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TH E 



COURSE OF HANNIBAL 

\^ / ' 0V8R 



THE A L P S 



jscbiCtai^^ed, 



air 



JOHN WHITAKER, B.D/ 

RECTOR OP RUAN LANYHORNB^ CORNWALL. 



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IN TWO VOLUMES. 



VOL. II. 



■» I .1 III 



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10 If DO Ni\A^j \ V -yT) 

^RINTfi» tOK JfOHN STOCKDALE, HCOAPILLTl 



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COURSE OF HANNIBAL. 



CHAPTER THE FIRST. 



Having now placed Hannibal in defiance of alt 
oppofition, triumphant on the plain of Great St. 
Bernard, and by the temple of the god Peninus, on 
the only, travelled Alps of the time; I proceed to 
fhew the date of its inhabitants^ and to detail the 
operations of Hannibal upon it. 



By this track up the northern fide of the Alps, 
along which I have carried Hannibal and the Gauls 
to the top, thefe Alps were not only traverfed but 
peopled. There was equally no road over them, 
and no inhabitant upon them, about four hundred 
years before Hannibal. " In the reign of the Elder 
*' Tarquin at Rome," fays Livy in that memorable 
pai&ge, which firfl fhows the Alps to our eyes in 
the perfpedive of hiflory; Bellovefus marched to 
thefe Alps, and fearched for an avenue through 

Vol, IL B them 



2 COURSE OF HANNIBAi CHAP, f* 

tiiem into Italy. Thcfe " indeed I wonder not/^ . 
adds Livy, as I muft again repeat from him, " to 
^' have been" then ** confkJcred as unfufmounftafcle, 
*^ when (according to ^he fettled traditioHy unlefs wc 
^^' chufe to credit; t\^ febles concerning Hercules) 

*^ THEY HAD NEVER YET BEEN SURMOUNTED BY 

" THE FOOT OF TRAVEL tERs *." ^ This forms a very 
llriking sera, in the .hiftory of thefe Alps j wherl they 
lifted their br6ad backs into the fky, «n-afcended by 
the feet of man, uft-ftfeenditHe in the imaginations 
of man, a fteep and lofty ridge of thickets, a region 
of folitude, filence, and fhadows; for miles up the 
mountains, formidable to the eye from the very fo- 
femnity of their vaft 'woods, and carrying a chill of 
ttrrour to the foul, from the very vacuity of human 

fife within them. 

/ ^ ' 

Such wa|S this range of mountains at that period^ 
** according to the fettled tradition" ofi LiVy's days> 
** unlefs we chufe to credit the fables of Hercules !" ' 
Thefe "fables" gave an earlier date, to the firft paf- 
fege over the Alps, and to the firft population upon 
them; referring both to another point of the moun- 
lains, by reprefentihg J^crcules to have left a num- 
ber of his. followers upon Utile St. Bernard, and ta 
have gained it the appellation of the Graian Hill, 

a Xwy V. 34. ** Prrfto Tar^uink) Ronue regnartte,*' and ** quas 
^' in-exfuperabiles vifas baud equidem qiiror, fiullidam viflL(qaod 
*Vquidem contincns memorkiitj-iiili de Heceule fabalis ccedere 
" libct) ftipcratas/* ' 

from ' 



iEcr: r. ovzK THE alps: ^ 

from thc.Graiclans thus fettled upon it\ But this 
*' fable" was in ijjtprobiibility derived, from the ge- 
neral tridition of HcrcUlcs's piffage out of Italy into 
JGaule and Spain; ind frdrb the accidental coincideAcb 
of thie Celtick name of this hill in found; with the . 
haipe of the Grail or Grecians under him. We 
know from thfc teftiniony of Livy before, that the 
hill dftually bore the appellation of Cre-mo ; one 
very fimilar to that of our Gr^w-piari^ mountains; 
.fcertainly Ccldck therefore, and moft proibably the 
brigin of the other ^ We have already feen a fimilar 

coincidence^ 

t Pliny Hi, ao. 

' • • • . ■ 

c Livy xxi. 3S. ** Coelius per Cremonis Jagum dicit tratififlc**' 
Even whtii hiftory makes mg/ueraJfy right in etymology, it is diffi- 
buh to Jho-w that rightnefs in ;^rticular Inilances. But (ipce the 
liills would naturally be named, becaufe they were feen, before 
they were inhabitedi as oaf Albion evidently was) I fuppofe the 
word in Celtick> which gaye birth to die namp of Graise Alpes/* 
to be this; Crug (\^elch) a hillock^ a Heap, a rick, Cryg(W}a 
inoiint, 6rwg (V/) heath or ling; and Craig (W) a rock, a crag{ 
ICrucach (Irifh) a heap^ Croach (I) a rick, Carrigi Craig (I) 9, 
rock; Creaghach apd Creagmhar (I) rocky} ** Cruc Ochident/* 
/< i: e. Cumuliis Occidentals"' (Nennius xxiii. Galei and notes)> 
for the promontory of U/bant \ Crugael (Corniih and Armorick) a 
hillock, Crechen (C and A) a little mount, Grug (C) a moQo^ 
bryg (C) a heath, and Drachel (C) a heap: are all<lerived from 
fcrcch (C) and Krcch (A) high. This vejy word, pr6nounce4 
Graci) and Gray, as Grech (I) is to this day prpiiounced in our 
<7r/;r-hound; and as Mariigndc, the name of the town from .which 
we have afcended the Alps, is always prohovnced and frequently 
VfTiiitn Martlgjtjff would give appellation to the Graian hills ^ |t 
when pronounced Gram, ]ike Qngmhzr above; it would denopiio 
iiite the faihe )iills Crm-o^ and bur Britilh hilla Gram-fian^ 

Ba Av4l]<y 



€1 



4 COURSE O^ HANNIBAL CHAP. T. 

coincidence, molding the name^of the " P<?»inae 
Alpes" fucceffively, into P^;?inae 'and P<2?«ae ; 'and 
then adduced as an evidence of a fa6t, to which it 
had no relation. But we even fee this very princi- 
ple applied to Hercules, in this very manner, at 
another point of the Alps, « The Lepontii," ^ays 
Pliny, " are thought by Cato to be of the race of 
the Taurici i almoji every one elfe believes from an in- 
terpretation af their name as a Greek one, that they 
were men left by the army of Hercules, becaufe 
" their limbs had been benumbed with the fnow, in 
paffingthe Alps; that the Graii too were of the 
fame origin, fettled, as he paffed, in habitations 
upon the Graian Alps j and that the Euganei were 
of the fame y men weU-defcendedy and therefore called 
Euganei^." Thefe are three cafes exaftly the 

lame; 

A valley; extending along the Ifcre, in the Alps that lead one way 
up to the Graian hills, and forming a conliderable diftri£l of which 
the capital is Grenoble, is denominated Gr^r^-vaudan at prefent; 
'juft as a vale on the other fide of thefe Graian hills, is equally de- 
nominated Val G;i/:anche (map to Sauffure, vol. iii. and $aailure 
*ii- 343) J as a hiU to the eall of Great St. Bem^rd is called Gries or 
'Gr//3/, to this day (Simler 43 and Coxe iii. 312)} and as another, 
much more to the eail, is denominated Mount Gray f Simler z68). 
' The inhabitants of thefe Graitn hills were plainly acknowledged 
for Celta^, by their Celtick neighbours ; as they were diftinguifh- 
cd in an additional part of their name, by an appellation indubi- 
tably Celtick. They were, as wehavefeen before, denominated 
Grameli\ aindGrat ocbel is juft the fame, as the name of the OcM 
H//// in Scotland. 

d Pliny iii. 20. ** Lepontios— Tauricae gentis— Cato arbiiratur* 
'*. Caetcri fefe Lcpontros reliaoR ex comicatu Hcrculis, interpretal 

*' lione 



cc 
tc 
u 
cc 



^ 



1^ » - - 



SPCT. I. . OVER THE ALPS, " J 

lame ; and all the three origins ^rc derived from the 
lame fource, xhe fportivencfs of ignorance in the 
' fields of hiftory. But ignorance deftroycd ks. own 
work at once, by the precipitation of its folly. It 
aiTigned, and with a near equipoife of abfurdity for 
each, no lefs than three different courfes over the 
Alps to Hercules. It carried him over the more 
eafterly Alps, becaufe it found there the Euganei \ a 
national appellation, that founded like a word in 
Greek. But when once the balloon is let loofe in 
air, and the imagination is riding die clouds in ety«- 
mology i if there is no fteerage of hiftoryi to cqnduft 
us, we may be driven we know not where. Accord- 
ingly thofe Rom^s, who went up in the balloon of 
etymology before the days of Pliny, lighted upon 
two other parts of the Alps, and there found, equal 
proofs of Hercujes's paffige over them. As they 
flew thence toward the weft, and approached Great 
St. Bernard, they found the Lepontii \ . a dcnomina* 
tion, which tinkled to the car lik^ another word in 
Greek, and was therefore made an evidence of Her- 
cules's paffage over that part of the Alps alfo.. Then 
the balloon failing above the Pennine Alps, becaufe 
this name would not chime with any word in Greek ; 
it anchored once more upon die Graian becaufe the 
name of this would, and affirmed HcrcHlcs to havQ 

** done Graeci nominis, crcdunt, praeuftis in tranfltu Al>pium nive 
•* membrisj cjufdem ct Graios fuilTe, pofitos in tranfito^ Graiartmr 
^ AlpiuflQ lacalas, pra^ftantc^ue genere Eoganeos, init traAo bo- 

B 3 gone 



/ * 



6 COURSE OF fiA^iffiMAh CrfAg. U 

goAc acrofs the Little St. Bernard tdo. It thus ren- 
ders Hertuks, like his afltagonift Gerydn, a being 
ynth three bodies; and fo gives a feparate paffage 
through die Alps, to each of them. But| nqt con- 
tent with all this frippery of folly, it even added 
smother paflag^ to all the reft. " The Jtr^ road*' 
over the Alps, fays Marcellinus, ^f Thcban Hercules 
5f formed"— -where ?— at the Graian, at the Lepon- 
|:ian, or at the Euganean Alps ?.— at none of them, 
but " near the Marititne Alps ; when he rtiarched 
f* flowly to the attack of Geryon" in Sfaifty " as is 
V faid, and towArds the capital of the Taurifci" in— 
Dalmajia; " and, gave thsfe Alp their name : hcjimi-; 
** larly cvnfecrated the fortrejs and port of Monaco y 
^ as an eternal memprial of himfelf," by fixing upoq' 
it the* namfe of Hercules MonaicUs ^. Sqch a running 
rfeduplfcation of the nami of Hercules, does this 
babbling echo of etymology make; beating thq 
found backwards an^ forwards along the fides of the 
Alps, and throwing it by reverberations from onq 
end of the mountains to another } The whole in- 
deed is a mere babble, founds without fenfe, and lo- 

...... ^ . I . : . > 

^ ' 1 

e MarccHihus xv. I'o. p. 105. - ** Primam fviam] Thebasus 
•* ttcrcqlcs «d Ocryottem etditiguendomy ut relatum eft, et Tau- 
rifcum>. teiims. .gradifns, propc Maritimas cqmppfttit A1pes| 
Hicqaeharum indidit nohien: Monceci fimiliter arcem et por- 
tum ^d perenncA fui memoriam confecravi't." What explains; 
t&is. is. a MaritiineJ/^ in Bertius 33, ruoning from Q,enoa towards 
jli5;p 5 ** AD^Albintimilio Hercukm Msince^ct portAs^ m. p. xvj. Ab. 
?f H^rf«i^Miffflf«>or/«/ Avifionem, m. p. xvi." 

, quacity 



« 



' I 



SHOT. U bv£a THE ALPS« f 

quacity without Cgnificance. Even wa3 the fyftem 
^ judicious as it is rilly> as manly as it is infantine; 
the very contradidorinefa of parts to parts wou}d 
dcftroy it all. 

At the period of Belbvefus's irruption into Italy 
then, and about fix hundred years before the Chriftian 
asra,the Alps appear to have been totally un-inhabited<, 
But a road over them being explored by Bellovcfus^ 
colonization would foon take place upon them. 
Another irruption of Gauls into Italy by this grand 
trunk of communication, happened very foon after- 
wards, and in the very life of BcUovefus himfclf. A 
third, a fourth, and a fifth fucccedcd. The inhabi* 
tants of the valley at the mouth of this trunk, as they 
faw Belle vofus; Elitovius, and otliers, condufl: armies 
of their countrymen up it, and heard of their fafe 
marches along it to the rich plains of Italy beyond^ 
'would of courfe be fi:retching their poflefllons up the 
hills more and more, towards Great St. Bernard am) 
the Po, in the very }ine by which the others bad 
nK)ved towards Italy. They would thus be in thd 
way of all future emigrants and.of al] future travellers, 
pafBi}g from the oni? country to the other i and thuj 
would the road over the Alps^, froni Martigny to 
Great St. Bernard and the Po, along the beneficial 
current of the ^Drahce, be the firft part of thefe 
mountains that was inhabited, and fo form a girdle of 
population around the body of them. 

B4 Thi^ 



€€ 



9 fcOCJRSE OF HANNIBAL CHAP, ri 

This rcafoning, though refting upon ground fuf^ 
ficiently hiftorical and firm, and needing litde the 
aid of collateral evidence, has it however in the very 
denomination of thefe Alpine inhabitants. 

