the Alps. I thence followed this airy traveller, through the clouds that fur- round his courfe, down the Alps, to St. Branchier, " about /!r •* miles" from Martigny '^ near the bottom of the mountain/' • In this explanation of his route. 1 fbould have refted, if I had jiot been accidentally induced toconfidifr the point with more at- tention. I then found, that he Avas deceiving me by a grofs mifnomer. Hi» Jfont Hair fhould have been denominated La Tete Noire. His memory has thus confounded two very diftant hills. He comes to Chamouni from Geneva, along the Arve, and. by Bonneville, Chlfe, Sallexiche (p. 201- 209} • He leaves it *'\ by afcending the mountains, at the end •' oppofite to that—- by which he had entered** (p. 240)- He would SXCTrVm. ' OYBR THE ALPS. dgt w0uIJ have laid, if he had been writing travels uf§n earfb^ ' duit he ftili kept along the line of the Arvi towards xtsfpura, tod that he pafled through Argentiert to KaUrJin. This it the M village of Savoy. Thtn comet ^ the pafs^ which fepa* ** rates the king of Sardinia's country from-*^the Pays de Val- '* lais^*' and ^* acrofs which there is an old thick wall and a ^ gate.'* T&t gtand aiountain» which is called LaTete Noire^ fuGceeds. You next pafs by F\ni0^ the firft village in the VaQab. You itadi the village of Trient in a bottom. You mount the hill beyond it, called La Farcla or Forcla% fur JUaritgfiy ; and, from a poinC-a little below the fun^mit on the other fide, you have a profped of all the Lower Vallais (fee * Sauflure^rMfip,. Boiurit tii. %^^'%^t^ and Sket&h. 8s-86); Such is the rc^on of Mr. Moore's travels, when it is enlarged from hit 'bird^8-^3^deUnes^n, arid adapted to the opticks of a man! Such a(re hii trav^, I (hould rather fay, when they ire purged dim indiffioftn^fs.^d. his mifiiomeri andwlieA if it brotfg^tdf^wnfpm the moon again! a . ■ '* 4 Ua CHAPTER ^^ C0U4tSB OP SAKKIBAXr OtfAF/ZT; .. ; •:•..• . . »• . <;HAPTE5L Tii» FOU&iai; \ . . ir . •>, I'l L I '-'. . ....:• / ' ■ ■ : .A->' \. -.' . ♦X A r !'••/. ! . .' \' I X% AVE '■ tip w . fcon(Iu<^6il'' ir4iiti?lial a^tf " h^ '■ Car-' thagijgiansi/ijp rto tbp (w^^^^ thpfemouhtain&^ vvhifi^far^ (the aoii -difii^guiihedi m. iiU. ;the old wwl(lyai>di0Blf yield ki ffsm^Skkxt Mid>dkiyai^oii , to the Andes of Amenta i iring imitation of Hannibal's conduct, taking the line of the lattcr's march fix>m Spain into Italy, only revcrfing it into a route from Italy into Spain, and croffing the -Alps particularly in this very courfe, ** about the fprings of the Rhone and of ** the Po.*' Not long afterwards, we fee 1ht> Romans repeatedly conducing their armies over the Alps, by the fame route ; which' i§ then pointed out to our obfervance for the Jirfi time, by its appropriate appellation of the Penine Way. In the grand ftruggle for fbvereignty, between Otho and Vitellius ; Caecina, the partifan of Vi- tellius, and the commandant of the; German anny, ^^ remained a few days among th? Hel- <* vetii" of Switzerland, fays Tacitus, "x prepar-^ ing to pais the Alps *." In this interval he re- ceived intelligence, that a bpdy of troops upoD^ the Po had revolted from Otho, ahd brought over with then^ MiUn the capital, and Novara a town, '•'.tagnej'* when from hi?, own pages «yo, *8i, ^183, ft84i ^869 an and ia part oyer the Gjprailafl^ y We have thus all the three paffes by Mount Ge^^ iievre. Little St. Bernard, and Great S^ B^mard^^ here mentioned together. We have alfo the h& noticed.with the firfl, in ^ previous, period of thq hiift(»y, and with ^ defcripliye cirdipiiftan^e. thai; .marks it out to us the mor.e diftindtly. When ViteUius was &ft pufliing for that royalty of Rome, which had now become expofed to the bold hand of every powerful general among the armi^ ; *^ he appointed two chief commandants, ^* and two grand routes, foi: the war. Fabiu^ ^' Valens was to draw over Gaule^ or, if it couH ^ not be dravy^n over, to ravage it; and then, by *^ the Cottian Alps" or mount Gencvre, ^^- to; f' break into Italy." But Caecinaj witli his army from Germany, " was to go by a nearer way^ and ** ddccnd upon Italy fronx the Penine Hills K"* We here fee the armies of Rocae marching acrofs the Pennine Alps, at a very early period of their imperial hillory. Xh^^ the Pennine way was » Hift. iv. 68. " Legioncs ViiSriees Sexta et Oa.ava, Vitel- •* lianarum Una-et-Vicefima, t recens confcnptis Secunda, ** Peninis Co6tianifque [Cottianifque] Alpibus, pars Monte ** Graio, trkducuntur." " Hift. i. 6i. " Vitellius duos daces, duo itmera, bcllo dcf- *' tinavit. Fabius Valens aliicere, vel (i abnuerent, vaftarc, ** Gallias; et Cottianis Alpibus Italiam irrumpcret Caecina^ ** propiore tranfitu, Peninis jugis degrcdi; julTus.*', .no l^gT. I^ aV£R TB& ALBS. tf^f X^Q longer 't))c oidy pais acrofs the Alps^ out ot Frs^nce^ Switzerlaudy or Germany. Yet it ftilt D^ras, a^ it ftill; is, tb^e grand channel of cdtomuQi^ cation betweea the weft of Germany^ thp weft ofi Switz;erland^ the Vall^s^ and Lombardy, Thq road over the Graian AIps^ or Little St. Bernard, had in p^t fugededed its ufe forFranoe; and that over Mount Gencvre, or the Cottian Alps, appears to have done fo Hill ibore ; tiis appear- ing in the movements above, to be muph mor^ pradtifcd by the a^rinies of Rome than tbaf^ and being expiseisly declared by Marcellinus, to bc^ f' the middle way" between the Graian aii^d Ma- ritime AlpSjj " and more celebrated" than either K We have accordingly feen a formed roa,d of the Romans, carried over Mount Genevre and Littlq St. Bernard from France into Italy. Nor are wo ' • ■" . * • • without luchf an ufeful guide, acrof^ the prefent Alps ; having one, that takes its courfe fi*om Ger-- Ijiany, and runs '^ from Milan over the Penin^ f* Ajlps to IV^entz." But let us do by this as we^ did by the otha:^, and invert its order to form it for our purpofe. It then has thefe ftagcs : *^ Oc- ^* todurum, m. p. - - ," Martigny ; ^,^ Sum- f^ MUM Peniiium, m. p. xxv^' [Peutinger's Tables, ^' In SuMMO.PfiNNiNOxiii"], Great Saint-BkRt KARB ; *' Augujiam Vratmam^ m. p. xxv" [Tables, * Marcellinus xv. c. lo. p. 109, " Licet h«c, quam diximiM <* riam, media fit,— jaaagifquc Celebris.** ^« Auguila a^S COURSE OP HANNrBAI. CHAP. IV^ ^ Augiifla tVaetoria xxviii**], Jofia in Piedmont ;■ ^ Vitrictum, m. ^. xxv [Vtricio xxi]/* Ferrex in Piedmont ; ^ E^fora^anty m. p. xxi f Eporaedisi, ' ^ j^xxiiJ],* jfor^ in tiedmont ; ^^ Ver cellos, m. p. ^^ xxxiii [Vergellis xiii}," Vercelli in Piedmont i ^* NUvcricm, in.^p. xvi,"^ Novara in the Milaneie j^ »nd *< M?diofanO:^ m. p. xxxiii/* M&» '"** Such clear evidence have we, for this Pennine way of the Romans pv^r the Alps, and.for Han- pib^Vs march by it to the top of Great St. Ber- nard! By that way- did he enter the mountains,, and at this point did he reach the fummit Nor let the real diftance, or the diftaijce noted in the Roman road above^ when eiiher is compared witK the time, taken by Hannibal in' afccnding the Alps ; confound us by their, contradiftoripiefs. The diffance in the Itinerary of Antoniilus, is only twenty- five miles froiu " O^lodurus" to'^^ Sum-. ^* mum Peninum.,;** and, in the Tables of Peur.. linger, only thirteen. It was formerly reckonecl fey the natives to be twenty-five, though by y&w^ twenty-eight ^. It appears at prefent, to be ex- ndlly or nearly twenty-fix from the Odloc^urus of " Bcrtius ii. fecond p.^a, and*fec«nd fcgwent of Peutinger'i T-ables. ^ Placide, in his recent map of Savoy, llill denoniinatc* thefe mountains *' Alpes Pcnnincs ou dc Valais." " Siqaler 85, fpcaking of the diHsincc in the Itinerary, fays j ** quae diftantia hodie quova,^oXr,v Tuv Ax^wv, and then adding ; Xo»7ra* •jj^As r^Uf tij Ta igrtpi Toy JIaJoy wjSict raj IxaXta? (iii. 39).' iBSCT* Hi OVER I'HB ALPSw ^01 Theaaljare of Ihis' ground is l^tim«4el]r and <^- fentially yei[Minedtedt» widi the iiirtu^ of ourprq^t^ iaqttiry. , ^ ^ f ... ♦ # , # . • • Thk ,jG^rtJheil; part of the paflagc over this di- viding mountain, this Une of lofty feparation be- Iwi^en .Italy and the continent of Europe, this creft of t^e. mighty mound, with which Natiu'C ^ad gaarded her Paradife of Sweets, and her Nur- iery of Heroes, from the world ^ ; is a imall plain^ now r denominated, as it muA long hav^ been called, THE PjbAW op Jupiter, from a temple which flood there in the time of the Romans ^ Ev.ea J^ivy biflafclf notices " that llatue of a Grod, . f' which was confecrated on the very top of the *' ,AJp5,/,ajid called Peninus by the moun^ *^ ^taincers ^" But was this one more of the mstfiy PivinitiQS^ Y^hkh the. ignorance of Heathenism, and tjie- prevalence of its fears, very naturally ^ Tq my iurprize I find this f^timent, fince I wrote it, occurring in Hcrodian; who in ii, p. 90, Ruddiman, 17*4, fays the Alps ** furround and projcdt before Italy in the form ** of a wall, * If ruxQVi erxitftMU vt^utuleu kcu WQfeS£Knhu traMbff ** nature even adding this to the other happinefs of the Italians,'' '^ as a fence mviolable,^ tpv^ appfpcloi ru * Sanffbre iv. 2*5. ' ' • Livyxxi. 38. . «* Ab eo quem, in iiuwno facrtrtUm vcr.* ^ tice, Pemnuin spfitam appellam/* ^ Hontintjed jjOTk COURSE Ot ttANNlfiAl. CtfAB.^lV^ continued to fabricate for itfelf ? Or was the Gdd Peninus thfe very fame in fa6l with JupiteX, only diibrinunated by » different appellation . from hinl? He was clearly the fame: Petiinus wa^ merely the Jupiter of thd mountains^ ahd Jupiter was only the Peninus of the plains ; this wor- fiiipped by the natives, undet* their owil appella- tion of Peninus or the Highland God ; and ihai adored by the- Romans, under* theif cfwri and more comprelienlive title of Jupiter, JoU Pater, ot Father Jove. That fuch a diflindlion fhould &rer have been made in general, by the wildling ibfurdity of the human undcrllandingj Wotdd bd f incredible in itfelf, if we 'had not fall evidence of it in thofc records of ihlttie againft out* face, the Heavenly Hillary of it in the Jewifh Scriptures. ^There we find, that '^ the fervant's of the King *• of Syria faid linto him,** concerning; the Jeho- Vah bf the Jews ; *^ Their Gads are Godi of the « Hills J therefbre they were ftronget than we» « but let us light againft them in the Plaky and *^ liirely we fhall be ftroiiger than they ^'* We again find the folly at a later period, and upon the crcft of the Alps ; in the worlhip of Jupiter, as Peninus or tlie God of the Hills. The prefent denomination of the plain, proves the temple ta have been confecratcd to Jupiter. The .whole mountain alfo appears to have Iharcd with the * * plain. IBBCT. lU OVEH THE AtPS; 30^ plaiti) Lq this name derived from the temple;. the tide, which it bore familiarly among the Ro« mans, being, that of Mons Jcvis oV the Hill of Jupiter. It is ib called expre&ly by a writer ia Latin, even within our own country^ and even fo early as the feventh century \ But this name adhered to the mountain, for ages afterward ; in the corhiptions, that have vitiated the antient La-^ tin into thp 'modern French, the defignation of iM?«i Javis beit^g tdianged. only into that 6f Mont JquXy which it bore familiarly before St. Bemaid impofed hi§ name upon it "". . The ruins of this temple remain at prefeiit^ and^ have fumilhed maniy ^aonumdntS of its antiquity. .Thefehave been getletaUy of the votive kind, offered up in devout acknONvledgment <>f prttferviationtfiomlhe dangers of tlie journey, and engraved upon plates of brafs. In this form, noi ^loubt, they were pinned up againft the waUs of the temple within; juf): as plates, commemorative of the dead, are ibmetimes pinned in our churches. But the great number of them concurs, with what I have re- peatedly obferved before; and Ihows this pafs over the Alps, to have been much frequented ^\ ^ Ncnnius c xxiii. •* Super verticem Montis Jovis." . ' SauiTiire iv. 226. Simler 243. *' Montis Jovem pleriquc •* nominant, quern hodje S. Bernardi Majoris nominamus j fig '* Otto Frifingenfis, Guntherus ih fuo Ligurino, n)ultiquc •* alii, hoc nomine ufi funt.'