I have already ftiewn the Gauls of Vienne, Lyons^, 
and of all the Rhone to Geneva, to have been in- 
cluded in the general appellation of Allobroges. 
But Polybius fhews the name to have extended 
equally, over the Nantuates, the Veragri, and the Se- 
duni. Hannibal, he fays, having marched ten days 
along the Rhone, " began the afcent of the Alps, and 
happened to fall into the greateft dangers: for^, 
while they were in the plains, all die leaders of the 
** Allobriges on their fides kept off, pardy fearing 
^' the cavalry, and partly the Gauls who efcorted 
** them J but when thefe returned home, and Han- 
nibal's men began to advance into the defiles, then 
the leaders of the Allobriges, hiaving coUefted a 
large body of men, feized the convenient poftsy by 
*^ which Hannibal's men muft neceflarily pafs in 
^' their afcent^" But Hannibal, as Polybius tells 

4 

US afterward, having taken poffefllon of the hill 
within the pafs, and having thence come down to 

attack 

^ Polybius iii» 50, H§|a1o tuj vpo^rxq AX^riK ai«a^o^*j?> Jta* ^vviSn 
fAtyiqloiq »v\ov wsfiveasiv mvh/voti* "Efijq fjuv yc&^ iv rot^ ewivn^oi^ •ncavt 
«9rf(^ovIo 7«i1f$ aviuv ot %aict ,u,epo^ n7ijt<t.oiis^ tuv Ai^Qfiytfv" rot, fd.B¥ roq 
kwaq hholeq, ret h raq voc^tiL'jrtfjkWOfluq Bocf^Qa^fn Eirei^n ^Uxuvot /u.fv 
ft; TnV QiKH»\/ ^7Ff>JMYnor»Vf 01 ^< TTi^k 799 At^^^civ nq^Xflo iT^ayut fit; 



cc 
cc 



SECT, t. * OVER THE ALPS.* f 

attack the mountaineers, *' killed the greateft part of 
*^ the Allobriges, and forced the reft to turn and 
^ fly to their homes s." We thus fee the Gauls of 
France to have (pread along the Rhone, under the 
napie of the Allobroges, from the mouth nearly to 
the fountain of that river, a long and curving cordon 
of nations under the fame appellation ; to have enter- 
ed the Alps near the fountain, to have mounted up 
the hills of it, and to have extended their poflfeflions 

t 

and their name, as far at leaft as the territories of the 
Seduni extended, even up to Orzieres, 

But we may add one link more, to this chain of 

T%i '^;;^tfpaC9 Tols ^t;ya(9^o»(0i»1f( o» Ttf r AXXoC^tywy 9}7t/xoy€f mmvuv to 
^i}do?, v^xolcAaj^oyJo T«( ivxeu^H^ tovhs, ^' m i^i t«( vi^t toy AvnQent 
x(!(T ftirayx)!* sroiitfdai vnv ct»»QoXviir, When the Carthaginbins '* were 
**jufl no'w preparing to afcend the Alps, they found themfelves in a 
^^Jiiuation that fumed likely to pro^e fatal to them. The chiefs of the. 
** Allobriges [on their fides] hud fuffered them to pafs the platus^ 
•* nmtbout avy intfrruption or d^rhanceC^ how y^xy wordy I *^ being 
" retrained in part by their apprehenfions of the Carthaginian ca* 
" valry, and partly by the dread of thofe barbarians thzl folh^fid in 
*' the rear. But when the latter had returned back again to their 
*f country, and Annibal with the foremoii of his troops ivas tioaif 
** beginning,''^ though the ycry fame word in the original before is 
rendered ^were jufl nonv preparing, " to enter the difScult pafTes of 
"the mountains, they drew together their forces in great num- 
*^ bers, and poflefled th^atfely^s of all .^e polls, that copimandeii 
** the defiles through which the Carthaginians were obliged to 

**pafs''(i.'355). 

8 Polybius iii. 51. Ttff ^ir ir^uqitiq ruv AK^o^^iyav atrs stlciv, raq 

fi Xoimv^ Tft'^dfjiey^q nvxyxaqi ^vystp nf. rnr oixukvm " The greater 
" part of the Allobroges were flain, and the reft forced to fly" 

rcafonmg 



j^ 



fO CaORSE OF HANNIBAL CHAP, !• 

f eafo'iring.* That part of the couivtry to the ibuth of 
jhc Rhone, which runs from Geneva to the fprings 
of it, is a long and narrow valley, as I have noted 
before; which is called Vallds in itfelf, and gives 
• tthe name pf Vdoisj Vallaifansy or Vallefins to its in- 
habitants ^. // was called Vallis^ and they were call- 
jcd Vallenfesy formerly, A writer of Switzcrlaz>d fays 
in the fixth century, tliat the' Lombards entered tbg 
Valley \ in his provinciated Latinity, '^Longobardi 
f\m Falk ingrcfli funt*/' But we find the Valknfes 
themfelves, on the mountains of the Alps, We find 
them, not merely as far as Polybius carries his AUo- 
briges, and up the fides of the Sedunian mountains; 
but within the boundaries of the Salafli alfo, and on 
the very fummit of Great St. Bernard. There was 
prefted a. miliary column of the Romans, that ha$ 
|:hefe with other words engraven upon it ; 

F.C. VAL". 
The two firft letters I (hall foon fhew, to mean the * 
ftage that is qilled ^^ Summum Peninum" by the 
Itinerary^ and the Tables. But the addition of 
VALLENSIUM to them, a national defigaation 
fubjoined to the appellation of a ftage, is of con- 
Jiderable moment for elucidating this portion of our 
]iiftory. It ihews die ftage and the mountain to- 

^ BrevaVs Firft TrafV^ls ii. a-^, Addifon 461, Simler 13 — 14^ 
^nd SauiTurc iv. 229. ' 

J Breval's Firft Travels, 1*1.24;. 
^ SaufTure iv. 229. 

' . . 3 ' ' bave 



I^IQT. U . IITX& THE .ALt8« ^ . f ] 

h@ye been then, in the poffcffion of the Fnlknfes. It 
thus marks the progrriByc sfccut of the Gauls, froni 
the valley of the RhoAe below to the peak of the 
Pennine Alps above ; rc<-echoes what the name of 
Allobroges had founded to us before; and with it 
loudly proclaims the firft inhabitants of thefc AIps^ 
to have come into them from the Vallais, to have 
entered diem by (he mouth of die' Draqce at Mar- 
tigny, and to have afcended them in the line of the 
Drance to Great St Bernard, 

w - 

Let me hovKver add a third link to the chain, 
and then ihow how far the whoje extends« Casfar 
informs qs in ^xa£t correfpondency with ^U this* that 
the Soduna f^ livc4 upon the AlpSt" and << reached 
jap to the very fummits of them V' We found them. 
^ndced, when Hannibal invaded dteir Alps by the 
p^S of Martigny, ftretching up the mountains only 
as hr as Orzier<s> nine miles from the pafs> and fix* 
teen ihort off Great St. Bernard. But, before the 
days of Ca&r, they ha4 extended dieir pdficiQons 
all the way to Great St. Bernard, and had fo ^r en- 
croaehed upon what were dw territories of the Sahffl 
before. We Ifave alfo beheld the SoUhvU in Livy, 
coming the third army of Gauls acrofs the Alps of 

Great St. Bernard, and fetding about the river :Ti- 

• 

J Dc Bell Gall. iii. 7. p. 90. " ViAis in Alpibus Scdunis/' and 
j, p. ^5. ** Nantuatcs, Veragfos, Scdunofque — , qui a finibns AMo- 
t* broguRi, ec lacu Lemano, et flumipe Rhodano ad Suminas Alpes 
ff pertinent/' 

^ ' qmo 



12 



COURSE. OF HANNIBAt 



CHAf. I, 



cino in Italy ^. Thefe arc denominated the Salfyi by 
Pliny " ; and appear from MarccUinus to be the very 
fame with the Saly^ about Marfeilles, confequently 
to have marched all along the foot of the Weftem jUps^ 
to the only entrance on the north"". But they were 
equally the fame affuredly with thbfe very Salaffiy by 
vhom Hannibal and we have been fo bufiiy engaged 
in afcending the AlpSj.and who are denominated Sa^ 
lafi in Auguftus's infcription at Monaco p. The 
fimilarity, of appellation evinces the lamenefs of 
origjin, reflefted as that fimilarity appears in the va- 
riations of the name before, and confirmed as this 
fj^mencfs is found under all the variations. Thus the 
tide of colonization, that fet fo ftrongly from the, 
Rhone to the Pb, had receded from the Po again, 
and fetdcdback upon the Alps; even receded and 
fettled fo early,. a5 to meet the tide of Alpine popu- 
lation^piifhing up from the north, only a little way 
up the afcent, even at Orzieres only; before the 
days of Hannibal. The Salaffi however, we mufl: 
remember, in thus fettling back upon the Alps, 
did not find them un-occupied and folitary moun- 
tains. No! The Taurini, whofe capital was Turin, 
J^iad previoufly fpread up the foudicrnr Alps, juft as 



« Lhry ir..35.: « Salluvli, piope antiquam gcntcm Lavos Lw 
•' gures, incolcntcs circa Ticinum amnein/' 

» Pliny iii. 17. " Vercellae Libycorum, ex Sallyis ortJe." 

• MarccUinus xv. xi. p. ?o^. « His [Marfcillcs, &c.J prope 
^ Salluvii funt." 

P Pliny iii. 20. < 

the 



SECT. I. OVER THE ALPS. tj 

the Seduni had done up the northern; but had fpread 
much farther up thofe, tha;i the Seduni had done up 
thefe ; and were aftually poffefled of Great St, Ber- 
nard, before the very migration of the Salluvii acrofi 
the Alps, even before the very migration of Bellove- 
fus himfeif. The army of Bellovclus, fays Livy, 
*' mounted over the Alps dirough the country of the 
" Tauriniy and through forefts unpafled before^.'* 
And for that very reafon Antiochus of Syracufe, as 
Cato reports him, calls the Pennine mountain ex- 
prefsly the *^ Taurinian K" So thoroughly peopled 
from the fummit to, the bafe, was the fouthern and 
fuhny fide o( the Alps, though it was ftill covered in 
many parts with thick and untracked forefts j at the 
very time,: that the northern was one dreary and 
difmal wilderncfs of wood! , Thefe Taurini the 
Salafli muft have now reduced, then fwept ddwn the 
northern Alps, and reduced the Stiduni. 'For thefe 
conquefts are* the Salaffi -dignified by Dio with a 
double name, one their own appellation, the other 
the general appellation of their conquered nations:; 
and denombated the Salaffi: GalaLe f. But, though 
the Taurini revolted not,' yet the Seduiii appear 
from Ggelar' to have done fo, to have rifen again!!: 
ijicir cbnquerors, to have thrown oS^ their yoke en- 

^ Livy V. J5. " Ipfi 'per- Taurinos faltufque .invios Alpcs tran- 
♦' fcenderunt/' 

' Cato. " A quo [Api] Apennina, quam Taurinam idem [An- 
*' tiochus Syraciifftnus] iaicrptetatjot.'* Macrob. Saturn, i. 21. . ' 

' Dio Ixxix. 34.^ J^ocXstff'viig Tm7^»i;. So Lavi Ligurif Hind Libni 
CaOu 

tirely. 



14 COUASE OF HANKiprAt CHAP, h 

tirtlfi to have broken into their dominbns> and to 
have a^ualiy poflfdf&d themfelves of the ruoimit of 
tb^ Alps. 

This hiftory of" the firft popuiati(«i of the moun- 
tains, amazingly coincides wiih the accounts before; 
of riie firft routes taken fay armies over theinj td 
lend additional confirmation, if it was at all wailted^ 
pftherighcnejs of the courfe which we havieaffigned 
to the wrmy ^f HadnibaL But the confirmation iai 
not wanted. Only it appears ailonifhing to my 
teind> to fee fo many rays acci^tally iffuing froni 
different points, Cafually converging to one commoi^ 
centcr> ^d fo throwing a blaie .of liiftre over a road^ 
which has been fo long concealed iinder the cloudy 
of Livy. Strabo accordingly tells Us, that th^ Alp$ 
were ** inhabited by many oatbns of (^uls*' in hi$ 
hatCy and that J^ the jSkbrog^'' [iairiicutoKly '^ cuiti- 
" vated the plaiiis and the ValHes in the AJps^'* 
Even that very vale in which Mart%ny ftwJdsj d^ 
jpeears to* have been cknominatcdTS^ P^^vz^./^io^ by 
the Romans^ The incident ind^d is J^g^yilpd dtdy 
fay an iruferipEtton^ which is to the ^- PrOrk^tiD^ of 
*^ the province Raitia [Rhde&t] .iktfd Vif^eUoia and 
«' the Pmine Vjdt\'' But this inftription is ^crjr 
clear y as no vale, except the great one of a hundred 
miles in length, could , poflibly be eniinierated id 

- t Strabo si. 190. t^vin h ttiRiyjn wttTXx ro It^qt^^ KdQuta, and-iir. 
• Simlcr 107, 

company 



SICT.ir. OVER THE ALPS* 1 5 

company with the two ftatcs of Vinddicia and Rhoe« 
tia, and be fubjedted with them exprefsly to the au^ 
thoritjr of a " Pro-le^tus." Yet karjnmgi which 
l(yiw to puzzle itjelf^ has pretended to doubt at times, 
whether fome licde and inconfiderable vale may not 
be meant by the name*". Learning, like its ancient 
type the owl, is frequently confounded and opprefied 
by too- much light; ihrinks therefore into holes and 
corners, to court its beloved fhade. The northern 
mountaineers were denominated Valkn&s, as coming 
originally from the Valley % and, by a reciprocation 
of relationfhip, the V aUey itfelf was denominated the 
Pennine. But> aa. a fignal corroboration of aU, -the 
territories of the Vallaifans ftretcb yip, at this very day 
fQ the taf of Great St. Bernard i and the boundary 
between them 'and the Savoyards, thofe modem 
Tauriniand modern Salaffi, runs ahrrg the top afpn-^ 
Jent\ 



— II.-. 

l^KOU this harrow ftream of population, which 
had mounicd alo^t, Hke the liqirid in ^ the ther- 
momeeer, againft the natural principles of grarv^i* 
rndon, under the attrafiion of br^ht Ikies and wiarm 
£ins^ We have feen v^ages and towns upon the Alps, 
iivthe line cf Hmnibalfs great mad op them. Six 

^ tnnler uti . > SadTtirt if. tt.5:, 

miles 



t6 . COmiSB OF HAJf^TdAL CHAP. ^ 

miles within the entrance, we foend the capital of' 
the Sedunii furrounded by its ftibjeft villages. Even 
when we entered the dominions of the Salafliv at the 
diflance of nine miles up the mountains ; we noticed 
feveral of their villages or towns. Both thefe inci- 
dents Ihow the road up to Great St. Bernard, to have 
been proptrly Jiudded with towns, great or fmall, for 
the whole length of its courfe. Such iYideed were 
neceflary for the accommodation of the travellers, 
and for the reception of the horfes, that muft have 
been paffiiig along it. When the natives of Gaule 
had fettled thetiifelyes in Italy, the oppoling barrier 
of hills between thefe two divifions of countrymen^ 
would frequently be traverfed in the neceflary inter- 
courfe betwixt them. The enterprifing genius of 
commerce too, that infant Hercules, yet in its cradle, 
but flill proving itfdf a Hercules by the energy of 
its infantine exertions, would boldly feize and firmly . 
grafp the advantages, that might be derived from 
this new-found avenue into the world of Italy. The 
avenue would thus become a road, praftifed and 
improved from time to time. Travellers create vil- 
lages, where there are none ; and enlarge them into 
towns where they are: efpecially in that e^rly period 
of journeying when neither bufinefs nor pleafure had 
yet provided its relays of horfes at poft-houfes, and 
therefore could not yet play its grand freaks, or grand 
ftrokes, of cxpeditioufnefs in polling j when the horfe 
and the man were obliged to make Ihort ftages, 
were compelled to reft for fome time at each, and 

demanded 



iiE6f. ir. 



oviR ini alps; 



demanded a variety of accommodations for the flo\i^ 
melioration of their ftrength; Wc accordingly ob« 
fcrve in die very early days of Cadfar, that the road 
was then frequented by a number of travellirig rtier- 
chants, and by gangs of horfcs accompanying them ; 
that it was then the one only channel, by which the 
north-weft of Italy received the commodities of 
France, the Vallais, ot* Switzerland ; and that it wai 
therefore become of fo much confequcnce to Italyi 
as induced Csefar to engage in a romantic foft of en-^ 
terpiife, for the fake of it. He fent a large detaChfhent 
of his army out of France, to Geneva, to St. Mau-* 
rice, to Marrigny, and the Alps i thus to ^nter the un- 
fubducd Vallais, and to mount the un-reduced Alps, 
in order to free the merchants from the imports 
which were now laid upon . their wares, and froni 
the dangers to which they were now expofed in 
their perfons : and to ftay at Martigny for the win- 
ter, in order efFeftually to overawe the Seduni on the 
hiHs. of entrance, and to fecure the fafety of the 
road, with the immunity of the wares, pafllng 
through their country. This conduft in Ca^far 
blazons out to us in very lively colours, the corfi-' 
mercial importance of this road at the time'. It 
feems indeed to have been eVen thiis eirly, as prac- 
tifed, as commercial, and as colifequenti^tl, as it is 
at this very moment. It was then the only road, ic 
is only one of many now. We have therefore rea- 
fbn fufficient to fuppofe, that it had equally, though 
not in an equal degree perhaps, a commercial con- 
VoL. II. ^ C fequence 



,lS COURTIS. OF HAl^NIBAL CHAP. 1^ 

fecjvenqe in the time of H^nivbal. ' We have jkr-r 
tu^lly ope feapAre in the qon)pkxioi> of HannibalV 
hifl(;>ry, that iosks a$ much. The Gallrck embafla- 
dors to him frorp the XKwth of Italy, ha4 come Igr 
thij5 very rojad in peacp; anfi re-cr;terc4 this very 
ro^4 V^ p^ace> during the night of his ^ncampmenji 
^t the mputh of it. , Oqly from the gre;at frequency 
of I tfaveU^ifs^ upon It even then, cfiul/J they have 
pafled the JU(?w;i»iD,s biefore. Only from the fame 
frequency, C9id4 they h^ve returned now> have mixed 
with the qaow^^ineers. m the town adjoining, and 
have infertned .H,anaibaJ of the retreat of th^ mouttT 
taiijeers to the toy/n at night. As fpme of the cuf? 
tomary traveUe.rs upon th^ road> they paflfed and re-» 
paffcd thofe mountains vn-m,okfted, which after- 
wards fhowed, and at the very nvoment were (how-: 
ingt every fign of hoftility to Hannibal himfelf. The 
army was denied an entraiKe> while the travejiier^i 
wtjre permitted to enter. ^ 

I 

In this view of the Pennine way we may conft- 
dently prefume, that there was a village or a towa 
< »on that great bend of the \yhole, rfiat vaft key-ftone 
in this atlantean acch of hature's conftruftioni, at 
J which ^c way ceafes to afcend and begins to dt^ 
fcend. There the over-laboured traveller would! 
wifli to r^pofe, after alj his draining efforts of afcenti 
to triumph awhile in the fuccefs of his efforts; and 
to contemplate tlie much eafier, the downward, half 
of h^ road into Ijcaly. Thcre^ for the lame rcafon* 

Hannihai 



. SECT. n» ^V£R trtE AtP%i f 9 

HannibaJ rcftfcd awhtc*. Bwt wc heed not dwell 
ti^n any prefumption. We know from Livy, thai 
this fupcr-cminent peak of the Alps was aftuaUy in-- 

, habked iti his tiffie 5 as* he mentions exprefsly " thd 
inhabitants 0/ this hill^.'* He tdls us alfo, that 

- thefe " inhabitant^" had ^'a ftatuc of a god, which 
^* they had confecrated tb him on the higheft point 
** of the - mountains, and . called Peninus ^" Not 
waa this ftatue fet up vlpdntt pillar in the open air, 
as the wildfoHy even of l(5fe!d* writers has furmifed^i 
but, ^ the term ^* confecra*43^' hints, and as the cx- 
tftendS of a temple fpeaks out, was placed in that 
Gempie ^ Pennine Jupiter, in which we have aftually 

~ found it -before, A temple then was ereftcd on 
GreaipSt. Bernard, fo early as the days of Livy. 
Yet wc can mount much higher with it ; Tercntius 
Varro, as wc have fecn before, prefenting a pillar for 
^ pedefta) to the god in this very temple, on the 

. RomaJl fcduftioti of the country j and the elder 
Cato, aiwc have equally feen before, fpeaking of the 
worlbip paid there in his time to the Pennine deity* 

This teadii us up very nearly to the time of Han- 

^ 

* P<>Jy4>ias ill, 53. E/^asims Livy xai. 3^ « In jugo ftativt 
" habita." 

*> Livy xxi. jS. "Incolae jugi ejus/* 
- « Livy ibid. " Ab co, quern, in fumrao facratum vcrtice* 
•* Pcninum-montani appellant." 

^ Saoflure iv. 219. ** De Rivaz, ayteur Valaifan, pretend que 
'' vers I* an 339 Conflantine le jeune fie abanre la flatue de Jupi-* 
• tcr, qui etoii au taut du paffagcy ct que /' on nut a fa place um 
*' C9kfmf miiliairt dediec a cc Prince, Ccilc colonnc," &c. 

C'a nibal. 



lO COUXSB OF HANKIBAL CHAP.f^ 

nibal. Some indeed h^ve 1?een wealj^ enough to fur- 
mize^ from the local appellation of this Jupiter be- 
ing vitiated into P^r;finus and Fa?mjs at tinies> that 
he was a Carthaginian Jove, and that Hannibal him- 
felf eredled this temple to him^. But I have already 
accounted for the vitiation, in a naanner more hif- 
toricaL Hannibal ipdeed, . unhappily for hinilelf and 
for mankind, was not of that mild and amiable and 
religious clafs of men, who build temples. Nor, if 
he had been, could he have found leifure for the work 
at prefent. But the temple was built, long before 
his time. This appears from a flight notice preced- 
ing. We have feen the Taurini pofleflcd of Great 
St. Bernard, even at . the period of Bellovefus'a 
march up the Alps from the norths and the very hill 
of St. Bernard denominated the Taurinian moun* 
tain, as well as the Pennine. But we may now fee 
the very deity that was worftiippcd there, called 
equally Pennine and Taurinian.* Cato reports 
the Apennine goddefs, as he calls the god Peninus, 
to be interpreted by Antiochus of Syracufe, a writer 
therefore prior to himfelf, " the goddefs Taurina^" 
Long therefore before the time of Hannibal, was the 
temple of this deity conftrufted heic ; and the fane 
of the god was of courfe the church of jche inhabi- 
tants. So plainly and fo early have we found a towi^ 



* SsuHure iv» 227 — 228. 

^ Caio. " A' quo [Api] Apcnnina, qaam Taurinam idci# 
^ {Anciochus Syracufanu?! incerpretatur.'* Macrob. Saturn. i. a. 

UpOft 



«CT»II>, OVBR TOT ALPS* 21 

upon Great St. Bernard ; the Taurinii who came iip 
from Italy, in an exalted attention to their own devo^ 
tions, and in the dignity of fentiment th^t religion 
naturally infpires, conceiving the bold thought of 
bialding houfes upon this airy elevation, of raifing a 
church on it to the god of their Alps, and fo crown- 
ing this globe ofmount(Wts with a temple and a town ; 
in the fight of Italy, in the neighbourhood of the (ky, 
more than eight thoufand of our feet above the level 
of the Mediterranean', and on the lofcieft fite of any 
town, of any houfc, in all Europe, or even in all the 
old worlds. 

• \ 

When the Romans reduced the Salaffi, they con- 
tinued the town which they found here ; and Varro 
the reducer prefented an offering of gratitude to Ju- 
piter, in the temple of it. The town accor<lingly 
appears in the Itinerary under the title of " Summum 
*^ Pcninum," and in the Tables undfer that of ylji 
^ Summo Pennina" It was then to the Romaiv 
what it had been to the Salaffi, the! grand landhg-f 
flace for their travellers and their foldiers, in thefe 
pailage up this fteep Aaircafe of mountains^ JBufi 
though the town is marked ooly by this notation, ia 
the Tables and in the Itini^rary ; yet it appe3ir^.fpone| 
iofcripdons to have had another^ I Ji^Vit; recited a 

( Satifiure iv. i4i» Bouric iii. 269, and Gentlemaik'^ Gtfide 

Cj pit 



at C0UKS1B (XP HANNIBAL CHJSp.U 

part of one. infcription before, and now g^ve the 
whole. 

IMP. CAESARI CONSTANTINO 
P.F. INVICTO AUG. DI vr CONSTANTINI 
AUG. FILIO BONO REIPUBLICE NATO 
, F, C, VAL, XXIIIP. 
From this the ftone appears to be, as I have ftated 
k before, a miliary column; fet up ,in the reign of 
the younger Conftantine, and therefore bearing an 
infcription to his honour. It was then placed at the 

I 

^* Summum Peninum"' of the Itinerary, and there- 
fore at its diftancc of twenty-four miles from Aofta* 
There it adually ftpod in the days of De Rivaz, an 
author of the Vallaisj when heaficrted ^^ Q^ftantine 
^* $he younger to have taken down the (latue of Ju-* 
^ piter, which was at the ellsvatim of the pafsy and to 
^f have fhced in its place a-fhitiary column dedicated to 
t* bi^elf\'* A writer, who is happily a religions 
- inah, or, which is often the fame thing to an author, ' 
who writes in a reli^us age j and, in himfelf or his 
eotemporarie3, has juflly entertained a very high idea 
of that glorious revolurion> which Chriftianity made 
in the cBConomy of our weftem world; if his ideas 
^ not direfted, i^nd.if his religioufniefs is not tern-* 
j)er«d, by hiftorical knowiedgc, is apt to attribute 
fvcry monumirit that occots, to die viftory of Qhrif-i 

- b'SstufHire iv. »29. 

i Sauffure iv. 219. " Au haut du paffage— 1' on mit— unc 
J<«0>onne milliairc dcdiee y ciPrince." 

" 3 ' ' tlanitjr 



// 



iEtrt. rt. / bvtR 4he alm. • ^5 

tianity wtr Heathenifm. A comnloh milcftone is 
thus made to difplaCe a ftatue of Jupiter; when the 
'ftatue was aftually placed in the temple on the plain, 
and the ftone muft havd been fet up at the towri on 
the north-caft, Erefted in the towri, the ftone there- 
fore flood " In Summo Pennino," or ^* at the eleva- 
*^ tion of the pafs." De Rivaz Jaw the milcftone ac- 
tually there, and only fuppofed the fl:atue to hav^ been , 
there before, Bu^it has been fince removed by that 
curiofity of antiquarianifm, which has now been 
^wake for a couple of centuries, and, in its avidity 
for fecuring monuments to gratify its appetites, has 
renK)ved ftones in our own country to a diftantc 
Irom their original fite ; down to St. teeter's, about 
nine miles below on the north K On that original 
fite it wajs ereded iy the town, and therefore carries a 
*few words concerning the town. The laft linfc gives 
us the primary fylkble of the national appellatioij, 
mA the two initial letters off die town's name prefixed. 
-In words it length the line would rail thus. Forum 
ChkVDii VallensiuM; and the^readffig is fiilly af- 
-^^kxdkiitd by another' infcription, fouiid ih this form 
tq^ a rtide ftone at Marrfgny : ' 

IMP. CiESARI VAL. 
CONSTANTIO PIO 
PEL. INVrCtQ AU6. 
' FILIO. FOR. CL. VAL. B6n6 ' 
REI PVBLIC AE NATO \ : • 

The douMe riaiWe of the town, which is there given 

^ SftulTurc iv. %2^. ' * i'lmltx 86. 