* ^ Saufliire iv. 226-227. ^ ' There 304 CQU&^ 09 HAK^BAt bSAP/tV; There are three inferipdonft too, ttiit have been feund here, and are peculiarly im{)prtant: One ut the nakedne& mttft have b^^ gHr^ to the God at {0m6 earlier ^tio^^ \t^hen the votaries weat ^(juaUy tiaJM^ 9^, i^ni ^ pf innpvatioQ ia that tsAmm^A of aU fi^s to tean^ the worfli^ jpMrea f^ucjcq^ de ramiq^i^i par If £4 P. Dom a #^« {Maitm]SeUjpiciUcBeBe<^(£tio4^4lL<^Q8regat^^ *« Sr Ms^iir, puwagc enr.ic;hi d? :5gy r** .co ^^illc^dQUcc, ^ V?^i$, «* .»7>7,'* Ki two.Yolvmcs,.ci«cl thMpaff^gc/rom Gui- cboQon ; but i^cs out ^.w " ojid/ .a«id *' J^u pied d' ** cftal, fcrvant d'smJclj^'* t9ip«.u, l^ir.iu cl^^;, xri?c, p. 4pa. The aii^ did«ot wd^cfiapfl.^ l^iAo^ fhe pi^ter omittod thefirft. Voii|L . X originally. 3o6 COUESB OF CANNIBAL CHAP. IV. originally, like all other nations, from the warm climates of the Eaft, in their tendencies to la- vagenefs had gone naked^ not waijting clothes for warmth, and not wearing them ^or decency ; had therefore exhibited the material rcprefenta- tion of Godj juft as they exhibited themfelves ; but did not change the mode in him, when they 'were. compelled by cold to change it in them- felves; and fo brought witlu them to the Alps, both their antient flatue of Qod, ftill appearing as a 'naked man, and their antient appellation of jEHovAit for himj ftill remaining in their name of Jove ?. This degrtded Jehovah of Barbarians / * Oca. X3di. 14. *^ And Abraham called the name of that *^ place Jehovah'^veh* ** This fiiovfs tjbe name of Jehovah, to be the popular name of GOD from ail antiquity; and the found of it, preferved in the Latin ^d the Celtick to this day, confirms the evidence; We have *• ^au, Jupiter, Gallick; " ^atiTti Dieu, enBafque; y»w, Jupiter, en Etrufque^ JW, "Dien, Seigneur, Ba.; y«, Dieu, hecafmfe -only objW^te of >^)eplogical timas!einent to f h^ »ew-fi^f i*ed wdtld. Accor^ - Singly StJrvito, the firft «Ki perhaps beft com- meritator tqpon Vitgift, aflferes «6 in the ftriddle of *he ftmrfti B^as continued, eten in his own time*, Ifemntis therefore continiied under the Romams, the Divine Patron of fliefe mourftains ; but re- ceived *a partner in Aat pattoliage, iirom the 6ands of *thc 4lmnanis. A *new .5P*mnus was exhibited *on a nevr ^atue, with '" the ^hundor in his left " hand, his right hand lifted ^p, ftndfeislleftd *^ encircled by a crown; having a beard and ** ^mr, wefetring a ojdbe, and carrying k knotted •^3 rofitique oti fbe^onlder^" The Roman ¥eriinus fe 4e fer 5lkfe"thfe^ Alpine, as to %e almbft ^ ««4¥U€iilui^''^l^ tThe rtidt^mVi fee the #b(^Te piflajjb ibon> ID the text. '"^/^Uichwdn \.4, 4. ''<*'lfe ftuBrcen'fr'ittaitt'^iidic, et to ■*« miJn dfbite lte^fc,*U^ttftfc'cmm)mifc, nywitbafbeet eheyeuxr ' •'^ *" ' Mked; ftCf.«< 0VS» Tfif ALP9* ^ Hftkcdrto ha^v^ tmljr ;e( roW ik^ltig fwrofe W ItMteh ovA fais right hand wl^ the falm )b](- pftini«i, and tQ ft«D4 i^A ii rouiij^ pillart Bqt Jicift4«ifv4iflfcrw4 «stografpthei^rkfid„thMft- derbolt in his left h^Dd^ to have a larg^ bos^ upon what were before As finobtli as Hebe*^ liia un-razored lips \ to have all the afpe^ of reverend agedneis m his looks^ to wear a-i:adial crown upon his head*, and to ftand upon a pillar that has all the mem- bers of elegant architedhire in it, a capital, a bale, a pedeftal. This compounded llatue, a very fine one^ and of bronze, was canofuUy preserved &r fi loag tiiqe m a mwf^f ry ne^ tlu» plain, was Ubefc delineated by De Viot, but has pow va- ^ilied^; the gri^iial <^i^o£ worship, • ajfter */ Mibton'^ Cdoius. This is in faA wfa^t Jj^venfiljb^f^g* grated in joI^Ci ^^ Jove nonduqA borbato." . * Dgm Maitip i* ii. viii. p. 998, citiaf; the words ot Gui- isheno^ very properly in fenfe, b\it not very fairly in probity, interpolates them llius, ^ b telle cmiraaa^e Jltate cmrmuft ra^ ' Martin ibid* ibidf ** An &Iooafiere de IVffiof Jpnx cuxSa^ ^ voye, on a conferve pendaot long^tems u^e fort belle; flatue f * de Jupiter^— L'auteur de la vie de St» Bernard de Menton, ^ et GuichenoD, en ont d9nn6. la figure. '* Guichenon i. \p 4. •« Cettc ftatn? d'Jopitcr jic'ce roSt pj«3." Gcaticrhan'i pu|de aj, 5^ 5 » piany 310 COURSE OP HAKNIBAL CJTAF* 2lf« many centuries of amazement at it^ bebcnmng the objedb of a new but innocent kind of idolatry, and antiquaries purloining even Gods to gnitSy it. Yet the Roman infcription, pdlar, and'pe-i deftal are fiill fafe^; the firft of which a|)^ropri-> ates all, and runs in this form, lovi o. M. QEUIQ LOCI FORTVNAE REDVCI TERENTiyS VARRO ' PEDIC,'^ Tercntihs Varro the Roman conqucrour of the country, with the ^irit incident to a Conquerour and a Roman, inftantly began fome grand inno- vations upon the Alpine wprlhip, ^impofed the new name of Jupiter upon the God Peninus, " formed a new llatue and a new pillar for him, modelled that with all the attributes of a Roman Jupiter, and infcribed this exprefsly to him as Jupiter, But the pillar, being earlier than Lu- cilius's before, is lefs ornamented than his ; ha- ving no feftoons of carving aroupd it, and only a plain pedeftal to it. In this manner was the f Guichencm i. i. 4. << U ne rtOei que la colooviey et le ♦« pied d'eftal. t Ouichenon h i* 4« Roman SiECT. n. OTSR THE ALPS. ' ' 31I Roman Jupiter and the Alpine^ Peninusy equally worfliipped on the hill of Great St. Bernard j each {landing oil his Roman pillar within the - temple^ this in mot^ than the fimplicity and fa- vagenefs of Alpine manners^ and that in much of the pomp and decorations of Roman dignity. There both the flatues were found afterwards, and fo preferred to be delineated for the infpedlion of the prefent age. There they continued to engage in a kind of conteft, for pre-eminence of wor- Ihip ; the natives afluredly adhering to the ori- ginal Jove of their mountains ; and the Romans attaching thqmfelves to the Jove, who had en- abled them to reduce llioie mountains, and to plant their new Jupiter by the fide of the old. In this ftrange battle of national Gods, which was common to all the tteathen regions of the globe; each region preiuming its own Jupiter, as more familiar to its mind, as more the objedt pf its fond wilhes and prayers, to be alfo better thian £he Jupiter pf another country and another name ; Lucilius, with a generofity peculiar per- haps to himfelf, cdndefcended to the prejudices of thefe Alpine Highlanders, profefled himfelf a votary of the conquered Jupiter of the hills, and (dedicated to him a pillar fuperiour in beauty^ to f he Roman Jupiter'15, yidrix cauia Deis placuit^ fed vida CatoDi. X;4 When JIft . CQUIIM OF JUANVaUf. CHAP. »«. When howeftx Tcrcntius Vgrro qr^diedf hilt ftatis^ ancl k}h piUaf to J^pit^^ i^^the temple and bj the ii^e Qf P^<^u& ; ^*ftM9^ed an ^ prthehfipn of offen^g l^islnm^, m the refy aik of opp€«&ng hift. Frcwa tjmt vjjwii que Ton appel- *" loit Toeil de Peninus.'" * Faul Jovlus is alfo faid by Simler 24T, to mention this column ; but this is a miflaXe in Simler. See P. Jovius torn, i, 306, for his defcription of the Alps ; and even Simlet himfejf ^4 1*2 42, for his tranfcript of Jovius. . "* Martin i. ii. viiL p. agS. *' Sur cette colonne etoit Efcar^ *< boiKle, qu'on appelloit I'oeil de Jupiter." A note adds s ^ c*eft ainfi que parle Viot ; Guichenon pretend, que cettc ♦^ Efc^rbouclc paflbit pour Poeil du Dieu Pe»in.'* wa^ «8cir. n:^ otBR i^RB ALPS. 515 .wasworfbipped'equally upon Little as on Great St^Bemaofd, ftanding equally upon a pillar at hoih, and ranking ad the cdmmon Genius or Jupiter of bodi. But the worfliip ihuft hav^ been deri^^' with the name, from the Bennii3A *to tibe G^aian Alps; P^iwe being noticed by a Idvy, as the appropriated s^pellation of Great St. Bernard ; and the worihip of the God Peninus ibeing equally noticed by him, as the equally appropriated worihip of the inhabitants of Great 6t. Bernard ; while Little St. Bernard never had the uppeUation at all, and therefore could only have the worfhip dcsrivatively. The natives of jhefe hills, in that uncertainty about the true 'God, which their Heathen blindneis naturally generated; and in that delire of finding him amc^ng the Gods of their neighbours, which -both pr(kiuced ; borrowed their Ddty from the in- habitants of thofey and worihipped him in the iame manner with them. The Graian Alps were humble enough to imitate the Pennine^ to adopt their God, and to copy their worihip. Such was the confeiJed fubordination of the Graian^ . fu^h the acknowledged fupremacy of the Pennine, in the earlieil ages ! But this was not done before the Romans came^ and opened the Graian Alps as the Pennine had been opened before. Then the Romans of Little St. Bernard put the naturalized Deity P^ninus, upoa ^i6 couE«K Of 8Airirt9^^ WAJt, rh upcvn » pitiar qf iimrb)^ lt>ijff^]|. .^ Wl^f^isllt^ whiahhaabeen prefarwi «QtllkHy!'wJttir Ifee^bw piUayft oa Gteat St B 4is,d!ie!eitikerfth^ve;; GAkhenoa^.whodidbiibes it> ImsL ^ irhfi>j8«^«r4r: bwe the iilfcr^ent md ij^ pcriftied 'irith /^, €^ Refine Db Viot c^iild jpome tti.deliiamte md4efad HroovH c^ fx)nei9: tioe xwBmsyr^-tmdiitk>^ »ndjtlM&iiiu»- tioned a wry; gxtrtorditiarjfcmajmftaj^ lo tbe perfonai exhibition of tisifi God^ The kib»biti|rtt« of littte 6t, Bernard 'wry pw>- perly eontideted thenr; JDcaty^ 4iid tboi^ ^ GfMt . 8f. Beron^ (w^ nay-bf^ five) ^qua% joonfidsiieil iHtei, h^ t*iag the Jove or ji^otftbftf tbdr &• t}ier» ; ^^ the Grad^ loipedor pf the uoiyede* dedland«ag indeed was SSCT.n.; OTBR THB ALPS. Jljf ia txr from contranlmg ffaifl fenfiti^tmn^ &at ^ was ooiitimikxi hj it Thus the ^aMkibutM of the Godhead weie tsxiubited io the t^ew^ in iixcli , wa tslEcthtf and tan^lile £111x1 ; us now jmrnrks te •or ndied ihfitc}le£bs» the mei^.cfatidhcxxl and in- fittcy of the 'hunuin Ainderfialriing. Tfae dndban Afloimtaituscrs acanda^jr ]iepflfeeiented"thiit iblesoh cKcrci^ osf fxiwcr in thee IKvinilly, theooutimud laipe^Qii at the world hy him ; and impvefied Jt pciyct uda iy upon 4heir t>wn mtndi, whca they isame te wodbi^hefonehisilatae; by ghnisig £15 Aatite JL I.ARCW £YC. This prisciple of iheoibgy^ ^ich is fy peculiarly uiG^il to a Being liloe Man, and caniesfudi ^ iiJcnt efficacy wkli at ^ the heart loferory thinkirtg s&flua; was kcpk up among !fome of tike more fofined Heathens, by ccmGdex- iag Ihe Sua in the fties ass tihe vay eye df God. This is M moft appofite image ibr tbe pupafe;; and %6ak$ iSac ftihHmify of the ^ncy, that jk& Aiggefiodk. But 4t had one grand defed. When 4he clouds of day cathe#vw the fita, a: when the dtt^kucA 9£ nigjIsA hadt:oyeved:il ; then dkhe eye of God tv«s doftd, in due concciftma^ of men. They weae 4iheiefote did the Romans of Little St. Bernard exhibit to themfelves the eye of their Penine JoVe, by aCAu^UNCLE; a gem of fuch uncommon vivacity, that it was fo denomi-- nated jfrom its. rcfemblance to a burning coal. <* Of all th& glowing gems,": fays Pliny, "^ the :*^ princi]|>ial are. Carbuncles, denominated from ^^ their-> likenttfs to fi*esVJ:^ iTie antients had l^em from India, Libya, and -Ethiopia, Caiia, Thmce,' Arcadia, ^vA Chios; though modems :fim}!itheni in India only; '^^^ :Ncw. was there any ^v gem,'* adds PKiy, "^ mwe firequent In its ufe . {; f^ Plbijr xxxidi. 7. . «* Principatum habent Carbiinculi, a fi- ..** militudiue ijjiiuin appcUati.** .