C 4 only 



^4 CtiVfLSZ OF HANNIBAL pHAP. If 

only in F. C. is opened here into FOR. CL. and fo 
explains itfelf into Forum ClaudiL When the Romany 
reduced the Salaffi, ^d became the fovereigns of th? 
Alpsi with their ufual fpirit, no dopbt, they heightenr 
cd the convenience? of accommodation upon th? 
roads. We accordingly fee the Salalfi employed by 
them, in new forming the roads and in bridgrng over 
t}ie rivers of the country, irnmediatcly after the con- 
queft of it<". They enlarged alfo the Caer Penine or 
Pennodune of the Salaffi, by ejidblijhing a market at it ; 
and then, with that love of propagating their own glor 
ry by impofing their own names upon places, which 
appears fo confpicuous in all their conquefts, denomi:- 
nated the new market-town from the perfppal qame 
of the eftablilhcr. Forum Claudii. « 

... »...#■ V • » 

Yet why is the towfi additionally ,chara6terifed, as 
|)elon^ng to the Vallenfes ? When all belonged, why 
is any fpecified ? For two good reafons. Theft was 
another town of the fame appellation^ in the neighr 
bourin^ north of Italy i noticed by Pliny under the 
tide of " Forxim Clodii,'- by the Itinerary and Ta- 
bles under that of '* Forum Glodi," but by Ptolemy 
under thb of "Forum Claudii"," There was even 
' another among the Alps tbemfclves j Ptolemy fixing 
a " Forum Claudii" on the Graian Alps, and giving 
it to the Centrones **, An infcription alfp has been 

» Pliny iii. 15, Bcrtiui 18, Firfl Segment of the Tables, a^d 
Fcolemy iii* i. p. 72. 
^ Pcoleny iii. x. ,p. 7^, 

found 



SECT, II. OVEU THE AWS. IJ 

fovnd at Aifme near Centron, that» fomeddngllke our 
owrfatMartigny, exhibits FOROCL. CENTRONi 
Jbut^ like that^ has no itlation to the place at which 
it was found, Axhna being mentioned exprefsly bf 
Ptolemy as totally diftind from Forum Claudii ; and 
therefore refers only to Centron p. But the exigence 
of three towns under the fame appeIlation> and two 
of them fuch near neighbours! obliged as many of 
them at leaft to be noticed with a difference from the 
third; one as the " Forum Claudii" of the Centrones, 
f he other as the " Forum Claudii" of the Vallenfes. 
Yet there was another reafon for this addidon of 
chara&er ; that each of thefe two is the c/^fal of its 
own nation. This is very clear with regard to the 
Centrones, and is alfo clear, though not equally {6^ 
with refpeft to the Vallenfes too. The capitals of 
nations, as I have noted formerly, in the fourth or 
fifth century began to take the nadonal appelladves 
for their own; and the cuftom could have arifeii 
only from the previous cuftom, of Annexing the 
names of their nations to their own. Thus ** Lute* 
' jda Parifionim" wa3 naturally abbreviated at laft into 
Paris, and ^^ Forum Claudii Centronum" into Cen- 
tron. Thu3 aifo the " Forum Claudii Vallenfium** 
once took, though it has lince loft, the national de* 
fignadon for its own. This appeiars from an inr 
fcripdon which has been accidentally preferved at 
i^eneva, which I confider as an unique in favour of a 

p D^Anville 317— 3xS« 



^^ COintSB Q^ HA!firiBAL tHAP. U 

itm^^among the Romans, and which in its provin«' 
ciatdd Latihit^ tells us ; that he was " a young imn/' 
yet " a learned pleader/* and ^ a freeman of the two 
** towns of Vallensis arid of Nyon*?/* The 
^< Forum Ckudii Vaiknfium" accordingly fhows its 
metropolitical dignity; as well as " Forum Claudii 
Centronum /' in extending its' authority fr^m Great 
St. Bcmahi to Martigny, as thsit has from Centron 
to Aifme ; and in recording the extcnfion, by infcrib- 
, ing a ftone with its own name there* On St. Ber- 
nard then was the capital of thofe Sedunt> who had 
conie up from the Vallais, feized the vacant high- 
lands up to Orzieresi and then encroached upon the 
Salaffi as far as this crefl:'X)f the Alps; and on St. 
Bernard ftill remained the capital under the Ro^ 
maiis, pi;eferving its fovereignt/overthcfe Alps, and 
ArejDchtng out its authority all down the hills to the 
.Valhis. The Seduni in all probability encroached 
upon, the Salaffi, jufi before Cadkr's expedition . to 
Martigny ; and ihen, flufhed with infolence on their 
own fucocfs, impofcd heavy taxes upion travellers. 
Ami the line between the Sabffi and Seduni being 
iXk the top of St. Bernard, as that between the SJt- 
voyards and the Vdlaifans now. is ; the Seduni are 
properly feid by Carfar, while the Salaffi are as pro* 

pcirly reported by .Strabo, with a.cbntradf£torine& 

t . • • • • 

^ Breval'8 Fi^ft Travck ii. 43. ** JiivenV;feK«<lito ctWidiCo, 
^* bis civi Vallcnfif ct Equeftr^." See it alfo in Simler 14, but lefs 
corrcaiy given thus in the main point, " Bis civi Valinfae ct 
?^ Pqucftri/* .^ ' •: - 

that 



that is thus reconciled with cafe, equally to pof&& 

the fummit of the Alps^ 

III. Trii 

*■ Strabo iv, 314. 
D*ADviIIe 501 fays thus : '^ Daxis la Notice dct provioces de 
•* la Gaule, civitas Vallenfium OBoduro cil la fecxMide de» deux 
** cites, dont il eft mention dans la province des Alpcs Griquet 
" et Fennines, }a premiere ^ant DAfkniafim*"* Tkii, if irue^ 
\vould only maJce Martigay to be vrbat X have aUeady noted k t> 
have once been (I. iii. i . at beginning), the capital of the Vallais. 
But it is all a grofs millake, arid feems to be Toundtd entirel/ ~ 
lipoB a fabftitution by the eye or memofy, of Paficirollua*4s com** 
mcntary upon the Notitia for the Noiiiia itfclf. There in p« i 5^ 
we read, that ** poft has funt Alpcs Pennince et Graije — ; Itinc- 
**rariuni duas civitates ponit, Metropol'm Centroniuift, id cft# 
** Taranta^am; et FaUsnfinm^ id ed, O^odorum,''' Tb^ too the 
reference b eitprefsly to the Itinerary, and to the t^vo towni ia 
p. 22 of it. But the pre-eminent authority , of thpfe towns, is all 
Pancirollus's own, and all fpurious; the Itinerary (Imply nanijne 
only Darantaila and OSodurum's and Cencron, 9t. Sethslrdi Ke^- 
iiig the r^al capitals* Yet the miftake To far appear^ in a previoul 
page, %i%, and probably in others, thatDarantaiia is faid to bs 
named for the capital by the Notitia ; " dan^ la Notice des pro-' 
** vinces de la Gaule,— c'cft D^xrantajta^ qui eft Domm^e enf ceite 
^* quali^ dccapitale."— ^I thiw take my heave of this great gco* 
^rapher. He is truly great; But fuch is the difficulty of having 
high expe6tations gratified, that I expefled more pleafure an4 
-pToftt from him than I have enjoyed. The exaggerated reputation 
of bis geography^ is a^aatiy hurtiog iti real chara^n The ez« 
trav^gant panegyrick» which Mr. Gibbon particularly has be- 
llowed upon it, made me expedl a double accuracy in his ow!^ 
country. There the nature of my work peculiarly compelled me 
to confult him ; and there, like my own Hannibal, I determined 
pdcnlsirly to try his ftrength. But I was' difappoiaied in thd 
rrUh Ihave canght, indeed, many a beam of light from Wi% 
torch ; bat I had rcafon and right to expe^, that the li^c woul4 
Kave been more fteady, more fnre, srnd more ftrong. I have been 
obliged to defert it frequently* to light my own taper, and to eXf 
plore my own iiray by it. I iitvd 6vea looked dci:a&9fiaUy into 

his 



ftl COURSS OF tfANKIBAL CHAf. h 



# 



—III.— 

■ 

The moment you fiep upon the fummit of Great 
St. Bernard, you fee the road running fmooth before 
you in a long and narrow valley, that is formed by 
rocky eminences on either fide. But clofe to you, 
and on the north-eaftern extremity of this valley, is 
that town-like groupe of buiklings, which Hands 
upon the fite of the antient " Forum Claudii," and 
gves the denomination of St. Bernard to the whole 
mountain^ It (lands, as the antient town ftood, ^' In 
"Summo Pennino," and, as the milliary column 
was placed, " at the elevation of the paflage ;'^ being 
on the loftieftvpoint, of the road acrofs the top, and 
having two rivers run direftly n#rth and fouth from 
it. Immediately beyond this is a lake of water, 
about a mile and a half in circumference, and form-* 
ing a (ihgukr contrail with the naked rocks around 
it» It is deep, and the depth throws a fhade of 
blacknefs over its waters \ A lake of fuch a fize 
upon fo narrow a creft, is a lingular phixnomenon, I 
believe. This little appendage is certainly noticed 
by antient writers. So intimately has the mountain 

his General Geography, in the only region with which I wat 
fuffieiently acquainted myfelf, to judge of bis acquaintance with 
it \ and, fo far as I can judge by the contraAed jpecidum of the 
Abridgment, his account of Antient Britaim is very imperfefl and 
very erroneous. 

• Saufiiire iv« aa<{| aa^, 256| andBourri( iii« ^^t^ 

.been 



SICT. in. OVER THE ALPSt I9 

been known formerly to the nadons of Europcf^ from 
this frequented pafs over it. It is mentioned ex- 
prefsly by Ptolemy ; when^ in dicing the boundaries 
of the Italick Boii, he ipeaks of a river as rifing ^ at 
*^ the Poenine Lake ^." It is alfo noticed, even de- 
nominated, in the Tables of Peutingcrj the "Lacus 

r 

^ Henus" being delineated there as a broad lake^ 
and appearing to fend out a river that runs down to 
Augufta Praetoria*. But, what is very furprifing, 
it is noticed equally by our own Nennius, fbme ages 
afterward 5 a writer, who amidft his general igno- 
rance (hows a minutenels of knowledge on this pointy ^ 
for which nothing but the continuance and the ce- 
lebrity of this old road over the Alps, can poflibly 
account. *^ The feventli Emperour," he lays con- 
ceming Maaimian, ** flew Gratian King of the Ro- 
f^ mans j and then gave his foldiery many regions, 
" from ibe lake wbkb is en the top cf tht mmtUmin if 
« JupUtTy to'^ &ca* This lake muft have been a 
boundaiy to fomc dominions, in the days of Max^ 
imian or Nennius, or of both; as on its banks ^a$ 
the limitary line between the Salaffi and Seduni, and 
is between die Vallsufims and Savoyards. At this 
piece of water, the narrow valley becomes (till nar- 
rower. There is only a ftrait path, between the. 
eminence on the right and the lake on the left. By 

* Ptolemy iti. i. p« 70. Ka1« rm n«m»ai> ^/Anr. 
^ Second Segment. 

^ Nenniai c. xxiil. *' A (Ugno, quod ell fuper vcKicem 
f Montis Jovisy.ufqQC ad" 5ic. 

this 



\ ' 



J«t ^ COVUSE^ or HAJf N IBAL ^H AT. U 

ilm ywditet :S^r0y> tnst then the plain of Jufriter 
CQfnQK;(KSe.^^ ; |n;^d.^bQ$n thia town, aloDg the 
$^ 0f-tbi9 lajtei ^ all .over this plain^ did Hannibal 
BQw mfiAfOp. ffkh his forces ^; The town would af- 
fiwl} ,^; ly)f^6khJie. (belter for hb'fick, and warmr 
flay^ngfQJ' hh hprfes* The plain would be hright- 
^aedlup, ^ith th« terns of bis fokiieiy ; the dull lake 
woul4 Jreffe^ their figure dimly i wd the eminences 
on jcgc;J» fide w^uW echQi^ ^o the founds of numerous 
yokxsy 4» the acGcnts4^ the Cajrthaginian kjnguage, 
t^Q hpryy, of ^i^i^ry -su^ivi^, and the. cfetpfiours of a 

» ! . - ■ 

®tjt ^ the ,^flx>niflimei>t of my reader ktjne ail> 
that .Qo^ffr^te^ b^en-a^tu^^y found upon- thi^ moon- 
tai9i «fei«fe wd« C^!%y8A«f«rAN.,:.Ti^rftrft|. wiho 
comnwpi^*^ this e?traor4ifiia*yjpi€fit:ofi9t^U}g^nce 
tpt^€: w^}^ waaMvEovrnt^ th^lb^y ddfcuibeftof 
t^eAlps* t^*l^4M4ickws ceMeftot ofdbcelHgp^ 
c^jnng?hj&flii who- h^s 3$3.ft kzimng fufficiqa to xit^ 
rc6t, .^ qeatefy his vivacitjb 4ndi^ vivacity^ enough 
$0^ qilkkc^j tO' impregmtef h^ Id&fnings h xhm 
femnod and tempered by <tfae k^py mjaan of bothi 
into tie^ moft enterprfiBog^ the . iBoft ka£Kwing> sai^ 
tbie !SH)ft if)i^urefq(ue» . of att writiiig iravelieisi 
'^^Anticntl^ aindinihe ttise of the Romans, 'd fays idus 
author, " the Grand St. Bernard was a pafs much 

« SaufTure iv. ^25. 

:^ f o^ius iii. 5). 4^vl^ Mi^Iirf «W Ji f 0« $ tivy zxi. 35* ** In 
•*jugo ftativahabita." / ^ . ■ '\ 

** frequented i 



$COr. IH. «VJ^!t THE ALP$« gt 

^ frequented : 4cv«rri hftve bdicwtd^ that it !(vas bf 
^^ thi* pafs Hwi>y»l Qpeijcd MimHi :^ wejT iftto 

*' HAVS BEEN ^aVND TffS9^^: HAVf 'SEHV^D T^ 

^^ SPREAD .THA7 OPINION. / Tk^ wjbiclii bas |zv>r9 
*' cataintjf in it" thaq the pa|g^ge of Hannibal ovct 
this hiUi» '' isx thiKit had — ^ teinf^e dedicated. to thq 
" g?d PcmHni?s ^" This teftinaony is veiy ftrongg 
fD4 carrif;^ great we%ht with i<;. But it bf pfwiies ^ 
flxQng^r aiifl. fnojce weighty! ^omthe ftate ^f ^^ 
Bx^rnt'& own conviftioiis at the tiine> cQi^e|;ning 
HannibaL ^£ie w^ periuaded with nuinbejrSji and a$ 
firxnly p^iua4e4 as a man coidd be who had never 
examined the point, that Hannibal penetrai?ed \fiXf> 
Italy by a very different rout^ ^e route pf the Cot^ 
v^ A^. " It is not twen^ years," he fays in onft 
place, " finq^ th^ wprW has talked about and travel- 
« led upon the Alp&i lUtmibal nei)er trof^erfidt thm% 
^ ic is bjelieved, ejificepf in the part adjoining to Dau^ 
" fhpiy, which is the iowcft of this grand chain ^** 



f Bounit m^tyj. *' Aociet! figment et du tenifs d«8 ^o* 
'< miUDs, le Grand Saint-Bernard etoit unpalTage tres-frequeat,e« 
«* Plufieurs ont cru, que c'ecoit par-la qu' Annibal «'etoit 
*« biivcrt Tcntrec del' Italic. Des medail)cs Carthaginoifcs, que 
*« Ton y a trouv^es, out fervi a repandre cettc opinion. Ct qn'il 
" y a dc plus certain, c*cft qu'il y avoit^un temple dcdi^e att. 

" Dieu Pennin." 

^ Bourrit iii. a. " II n*y a pas vingt annccs, qu'on parlc des 
" Alpes «t qu'on y voyage-, Annibal ne traveria> icequ'on 
** Qfloit, que la pskrtie volfinc du Da«pliin€, qui eft U plui baffe dft 
** c^Jttc grandc chaine.** 

Thus 



31 ' COURSE or HAN^IdAL ttiAP. t^ 

Thus beUeving/ howievfer erroneoufly, he couM hot 
fuffer himfelf to be deluded by that ready enthufiafiri 
of &ith> which catches eagerly at any phantoms of 
argument, ieeming to cart-y thc; features of its own 
Jpreconceptions- He could hot even be warped by 
that ibbcrer fort of belief which neceflarily inclines 
more to any reafons that affimilate with its own per* 
' fiiiafions, than to thofe of a contrary nature. His 
mind in^ieed nuift have revoked at the moment, andf 
his prejudices have been alarmed at the intelligence. 
He who believed Hannibal to have gone over the 
Cottian Alps, and believed it fo fteadily as to declare 
his belief in this very work, muft have been unwilling 
to receive any intelligence, that either overfct this 
perfuafion entirdy or only oppofcd it direftly. He 
accordingly fiiows his unwillingnefs, at the very in- 
ftant he records the information. He Ihows' this in 
a flight manner indeed, in a manner not very un- 
philofophical, not very dif-ingenuous; but he ftiS 
Ihows it. He does fo in faying, " that which has 
more of certainty in it is" &c. ; thus admitting the 
hSiy allowing the argument, but fhrinking hailily 
back from the neccflaty conclulion, becaufe it was 
contrary to his preconceptions ; and pretending to 
doubt a litde its force, hecaufe he felt the |x)int of it. 
in his mind. All renders his teftimony concerning 
the Carthaginian medals, of greater validity in itfclf 
We have in his indeed the higheft of all teflimonies, 
thc evidence of an enemy, the evidence of a declared 

. enemy J 



S2CT. Ilf. OVBR THE Atl^S; J 3 

enemj; for the difcoveiy of theft medals upon Orcat 
Sc Bernard. • . ; 

ft 

'to fudh an atteftat^on, notlung need be added iii 
power and efficacy. Yet kt me add, what is not ne- 
ceflary, yet muft be ufefuL A momentous point 
0iould never in policy be rcftedy upon a Angle wit- 
nefs, how^veft competent Andj though an Atlas 
may be able to bear up the globe himfelf, a Hercu* 
les nmy coi^veoientLy relieve lum at times^-<— The 
Ilight Reverend tfie Earl of Bristol has repeatedly 
aiTurqd ^, by word and by letter, that thefe Cartha- 
ginian medals were a&ually fieztm to buih upon the 
top of Great St Bernard, by one of the clergymea 
there ; whom I fuppofed and he believed to be M* 
Muritfa^ the fame clergyman who |)robably reported 
them to M. Bourrit, as he was odcafionally M. Bour-^ 
rit's fellow-traveller on the Alps '\ His Lordfliip 
very obligingly promifed on his going abroad in 
1792, to procure me farther intelligence corTcerning 
them, and (if poIBble) to get me the papers of the 
clergymEtn then fuppofed to be deceafed; but feiled 
in his defign, fro^i the perturbed ftatc of the conti- 
nent in the autumn of 1791 and in the fummerof 
^793- The French frenxy of equality, which in its 
very terms was calculated only for the mob of man-- 
kind, ^hich was fure (if it fucceeded) to rouze all 
the venom of malignity in the mean againft the grea^ 

' Bourrit t. 4i» &c. 

YoL. 11. D and 



and h^i Ihewn itfelf in its aSual energies among the 
French j to be only an infurredtion of the poor a^nft 
the purfes of the rich, a combination of cut-throata 
^airift die lives of the honeft, and a fabricati&nf of 
hell for the defoktion o( earth j' had tkcii taadw 
Pfante the^v^ry' 

of the <^rfimdn/ty fix^ half rii€f wm^ in a tfeep -at- 
ttHitkm to that Bedkmk^^ ^nd engaged aM die nki^^ 
bourmg natibns in a neiSH&ry cohibinotibft of itSbrtSy 
to repel the violence -of his alfeiifey to' difatoif tht^ 
madntefl of his weapons, and to bind thfe dfeititSfakck 
in ehalhs ; 'ib^ncfcred all enquiries cohcemtng Han- 
ftibal ailiong the Valki&is a mere impertinence, ^ 
traveb cff curiofi^ ove!r the Alps a work of danger; 
t'his howev€fr% di6 (^hteft'.df obrieqbenec«i-fit)i» 
foch^ frenzy J for. 



#» (I 



\ . ... - , 



Pout the fwcet avilic pfconcprdioxohclL: • 
Uprowr the yniverfal pcace^ cofrfound 
Alt unity oti earth. '' * - 

. But, with this ^ Ate h6t frpni helP'^ ' ranging over 
France, ^e have the grand point,' the difgpyery of 
Carmaginian medals uJ)on Great St. Sernardy afcer- 
tained beyond -kll r^ch df exception; and this afto- 
niihing addrtioh to all the other evidences of Hanni- 
bal*s route over that m<itintain, authenticated beyond 
all pbfflbility of doubt. - ' . ' 

Yet let me produce a third evidence, / not indeed 
as a new witncls to the general fadt, but a; ;'the no- 

3 ticer 



ki^t,iii. dVisi -THE At*8i 35 

ticer of a iiew circufnftanee in k. 1^ faft itfelf 
H^nts tio &<$ii^onal wkneft, but the liiiriimftance ia 
as ftriking as it U nbi^K An- author^ who ha^ tnu* 
▼cfied^with fhudh attention himielfs and has pdblifh'^ 
ed his own obfervafjons with thofe of odiers to miifch 
advantage -, informs us concerning our St. Bernard, 
that oh it are ^* the reinaijQS bf a Roman Temple^ 
*' WHCRs infcrtptions, msdals, and fome bronzo 
^ ftatues^have beeii found K'* He koew die quaiitjr 
of tfie medaiS) as w%tt as the nature of t|ie (hitue^ and 
InfcripticHiss but did not fpedfy that of afey, left he 
fiiotiild be drawn nwaf by the ipecifi|eation^ to a 
length f ncoiiipatibM v(Ath his pUfi^ tike our d/kn 
Hannibal, he 6h\f pal^ over &t, Bernard in bis 
ter^ fy tt^fy I and does but juft niake a h^lt Upon it, 
Wkt him> in his e^mefs to re^eh his^poincof defti* 
nation. But he ufeftiUf in&rms us^ that the medals 
^wre f5und where we k^now the inibripdons and the 
ftaoies to .have been 4ifcoveteds in the njins of Ju<^ 
picer's Tem^e ther^i. This ctrctunibnce is .entirely 
his own. Of i3ie ihfcripdi^ and the ftad^es^ he 
might know from Gtaohenon and Sauflurer of the 
Very medals he mi^t lis^n from Bburrkj but the 
diicov^ry of the medals in the fame ri^ns ^ti them$. 
he could colieft only from his own notices. 



k PcnU^IQaa^jS Guidj: 45, ROd whgt is the fa^c work cn- 
larj|«d «iidpwjK</, A Tour through Italy, &c, by rhpn?as Mar- 
^p, ^^. P, F.R.S. Proff /Tor bf Botjkojr in the UnWcrp^y of Cam- 
bridge, A new edition^ i792> p. 21* 



D2 



Thus 



26 COtntSB OF HANNliAL CUAP.U 

Thxis' found however, they form an important part 
of the tempters relicks : and come in more ufeRilly 
dian the ftatues and infcription» themfelves, to iUuf- 
trate the coiirfe of Hannibal over the Alps* Id that 
fpirit of pious gratkude, which had engraven all the 
infcriptions and carved one at lead: of the ftatues> but 
which mud be peculiarly pleafing in this eflfufion to 
every- reader of religious fenfibilty; Hannibal, who 
bad toa ftrong an unde;;'(landihg and top lively a 
ipirit^ npt to perceive his ab(olute depcndance upoi^ 
HIM who created and eon^rouls the world, not to 
feel a reverential awe fbr this invinbleBeingf.andiM 
to cohfider him as the aU-powerfiil arbiter of his for- 
tunes i who I accordingly had gone to the temple of 
die Carthaginian Hercxiles at Cadiz, juft before he 
begun his expedition, to implore a blelTing from 
him, and to. vow gratitude^ to him^; and had even 
fi), much of the habit of dcv^mmefs about him, tliat on 
finding his affemblcd foidicry on the Rhooe,.exp9^fi 
their fulleft confidence in him, " he difojifled them 
.** with praifes," fays Polybius, *^ and with prayers to 
" the gods for them all ^ ;* even he, in the fame eat'- 
alted ftrain ofthinking and the fame dignified tenour 
of ading, appears to have entered the temple on 



> Livy xxi. «i. 

^ Polybias iii. 44. £va»»e<r«f avfau x«f rot^ Otd^ vnrtf ctvaflur 
ft$«^iro?. " Annibal praifed their zeal $ and having recffm- 
" mended tbem all to the fa^vour and prote^hn of. the gods,**ikc, 
(i. 346). How languidly d'iffaCivt is the Eiiglifh, where the 
Greek is briefs brlfk, and compact I 

Great 



WCT. m. OVEIt THE ALPS. J7 

Great Sc Bernard, to have there preferred his thanks 
to the Jupiter of the Alps, for his viftorious afcenfion 
to their fummit, and to have there prefented as a fig- 
niBcant expreflion of his grateful acknowledgmen;:St^ 
fome pieces of Carthaginian coin, Tliefe were 
placed, . like die Carbuncle of little Stu Bernard, at 
the feet of the god, I fuppofe, and On the top of hit 
pedeftaL Tbefe continued Y^^ith the god, it appears, 
like the Carbuncle-and the infcriptions, through all 
the political revolutions of the Heathen world ; even 
in that grand renovation of the earth, which was 
made by the regenerating power of Chriftianity, 
ftili remained under the general averfion, with a 
lan&ity upon them that iaved them from all viola-* 
tion ; and fo funk away, in the ruins of the whole 
building at laft. Then the fanftity was loft in, the 
diffolution. Then inquifitivenefs'fucceeded to aver* 
fion, curiofity went to ranfack the remains for the iU 
lumination of hiftory, and the infcriptions, the ft^^ 
tues, the medals, ^were all broughi: to light again". 

IV.On 

• In Ant. Un. Hift. ifvii. jot. Mr. Swlnton obfervei, that 
^ the chtradler — upon the Punic coins is various, many of thofe- 
f< found in Spain, as well as Sicily, having letters entirely rud« 
*' and barbarovis while thjc better fort exhibit a phara^ler, re« 
^ fembling the Phqraician, and even the ^^/rian or Hebrew 
*^ letters/* P. io8 he adds; ** We cannot TecQlle£(> that any 
<* perfon has.bithertatrkd ^o expl;^ia the legends ia any of the 
^"^ Punic coina, Botyrithftanding the letters on many of them 
*< feen to be neav)y rcJated» partly to the Hebrew, partly to the 
f' Syrian, and partly to the .Ph«tntcian.f* Then two Siculo- 
Pm&ic piedala hare tjieix Jegenda explained \ «Ae^f theie ii onljr 



Jf COURSE OF HANKTIBAL QfiAF^ F^ 



•- IV. 