^ , n ; among SBCT. H« Oy£K THfi ALPS. . $1^ *' among the antients ® ;" while we coniider them as rare^ even in India Ufelf. fFe have confe- quently rejedlcd from the rank of Carbuncles, ipany that the antients honoured with a place among them. fVe coniider the Indian^ as the only carbuncles, in. reality ; and carbuncles therefore are much more valuable among us, than they welQs aoiong th^ ]K,om^s. All this accounts fatis- fadorily, for fuch a gem as that being made ufe of upon the Alps, to fliadow forth the Providen- tial Eye of God. The Indies are to the moderns almofl the only cabinet of jewels, which Nature ha^ provided for the world ; while the antients could unlock one, in various regions. Yet the Homans muft have introduced the idea and the applioition,^ when their empire laid open the the** ology of Egypt to them^ and their fettleo^ent on the Alps introduced it to the natives. But how did the Alpine Romans apply this fun-Jhne, to their Jupiter Peninus of Little St* Bernard ? Thd^ itatue of him having been already modelled, in the form of a man ; and this being the only form, in which Man can image out his God to himfelf ; he was already provided with a pair of eyes. To have put out thefe, and inferted the caibimcle for them in the middle of his forehead, would have hf^n to deform their Jupiter into a Cyclops, and V * Ibid. ibid. «< Ncc fiiit alia {coupa. apud aatifUos ufu to 32d tcHmss «!# kAln^tliAi. fHAAf^iti toirut^zc ttieS: Feninm into ft Polyphtimei Td have retemcd thefe, and to have fixed the car-^ Imnde f« a third eye neat them, would have beca ftiti vroiife prohably in their eftiit^tion ; td liave formed >,a iigure> fnch as wa$ not to be feeii in the wholo creation, a mere monfter and pro^ digy in nature. Either al^ <«n)u}d have heen^ t ii]rppo(e, to break in upon the ^kcredni^ «f ^ir religion, by violating the paTonal fantftity'of tfidr Cod. They therefore took a different oourfefc Yet they did not a^ as the Egyptians did, by placing a fcepter in his right hand, and fixing the carbuncle as an eye at 4he end of k. The ttglrt hand of their God had an expanded palm^ «qua9}y in Peninus and in Jupiter ; and could not held afc^en His left hand t6o had a palm fcalf-eKpanded, m their Peninus ; aod was bran- diAing the thunder, in their Jupiten TChcy ac- coBcfingly placed the i^arbunde on Ae top of th6 pillar, anddofetotheftatueof their Godj there to be* continually reri^indfeng his wotAippers l^ its !^tcndaiir> jof the evfer-Avakeftil, ever-lively^ ever-luftrous eye etf ttii Dieity. In "this fymbolieid fignificafion; ^ trorthippers "t^pega: to have ac- tually corifiderefl it ; maitre, et prit Je nom d'oeil de Ju-> "*< piter/* This account, even if founded oil a bJk of |h* 4i«tue of Jupitar j^iog placed on the pillar of Peninus, would i^ot explain the variation in the natne, and tell us why th( car^ .:VouL y s hun^li 3^3 COURSE OF HANNIBAL CHAP, t^. In this manner do wc fee the Jupiter erf the Pennine AIps^ fianding ercdl on his Oi^mpus at Great bunclc was cailed the eye of Jupiter and the eye of Feninu*. It was not a prior generation of thefe itiountaineer^y that called it the eye of Feninus ; and a pofieriour onei tliat named it the eye oi Jupiur^ De Viot, a prior writer, denoniiiiMet k the ^e of Jupiter i while Guichenon, a pofteriout ofnc^ inMinain^ k was the eye of Pr«#««i. Each iodietd fpoke only front thre, vers le stiUiep do quetrf* «* eme &ecle*" The Haitiie of Penibus, then, wa» not taltetf otf from his pillar^ and Dono Martin b'finafly hit own refater. ^' Mats qtrelle efpece de Divinki etoir le Dieir Frn^ \ La ^ premiere pens^e, qui m*)efi venu la^eftis, ell qoe oe I>ica ^ pouvott etre^ ^af I hAve fliowa himr pofoivefy to ^#, *♦ Jo* ^ piter. Les mots ^Optimo Maximo^ in&rez dani innicriptiort ^ de Gtrtchenon, cooduiiedt juati^rellemeht ^ oe fentiment^ ^ aui&-bien que Tepirhete SmmmuSf que donnent ii Penniafos •• Mtinaraire d^Antonin et la Table 0(1 Notice dc» viHes ;*• an argument founded foleiy on a blunder in Dom Martin, the wqrd Swrnnm ift Aate^niae's Khierary and Petitmger'f T^^, SECl*. III. OV£K 'tHB AhP^* 323 Great St. Beiiiard, ftretching out one leg to the Creek Alp$ of Little St. Barnard, ^i>d fo Ariding^ like OS V9€ hav€ (een before, being applied to the moitntuin^ and tiQt to riw Go qmi iiabitoieac , ^ ks A}pci Peimipei» /»^««^i^ avoir cloone ce ih>v^ ou ^uo »^ non & kttr Jiipiter> fei&At aHufioo du raiigqi^^U moU dans *^ ks eie\Qc» tit i fii tiualitg de ChdF et de Per'e I04 Dmux €t dei ^ Hofntnei*^ Dom Martin thus iuppofes Beninuf mighi bo Jt^iter, then luiduc^ for it an argument that pfdve$ h that the mounta^rg ipi;|^^^ giv^ Jupiter the laune-of i^eDinin, as the Fcm or.Hetd of all naturew To arguments of mere poi&kility> }iule reply is requifite^ I Hiall only ob&rve dierefece, .thaH tve.inay juft a^ well fuppoib Jupiler tb.have fafcea Oilkd C^piMnus at Rome, because hm ignA the CV^fMOr Chkf of the God^* . ** 0'aiUcura tttd de PfffZ/rm f«r»blott avoir ete, & I't^S dea ^ Gavflm ^VAppenmml^ when be means the 41fs chough h« Baaiet'dio Jfnmmei^ "^ noto un defdacement an Uqi de Vmld$ ^^>y%piurv fl coimn dani I'antiquite felo^ MacDpb^^* or^ «s hdjoeant to %vilttd not been difplaced to m^ktrp^m for the i^c of Ju|)iter^ and ib die ftfitucipfFenmua bad not (as he had |>ceviDufly&td,k ^mu/) beeniBcmoved for Jupiter^^s '^mair ^ uoe cxpreffiOA fymmymc eh kurlangue de ces-miniea ^ tenncs c outre qfue fi P«niniiflraK)it et^^ uo Aoip localt coiyimo ^^ quekfues aueaun l^oot crt|,.ia (^Qjeiture aut-oit eu eiKforf ^ phEbxSe. ilfu/' Hoiar ibrangely docs. the. author. here l^if himfelf in a wiidemefs, by adhering to nOone path> bUtttUHMOg afideintD the thidDcts oathe light add left, add yet not. badtag the fpmt'tp beat through them* again Upon aay . fide i- ' ^* Je Jbitifiois toutes (ce^.cDnjedures, du rmibnnpfueht Au^ ^ vant« Qiiand on faifv jdi^^, aueutku a la<^utu)»)C dei ^ Romains, .d'evoq^er.les DipuK Tutelaires dTun pays neiAi ^ ayant de rattaqueiv aifec^pronjeffa^df i(Uf .eri|fe^dp&Tem- y 2 ' ^ « pies 324 coirksB o* tiA^mtAh > ckAP. r^, like a Coloflus, acrofs this arch of the mountains. In his temple upon the Plain of Jove, as Simler additionally \ . ... *^ pies ASAii qiieiqtie prbvince M I'etnpire ; et qu'oit ne volt at ^^ moottineht, ni metnoiret t& veftige, qu*iU fe foient jamaiat *' acquhtti dft-kur voeu k l'«gard de Peninus/' when the prin* cipfe itfdf applies ody to towns^ and befieged towns) when^ if It is iAM applitd to nations, it would deftroy the diftind ex^ Mtence, not merely pf Feninus^ but of almoft all the nadonal Godsof antiquity ; and when Dom Martin has a&ually given us one decBcation by Terentius Varro, the conqnerour of the country, to ^* the Genius of the Pboe," and another by Lucius Luciltus to the God Peninus exprefsfy*; *^ pfodant qu'il tSt cer« <* tain, que le culte dc ce Ditu^ns fut jamais tntetrompu ni al* *^ tcre ; qu'au contraire il iobfifta toujoiixi dans le m^me en^ ** droit, quoiquefafiatueeneutr^^feect tnkirief* though, if the fiatuc of Peninus was removed to make room for Jupiter's! h is n^tfojphle for the noarjhip of Tunuus to have cwMtifuud: <' il efl« ce iemble, bors de dout^ que le Jupiter^ qu^on iul •< fuhfiUua^ etolt It mime Diiu fui /s/9 eC qu'il n'y avoit d*autft «( dii&rcoee entrc eux, finon que IHin etoit de la fa^on ct da s< goi^t d^ Romains, et l*autre de la fiifon et du goto desGau* ^* lots.*! Dom Martin thus finiihsfi his argonent. He wa* to prove Peninus and Jupiter, to be theySmif Dtky ; and he idlerts the fiatue of Jupiter; to haivebeen fu^^kuied for that of Pem« nus. He was to prove fome wprihip to have been paid to t*e* sinus by the Romans; and proves it by tfaeir-«4akiDgawqr the Aatue of Penimis, and wodhipping th«r own Jupiter's in the nooAiofit* .. Dom Mairtin has thus mn Mt compkte career of arguments*^ He fet out with aflerdng as *^ certainly very true,** that the carbuncle ^< pafled liMr the eye of Peninust fr Uag ss the ftatuf ** of this. God wasupon its kgs; but when this was .taken ** away to^&hiiitute that of Jupi^r in iu place, the carbun- ^ clt-r4tmhU'td iauncdiately thciraieflfkief to Jupitcc, whick CBCTii I|X« W]BJi THB ALPS. ^%^ additionaUy infqQns uf , ^ the mgnumenU of the, ^ country report a certmn idol, tp have bee|i wor-i ^^ ihipped on this mountain ; which gave Mfwen, '^ to aU wBo afijii ^uefiions cf itX'^ In the ongin4 jRinnation of the noind of man, he is &t with % H it l^^d rendered to its ancient muftor, and took the muonc o^ '* the eye of Jupiter/' Thut the worfliip of Peoinusi accord- mg to the opinion of Dom Martin and the inference of Com* mon-fcnfe from it, wat /ft afide for that rfjmfiter. hxH the author in the next paragraph findt> that the worihip of P^ainua^ was not fet afide at all. Servius proves, that it was continued^ down to his time^ and Dom Mardn cannot refift his evidence* Yet how does he reconcile it with his own aflerdon before ? In this edfjy and natural manner. He confiders Jupiter to bo the 'otryfamc with Peninus himfelfi the new mafier with ^Wi^ one, and theGody«^f/al/fi/ with the Deity /# nuAfm^Jkwas^ fuhfiUutfd* He therefore aiTerts now in terins^ ^hat tliere vras *' no dJfplaJQing" of Peninus by Jupiter ; and^ tha^ Jupiter and Pepinus are the fame God^ only diSerenced by (ynontmbus appeUations, But he finally '« fortifies'' all, by ftill aiBrming ^ the ftatue of Peninus to have been wUbdravun amd carried «« afj" by ftill aflening «< the wcvrQ^p of this God n§t to havc^ *•. beei^ rtw intemtfted or altered^** and by Aill avernnj^ex^ prefily, •* that the Jttjf^er^ who vt^ fuhfiituted in the room of *' Peninus^ was the fame God with him. " Such a maze of Goofufion have ve here, the walks all running into each other^ diverging on the rights oonyerginf on the left, and both con- verging and diverging in the iSuae fipint at times^ I have however provided a clue in the text, that threads all thefe mazes completely ; and I refer nj reader for anoeher fet of obfervations, to a note at the dofe of this'differtation. ^ Simler 83. ** Pomefticis inonumcbtis proditum eft, in^ M hoc mmite ijolum quoddam^ fi^fle, becaufe a neceflary, incUnatioh to futu- rity. His exiftence reachilig beyond the horizon of Time, and running into the depths of Et€r- jiity, his mind is powerfully bent and tdrftect^ towards the future. But, as corruption cloudft: his difcernment, the Great Future of Eternity i& loft to his view, and only the Pfetty Future of Tune remains an objecSt to him» About this he becomes very anxious. From the dimmer ftate f^f his moral perception, ^11 thofe ra}'& of viiion^ vrhich were to fix upon the diftatit ages of Eter-. Tiity, converge much fooner to 9 pointy and fix; only on the near objects of Time. Himfelf> hi& friends, bis family, all engage the attention of his contradledly provident rcafon. Oracles were thus multiplied to an aftonilhing number, under that fyftem of opinions and pra6Hfes which wc, call H^athenifin, and which muft (ox ever remain Us a brand of infamy, on the head and hec^rt of man. It was thus, that the Pennine Jupiter be- came oracular on Great St' Bernard. But, a? the domefticl: monuments add, ^^ Bernard, a prieft " ofAofta, tlKcw down this idolV Such con- fufion does popular Wftory make, with chrono- 'logy \ The pricft of Aofta liv^d only iii the tenth century ; and thclb hills muft hav6 had Gllriftii-. nity adopted among them,' fix ^eS befojc Ii\ ' Sicnler .&4^ *^ Bcr^a^dus, ^oAllo&^e^ AUfctofttt fxeetor'^i « -r-idolum dejecit." ' '. • . . • ' the SECT. nX^ - OVER TI» AWS, • ' Jay the reign of Conftantine, tlic Alps m\x&, have Aiaixdwitb aii Ihe Komau world,, in the jbappi-* ndk of having the Sun of Ghriftianity, which had becfti fb long moving behind a fcrcen of clouds^ and ditpcnling its l^ht fecretly through the univerfe ; now breaking out m its full blaze of brightncfs, upon them. Accordingly a writer of Aft ac^oining V^Uais, who appears from his par- ticularity to Hand upon fome evidence of do- mefiick monuments, reports ; that *^ about the ^^ year 339 the younger Conilantine caufed the ^^ fiaftue of Jupiter, which was" in the TatnplQ ^^' at the height of the paflage, to be removed ^" St. Bernard the prieft of Aqfta, therefore, is con- founded with another St. Bernard, who removdl^ the ftatue pr6bably by the ordo: of Conftantine^ and who by this a tt Siiokr re^ peat6 the fubftaiice of ^1 with tome addkioiis in another place> this pricft ** threw ^wn the idoi <' which ftood on the top of the Pcnmne Hill,, ^^ and by his prayers dmye away the DBem^on wikf ^ infeja this roa4\'^ 9 « Stmler 84. << Vutgw nvg^ur, Daemonem (|ai re^io|ifi| ^ dederit, ab eo in horrendum fpecum hitjus moatis quibuf^ ^ dam adjuraUonibus compulfum, illic quaii carcerc quddasn •♦dctmcru^' "^ Simler 247. M Hie— ridoluniy quod in Siimnx> Pennino, ^ erat, dejecit ; ac Daeroonem, qui itet hoc, iofeibinx ixddebat,^ •* precibus fuis dcpglit.'^ I have previauily differed in a ntfity tim courfc of argo,* lyents jn Dom Martin's' Religion of the Gauls, concerning thii[ idol Peninus or this God Jupiter; and have fhown the argu« inents, to be all tangled in mazei and perplexed w^ errou]:s. Sut the author confununates his confufidn, by entering imine* diately on- a new coyrfc oJ^ argurneujts, in direH and prrfejfi4 ^fofition to tbofe* " Mais toutes ces conjpdures/* he lays, torn. i. liv. u p. 404*505» ^^ fi bien appuyees en apparence, un feul fajfagt ** de Macrobe les rtwverfe. Car cet auteur nous apprend^ <* que le Soleil paiToit dans L'efprit de Tantiquite la plt^ recuUe^ ** pour etre Toeil dc Jupiter, "*. Solcm Jovis oculum appellat **' Antiquitas,"* not remotiljwia to anfwer la ^flus reculle^ but fimply Antiquitasy^ *" L. i. Saturn, c.ii.*" Les Egyptiens, ** ajoutc-il, pour foire entendre qu' Ofiris ctoit vraiment le «*« Solcil, fe fervoii;nt 4t*ua {lieroglyphe pour exprimer leur «* creancc, qui copfiftoit en un fceptre, au bout duquel i\% ^ placoient un oil; ce qui fignifioit tout a la fois,.etquf ** Ofiris etoit k Solell, et qu*il ayoit |ous les droi^ et honneuiv ** de la royautiy et que de plus baut de ciel ii jettoit ks yeux Mfur fi^rii^pqs which hsfn hcei| found UpoQ Qveat St, Bemardy ' » <<,far toutee chofet, 6t IweMAfevok. Mutaiqvt ntfpit & |ii f* meme choCG^ loog-tems araDt Macrobe* Oa reprc^ts^ ^ dilril, leSoleil et le RoiOfirit par uir ail et uq fieptreir When die Suo was «|ftvifai|ted wifh a (cepter an4 9XS ^f^ he was ib exhibited only at thp reprf fentative pf Jupit^rr hioMelf* Tfaa Son could otherwife have had OQ ch|ixn to either. Nqnr ^uU ^e Sun be otherwife iai<^ tp caft his ^* eyes'^ oyer all things and to M cooQ4er** tbeoi* When alio 0$rii was exhibited in |he fame Q^aiuMsr^ he was equnVy e^Ubit^ in ^ £ime capacity, and as equally a reprefeptative of Jupiter, The figure of the Sun could never have been fo dreft out, in reference merely to the Sun itfelf. The $gur^ of Ofiris could fiill lefs be dreft out fo^ in allulion to the Sun* Ofiris was not the reprefenta^ive of a reprefent^tive. Both fiopd in the fiune fymbplical relation to put original, and both were therefore accommodated with the fiune fymbob. Plutarch therefore diftinguiihes Ofiris exjueisly from die Sum in the rery paflage referred-to above ; when he iays, that '* the Sun and 0^rv(' lyere both fumiflied iiAth an fye and a fcepter. << Le paflage de Caton TAnd^ q^e j^ii promis, concourt ^ au A fortifier cette ver^£. L'^^^dVt dit*Ui felon Antb- ^ chtts de Siiacufet a dure^ jufiiu' au ^iqnier r$i dritaliet ap- ^ peUi^/ij; de oat Apis eft venu k 119m de la DtdScJf^n-^ ^ mmh ^ revient au «io^ Latl|i TWiM." This laft claufe» and one wwd before, ^ net give us the exa£t import of OaSo's w^tfda. !« AuKa sTtaSy** he fays, «< ufque ad Apim, f ^ iVsriM9i Ilali« ultimuiny ut Antiocjnis Sirdcufanus fcribit 1 f* a ^ .^^/mmins^ quam Taurinam idem interpntdtury* whom AntiodMs snsirpiets to be die.finaa Goddefs with Taurina^ f, (k, it e^ccitaiiii fo' AyiaeloX pris pour le Sokil, et ho^ •* no£# Bernard^ retemiig to this Oraculii^ Tk&mon, this \ Jupiter oif the. Romanes and tlus Penmus- of tho \ , Natives; « 0ore«ti tct«5 quafite. w Aj^j fo dvfmte Mcuiphi SohVia^ *" Iter tECij^r/** Mwfob* Stturn. LiV* i. ^. ^i/» The dfeffTarton ^ffliC'ltom^ d^tfr df the ^/^;««/W hills or ofth<^ Cff}fMtfi ji^ewtiMi iiom one ApU ^< tA^ laft of the Gods of ^ Italy (^' is one of thbfe ndictiious et3ntiol<^gies> ufaidi the dntdiAmeiJi of anticjuariimifin is continually formings an aH tge$ Und in aU nations. Xdf h«t« W9 the leaft evidence of hiftory, or erei) of probability i that Apis wa$ *^ Uie lail of ~ «♦ the GodJj of It«Jy," or th«t he was the fanie with the Go< of Memphis in figypt- Tbe^Memphiatt Apis, we may be fiwh was only, eichibited lik« Ofiris and the San, v^^th an eye and with a fceptcr^ as eqnaUy a vepfeicntativeVith both, of tiia al1-mfpe£tiBg and ail-^w^ouliuj^ J«y^, *< Soils tn/ltir ex-« ♦* cipitur," ^* II feroit inutile aprts tefa^ d^expliqner le Dieti^ Peninut *^ antretn^nt que dti Soleil. L^ j^uneiTe} qa'on lui donnoit^ ^ et ii9i nuditc, font 4e&cara^res (jui ie faivont paircout, a«fi% - <^ bien qu' Apdian, qui eioit lui«m^me h^ Soieil;^ when, «s Dom M^in has tokt itl Mmftl/t Peniuui has tliofe apprcM priated attributes of Jupiter, " Opticus Maxiiiltis," ex* |>i*efsly affigned t|) hmt i^tht inicnption upoa his pii|ar, ^ ec <« cVli ^i^#*>#/irv pour oonffrvefleibuvcnir,, oil qiie^iiek^ ^^ i& nature d^ct I^e%H ^ue l^iRoitiains donueFeot ati Jl1pire^ ^' qu'ila niirent ^ f<;^ plaoe^ une coi^ronne ra4iMe» ^ui if«An>i^i Atid «%«« aft j^W^ {tfgiMftents ar^pr«ciuridd for evcr» by thk> Deity being fiiftually denownated Jtij^tkr ^m^itiut, laipDn a Rowttn itilRrHp)^ lion. Biit, before I leav^ this i?o«clu.din{; ^r^^ent of th^ author's,, tet me jn'fl renvwrk ^po>ll itj ibat even^hifhrvei*^ sionoe^ts, whcli he is endea^rh)g oo mak^ei :./^/^ the Sun, whom he has made Jvpit^r ^d^fse^ he ii^cTlts #om hi» pttife^ ^rpofcj recoils back to his forjm^rj and fays '< \i was poflibly stcr. iir; pvek tmb aws, - ^f^ Natives ; give us his national appellation with an! gs inlka4 of an b, an4 & reprrfent the God aa Pij?ninus, << t9 pnferve the remombrance or fome \dt% of the nature of «f this God, that the Romtns gatre to jfirnxBR, t^omthey' «^ fet up io his place> a radial eroWn, which ia the tttmn pro^ ^^ per to the Sm-** After he hat declared the paiTage of Ma^ crobttis, to "^^inurM^ aU hii cotije^re*'* of thi? Alpine God being y«5ft//^r, and after he has pronounced it ^^vain to explain ♦* the God Pcnmns otherwife than of the Sutn j" he cxprefsly makesbim Jufittr^ in the very aft of proving him the Sun. I have entered into both thefe notes poncemingDom Martin^^ becaufe a copy of his work is rare at prcfent in England;^ be- canfc the celebrity of it Is impofing upon the credulity of on;* writers, and a Tefutation was neceflary to the vindicatioA of fliy text. I attempted in vain for many months, by a reference ' to my frien^s^ to procure a copy or an extra^. John Haw^ kins Efcj. at laft, molt c^ligingly wrote for me to Wolfem-. buttle in Germany, #and procured me a (ranfcript of Chapter xxijc. Bo(A ii. p. 40t &c., from the magnificent library there. Still the tonnc6king paiTage in chap. viii. p. 29S he. was want* |ng. Nor was I able to proceed, till that ready and prompt friendlinefs, which has ^dinguiihed the coadud of Andrew Lumifden £fq. towards me^ and which had already fupplied |ne with a large e9Ctni6t from Guichenon ; gave me an oppor- lunityof ranging over all Dom Martin, by accidentally protr ^riog a copyt- and dire^ly tranfmitting it to me in Cornwall. from a cloTe exattiination of thefe pafikges then, I may fafely ftfiirm, that the work has more celebrity than marit ; that the author hits' puteled his inquiliciye mi<^^ by running afWay toa |api^in«effiomm-o^%*£ttioiis, :•' .: ri • .;... ' ' ' '. -%. -.^ ^*- \ ' • * ^ja eOUASB OF HAIfNIBAIr CHAP. FT* ]^«niiiU8x not P#ninus^ Whence thenaiiies thiis firang^ variation of the x^ame I It arifes from at. circum-^ Yet tbc Hiftoiyof the Gauls in Ant UmHifi. xviii. $7^4 tri^tten by thjc: late Pialmanazar, haa taken his acoou^t with al> its abft)rdity $. and even added ta the absurdity, by a coj;ifiifed« qefi iwrely its own* The God Peninus, it fays^ ^^ was repre^ *f fented as a young man naked, on ^ column reared to him on *' the top of Mount St. Bernard the i«^ by L. Ldcilius ;'^ when it fhould hav^ (ai4i o^ Mount St« Bernard the Greater, as tkere isLucili^'f coJluoiQ ; ^ and is ftiled Oftimtts Maximus p * whence it is concluded, that he was the fame with the *^^auli(h y^u or jove^ What feems to confirm this Beyond aU ^ f«(^if« »i t^hat the column on which ///' Lucilius's (latueo€ Peoinusi ^ ftopd, it indifferently called the column of Jove, ^ and of Peninust" when Lucilius'* pillar on Chre^t St^ Bernard \k oi^ly inferred to Peninus, and the pillar on Lpfk St. Bernard 1^ alone deneminated the column <>f Jove ; ^'. and the garbuncle ^ that was placed on //»" tl^it ^s, 09 the pillar of LuciliuS|» which had no carbu^cl^ upon it, as only the pillar on Little St^ Bernard had one^ f* the eye of Jove and the eye of Peninus ^ (Guichenon, Hiftory of Savoyi^ tom. i. lib. i* c. 4. Fidt. ^ relig. d^ GauV lib. ii. c. 29). xBufti iince by the ey^eof Ju-. ^ piter w^ meant the Sun from aU antif ui^ ("i^'V^* Macroh^ ^ Saturn, li^* i« C. %\ )., and the earhunek nuat .a froper emUem ^ of this kifi Deity ^^* Pialmanazar very natttnUy adding thi%' Ibroke to the toudies of D091 N(artin, and arguing with him from that perpetual^ comn).U9ion of lejfer attributes among the Gods of Heatb^iQiifm, ^y wh^ch Doq9 Mai:ti9 ha^ tranaformecl an aehi^wledfed Jupiter wili^ a radi^il Qrowo, in^o as^ ApoUo cut the Sui^ and from wbich, if it was purfued. to. its. full lengthy we ihould leave no diftinftion at all a^opg the^ Heatfaen God? ^ *} why tmy we not as well fupppfe this flatiie, naked and '* youthful as it was, to have been dedicated to //» rather than *< tO/Jupiter/' tliough the author hunfidf has alteady produced ttCT. m; fkVEIt ins AIM* 331 circumfianoe, that has a peculiar afEmtjr With our preTent fubjed. I have thorrfore kd to it befoie, and go on to eonfider it aow» I^VteAimony againft ^ pailage of Hktt^ lubal over the^ennine Alps, has been frequentlj^ appestled to with an air of triumph, by thofe who tod thttt vi^akfleft too fenfiblj^ to walk upon Aeir own legs, and are thorefore obliged td hobble on the crutches of authority^ Thefe fonn the multitude of readers, even of writers too; and, with all fuch, the appeal \s very natural. Who is' fo likely to know the route that Hanniba! did or did not take, a^ his ovm hifiotian, as U)e general hiftorian of the Romans too, as a Roman living only two centuries afterward, as a writer of the firft credit and dignity in the empire of hiftory i Such are the ilrong reafons^ that hatVHas of ^ marMe, and about fourteen fed i^ height*** Th« ii^tibry drat compietet ita own confitlednefif ooncemiag the and the €9lumM on the Little. Nor can I refrain from obfenriog at the clofe» That learning is a heavy meal^ which requires a ftroag concodive power witlun, to break it into its conllituent parts^ and make it oaoifter to nouriihpient^ health, or vigour* induced 1^4 tOt^USS OF ttAkVIHAL CHA^. l^t iivfaiced ftU age^ of literary ihquiiy, implicHly to XC^Xvc tjie atttfts^iott of Iivy> and togcrly to repel Hannibal from Gteat St. Bernard 1 But with thofe who can examine the evidence of £uSis; who dare to think with even a. liry agamft thein^ and even prefuaie to fcall a Livy.Kimfelf^ thatnwwaarch ixi htftory, tq the h»r.^ their Ute?r raiy republic^iiiifm ; the aflerti^ns of livy will ^v« cmly the weight of his tealbm* Merely at fhefi: ^e xi( moment, will iJi^e be confidered of iniiportasice* Yet i>o petulance of criticifm ihould b§:lhQwn to fuch an author* The monarch ^6uld h4> revered^, when the imn is tried. The ^vtthorityof Lity, indeed^ Ihould be confidered 9s etifer i^fpeftaWa in itfelf ; nor ihould any opi- Bi©n W lightly taken up againft tt^ efpccially on 1» point of hiilory fo near to his own times. But bis teftimony is really of no weight, in the pre-* fcnt cafe^ ^ It is, contradiAed by thofe infcriptiom above* It is oppofed by the whole tcnour>.of Polybius's hiftory of Hannibal* It is encoun- tered by the whole tenour even of his owh. It is finally and fpr ever overthrown^ by fomj^ Itrikihg notices in other and earlier parts of im general hiftory* - This hiflorkn therefore, who iftands finding like a Giant acrofs the plain and by the temple on Great* St. Bernard, brandifliing his iron inace, and forbidding me all paiTage with Hanniba];' along that avenue ; I am compelled to , ' face d£CT. IV. OVER THS ALPS. 335 face bccauie he ftops me, to kiiodc dmvfl beemiie he would diilodge jdc, and to mltixb. over hit proflrate.body (if I can) iiito Italy, " I WONPER TEfcAT IT IS DOUBTED," he fejl^ « BY WHAT WAY Hannibal passed the Aj;.i>s; *^ 4N^ ?