Om thefts Alps of Great St BernaixJ^ and by thin 
temple of the Pennine Jove^ Hapnibal refted for twor 
whok days'. He thus gave time for his we&riet} 
foHjery and wearied cattie, to recover from ^eir 
great fatigue, He alfo afforded kifure for fomc that 
he had left behind, to overtake him here *» j if there 
was any foffibility of their dojng fo^ becayfe of the 

tMtfs For flittltfesj tht CAHh«gitTiin« fo called in i^ finguWr ttAxi* 
fidedct wfth ibr]|»ttire«id with Procopiui^ the other it ifTwM^. 
for Annibal ^309 — 31a), he being one of the Suffers, or a king, 
of Carthage (S74— 575)- '* Hie— rprator fa£^U8 eft, poftquani 
^ kix iSxtxtt a9iM ftaend^ it *t>igefimo: utenim Roma Cyjdfti!e«,j 
••Ec Otrth^ginefOQ^tftrMVannni binr /?iyrt> cr^abwtur'' (Cc>nie- 
lius Nei^s xxiii. »ii. Amftel. 1704.). Hannibal therefore wa« 
chofen one of the keges every year, for two and twenty years to- 
gether, kecaufcl^t Was aU the while at the head of the army ; and, ' 
<m being deprived of that command at the rcquifuion of the 
Romans,, he became of courfe deprived of the Royalty ^ and wf^ 
wade Fnstor, a civil officer, " Hannibalem domum reVocarUnt i 
f« hie, ut redlit, Prawof faftoi eft." H*nce alfo in Itinerarium 
^ierofoiyn^ic^nttni, p. 41 (Bcrtitis), we can %7<u; reail, without a 
fmilc, that « Xl^i fotwM^ «ft Rex AffnilHiliaMes*-' Sec. 

* Po4ybiiisiK. 55. Ai^ i)i»^«« i/i»M ^ Livy xJii. j^. «Bidao.^< 
^ Livy XXI. 35. "Peflifqw ^botc «c pugvanio quies datjt 
1* miikibw J- ftAfhiii$ iiu 53. A/u* f^ma^Nik,^, ^tih ***cr*fo^ 
inwf, 4^» 9^ fTf^lbliM^iii tiff MrftXtiwft^iiir^. «< That he ml^ht 
*f give fomc eafie and refrcBiineiit totketroo^ that ha^ per^ 
f formed tkesr mtrch with hkiyi ami tiuit the others ini|h( 
V alfo job haiBjiwJtoiiifw apt yet ar^^^ 

perfidious 



iSCT.IT. OVIlt TKE ALPS. ' 3f 

perfidious hoftifi^ of At SfhfSL Thefe were hor&s^ 
which had been thromi with their burdens upon 
their backs» or beaten with their cars behind^ them, 
down the predpiceS' of the road at the entrance «w 
Thejr had not been killed by the fall ; but had been 
too much bniifedy to proceed immediately with the 
army. Hannibal had therefore left them at the ca^ 
pital of the Sediuniy under the care of their refpeftivc 
drivers. There the terrour, that he had lately im-» 
preQcd upon the hearts of the Seduni, by his defeat 
of them at the entrance j was their protection. They 
were not mokfted by the Seduni, though the army 
was g<H)e. So much longer is the reach of fear» than 
the annrof power ! They therefore recovered thern^ 
felves fufSciendy in three or ibur days, to fet out 
after the army. Then, what was more furprifingi 
the grand defeat of the SalaflTian perfidy at the hill 
of ambufcfldej kept fuch a dread upon die fpirits . of 
this bafe and cowardly nation of politicians i that 
they, who had dared %o think of entrapping Hanni^ 
bal and al} his army to their ruin, would not venture 
to feizc a few of his ftragglers. So much lower is 
the eH of cunning, than its/W is high I Thefe kept 

c Livy xxij 15. " Jumcnta-^, qu^prolapfa in ruMus crtnt;" 
and Polybius ill. 53. Vjfvh^ rut ATiWloii^i >««,—- wo^vy(« tup ccrapt- 
(poitfr T» ^o/iitt. See the account before. M Many of the <woutt4e4 
** hoffcs," which were not wounded hvit frightened, '* and of the 
** beads that had thrown their burdens/' of the horfes in the 
ca)-8» the preceding horfes being beads of burden, ** in the late 
*^ difordcrs of the march/' an interpolation which Jboufd have 
Ui^f it the grand entrance into the Alps (i. 361), 

P ^ fteadily. 



4^ coxmst OF 9Ai^iriBAL chaf.i^ 

fieadily, >no doubt, to the regukr r6ad ; were even 
ihewn this by the SalaiTi, as they had not the Gdlick 
guides with them; and were fliewn it, not as fomc 
of the fi-avelling merchants that were frequently 
palling along the road, but as' what they were, as 
what the Seduni muil have reported them, as fcxne 
of, the very followers of Hannibal's army. The 
fear of the world is always ready to pay that homage 
to experienced fuccefs, which it will refufe to great 
abilities or to great power. So much more effica-f 
jcious a principle ^ithin us is fear, than reafon! 
Thus did they proceed' in peace, though they form-^ ^ 
,cd a pretty large bodyS and avowedly followed the 
army. But the eagle of Carthage hovered over 
them as the genius of Hapnibal, and carried the 
bolts of Jupiter in its talons. They riius travelled 
from Orzieres to St. Peter's, and from St. Peter's to 
jQreat Sir. Bernard % From ]tlaqnibal's halt of two 
jdays upon St. Bernard, fuperadded to the time which 
he had loft, by the circuitous route that he had takea 
to iti they were able to reach him« here. To the 
aftonifhment ofj the whole aj-my, which had given 
Wp all hopep of feeing them more s they npw ad^ 
Vanced into the camp in fafety^, 

, ■■■■ • ' In 

* Liyy xx». 35. f^js only *f AJJquot/' but Polybius Hi. 53 
fpeaks of vo^Av; /^y and 9roM« h. 

• Liyy zxi. 35. f* §cqucndo ycftigia tgminisj" Polybiqs 
iii. 53. T«K r*C»K fff-ojxiv*. 

'Livyxxi. 35. "In caftra pcrvcnarej" Polybius iii. 53, 
tlm^ah^vi tufet^^afAinry^f ««» fvrflfi]/$» iffof t»j» v»fiy.Qo>,7it. They 



«c 



SSCT.IV. ,iOTER THE ALM. 41 

In die afceAtto Great St^JBerhard^ fmall huts apn 
pear frequently' on the hills, eredted for the nightly 
(belter of the cows that graae there, and of thig^ femi-* 
lies that attend them. They are built alfo for iEll 
the joint operations, of the dairy and the kitchem 
and are therefore called to this day by the Celtick 
gppellaticm of CbaUts% which means only (beds, and 
is founded back in the preient Sbealings of our own 
Highlanders, thofe huts near the fpots of grazing in 
our Scottish Alps, where butter and checfe are 
made ^. Their walls are of rough ftones, and about 
fomittt high i, while they tbemfelves are divided into 
two apartments, one for the family, anotlier for the 
c^tje* But all the partition between them is- a 
cratch, raifed about eighteen mches only from the 
ground. To this the cows are tied, and over this 
they put their heads into the room where the family 
is, in order to Iharc in their fire ^nd partake of their 
ibciety. Such feUowlhip has man with beaft, in a 
paftoral ft^te; and fo accuftorhed does the beaft be- 
come, to the domeftick life of man 1 

Men mix \yitti bealts, joiht tenants o^iht /bid. 

The family have a fjre before them, burning againft 
the waU| and fending out its fmoke at the openings 
between the walls and the roof. By this fire is hang- 

*• arrwed uruxpeaedlj in t^c caijip" (i. 361), ^rop^lblitftf, aftoniih. 
ing]y. Mr. Hampton is often feeble, when his author is (Irong. 
c Birt*s Letters frpm the Highlands ii. i%%, &c. Chalet \% a 
fford unknown to the 'French language, ^cail (Irifh and Erfe) 
is a fhadow, Scmka^ (I. and £) is (hady, and StmUAn (£) is a 
\^^ a4 uinbrellii. 



41 COtrE» OF HANllfltL ,CHAP^ U 

iog fitxn a tnovtaUc crook of wood, a %de kettle 
hf making dicefe ; and die young dairy-woman of 
^e hue may fomedmes be feen, fiQCiog upon di« 
cratch 2^mft the fire, placed between the heads of 
her cows, ftroking them at times^ throwiiig her arms 
about their necks, and ib forming a picture thae 
might claim the pencil of a Tellers \ But no fuch 
jcenes as theic are exhibited, on the top of Great St. 
^mard. Not a (bal<i is to be fcen anywhere upon 
It, the nearefl: in the way of afcent bting aboin two 
miles to the narth of St Peter's'. Nor can we 
wonder at this* Not a blade of grais is to be found, 
upon the fummit^i andthefijmm^t therefore -pre^ 
lents the fame naked appearance,, as the burning 
iands of the line. So philoibphically as well as poe^ 
tically Jul): is $i^ Hoiper, whpn he afcribes the 
fcorching quality of heat tQ cold^ and (ays ; 

The pftrehing tir . 

Bttf ns tfrore^, and cold pcrfarmi die tSt£k of fire K 

How naked and forlorn then mu(t this Alpine hei^t 
have appeared, to the eyes of the Gauls, to the eyes 
pf the Spaniards and Carthaginians, to th<; eyes of 

^ SaafTurei. 3»2-r-3i3, and Bourr^t. 55— 57, 

^ Sauifure iv. S4x, «(id the map prefixed co voU ill. 

^ SaulTure iv. »is. 

1 So we have in Virg. Georg. I. 93. " Boreae pcnetrabilc frigus 
^* adurat;" in Pliny iii. 20. ** pracuftis ]n>ranfic» Alpiunv ntve 
^' membris j^' ^nd ip Ecclus, xhiu ao^ ai. *^ when the coid north- 
<* Wind blowcth|-4^ 4ev/tttrHh t^e moantaini, and burnetb \ht 
1' wilderncfs, m^^confumeibtbtgr^satfire.^' So old is the French 
theory in Coxe i, %^* Experience teaches quicker than phU 
)ofof hyy and feeling is pr^r tp r^afo^^ 



all who were not prepared, fbr fuch a &mcne& of 
i>pemfon in two fuch oppofitie'caufes ! But all mul| 
have been reconciled to the View, by that happy 
pliancy ^f the hurlian mind> which (kves it from be^ - 
Uig jhocked with anjr ob)e<5bi that' it i$ gradually 
brought to ob&rvc. Thejr muft have feen the 
power of vegetation gradually finkingi as they came 
near the top of the mountains i and have noted it 
to be utterly extinguished, fome miles befoj e they 
reached the top**^ 1 The caufe of all this they would 
too feelingly experience, in the rigorous blafts th^ 
were asking fo powerfully Upon their bodies* But 
(he drearineis and difmc^neis of the whole fcenery^ 
was accidcnt^y heightened to thcni in a very for- 
pudable manner; by a heavy fall of fnoW, during * 
the laft nig^t of their encamping there^ They were 
not yet recovered from the fatigifc and diftrefs, witl^ 
which they had been fo forely affaulted before* 
Their ^iriti therefore, were more fufceptible of for-» 
rowful impreflions, from any unfavourable incident; 
fjiat Ihould happen to them. A &11 of fnow was 
juft fuch an incident as that. It was naturally in^ 
deed to be cxpeded there, at this late fcafon of the 
year; into Which Hannibal had been thrown by the 
various ohftacles, that he had been forced to en^ 
^untf^-^ and by the long fill: of ft^t^^ tha^ he ha4 



>» BoljjrbiHir iii. 54. Tik ^ ;t^wH ^ «r«pi n»( mttfin «t^>{»^MD« | 
add. $s^ " Fc& casdio tot «i«l»riin»> nilfh ctiam caiits/^ 



V 



44 COURSE OF HANNIBAL, CttAf»U, 

been obliged to traverfe. It was at a point of the year^ 
precifely diftinguiflied by the fctring-of diofc feveral 
ftars in the neck of the conftellation Taurus^ which 
the Greeks called Pleiades and the Romans Vergiliae; 
which rife in the fpring, appear through the fum- 
mer, but let in the end of autumn^ and foform that 
arc of the yearns circle, as.it were, which is marked 
to men in Europe by foft airs, bright Ikies, and warm 
funs. *' On the twentieth and twenty-firji of Oc- 
tober,'* fays Columella, *' at fun-rifing the Vergi- 
" lisB begin to fet; this betokens fiorms''' But " upon 
the twenty-eighth^ he adds, ^' the Vergiliae fet ; win*^ 
*' ter comes with cold and ice** So ^oke to the 
Romans that family Oracle, that domefldc Lar of 
antient and of modem days, the Almanack p. Wc 
hence know the very exadb time of the year, in which 
Hannibal made this part of his march ; and even the 
very week, in which he crofTed St. Bernard. " The 
«* fetting of the Pleiades now approached^* fays Po- 
lybius ; " the ftar of the Vergiliae was nwf Jetting^* 
adds Livy X Hannibal was upon the ridge of the 
Alps, between the twbntibth and twjbnty -eighth 

of 

p See the Roman Alm^nflck in Grxvius viii. 134. There Wc 
have thefe words of Columella on the &oth, " h6c et fequenti 
^^die; folis exortQ» V^rgili? incipiMpt occidpre; tempefiatem 
^* fignificat.*' On the 18th, we have thefe from Columella: 
** Vergiliae occidunt } hiemat cum frigore ct gelicidiis/' 

% Polybiasiii. 54. Ai* ro 0Vf«ff^i»y rviir m^ n^iio^of ^vo-tv $ Livy 
xxi. 35* ^'Occidente jam fidtre Vergiliarum/* Mr. Hamptoi> 
i. 361 : ,*' it was now near the time of winter/* Such ia the ver« 
(oo» iadefinhe, looffi vtgiiCy ftA4 impetcine^t ! Had not Mr. 

. {iamptot 



^ 



I 
^fCT. n^ OVER THE ALP^. 45 

of OcTOBEH ; a period very l^t;e for an afmy^ for 
even a traveUer^ over this bleak and lofty Adas of 
Europe. 



cc 



The Alps," obferves Polybius, ^ on dxeir tops 
and on the parts adjoining to the palTet^ are all per* 
5* feftly bare of trees and naked in themfclvcs \ be^ 
*' caufr thejmw lies ufm them c(fntinudlyy hotbjunmer 
^^ and winter'^.*' This accovmt however, though 
^ven by an author who had aflually travelled over* 
the Alps, is confufed, eiu^erated, and falfe. Thd 
pi^efent hiftory Ihows it to be fo. There was no 
(how even on the top of Great St. Bernard, when 
the Carthaginians firft encamped upon the ground of 
it. What fnow they had, was fuch as fell after their 
arrival Nor is the naked afpedt of the hiUs confined 
to the tops, as Polybius indmates, but, as I have al*^ 
ready fhown, extending fbme miles down the afcent. 
Yet fuch is the propenfity of mankind to exagger- 
ate, that .modern, that philofophical writers havq 
fpoken nearly in the fame extravagance of Ian- 
Hampton l^arhing enough, to circumjlanttaie this note of time ? 
Or did he wiQi to divcil his author, of all appearance of learning ^ 
He fliould certainly have been as particular, as Polybius. 

' Polybius iii. 55. Tuv yap A?iVtu9ra //.iv suifffc, xui crpof rof 

tvi(A.tfn» Tyiv ^ov»f Kxi d{p»( x«( ^Hfxuvo^, ** For the tops of the 
** Alps [and the parts adjoining to the paiTes], which are cover- 
** ed through ^// feafons with perpetual fnows, produce neither 
•• tree nor paftarc" (i. 364). The negligence of the author U 
as greaty as hts Wordinefs. 

guage. 



» X 



46- eoUUSe lOF flANKt6A& ,^WA^ili 

guage. Thus even lie whom we muft in ftriftncfi 
cf prccifion, thotigh widi fome harikneTs of didion^ 
call the Lapidary Naturalift of the Alps> talks of the 
foow on Great St. Bernard, as " alraoft always" fur* 
rounding the lake there, and '* akrioil always*' adding 
to the darknefs of its deep waters*. But both he 
and Polybius unite to ftrangle the falfehood, which 
both have combined to generate* The hiftorian 
fhews his philofophy to be ialfe, by his narrative j 
though he had not the jndicioufnefsi to redify that 
by this. He proves^no feow to have been upon die 
ground, when theCarthaginians encamped on it ; b^ 
the tcrfour which (as I fliail fbon Ihow)' he relates 
a fall of it to have occafioned in them, during their 
ftay. Great St. Bernard, adds the naturalift in 
another place, "is very neer^^ and confequentiy not 
yntbin, not at, " the boundary of ctern^ Ihows ; ie^ 
cauje it is commanded by the Stmmitis, which, 
being raifedmuch above the boundary y rertain eternally 
** covered with/now^ and continually chil} all around 
** them^.** Though the clevatiori of the pafs over 
Great St. Bernard is fo very high, yet it is overtop-^ 

/ 

r 

\>- • 

» Sauffurc iv» 7.t$, " Un petit lac, qui paroit noir a ciiiife de (4 
*•' profondeur, ec furtout a caufe des neiges dont il cil pcef^ue 
** toujours cnvironne." 

« SaufTure iv. «^x. "Sapofitioil eft trcs-voi/iiie ^u termcdcjl 

«' neigcs cternellcs, parce qu'clle eft dominie par dca Sommites^ 

«* qui ctant fort clevccs aq-dcflus ce tcrmc, deipeiirent eterndlc^ 

** mcnt couvertes dc neigc, ct xefroidiffcnt copiinttcHcAJfilt CpUt 

J* cc qui Ics environncv*' ' 

pcd 



cc 

Cff 



SECT. IT* ovik mt ALw; 47 

ped by pikes, v^hich are po Icfs than 1 500 feet htglicr 
tlian it, and arc covered with perpetual fnow In «vcry 
part, where the ftecpnefsf will periirit the (how to lie % 
So over-hdghtened are all accounts of thi^ pafs, that 
place perpetual fnows upon it ; when in faft the paft 
is juft as dannibal found it oh his arrival, free from 
fiiow it&il(y though bordered by fnow upon the lof^ 
^r€4 of fnouniaJnon each fi4e ! But, from sbat very 
Aear> acliMnnilation and fbis perpetual continuance of 
fiiow, the air of die mountain niuft neceiTarily be 
vtry (harp, and the rains of winter muft begin to 
deicend eariy In fnows. Ant)ther circumftancc alfo 
concui's, to lend a greater Iharpneis to the air at all 
&a(bHs. The long, narrow valley> in which the 
buildiogs^ the 4ake^ and the plain are (kuated^ lies 
liearly- nbrth-euft and fouth-wcfi, in tMe general di- 
region of the Alps here, and confequcntly in the 
(foutffe of the y^ winds too r the latter always foP 
faiwigg *fee ;1ine'e)f great ittoiljbtaSns, and Iwcejiing 
wkh tfarir^tWreWJs along the-^flftis bf that fcfty 'bar^ 
ri(rr,whi^-«bftnifti^ their prdpet courfe^ From 
both thtilb ^aflfes <ht fuperior inhabitants of the hill, 
who. have: gard^ft* oft <^nife p^tty platfornts, ^ the 
moft (l^to^od %ots between the rodcs thdt the 
ndghtoiiri^bod^will ftr(iifli ; flhdit difficuk'tb make 
them prodLcJe'liytfe^ «ftd of Aiiguft, fome'Jettucci 
and feme cabbages of a fmall fort, a litde (pihage, 
and a little ibrrcl. Even thefe they cultivate more 



» Mtctyn XI. 



^ SiulFure iv« 241. 



(q0 



for their own amufemenc in the labour^ ^nd ^onl 
the pleafurc of feeing femcj vegetation .upon the 
hill; than for any rip^l mility^ which they derivd 
from them. Thpy are . therefore obliged to fetch 
all their ncceflary provifionsj, from the fcrecned 
Vallies below '^. In one vallcy^a tittle belowj but 
upon thc.afcent of the hilfj which is ojJeh to the 
nort}i> but clofed on the other qua^tersj and enjoy* 
ing the warmth of the fun only for a few momenta 
in a day; a quantity of fnc^w. felt fbme years ago, 

• 

that continued unmeltedfor feveral fummers, and tho 
mount^cers apprehended would turn into a very 
Glaciere y. On St. Bernard itfelf, the thermometer 
defcends even in fummcj:,. and almoft every evening 
in it, nearly to the freezing point* On ;the 25th of 
September 1783, a whole month carUfir than the 
time of Hannibal's paffage over it, the glals defcend* 
cd to this point, ancj all the hiU was covered w'ltk 
new fnow>, though on the very fame day icilood 10 
a town of Italy immediately below, qic fixte^n dc-^ 
grees above the pobt It even defqecds belpw^ 
whenever the wind comes round tp tho iK>rth *. In: 
the very height of fummer, in tTie yery-tlQon of day, 
the finalleft breath of a northerly wind brings with 
it a cold exceedingly fevere. On the ift of Augufl: 
1767, nearly three months earlier than Hannibal'* 

* SaufTure iv. 14* and Marty n «o— «i. 
Sauflbre iv. %66. 
Bourrit iii. 474., and Martyn »b— ax. 

paflagc 



SfcCt. IV. OVBR TriE alps; 49 

paflage over the mountain^ and at one o'clock in 
the afternoon \ the thermometer in the open air, 
though the fun was hid only by fome flighty pafllng 
clouds, and frequently ftruck upon the ball, was yet 
one degree below the point ; and all the water upon 
the hill was crufted over with new ice •* 

All this natural coldnefs of the air, fp formidably 
heightened to Hannibal by the aftual commence- 
ment of winter ; and the variety of new dangers, 
with which this dangerous pafs is then accompanied ; 
have produced an addition of accommodation for 
travellers, which even the Romans, in all their at- 
tentions to their roads, never provided \ Chrifti- 

anity 

* 8au flare iv; 141-^244. 

^ M. Bourrit iii. 271^ and M. Sau/Fure iv. 215, have £xed 
here a kind of hofpltable houfe, '* un hofpice,** for travellers in 
the time of the Romans \ but without any, the flighteft, authoritjr 
for their condufl. M. Saufiure izes it avowedly, as }A, Bourric 
fixes it feemingly, with the temple on the plain of Jupiter ^ buc 
neirher notices any remains of /i&<7/, though the latter doesof /i&ii. 
If it had ftood anywhere, we may be fure it would not have been 
iipon the bfeal: plain, but In the (heltercd town. It did fiot exifl 
at all; and the fancy of its exiilence ift only a faint reflexion^ 
from a rea' one that was founded afterwards; like the gleam of 
the- Alpine fun in Au^uft, weak in its power, and only mocking 
us with its hiftre. The fancy was juft lively enough to form an 
afTertion, blit too feeble to venture on a proof. It therefore fervtjs 
ufefully to (hew us, how free and rafh in their averments even 
philofophical writers cin be at times ; perfuading themfelves of 
the probubiiity of a point, rind then affirming the reaiitf of it, 
Cc qu'il y a.de plus ceHdin;^ fays M* Bourrit, '" c'eft qu'il y 
'' avoit UH bojpice pour les voyageurs, et un temple dedie au Dictt 
'VPennin.'* Or, as M. Sanflbre adds, "ODpafieao plan de Jn- 
.• VoL^JI. £ •*pitcf, 



'CC 



ahify alorte co'uld have prompted and invigorated 
' the hunrtan Ynind, to provide tltis. That elevated fpirit 
"tyf charity, which has mtihfplied poor-houfe6 and 
|)rbp3gated 'hofpitals ^1 6v€f Chriftendom ; houfes 
of benevolence, fuch as Romans in their higheft re- 
finenients fo little knew, t'hat t!hey have no appropri- 
ated word in thetr Tangtiage to fignify either *^ -, pro- 
ceeding in the fame career of huriianityy has fetded 
'a CONVENT at theol^ town, dedicated to Sr.* Ber- 
nard, fo extending its own appelktion to the hill it- 
felfi and calculated for the relief of wretched tra- 
vellers* This has now turned the whole town of 
the Gauls and Romans, into an inn, a hofpital, an 
infirmary for them. The monks ^,of this conirent 
affift traveflcrs with a care and a cordiality, that do 
Infinite honour to the inftitution and to themfelves, 
•that.fweep away at once all our Proteftant preju- 
dices againft monks, and exhibit fhefe to us as the 
moft' beneficent beings of our race. 

There are ordinarily between twenty and thirty 
monks bclongirig to the convent, the number not 
"being/abfolutely fixed; eight of them are ufefoUy 

'* piter, aift/l nommi ^ c^ufe d*UD temple et rf'«» hof/>ice, qui exifloit 
" ia du temps des Romains.^^ 

c The word ufedin the middle ages, Spittal, and t^e word 

f^w irfed, Hojpital, are not to be found in the language with this 

^fenfe to them $ HoJjl>itmm being merely an inn. and HojpiUoium • 

imall inn, dill retained in their micive fignification, by our old 

Hbfteller for an innkeeper, and by our new Hotel for an inn. 

di^crfed 






difperfed among the Alpine pariffi- churches, that arc 
under .their patronage; and ten or twelve are con- 
..ftandy re.fident here, being fuch as, from their age 
and health, are able to bear the keen atmofphere of 
the mountalin. 'jThe few Ochers, who can no longer 
bear it, are permitted to refide with the aged Provoji 
of the whole, in ^ houfe whicltbelongs to the convent, 
and is fituated at Martigny below ^. The monks 
of the mountain are employed in a manner, of 
which Britifli Proteftantifm, removed from the fight 
of fuch iqftitutions, and naturally warped with its 
own prejudices, has no conceptionj in the profecu- 
tion of their private ftudies, in the inftruftion of 
.their novices, in the education of fomc fcholars yvho 
are fent to board and lodge with thcnij and in ma- 
naging the temporal ceconomy of the whole. They 
have a Prion, the deputy of the Protoft, and the 
governor of the convent in, his abfence i a Sacrijlofty 
who takes care of their chapels, and whom we have 
.equally among ourfelves, but have degraded into a 
.mere fexton, the humble toller of bcUs, and the low 
digger of graves ; a Cellarer^ fuch as the kings of 
Scotland ufcd to have under- the fame title, and our 
..kings ftiil retain under that of gentleman of the eel- 
•lar, but, in the more contrafted ftate of monaftick 
than royal houfholds, afting in. a more extenfive ca- 
^pacity, and ferving as purveyor, comptroller, fteward 
too, by fuperintending the pi-ovifions of the kitchen^ 

* Sauflure iv. 137, 

E 2 .and 



, i 



yi COI/RSB Of HANNltf AL CFTAP*. U 

and managing all the exterior concerns of the md- 
naftery ; a Clavandier, who keeps the keys, -and dif- 
. fenfes the articles wanted to the monks and to th^ 
travellers; and an Irtfirmier, who takes care of the 
fick in the apartment appropriated to them •• The 
cellarer keeps twenty horfes conftantly employed 
during the fummer, in fetching the magazines of 
flower, bread, cheele, liquors, and dried frurts, for 
themfelves and their guefts; or forage for their 
milch cows and fatting cattle; during the winter. 
Their firewood, of which they expend a very great 
quantity, is brought then^ on the backs of mules, 
from a diftance of four leagues, and by a fteep padi 
that is prafticable only for fix months in the whofe 
year. Then, before the winter fcts in, they fend 
down their horfes for the feafon, to a farm which 
they haVe on tlie northern fide of the Rhone ^ 

But it is peculiarly pleafing to a tender mind, to 
*note the ufeful folicitude of thefe amiable monks, on 
flich days as the pafs is mod frequented ; in perlbn- 
ally receiving, warming, and recovering travellers,, 
that are exhaufled by their excefs of fatigue, or in- 
difpofed from the feverity of the air. With equal 
eagernefs, they attend their 'own countryman and a 
foreigner. They make .no diftiitftion of flate, of 

fex, or of religion; and afk no queftions, concerning 

» • « 

* Sauffure iv. 247, 236 — 237, 

f Simlcr 82, Sauflure iv. 242, Bourrh fii. 170, Martyn *i. 