^HAT'IT IS POPULARLY Bfi^jfRVED, U^ *^ PAS^JTD »Y TH? PBNIXE9 A.3^D TH« VERY ii^.Mit " W4S THENCE DERIVED. XQ '^IS RIDGR OJP THR f^ Alps'V ' /'. , •..'"". Thc,)wme.of the Peunim i^ps, uudoubtedj[yjp i^ izo/ borrpwed from the .march o£j the, Par¥ o? Caithag^niaxis over tljem* ..It fiawcc^firom .th;i| great welWpriug of Ij^f tto.^oitiapt aj^Jl/itiv<^ iDjEurope,, the Ci?ltick.lafiguage;^tlje kj^gia^ >vluch we know to^ have becu fpokqn .i;i the ck}^ of .Hanuil^al, ^11 over Fxwa*, all ^vcf^.the<| Britiih ifles, in the weft and iputli of G^ioany. the call of Spain, the nortli gf Italy, . and th^ ^Ip^i and the language, which was fp^i^en ii) gur own Gormvall withiu thefe very* few, yeara^ i^ ftill fpoken in our own Wales, in onr own High-* l^ind^ an4 Wcftem lUes of .Scotland, aiui (I be-^ « * livy xxi. 38. ** Miror ainbigif qukiam Alpes franfierit^ ^ et vulgdcr«dere, Penino, atque inde noinen «t jugx) Alpiutn ft lievc) nf^$ C0UlL8]ft OF HANNIfiAL CHAP. I V, fiere) in many parte of Bretagne, Bifcay, or lbreland> to the prefent day; having formed an infinite number of local appeUati<)ns^ in all. By this extenfive and long-lived language, the Alps were naturally denominated in that general Biode of charaiSterizing, tvrhich is always the firit exercife of the human mind in difcrimination | Alw or Hills,, Penike or Heights, and P^ninb Alps or Hill-Heights. The Alps of Italy were originally denominated Jibs and Jlpions ; as late ts the days of Strabo, a high hill juA beyond the cafiem termination 6f the Alps/ was ftill deno** mipated Albion ; even two towns of the liguriati Intemelii d.nd Ingauni on the Alps, were then tailed Jlbium IntcHbelium and iff^-ihgaunum ; even two of the Ligurian tribes theftifelves, weri tbca named Alticed and Alhienfes ^ ; and our own ifland took thc-appellation of Jlbhn, before it was loJiabited, and when it was only ieen, from the. fa& part of it that was ieen, the firft that would therefore attach an appellation to it, the ihining chalk-diiTs of Dover. We have a Utit Apennine, is fo called as A Peninb or The Heights* This is plain a^ once, to a mind ^miliar with etymology; but is rendered plain to every mind, by two or three incidents of an extraordinary nature- In that excrefcence oif abfurdity upon the body of fottiihnefsi which made the Heathens fo grofsly affimilate their Deities to men, as even to give them fexuai' diftindUons^ and dafs them into > Ric«rdu9 Coriqenfis, Itpf vili* * Hitlory of MancheAer i. X94« Voi. !• % amales tanean, ahd infulate^ Italy from Germdjiy &nd Ganle ; ; acquiring the general arch ; the fimilarity muft irrefiftibly appear, ,to be de^ rived from the incident. Nor did either the tra- dition, or the imagination, end with Livy's days. In fpite of all that even a Livy could fay agaihft it, the current of tradition ftill flowed on with un-abatedfoyce, and if ill carried this congenial weed of imagination along with it. It had its Ipring^ in the well of truth, and therefore main- tained its- courie* About levent)'^ years afterward, Pliny ftill found tl\e popular opinion to be ttc fame ; apd even paid it the refpe6l, of noticing tlie whole with a feeming approbation, and of adhialiy adopting a part of it himfelf. Speaking of tho Graian and Pennine Alps, he calls them ** Graian ^^ and Pfl?niueV' and " o\xr thefc^ they fa^ the 343fc couxsK or itAjsm^At €»4J^^ m, *^ Poeni pa^ed^ and Hercules oyer th& GfaitnV Even as late as the ibimation of what is caitlfid the Ndtitia Imperii, and below tisie cottWEwrice- iDcnt of the fifth century, we hajire tltefe AJpfr- ibmetimes called ^^ Pea;!tinae>,'^ and iiiam^aineft *^ Pop/rinaefi*" But Mareeljkiiis lay^a exprefely «. little before, tliat ''* fitoi this nmcti tj^ Al^ *^ were denotainated P«»inflb V* Ptolfemy itlfo^ at a period mock eadier thaxl otihcc the^ tii^ of MarcelUnus oc the date of the N^titia, andt^ , moFOBting up within :feventy' or eighly y^ara off the days of Fliny ; calls the Penimie Alps>; not merely ^^ PdP«i«ae>" b»t with a much clofer afit-^ milatipn to tb^ tr^ition^ a^^ually and e^pre&ly <* PcBN^ V* In fome of the ittfcripticwj^ toa upon Great St. Bernard, we have %xoM <»jly, as I have lliown abavc, ^^ Jovi Vd^ninQj!' h\ii alfo in, this very ftrain of afSmilation that Rojemy ufes> ^ Jovi PcENo^/^ All demonika:te$ the vigour of belief* diffufed through the whok co«@^afs of the Romw eo^re,, a'rwi wo^km^ through ^ ** Graiis Hcrculcm, tian$fl Hie ej^ c^us4 &i?jt Alpcsiea^cogin.' *< tatae Pflr»iijiaB, • Ptolemy ii. ];2^p.. 6;. no*j{«*5, * Sauffiirc iv. ^zj. f* J*-^!;! ai nn^xne vi^ un,^ ou^ I'on lifQil - courfe courfe of fucccffive ages ; that Hannibal carried bis Carthaginians, over this mountain. It began, vc fee, brfove the days of livy. It went on through the days of Livy. It.continufed to the time of Ptolemy. It even defcended, to the late periods of MarccUinus . and the Notitia. The current even increafed in -^^ce and vehemence,, as it rolled along. The conviction aChiated equally the peaiant and the £:holar ; infiuenced both the graver aad the p^n, in the hand of mxmbers. Pmno was complicated into Vanxno^ Vy it$ fecrct power; and Fctnina was then con- tra£bcd into F(gnOy by its inienfible operations. The wfaole exhibits" to us a pidturc of the predo- minance of tradition, and of the energy of its impreilions ; that is hsurdly to be parallelled on inch a point, I fuppofe, in any other portion of the hiftory of man. So unhappy is Livy in the outlet of his rca- ibning^, ^gainfl Hannibars paiTage over the Great St Bernard ! He heads a band of peculiar witneiies for it. Nor is he more happy, in the progrcfs of his argument, ^^ Cceuus," he fays concerning a late hiftorian of Rome, *' tislls xjs *^ THAT Hannibal passed over the ripge of <^ Chemo: both which wiuis/* this and the Z4 Pennine, ^44 ' COURSK OP HANI^»AI» CHAF. IT*, Pennine, ^ wauLU have brought him, iio'i« ^^ AMONG THE TaURINI, BtJT THRaUGH Tmai <* Salassi of thp mqunta;i?$. tq :rHE I4BUI ^^GalliV This ailment has been ftrangdy ^n in \ Kiift, in that mifi h9& been magiuiieci; into a, girt gantick fonn, and has thus been feen fialkiiig \xi formidable grandeur ^ong the hillsv The ridgo of Cremo has been taien, without hefitation an(| without argument, to be the celebrated IVjotiint Ccnis, But the words immediately following in the fcntenee above^ ihow it ta have been ^ hiH "that had ^ Roman road over it, which I have proved Mount Genis to have never had 5 o^o too^i that would mt *^ have brought hini— r^-among the ^^ Taurini^'' as the pais of Mount Cenis certainly would-; and one, that actually ^ed to the^ Jams foint with the Pennine Way itfelf; '^ Bpth thefe *^ wilds," nQtes Livy, f^ would have brought ^y him" Ho, The ridge of Cremo, therefore, is tlie Graian Alps or Little St. Bernard ; the Ro- man road over which, as I fliall fopn demqnftrate, comcided with that over Great St. Bernard near the fouthern foot of the Alps. Yet the whole ar- gunaent.has been pronounced by one writer, who. ' Livy xxi. 38. " GceHos per Oreraonis jugum dfcit tranfc ^^ ifTe ; qui ambo faltus eum, non in Taurinos, fed per Sakflbs i*' npontanos ad Libuos Gallos^ deduxifTen^, ^:, BBCt. V/ OVER THB ALPS. 345 is an author of the firft name amoftg the natural Jiiftorians of the age, but is little converfant with that infinitely more important and more puzzling JiiftoFy, the annals of the hqman mind, and has therefore no acutenefs of difcernment and no fagacity of intelle* VercellaB," V^ycelli. A Roman road appe^s fr««n l^yj^ maf9»^ of ipe^kiiig, to have ccjually takcii tlw l^ine €«kur£b ^a liis tiioe 5 and, j^r tbjftvfry r«^,.l>ecpnck«i|i« Hannibal nQt to have? gone over the *' Smnmuni ** Peninum" or Great St. Bernard, hcaufi he went to Turin^ and becaufi the ^ road koeps to tlie csaft of Turin, to Ivrea and VerwUi, ftut hc alio conpludcs Hannibal ^r tbe veryfam r4afoifh not to have gone over <^ the ridge of Cre^o>** the Graian Alps, or Little St, Bernard. Another road pf the Romafts ' ^ppears^ in the Itinerary of Anto*iinu», and in tlie' Tables of Pe\jtiager, traversing this portion of the Alp% as I have equally fliown before ; and exteyiding ironi ** Bergintrum," to *< In Alpe Graia" EporaDdiaju,'* and ^' VcrceH^/* Thefe two ro^ds, therefore, fall into one point a| Ao^fta, and go in one line from Ablln to VerrcXj, Ivroa, and VerccUi, They appear from Livj^'s wanner, to havfe equally done fb in his time^ But in his matter hp argues, that neither of them could have been the courfe actually purfued by ' Ilannibai; becaufe both would have led him to 2 ' tUc^ %WCT. V. ©VBR THE ALW. ^47 tiifi eaft of hk gran4 <>bje6^^ Tiain. His argu« ment thus concludes with equ^l &yvf^y againft. both ; and Little as well as Great St. Bernard^ if there was any weight in the reafoning, would bo equally deprived of this celebrated Q)ittcb dver it. But indeed the reafoning carries no weight with, itj at alh Though the roads over both' thefd ]&ep«ardiiie hilU did refpe of Hwnibal, no road wtnl from thfmio Turin, and that /i^^^^r^ Hannibal cotdd not have marched upon them. He might undoubtedly have marched upon a part of the road, though be did not proceed through the wliole. Th^ whple ai^ally leads to Milan at one end, and to Mentz at the other. Shall it then be reafoned,^ ^ a Livy muft in congruity rcafon ; that Hamjibal never went upon the road at all, becaufe he did jkQt begin with it at Mentz^ and becaufe he did not end with it at Milaa ? He began with it at the ppi4t, that was moll commodious for his purpofe^ Jle ended with it at the point,, where it ceafed to be cpmmodipus any longer. As his entrance ppon it from Lypns gnd the Rhone, Ihows he did ppt commence his progrefs on it at Mentz ; fo Jxis appearance at Twin juft after h^ had dc- icendcd 548 COURSE OF MANNIBAI* CHAP. JT^ fcendecj from the Alps, fliows he tcmiinated his advance udou it fome time before h^ yeachec^' Turin, \ But if Hannital had marched over either of thefe hills, obferves Livy, he muft have ranged " through the 3alafli of the motmtains to the '' Libui Galli;^ To this I ihall m reply, that ihe toad over Little St. Bernard did not go at all throiigh " the Salafli ofihf mountains^'' but through the Centrones and the Gtaioceli 5 becaufe I Ihall foon produce another Roman, carrying this road equally through the Salafli, and the Salafli muft confequently have poflefled a part of the moun- tains, on the defcent from Little St. Bernard to Aofta. But I Jball ohferve^ that, Hannibal, as we have previoufly feen, had been marching many days before he reached'Great St. Bernard, through the very mountains of the Salafli. He alfa marched through their very mountains again, as we ihall foon fee, in his route of defcer.t froiu Great St. Bernard. Their pofleflions extended to Aoila and to Ivrea ; and^ to complete the evt^ dence, at Ivrea adually appears a Roman road in the Tables of Peutingcr, as a road actually exifls at prefent, turning fhort on the right to thofo who come from Aofta, and running dire6lly to Turin °. So a^bfurd even upon livy's own pre-s f Scpond fcgmciUj and Map of Savoy &c, Wifcs, iftife$, does Livy*s conclulion appear ! So con- fu&d is he here, in the Alpine Geography of the war! Sb \ve^k too is he in his reafonings, even if his geography was clear, ^nd even if his pre- mifes were certain ! — VI. ^ But Livy ends in a Hill greater ftrain of weak- nefs. ^-^ It is improbable," he adds, "that *^ those roads** over the Pennine Alps . and acrofs the ridge of Gremo, *^ were then opeit ^' into Gaule; the one over the Penine,, *^ ?articui.arly, being blocked up by na- ** TIONS HALF GeRMAN : NOR TRULY, Iff ANY *^ one is influenced perhaps by the name ^^ OP this mountain, have the Veragri, the '* inhabitants op the hill, ever owned the._ ^^ NAME to be given . FROM ANY PASSAGE OF " the pceni. across it ; . but from the god, ^' to whom they have consecrated a sta-r « tue, pn the vei^y summit of it, and oh *' whom they confer . the appellation off " PeninusO > Livy xxu 38. ** Ncp verifimile eft, ea turn adGalHam pa* ** tuiffc itinera ; utique, qufie ad Fcninum ferunt, obfciTa gen* '** ttbus femi*germams ftiiifeot : neque, hcrcule, montibus hiii • ** {H quern foit^ id mcmt) ab tranQtu Poenorum wUo Veragri, ' .^i iDCol» jugi 5^U8,. o6niat nomen inditum ; fed ab eo» ({ui^icqf .^ ia firomp ^ACjafviqai ye.rticc, .Pwimiim wntani appellant;^* * '^S This is all a mafi of inaccuracy, forgetfdliaefs, and crrour. I Ihall tat« ^he trouble of feparating^ in otder to expofe, the feveral parts of it* I llMitt feus be enabled, to give an additional and doling confirmation to all my hiftorlcal account* before* Livy*s affertion, that the Veragri were the in- luibitants of the Penniiie Alps ; is a ftrbng evi- dence of what I have noted before, his unlkilfiil'* iieft in flae general geography of the region^ tfarottgh which he has been hitherto conducing Hannibal. The Veragri, as we have ali?eady feeai with the gteateft diftindtnels from C^eiar, had nd footing \vrithin the hills at all- They refided foldy on the hanks of die Rhone. The Sociutfi inhabited the hills above ; and the Salaffi ranged fcehind the Seduni, poflcffed the Great St. Ber* , ttird, and ^vcn owned a latge compafs of thfc Alps to the nor& and foiith of it. All this hafe •been ifepfeatedly Ihown, in the cotarfe of the pre- ibnt work^ and aH ferves to convi^ livy here, 'of g^6^ ig^ko^inte. I alB {otrj to ufe fudt lan- guage, concerning fuch a writer ; biat it 4S nC- . ceflary, to the aflertion of the tryth and th^ af- jcertaimuent of the hiftory,. llbere is a fahe mq- idefty hanging upon isvery laiBdj that; -conie3^^ to cessttnine a writer of imy's cefebi&ty in the wK^rld »of^hijffior}^ ; which would cHH the mrrent of 'ex- amination, arid bind "up the cfitlcat poVgt^ df the -judge- SECT. VU OTB& TKE AL?$. $$i judgement in a kind oif froft ; if we are not upon ^ onr guard againft it, if we do not pvevent ite ber- numbing influence by continual exerciie. The Salaffi) fo iHiilsdccB for Vcragri, might well not acknowledge their hills, to be denonH- nated the Pennine Alp$ from tl>e mardi of the Poeni or Carthaginians over them. Their hills had received their denomination, ages before this iharch. Yet tliey had it not, as Livy intimates they had) from the ftatue of their God Peninus upon Great St. Bernard. They had it, as I haw already Ihown, from the very frequent appellativc^ -for mountains, in the language- of the Cellae about them. Livy's derivation of the name, in- deed, is juft as petty, poor, and ridiculous ; as if a modern fchool-boy of Britain (hould imagine the Tarpeian Hill of Rome, to have been called the Collis Capitolinus by the Romans, not fix>m its being the capital hill of the city, but from the Jupiter Capitolinus worlhipped upon it. 'Yet, independently of this glaring injudiciouf- ncifs in Livy, we cannot pay the flightcft deference to his opinion here^ for one flriking reafon. He has p^evioufly argued, that Hanlnbal could not •Jiove ^tnarched over the Great or the Little St. Betnard, becaufe the road over either would have carried him wide off the Jpoint, to which he ac- tually went. He ndr argues, that theje was i i then 35* COtoRSE OF hAWNlBAt QRAF* Jtr# .then no dpen Hoad at all over either. He is thurf, without any coufciduiheis of his own contra^cr^ tions^ balancing one argument by another, and leaving the reader fulpended in air between both. 'He objetfts, ho\Vever, tb the paffage of Hannibal overeitlier. But by what courfe does he tafce him himfelf ? By no one fpecified courfe. He draws no line of his own* He points at none. Yet he expreiics Iiis furpriie, that there Ihould be any doubt concernilng the a6lual courfe of Hannibal ; and fiill tells us not, what he thinks his acftual courfe to have been. This is, fucb a procedure, as would invalidate his evidence of itfelf ; and doncurs with the contradiiStorinefs, nearly to fii* pcrfbde it* On a dole exarpination indeed of what he iays, he feems to mean the Cottian Alps or Mount Genevre, for the mountains pafled by Hannibal into Italy* He objecfQre, ftretched away dii^Aly for that termi-^ tiating objcA in Livy's vifto of reafoning, Turin; it going from ^^ Brigantio/' Rriancoif, to '^ la '' Alpc CottiC Mount Gencvre, *^ Segufio/* Bufa, aixi ** Tkurinos," Turin. This then wa* the route, which Livy privately* fuppofed to have been taken by Hannibal ; yet had not confidence enough amidll his confiifednefs, to point out by any difeA intimation to his reader. Strabo alio concurs with him in this, and fpeakk out boldly upon the point ; fo ferving to fliow u4 more clearly^ the half-concealed fentiments of Livy. **Pblybius/' ISijrs Strabo, citing fome account of Ac Alps which has novv perifhed, " names only *^ four pafles over fhcm ; that through the Liguri* ^^ ans, and ttearefi to the Tyrrhene fea; that through •^ &eTAUKmi,by which Hats^nibal passbd ; then •« that through the Salajfi and the fourth, that '* through the Rhcfeti i." This pafTage has. becri little underftood, I believe, and has therefore given" rife to fome grofs errours. The proper mode of explaining it, is by taking Strabo's owa fyyyJW Toy^ifTifa jru Tvj^uMxM firfXaAt' ^fla rot ha Tavp^vwy, w Af7 , ^'^i.X^ A a ideas. 554 eOtJItSB 6P RANVIBAt OKAP. If"* ideas, and adducing Strabo's own words* The iirft and fecond roads, then, are over the Mari- time Alps and acrofs Mount Grenevre. In a pre<« ceding pafTage Strabo informs us^ that ^^ of the " road mentioned" from Spain into Italy, " the *^ direEl one to the Alps, as I have ahready faid, ^*,is the Jhorl one tlirough the Focontii; but that ^* through the fea-coaft of Marfeilles and Liguriay ^^ is longer indeed, yet has the pailes that go into *' Italy more eafy, the mountains now lowering *' themfelves there ^" The road of the Voconth in the latter paflage, is plainly the fame with the way of the Taurini in the former ; the next on the north, to the Ligurian or Maritime road of both. In a'iecond pafTage preceding, Strabo de-* - fcribes the ilages on thefe two roads .irom Spain ; noticing the fea-coaft which is pofTeffed by the men of Marfeilles, and by the Salyes, as far as the Liguridns, up to the fides of Italy and the ftream of the Var ;, tracing, the road in this line from the Pyrenees, to Narborine, to Nifines, to Ecaucairc, Tarafcon, AtK iicar MaTieilles, An* tibcs, and the Var; and then adding thus: /^ upon the <>/A^r road, that through the Tkcontfi *^ and ih land of €onws, as far as Beaucaire and ' Strabo iv« 285. Td; ^olv mt U^fium^f n ^* ii/6v« Wf tm^ ff Tawfcoii teCTi VU ^ iOviR T&B ABPJv * 355 *^ Tarafeofi the road from Niimes is x^ommon^ to ** ft and Ae other ; theti up. to the bounds of the *^ Vocotttiiy and the beginning of the aicent of the ^' Alps^ over the Durance and through Cavaillon^ *^ fixty-thiee milee ; thence again to the qtber *' bounds of the Vacontii, and the hnd of Cottius^ *^ a hundred miles wanting one, to the village of *^ Bmhrun % then through the village of Briancony *^ Skincoma^s, and the pafs over the Alps, to ** Ocelumr Exiles, " the limit of the land of ** Cottius^ twenty-feven miles ^" Thefe names point out the Vocontian road demonflrably, to.be the road ova: the Cottian Alps or Mount Gen6vre, end the very way therefore by which Strabo con- du<9ts Hannibal.^ But, however un-neceflary it may be to add to fuch evidence, yet we may ufe*- fully do fo ; fuperfluity indeed being never ne- ceflary in itfclf, and yet frequently ufeful in rea- foning to the generality of minds^ Polybius's road *^ through the SalaiS^*' is equally explained * Strabo iv» 170* Kart« h rr» OEpocf o)by, my hx OuoxovW xm koivii olb; n aieo Nf^v word «q\iaily tioted' Aore as* fupeMubus and embar'* faffing] XKiyTofioTov/ ^i tn^ w AA'>rwiw*'vflrif86^tfc'5» i^ CxiXw, T9 Aa ^ ^ by Ijd tOUHSB oP HANICIVAL CBAT. 1^ by another paiTage itt Slraibo b^foi'e> and only a Kttle way before/ ^^ Of the pafles orerthe moun- ^ taitfs that- lead Out of Italy, into Tranlalpinc <^ Giiule ^nd the northern regions," he tells us, ^ that thdu^b the Salaffi leads to Lyons ; but it is ^ DOUBLE : oncj capable of receiving whetel- ^f carriages, and being much the longer, tfiai ^ through tlie Centrones ; and the diredl, narrbw * way, but Ihort^ that over the Panine ^*' Strabo equally informs us in another place, that, " when ** you go out of Itkly to crofs the Alps, in the ^* valley below them the road divides in two; *^ one p^rt pafles over what, is called the Toentne^ " acrofs the tops of the Alps ; the other mor$ *^ wejierly^ through the region of the Centrones ^.** We thus find Polybius's road " through the Srfi ^ laffi,'^ to mean equally that over LittU^ and that over Greaty St. Bernard!; jufl: as Livy argues! before againft Hannibars ptffling over eithcry beeaufQ either would have led hiini fhroa^h the Sa^ lajji. The Salafli poflefled both thefe branches, of t!ie road t9 Lybns ; that oVer the Pfetinixi^ Alps, to • Strabo iv» jlS* Tm^ V\/jfi^^Tim rut tx rtjj troT^Mif tif tw iJ* XvAfU'iui' ,«i h o^» nBouf fivnt ^9%^ hf 9i Wtov tloHjAvoyv P« 314* f Strabo iv» 31 4V tQuw\ ftw^ h'»^'s i^tpriQfm 7a opnf ^^ 99CXf^t» OVER THE J^tlit. 357 iiic Yftry tm^i l>ut that over tibc Gr^ii^aj o^ly a likle way uj^ the iidea of the QiDUt^tain^;. tHe Centronps, as the conqueroxirs of the Gf aibceli^ occupying tfee f^mmit «f the Graiany and being therefore iaid exprefely by Strabo in -another place, to live *^ on the heights above the SaUffi''.'* ^ Strabo'a car PQlyhiw'& ro^ ^' through the Tau* *^ rini," then, appears with a dpuble demQni|ra» tion to xneaB the way over Mount Genevre, which cfune from tjie country of th " the T^r^^i; inhabits fee? >^ iew?^ valley ; tbeirrep.on5 fKOfntheriwr^^^g^ ^ to the jaws kyi which thi Kbam efa^pes' out of th^ <^ FaUaiSy being now called the- Lo^er Falim r— « ^ in our time the Fe%agri ipe^ a^ preHch or: &h. *^ vayard l4^guagey wluch ihffy thpsiifelves ^«a9»^ ^^ xmnate the Romaii ^** Thus tjajQ; Jjfzue^ YiSii^g^ appears to have been c^n^inally Celtick^ in il^ i^-^ habitants ajid in. its language ; ^nd i% in cotiSs^^ quenqe of the Roman conquefl:, -^^hsajiged it? fpel^ tick, like Gaule and Spaiiv fof th^ prs&featFrendi ^nd the original Latin. We tbvwr fee thp cpniii^ iion in Livy's geographical ideas^i xc&^t:^ by the Vving ^ftory of language ; and; tiie natlum frf half or whole Germans^ with which hft h^ Up th^ Pennine Way to Umoxh^^ r«raipv^ confix '^ SkpJcr 7S. *^ Suprcixi^ p^s Valleifcc,. fe^fn?^ fec^rfii^ ^ linguam quoq^ue Germanicam^ retmuit ; ali^ Ungi)^ ^^y r** lic:B, feuRoixianse, ufus introdu^us eft."^ * Simler 77. •* Veragri imam vallcm inhabitstflt ; aMorfiA ** flumine ad fauces lafque qu^ Rhodaous egreditur, Infcnorem « Vall^fiani corum rcgionem bodi^nmicnpant«-^Nofir^ aetao^ ^' Veragri Gallic^ iingu4 ^ve Sabaudic4 uti^ntuTy ^u^Ml) ip^ 5* Rojjxanam vacant. '* Si^e alC> p. 6.6,'mifTprbted 86. Coxe- ii;. 279 ha$ much about the Romanfiy a^ he fays it is called ; but nothing half fo definitive or clear^, I prefumc, as t^s ihort accoiint. Coxe had never feen Simler's Defcriptipn of tii^ Vallais; and it is not in hi? catalogve of book% coi|(i}lted« if^ 4.06/ Aftronomers fee r^o^ tl^e ftpnes over whicb th^ ft\wbfc^ isfhile they ^e Qomt^m|)la|;ing the ^^^% derabjy derably to the eaft (^ it r. 1^ plainly btt Hvy srckHOwled^fid the Penjiinc Way, to be a TiS^ar road in the tixne of Hafinibal.; ^nd fo fept^y floet he attempt to block it pp, to the entyapfie of the Parthaginians 1 As tp the fi^trToad oyer I^ittkr gt. B«lUir4 being thep apt ofcn^^, I^ivy is xmi doubtedly right in the fiiH)pfitipD, but >wftpg in the aj)plic^tiop, apd ipfeiit^ly wrong in gjplying it »s 4 >i^/^»,only, Thift rpad, aaj Mi^ ^qw]| befiM^^ was fqrpiied when the ro^d oieg Mount (Jfaicy?je^9f^8, ot the ia^ pf its i^n. hdj\g an un-opcnefl ya^ ; but fugg^ft^ piexely the probial^ty, th^t it was fq, {^ upr ccxtaln )^ Livy, in the ycyy iiic^(|ents pf bis .wiilchrihows ^once a mift^e in the mountain ; wfaeu /i?^r rond over i!i///#t 0»(se all ti\<^ difii^uitieai, tb?rf;fei^iI»ir«g0'Qf SfrifeQ few )cr«ftt^ ^Aft ^ Hjarc^ fiJRsmml^d h^ Great St. B*n»d. We %l^.p0iifoynd$d> by feme cafiml inif-;|ffmBger n^Ht o£ ]w..n6tu:c8:;: tiirown off fisora ^e roadl illift ib^ delmbed^ as .the pviy (me capable of f^4Yipg Mbed-rcam^ea; unable iq reft upon jthe : rcf^d: of little .St4.&aiiaxd, becauie perbajDs |)e fidj^e&A^ , £ii»o mif**anrangQment in- ' them ; thcfefcor^ noting inci^ntally, and a^ feam Pok iybijis onlyi whoox we are iure he has .moft ^Qfsly .mif-i?q8?efentdd^ that Hatanibal marched PYer Mount, Gencvre. : We thus cQii|empIate hi« as a fair/refleiftion fcaia the mirco^r'^ Livy^ like bim beaten off from the point of trqth, like him embarrafled, porjdexed^ and dubiou&i but^ like hini too^ refting at kft, ^ugh only with the tip of a lingle toe^ on the fummit of Mount .Genevre^ fearful even of touching the grouQ4 with that, and ready to flutter away every moment, . . Yet after all, and when hypothecs is brought to the teft of barjation^ how does Li^ actually , carry SE6T. vi^. CVfeR. THE ALI^S.. ^6$ catty Hannibal ? Does his hiilory movfe, iii cor- te^ondence vtith his reafonings ? Does he adlually take Hannibal at 6nce, from his paffage acrofs tliqj Rhone, to feriincon almoft dire^ly before' hiihj to Mount Gen6vre, arid to Turin ? To be fure, he does. Every power of confiflfency, and evefj? principle o{ propriety, requires that he Ihoulil. Nor can a Livy, even in the moments of vi^oriousi weaknefs, a6l fd weakly ; as to fomi d ijpeculation <5ontradi<9:ory to his own narrative, and ^ti'giQg his arguments in an open hoftility with his fafljj Yet Ivith a figh of friendfhip ovfer an hiftorian^ whom I have ibund fo eminently ufeful to me ; tvhom I hme frequently felt coming in as a pow- erful auxiliary to my aid, when Polybius had ihrunk from my fide ; I am obliged to acknow^ ledge, that Livy is weak, enough at thefe in- aufpicious moments of wTiting, to do all thisx His very narration dalhes all his fpec^lation afide, Conjeclure may weave her web of reafoning, . and Fancy may throw her \franton colours over it, to mifleadllie minds , equally of the autlior^ anci of his readei35;. but fa<9:s are Aofe ftubborn elOTaent^ of matter, which will not be molded to the pur- pof^ Qf jCowjeAure, und will not aflume^the difr jguifes of Fancy. Hiftory muft move in the heavy harnefs of a Jloman legionary;, fteady, difc^lined^ and ir-refi{lible ; while Fancy" and Conje<9:ure arc - only; tlje.light-armcdj^ light-heeled Velites, that may provoke a battle, but can pcver fo^in an ' -- attacks ^66 ctiu&SE op hAnxibAI* UrAv.Wi attack. Livy accordingly moves in the fobeif trammels of incident, very dijfferently from the courfe that be takes in his flight among the clouds« He CQndujfts Hannibal with Polybius up the lUione to Lyons> kads him with Polybius to Geneva, and brings him with Polybius to the iKMrthern Alps* , He therefore carries ^him over thofe very Pennine Mountains, which he is now labouring to prove that Hannibal never crofTed j 9,nd half the range of Alps off from thofe very Cottian Mountains, acrofs which he hefitatingly and darkly, inlihuates him now to have pafled« Such is Livy, at this peculiai: point of his ; *i*,-*h»— ***.• Lil^e Bellerophoiij . , . . He bears his own indidiment. But let US' puih this hiftorical reafoning againft him, to its full and final conclufion.* Hie roads over Great and Little St. Bernard, Livy thinks it frdbablel, xv^ere liot then open into Gaule. This is^a plain mdicirtion, as 1 Have formerly intimated, and is Strabo now concurs to prove ; that they Were boiV(ypcxi in the days of Livy. Pliny comes in with V^milalr indication, when he places Aofta '^near the two mouths of the Alps, the Gfaiaqi * and the Poenine ^'' The Alps ** "There op'cl their ponderous and marble jaws, •Pliny ill. 17. **Juxtagemin2iAlpiura fauces, Gralasat* ^* qtiePoeniWai,'' - - -"-- :. ia tBCtk tll^ 0V£& THB AtPil* |^jt m the two toads through them« They alfo opened their jaws equally, at thaCottian and at, the Marithne Alps. All thefe openings. l:ait one, were made in the days of Strabo^. in tlio 4ays of Llvy, and in the reign bf Augufiu5^ That one was what Caeiar had noted half a cen- tury before, as the road through the Alps, as tb^ way which was much frequented by the traders, and as tb^ pafs by which were conveyed great Aores of merchandize to aiid from Italy. This was alfo the very road, by which all the Gauls ojp Italy had come into the country, for ages before Hannibal ; and this was the very road ioo, by which Livy himself brings them thither. Thus are the Pennine Mountains the firft of the Alpine, that emerged from the deluge of the un- hiftorical ages of Europe ; lifting, up their heads juft over the furface of the water, and attra6ling the attention of man, while the other heights of the Alps were buried beneath the furface, till a recefs had taken place for ages, and laid them equally bare tp the view* In all this march, as I have rep^ate41y obferved before, Hannibal was, under the guidance of Magalus the King, and of thofe Kings of the Soii who came with Magalus to Hannyibal, as ombiaiTodours from fome of the GaQtck States, of Italy, l^ey all came from the banks of the Po ^; ta< te meet him 'Ofn his croffiiig the Rhbne* Tfhiy blew well the roarfy by iWhich thet had c6tac td jtem ^t fills p6iht. 'they kne# aliB- life road, b^ which their forefethers had gone but of GatiW cri^rially^ to fettle along the borders of the Po; Ttey therefore meant to carry Hannibal by thte Veiy fame way, dt prefent- "*Thefe very eiri-^ •^ bafladourswhom ye behold/' crres ttannibai to his ^rmy even in Livy's own hiftdry, were ^^ not *' tranQiforted over the Alps on wings; nor did *^ their ariceftorsy the natives of their country, *^ and the fixers of their nation in Italy, pafi *^ {afcly oh wings over these very Alps, when ^ they crofled them frequently in great armiefe^ *^ accompanied in the nlanner of emigrants with *^ their wives and children s.'* The embaffa- doiirs therefore cam^, and their anceft6rs went> bythatavdnue through the Alps betwixt Gaule and Italy, by which the former were now con- ducing Hannibal. Accordingly Polybius, Ipeak* ing^bf feme hiftorians before him, who gave ^ wild and miraculous air to Hannibars march ^crofs the mountains, f^y3 they knevv.not from i\iflory ;; ^^ that the^ Gauls, Who dwell along *^ x'k'jfc'^lvkR RHONi, not merely once or twice ' * ' * -iivy i)dv 30. ^ Ecfe tpfi58-qvSr the abpS* 369 *^ he&xc the dtfivd vf Hannihal, and not in i/i/rr/ir *^ /i»tfff. only, but ^^ ^idfeiyy had pafTed over tib^ ^^ Alps with great* armies^ and> coming, as aux^^ *^ iliaries to ihc Gauls inhabiting^ the Plains *^ ABOUT THB Po, had i ^ehcoutttcred the Roe *^ mans ^.'* Livy alfo corroborates all, in a par*- ticular account of thfefefirft irruptions. of the Gauls into Italy ; bringing them plainly by the fame road^ by which he biringsHannibal over the Alps ; even carrying thbm fexprefelys, to our iadjo- nifh«ient at his confiiled memory in the prefent part of. his hiftory^ over the Pennine. Alps them^- felvesv 1 ^ f We have feen him eohdu6ting Ilanrdbai before, *^ into the. country of the Tricastini j'* in.lm way from Lyons to the Alps \ We flikll now ^ Pol^US iiu 48. T«f KiXl«?> Ti^; ^mtf» to? PoSbevoy €nhfM» t ^celfti; JlEj jUbsyaXoi; rpATosrcibt^ vTFi^diilaq raj AX^tei;, wapaJslap^Gafc -^Ey Pa»^tot^y owcthna'iccrQou ci Kikroii tm$ t» ttrepi rov Ilo&^y isr£^d» ko(lo*Kf«rm. ^* The Oauls, that lived along the Rhoxiev had ^^ *^ paflcdthofe mountainsk ; And even not long before the time /* of Hannib^, they had led a very numerous army over theDi> ** to join the Cifa^ine Gauls in their wars againfl the Rppans'* (1.351). This hbs fo little of what Folybius fays, and is fo unlike in ^ts manner Where it fays what he does ; that I can ex* pofe it wily, by appealing to the literal vcrfion df his * worA» above, and requefting my reader to collate it with Mr* Hampton's. ' Livyxxi. 31^ •* In Tricaftinos flexit." Vol. L Bb fe« / fte km etpally coJodiiAitig the £ift«6aiils, Htme Jie aikiwt to Imye crofied the Alps kito Italy^ Anwi^ the iSmofi co^B4ly• S^m tfMi %lril of tettefinds and advmitwe^ which we 1^ at times; in the giddjr part of o« own ycmng meo^ hnt which attendN^aH fUgea of life and^all )^fpofition^ aif mind, in an un-ctTilized ftate of fodety ; kecp^ 4ng man without any proper aferipiimt- te tht -gkik on which ho lives, Mndmng motion neceflkry to ^i;^fy the &}Iies of hie btood, and maling even the ca/iialties of war a le^fite aflfmftmait to hii^ «m-oecapiedmind; Belkri^eluc;^ fiAev's ion to Ani,- l^gatus King of the Bitnriges in Gaul:^^ was fexit i>y him \o penetrant into Italy, asid ieize fome 4ieW lands tbete, at a tine when Ganle was fo^ fittlc overfiocked wkh its own mnititiides^ thkt ahnoft half the iqgM>n was coverod with ibr^. The Gauls nndonbtedly promifed ^eiipielveat wanmr inns and bri^ter fides, than; they bad m their owij country; lands more amenable to Ihe ^ade or |)Iough, c»r luxunating in s^ gr^tw $ssf^ of @{a& ; a^d ifid^ woyM equally ^sfii» «lindb not di^pHned to fentunents ^yaSila^ not' 'fiibdued to liabits of contpaffiony as fond of in- dolence sEs they were prone to wai^ 9wl ever flue- toasting betwixt the flood-tick of war and the ^brtide of ixidokncey eaitk which th^ had not Beared, harvefts which fhey had not iown^ and cities which they had not built. On thefe united motives^ Bellovefus ^ began hia march/V fays Uvy,. lAvf, ^ with s vaft turmy of hBtCe and foot> and •* C8sne into flic counhry**— of wliom ? — ^^ of thc^ •'.Tricastwi***' Btit Livy fi^ confiderad the TVieaiHni^ as extending all along the Rhone to Ihe Alp$% in his Very n*3rt Voids fohjoining, that ^ tbirt the Alps< crofled their march K*^ livy therefore referred tbtn to all the tribes, whicl| range in his hifi(»y of Hannibal from the Tri* caflini to the Alps, two of them with names, and die reft withont; under the general name of Tri- caftini. He &U8 brings the Gauh to the Alps^ juft as he. haa bron^t £knnibal bei^r^. Thefe Alps " indeed," adds Ii?y, ^' I wend©! •* not io have been coniidered as un-llirmount- *f able, when (according to the fettled tradition, ** unlefs we chule to cxedrt Ae fables coQceming. ** Hercules) they had never yet been furmqunted ly ^ the fiat of travelkrs *^-'* But thefe Gauls ap- pear evidently from their march towards the point, to l^ye heard there was a chafm in the j&ce of one of the mountains near the Rhone, i^hich promxfed an acce& into the heaFt of- tha Alps, and held out a hope of .a parage over ^ Livyv. 34. ^ Profeftus ingcntibiis peditum equit^m^uc ^-copiis, in I'ricaftinQi veoit.'' , * Ibid. ^ Alpes iadc opfoBtx erant.** ^ Ibid. <^ Alpes-^-inexf^rabilesvifashaudequidemmiror^ ^* nulli dumvi^ (quod quidena continens mcmoria fit, i^fi de ^ Hcrculc fiabulis credere libet) fupcratas, ^^ Bba them them.mto Italy. Tomi^dft^eenxm^tfae queft o adyenturc,.^ , flight pxpmiie anda fjseble. hi^pe wqoljd t< foffifAent> for IhemanA of. an anhy* ^^ There/* ,^s Livjr goq3,;On in a t3:3in.of ideas th^t is vejry amvUing to^q^r In^oriqal fancies, *' the height of the hiJJs kept. the Gauls, 4s it ^' Were/indpied aiivhile ; and they looked ajjound *^ tb fee^ by what avenue they could pais^ over th« •^ Heaven-touching pikes into another glohe".'* They fa w this grand chafin fp^ed by the Dr^ce. They boldly ventured in, with all their wives and children ; exfilared than jblind way up, by the channel of the Drance ; and fo reached its Ipring- head, on the top of Greatr5t/,pernard^ In this manner ^nd at this period, was' thp road up to Great St. Bernard firft found, and became the one only pafs through the Alps for ages afterward. But, in the lapguage of livy, *^ they mounted " over the. Alps through .. the cpuntry of th^ " Tauaini, and through forefts unpaffed before; " became the Infubres of Italy, and laid the ^' foundation of Milan i».". Here we have the clear evidenpe of livy himfelf, for the paiTage of " Livy V. 34. " Ibi, quum velut feptos moatium altitudo *^ teneret Gallos, circuxnfpedtarentque qu^nam per jum^a •* coelo juga in aliiim orbem terrarum tranfirent," . *» Sec map prefisted to SaulTure, vol. iii. p Livy V, 34. " Ipfi per Taurines, faltufque invios, Alpet *< tranfcenderunt;— cognomine Bifubribus pago^-condid^re ^uibem^ MedioianumappelUninU'^ . the «BCT. Vli - tivii Tfifi ALPS. ' 37^ the iirft Gaiils that ever came* ihto Italy, acrof^ ihf^Penmn^Aps into it. "^aVin^ the extteinitJife of «fe^ne Sf^afeiorii'^t^ TricaAJniTipdn ^e^de iiid^the TttSfiti? 6tt^«i6 otKa^, esqrKjfily fp^ified to us; we 'kfaow-''fh6'-iritennediaM-{ie^ 6f coiiifeJ^'lAvy thus^ dppekft eailfyiiig and cotV- diidiiig'^fiis-' fijrfl: ariny' acrofs' the Alps^ itbvii 'Bfom^'^m'i^^ Berry; the capital of thcBiturigesv tod eoiifiderably to the north of Lyon ; by the fsine iregibn on the Gailick iide of the mountains, by which he conduAs the Cartha- gihiafts^;' fih'd I/^-4he 'fime cdcflpy on the Italian fide, 'hiio whiicii vlief^'carries rii'e Caithaginiahs, "!?«;• fofgeffiil df all'thiSi he objeas t6 thbfe who' bflfig^ HantflbaWjAft^as hi brings hiffi ; alledges tKs-piffe- over me^ Alps '^to'harv'e been probably tabfct«i^u^/ iaUKe'-ctty« of' Hannibal, ^ by ria- ^ ^ioris hrtili?€k*marf/' tv'h^in titele'imtions jrfainly aj>pear K thiis part of his own htftory, tt 'to have gotief by this' pal^^ 'h'eaxufe the road from it ^oul^ have carried hini' np to Mlan''said''vJ^ ft'oni ^he T'aurinil 'When hcf himfelf had jh^e^oufly led thefe Gauls by it, through the TaMni md fo Mitdn fexpi^efsly: ^ Stkch 'ail amJazing-'priQfdf fud- denly ftarts up under our hand here, of Livy's total negle6l of recurrence to his'o^n'^ideas ahd Ills own fa<5ts, in the prior parts of his hiftory ! So fully, too, does this fingle incident prove the ufe of the Peniiiiie iW^y^,, ag the fiaft^.theaaaturaJ^, : pb3 the ^ only road up the Alps ; in tbofeTaiiie^ttmcar ^ antiqvity^, which die tdjsfc^ope -of hlfioa^caa ihow to U6 4a Gaul? t li^y: iodoed was gr^AliF Hiiflcd in his geafening, by anr.^yx^afioiud xoi^l^e in his ^eogn^hy ; and mqveptarSy c^mfid^red tfaofe as lyk)g wi^ -of tbo: xwd fi^wt dot St« Boqard to JVfilan^ whom |ie had prevwoSkg |daced himieif vfon the>v«^€VOwn of the road^ and who wore ib plaped "undoubtedly hf the hif^ torical leoords from which he wiE9te» : But letiu^^ynjlnc tl^ nCTtHtHptiosi of void^owsB ths c^aVEVS OFTHR FllE€SniVO A<fYy {M^fed thf << Alps BY l^HH SAME Foa^T v^th ^ afi^^J^P^ *^,df BeiUpveius^ fei^ed the coi^try of^ the Libu% ^ and fettled ning| this^ etaigirant army joixrnie}ring witJt both .the > Others into the neighbourhood of MUah, and ib •advuicing from the Pennine Alps to Tidnum cor Fkvia, a few mil^ fouth-weft of Milan ^. ^ But even this flight ambiguity' in livy, ia 4iic^y' changed into '^ full explicitnefs. The darkneis of Ithe oracle buiifis out into ample light ( and livy tdi^ us in expnefe terms, that the fourth irruption wks over the Pehmna'Alps,' ^/Phen ^ the Boii and the Lihgones," he relates^^^K^rofled ^* THE PENikE Mountain; and/as all theiegiaii ^^ betwixt the Alps and the Po was already feizedj^ ^' wafting th^rofelves ,o?erj the Po upou floatSa^ ^^ they drove nqt only the Etrufci^ but the Umbri^ • f Livyjv. 3$; *f Poft ho8 SaUu\ii [confidunt]f. prt^p^ anlU ♦'^^waip r^;i;cm JLapvas Ligures, incqlcntps qirca T^cinum <^ amneip^".. . , , , . J Pliuy Hi, '17. « Lcvi--coadid[6r^'T^iclnum/* ^ ' :- - ^ ^^OUt MfcT/VlI, 6V1BSL *HR ALPS. - 37^ ^^out of. the country V They firft ftttied, to fpeak with greater precdfion from Plinyi on the northern fide of the Po, at Lodi- a: little to the fouib-eaji oi Milan; then, according to anotho: paflagc in Livy hxmielf, ftretched on to Cremona Upon the ' Voy a^ little' farther to the foutb-- eafij and to the'fbuth'of Brefcia; afterwards j fiiidihg their qiiarters there' tdo confined for their numbers/ floated themfelves over the Po ^ For this lafi aft livy him'felf- afligns a reafon, which' Ihows the three colonies before to have ipaiied by the fame way, into the fameYegion. ** A1! the country ^^/a;/i£/)&jf;^i^j^W the'/Po was ^^ Wr^ji/vfcized,'* by thcthtee colonies preceding; except only i narrow ]porti6n on flie foiith, which the fourth feized, and ftmAfd* f6 nartrciwy as to vcnture'oVer the confining Po tijpbn the ^ecarious embar&tibn of floats, in drder to^ pftrcfff e ih! ad- ditiori'of room: This notice imites wilK the men-^ tion of the Pennine Alps> as thc^vei^'^cStMe by which thfe foalithf 'migi?a ^ - ^■' ' » livyV* 35: <^ Fmno deinde Bou Lin^onefqUe^tiimrgreffi, ^' quum jam inter Padumatqn^ Alpe$ omnia tenereotur^ >' 'Fado ratibus (raje^^ non .Etrufco3 modoi fed .etj«m IJin* >* bros, agropcllunt,*\ , : . ^' Pliny Tii. 17. . /^ Cpndidere-^Boii, trans Alpes profefti, f^ ILj^udcm PoiDpcana;" audJLity txX. it$} fbr^Jremona. ' - ■'? Ogam IinMfflfiM|iif coliidriit, gtcq^it^mnye jrgtfoi^.. , \ . . » . • . ..J ' '•.'•^^'•\ "But that this fourth anny ^' crofled th? fEjxat MoujiTAiM*\to come into Italyi i^ ^ff^ca&ly- affinned l(we muft ren^i^ber) by the very hiit ^eriour doubts^ and ihould havepi^du^^^thcn^ for ever in the writer by aptiaipatioq.^ It p^^^]a-j lady throws a ^edfive luA^^ of light, upo^ al} his th»e^ Mcoimte b^oi^ j '.dsft»F»?.f^, ipM^> .9f his Tricafiinif^n rfut^ j and ii^iupj^^jitBs thp glpoq;^ of his Taimi^n yr|Opd% l^ibfAf yaa^hl^ ijs ^f detennine with th^^^ene^ of dfn^flratioi^^^6^ all, that the Boii and lingpikfs/ ^e Salluin|^^^C^ Domanni, and Bituriges; all entered by the fame ^enue of i^a^ture into ' tlM^ ^b^bpi* oi the Alps, ftU nocmted by thp fame nnd 6f natim: to the fuitimSt of the Alps; and aH ,ea^e dbwn from the fame Alps, of the Pemnne. to the iame n^on oif ihe Taurim^ with lEIannibal hkp&lC I ^ MannibAl -thefi wfent into the Alpfe'Uy tJiat .^rid channel of comxixunication, which tte't'ri- taftini haxl fif ft explored, which the CSnomannt had next traverfed^ an4' the .Salluvii, ; Boii, Lid- g6nes had fiicceffively ufed afterwards. Thui the very Boii, whb were now cotidildHftig hi4 army, had aJUi^Hygone' along it thefnfelvcs oA llieir original emigratibn into Italy. Hie Senonei alfo, who, as Xlvy tells us,* were ^^the laft oE /* thefe emigrants/* arid, as Pplyibius infotlh^ us, had pafledthe Alps .^ very lately'* befote Hiatiiii- bal ; equally crofled the Alps, as the Boil in- formed Hannibal pn. the banks of the Rhone, in the fame dirediori that the fathers "of thefe Boii had gone, that they thetnfelves had come, and &at tliey meant to cari-y Hatmibal'*. In thefe repeated expeditiotls abrofs Oreit St. Bernaird, the pfiiiiitive road hiaid undoubtedly been improved by the hand of art, tod trahsfetred ftom the bed to the bant of the I>ance; thus avoiding the conilant embatraflhaents of the ibream, and the occaiional tobftrti6Uons of the ^ Livy ▼. ji- ^ SenoHCs," rtcentiffimi advcnanmi ;*' Poly- %ti]s ill. 48. 49^e neccflary to an anlieht traveller over thefe toountains, and the luxurious eai^> wHh <^hich a modem crofies &em at pne&nf. * Nor does- d Ufadet cart ever prefbme to pafe'thc Alps tfi ^ p6iht, at prefent. ' Yet let not the cohtraite dirciw a Ihade of 'fufoefibMity ti^^rar the hijftory, as it may be likely to do ; criti- ti&n often ilarting back from antient fa^^ wfaeii it finds them fo diligent from the modern, zxai to comprelHng the military vigour of paft ag»^ into the pun/ exertions of prefent tetvellii^ « Miflbrii. 66. <^ I ^ over the inouBtaia ^ Grait St. ,^ Beroard^ then covered vith fnow : here I girr i drfcriptilii ,i* (^ tiiat i^Qustafii, zni. of the meaner tfg^g ofoir itf ffhki^ •' n /omethi»g Jl9fHlflr..^\ Coxci. 372. In the way up the Gemmiy a chain. of mQuntains fepeiuting the Cantoii of Berop from the Vallais^ ^* the road continued good, as &r as the vil* ^^ kgo df Kasderfieg ; kom whence delicate travellers^ wh<^ ^ ^ Q9l chi^fe tq mo^mX A rugged afceot» either on fcot or o|i «• \ifxt^\a^\i^ itl^utrrhd. in an arwt^JMr ^^rted hy msans tf ^\j^Us upon mtn't Jbculders^^ ^ ' 1 ^Qt I^^>1M ihe reSddr fiaifad i« t^ prsfent life of ' ehaHfctf>aiM^ii; MGjfOftC.OttnfvMy and theiotal difuib oftheai^nGfeatSt.fieftaaiU« The Alps, lite llie lower parts of oor gl(4>e, are iiib|e& to siaii j ehanges« That fine road, whieh was called the J^ Aurdia^, went << through the fea^^^eoaft ^ *f Marfeilles and Liguria,*' and had ^' the pai!ea i< ttmt go intb^Itaiy Vnoie eafyi the nlduiitains'* of the Maritime A^ ^"^ liow lo^dring themiUver f^ there* T which Should theteJKoe have been |)cculiarly priefenred, "as the heA ^ay int0 Italy ; Is now.no longer tmvelldd^. Urns alfa Mount <^nevre is now praidHpahle for-diai&s; has " all *^ the carriages which go into Italy" from Erahce^^ ^ pa£i** over it; and even ^ is almoft the only ^ mountain of all the Alps, where Hie' carriages ^' atcn^t 4ifinouiitod, in' order, to be traniporteA ^' aver the hill on the back'Of mules ;'' itcauji it '• became two centuries and a half ago, ^^ the gc^ ** neral way for thofe who travel out of France ^ tbtojtaly V And thus Mowt Cenis^ with iefs coavcniency for paffing the Alp$, becauft With much interruption: from difmounting tW y Itia. Anton, pt 98. H Via Avrelia^ a Bsomi ftt Tufciau ' ^ ct Al^ Maritimaa Arelat^m tifqne, ** ' Strabo %9^* ZUcb mi tro^o^MK r^ 'hdctvffttKwlixns im tik <^* ^ chaiics^ 584 Pours© OP HANNiBAt ,-^iUf.- 4f» chaifes/ taking ihcm in pieces^ an4 i£|iiti|ig the iq>efated limbs into, one body again ; is fo tonch more frequented than Mount Gtenevre, that the a6hial paifage of dbaifes over the latter is totally unknown, at Geneva,, in the Wllais, and even in a land of traveller^ like Britain ""^ But, amidft.all tiiefe variati6rts of accident and under all this indolence of travelling, the march of modern armies ^.ver the Alps fubftantiates the truth of hiftory coiiceming the antient* Their baggage^ their provilions hjive been, conveyed like Hannibal's, over thofe Very Alps, acrofs which a cart or a ch^ife prefumes not to venture now* When Mount Genis makes its firft appearance in the world of biftdry^. and is firli known to have been traverfed by a road, Charlemagne carried ' his army over it, and fent a detachment over Great St. Bernard;^* Ih Auguft 1793 a detach* '' ' SauflureJv. 14J. '^^ St. Bernard eft njoins frequent^,' d^ •* puis qu*on ne 'voyage plus qu*en voiture ; parce qu'on pre* ** fere le JMont-Ceais, ou I'on a plus de facilite pour Ics faire **^ demonter et transporter.** Saufliire plainly knew nothing of carriages paffing over Mount Genevrc. " Carriages can pafs ** only by the iirft and the laft of thefe routes," St. Gothard and the Tyrol : " in croffing Mount Cenis, they niuft be takefi «* -in pieces ; but the wfeole-road through the Tyrol is not . ^* merely prafticaWc, but even excellent, for a carriage!' (Geotleman's Guide 1-2). This author evidently knew a^ £ttle as M. SaufTure, of chaifes paffing Mount Gen^re. i Mod.Un.Hift. xxiii* 128*129 and Sauffiirein 231. / ' ment inent of iht Rcdmontefe anny marclied otef Great SI. Bernard to Martigny^ and, in order not to. violate the neutrality oF the Vallaifans> marched >Yi&otit atBis in tjieir hjtnds^ but tranfported their «nttS in cbvcred carriageis attending theih. Nay, thofe very extraordinary impediments to modern armies, impediments ten-fold heavier probably