,the 



3£CT. IV. OVER THE ALP3- , ^| 

» * 

the nation or the creed of the wretched Their 
wants or their fuffcrings are, what primarily entitle 
them to their care. Yet, in winter and in fpring^ 
their iblicitude has a larger fcope of aftivityj and 
takes a wider range of attention. From that very 
time nearly, in which Hannibal carried an army over 
Great St. Bernard, and at which the Romans reckon- 
ed the general winter of Italy to commence, from 
the I ft of November through the winter, to the ift 
of May; a trufty Alpine fervaiit, who as an Alpine 
is denominated a Maronn I £R, and one or two<iogs 
of an extraordinary fize with him, are conftandy en- 
gaged in going to meet travellers, a confiderable way 
down the defcent toward the Yallais, even as far a$ 
St. Peter's £[. . 

Thefe dogs poITefs an infUnd and receive a train- 
ing, which fit them to be peculiarly ufeful in their 
employment. They point out the ,road to the guide 
and the travellers, through fogs, tempcfts, ancj 
ihows. They have alfo iche fagacity to difcover trar 

8 Sauffure iv, »37— ?3 J, ** jufqu' a la roojtie dc U dcfceijtc/' 
correftcd thus in 244.— -24.5, ** jufqu' au bourg de Sr. Picrrt, qui 
** e^prefque a la inoiti^ de la hauteur dc cette montagne j" «nd 
Wrong in both p^aces^ as St. p£ter*s h only pine miles from th« 
fummit> and the whole afcent is twenty-four. See alfo Bourrit 
iii. »73, and Martyn ao, Simlcr 82 fays, that they go t» 
meet travellers " ab utf^que montis latere/* So they did 
in his time, we may be fare froip his tci1;imony ; but, as wc havp 
iccn, they do not now.— For Marpnnur,^ fee a noic at the end of 
ti\^ chapter. 

E 3 iftlienii 



I 

14 ^ coirRStf OP. ftAN/j^riAL chap, f, 

vellers, that have watidcred out 6f the way, ha?ve 
iftoundered in the drifts of ihow, and are' lyitig 
wearied^ 'exhaufted upon them. Buf, iihit forms i 
wonderful addition of kindnefe, the monks often 
go themfclves with the guide ; in order to fee aflift- 
ance more promptly adminiftered to the linforttinatei 
and to a£l occafiorfally as friends to the foul equally 
wtth the body. Even wheri the guide is not lliffi- 
cient of himfelf, to fate the unhappy traveller froni 
perilhirig ; they fun to his afliftance themfelVes, fup-i 
port him with their own armsj lead Jiim with their 
own hands, and , fometimes carry Kim up to their 
itoilvent upon their owrt fhbulders. They are oftert 
bbfiged to ufe a kind of friendly violence to hlrtii 
when he is benumbed by the cold or worrife Out by 
the fatigue. 'He then infifts upon being left to reft, 
or even to fleep, for a moment upori the fnow. The 
torpid ilifluencfe of the cold is ftealiirg upon hiras 
renders all motion Un pfeafant, and is gently carry- 
ing the fleiep of death' from the extremities to the 
heart. The mOnks know this; and the very thing 
which he diflikes, .'they know to be the only means 
of faying him. They are therefore compelled to (hake 
the traveller in his deadly doze, and to drag him by 
force from his fatal bed of flumben They thus ex- 
pofe themfclves to all the feverities of the weather, in 
order to fave others. They neceflarily fuffer much, 
in the work. At times, when the quantity of fnow 
upon the ground prevents them from walking faft> 
^d fo their bodies are not properly warmed with 

their 



5«CT, IT. OVER THE ALPS, ' 5 J 

their own motion $ their esctremine^ vrould co^gea} 
vnth the cold, before they perceived their mwnbnels. 
They are therefore obliged to carry Ihort thick ftaffs 
with them then, armed at the ends with iron ; aiid to 
ftrike their haods and feet with them> continually K 

They even ftretch their exertions of humamty, 
beyond ail this. About three miles below the con? 
vent on the road of Hannibal's afcent, they hav^ 
built a fma^ vaulted room, that is called the hofpital. 
This is intended for the cafual rcfreihment of tra-^ 
vellersj benumbed with the cold, and unable to reach 
iHe convent. ,The trufty MarennUr vifit^ it ffCr 
i}tic»ily> in order to meet the tx^veiler; bu): gpofs 
principafiy ^ the approach of night \ and» whcfi hf 
feis out on his return^ leaves ibme breads cheefe, ai^ 
wine behind '« This man even faUies out extrar 
jordinafily, when a ftorm is juA over^ wiijh his ItocI;; 
^ wine and meat ; takes his v^y to the bujlding^ 
and ai^fts a]J that be finds d^xeSi^\ Th^ .Q^HIf^ 
tbeim&lves alfo may be frequendy^ j(een 91^ the tofi^ 
of their rocks, watc:hing<^ do offices pf hw?W^^ 
They tMrn their view eagerly op every fitje, e^r 
dea^jpur to fpy out the diftrefled, and fly to theif 
Succour. When the new fiiow is deep upon th^ 
ground, they appear ma^i(^ road^ 4;hrpi^h ii^ runr 

h Sauffure iv. ajS — 239, and Simler ^93 — 294 addidonally 
for this fatal tendency to deep upon fnow. 

^ Saoffurc iv. a^z-'-z^.S. ^ Martyn 20. 

< E 4 ning 



# 



j6 COURSE OF HANNIBAL GHAP. T. 

ning to the founds of diftrefs, anji' pre venting' fatal 
accidents by charitable vigilance K 

. But notwithftandihg all thefe glorious exertions 
pf humanity, upon rfie hill which Hannibal traverfcd 
lb late, as the beginning of winter and the very fall- 
' ihg of the fiiows ; fcarcely a winter paffes over this 
mountain^ in which fome traveller is not brought to 
the convent, with his limbs frozen into abfolute ia- 
aftivity. In thefe moments, the ufc of ardent H- 
quors is exceedingly dangerous, and often occafions 
the death of the traveller. He thinks to warm him- 
felf, with drinking that mode^:n produftion fronj 
wine by the fire of diftillation, that general fiimulHs 
on any common impediments of the circulation, la 
wine countries, or in countries bordering upon 
them ; Brandy^ The potion docs in feft communi- 
cate a warmth and an activity to him, for fome mp- 
inents after he has drunk it. The efBcacy is too 
ftrorig, and the potency too great, not to be felt. . 
Bqt the potency and the efficacy form the baneful 
nature of it, in that (late of the applicant. Accord- 
ingly this force upon the* fpirits is ihortly followed, 
with a del^ility and a faintnefs that are abfolutely in- 
curable. In the frozen and rigid ftate of the veffels, 
Ithe fudden impulfc given to the current breaks 
down the banks, and deftroys the navigation "^. 

^ Bourritiii. 269— »70. " Sauffurc iv. 230. 

■ i- • . ♦ ' • >■ ' • . • "* . 

Yet 



iteCT, IV* OVER TUB ALPS. ^7 

Yet the zealous bcnevokncc of thefe monks docs 
all, that cstn be done by benevolence and zeal 
united ; when they have to combat with fuch lofty 
mountain^ as thefe Alps, and to ftruggle with fuch 
angry elements as are upon them. They almoft 
rile, into a complete fuperiority. over both. They 
particularly do fo in fome cafes, that arc ftill more 
defp'erate and dreadful than all the reft. The tra- 
veller is Ibmctimes' overwhelmed at once, and 
plunged into the body of a mountainous fnow-balL 
When he is not very deep, the dogs difcovcr him by 
the fcent ; but when any is miffing, whom fbeir fa- 
gacity cannot penetrate fer enough to difcover, the 
monks engage in a laborious office themfclves. They 
range upon the fnow, and found it with long poles. 
The refiftance, which they feel at the end, tells them 
decifively, whether it is a rock or a body that dicy 
ftrike. If it is a body, tHcy inflandy clear away the 
ihow over it, and bring the perfon to air and life 
again. They have been the means of rcfcuing many 
in this way, from the very jaws of death '\ The 
amazing fweep of deflrudlion, which thefe gloies of 
jnow frequendy carry with them, may be fuflicicntly 
eflimatcd from one of them 5 that fell upon a party 
oi Swifs foldiers marching over the Alps, and buried 
no lefs than Jwty of them in its vaft bulk^ But to 
Jjc more particular, as particularity is the foul of de- 
icription to a being formed like man \ and to fhow 

^ SaufTure iv. 240. o Sixnler 189. 

the 



5S COURSE OF MANNIJ»AL Clf AP^ !• 

i^ dangers more ftrtkin^, to which Haambit and 
Itts mcB were exposed; I wsU relate an aneccfote of 
iwfiat happeiacd lately,, on the very pafs over Great 
St. Bernard, In the year 1781 fome travellers at- 
tempted to pais the nioi3ntain> when the fnows hsid 
fellen, They could not be induced to (lay by thr 
obliging monks, more wary than they coocerning 
the weather, and- more experienced about the road. , 
Thefe, finding their efforts to detain them unavail^ 

V ing, ordered their fervants to prepare for conduft- 
ing them along the pafs. The travellers however, 
without waiting for their guides, took the road from 
the convent towards Italy, and went along the fide 
of the lake, about nine in the morning. In fuch a 
road and at fuch a feafon as that, travellers ihoidd al- 
ways keep themfelves clofe to each other ; to be aiore , 
ill a ftate of general refiftance againft the fnowbualls* 
and to be more capable of lending or receiving aid iii 

' ftruggling out of the fnows. But tins precaution was 
totally neglefted by the travellers, in their impatience 
to pu{h on 5 and they marched in a file, one after 
the other. With a confKierable interval between 
fome of them. In this difpofition, and.wlien they 
had but juft wifhed each other a happy journey, 
a fnowball flew with the rapidity of lightning ftom 
one of the pikes on their right, and burft in an in*- 
ftant deftruftion upon their heads. At the noife 
which this made, the prior of the convenc*4)pened 
haftily liis window, threw his eye in a glance along 
the road, and, feeing no appearance of the travel- 
lers. 



lers, * fthct foofc ki tht wheld tnluMtf. tit kii* 
TitiAhtttlj givt aft alarm w the hotife, the mhab}-^ 
tants ^M a-flfemblcd, the loiTg* poles wefe takeh in their 
hands," and thejr mfhed 6iit In a hurry, unchecked 
by <he danger of being loft themfcives. What art 
afl^ding fpe6tacle doe's this exhibit to us ; men wlio 
encounter the greateft dyBcukies^ who fear not evell 
death itfelf, in order to feve the dying. With very 
great difficulty, thefe good fathers had the happinefi 
to recover from the fnows, the greateft part of the 
travellers. Thefe were carried to the convent, and 
brought back to life by the care that was taken of 
them; Three done perilhed ^ artd then* bodies wert 
not found till two months afterwslrd, when the fno^*j 
iridiedP. 

feift let me here notice one particular concerning 
khis convent, that is neceflary to the very autlienti^ 
cation of fuch extenfive chariries. The poor and 
the rich, fays M, Boutrit, " are here received 
^' gratis"^." M. Sauffure alfo relates, without any 
diftinftion of the rich from the poor, that the con- 
yent." excFcif^s a hofpitality fo extended and fo ex* 



P Bourritiii. ii8 — x2o. Simler st'ijd fays: " ii is qui nivfc 
^* obrutus eft, manus fab nive non prorfus indursiti moi^ere, et 
'^^aliiquid fpacii circa faciem cxcavare pollitj aliquam fub nivibiis 
*' refpirandi facuhatem nancifcitur, atqae In alteram et tertium 
** ctiam diem fub niribus vivere potclh" 

^ Bourrit iii. 370. " Les uns ct les autres y foftt rectf« 
f'gratisr 

*^ penfivc 



I 



•* penfive griUuitotifiy \ Thos chstrity is imgnified» 
til) it becomes a paradox, incredible in itfelf, and im^ 
poflible to be imitated. Let me therefore bring down 
this benevolence from the/clouds^ in which it is ib 
injudicioufly placed by both thofe, writers j and place it 
where it ought to (land, upon the earth. Simler en* 
ables me to do this efFe£tually. The mdnksj he 
tells us, " give food gratis to the poor yxhc rich make 
^^ frefents for their reckoningy each according to his 
" own inclination %*' This mode of afting fpeaks 
for itfclf. Simler fhews what Meffrs. Sauffure and 
Bourrit conceal, the propriety of fuch charity, and the 
praSicability pf it in fuch circumftances. All that 
^re able to make the monks a pecuniary compepia- 
tion, do fo ; but are delicately left to coniiilt their 
own feelings, and from thelc to determine equally 
the aft and the degree of recompenfe. They thus 
form an adcfitional fund, for extending the charity 
to thofe travellers, who really need it. Benevolence 
then wears the fece of wifdom, and walks upon the 
earth, though ihe lifts her head to the Ikies : 

logreditdrque foto, et caput inter nubila condir. 

I myfclf,*' notes M. Sauffure, " in pafling the 
mountain met two Swifs foldiers, who, going the 
*' year before in the fpring to rejoin their regiment 
in Icaly, had been froft-bitten in their hands i whom 



u 



<€ 



€€ 



€< 



t( 



r Sauffure iv. 235. " Exerce gratuitement une kofpitalite 
auHi etendue et aulTi difpeDdieufe/*^ 

« Simler 83. " Pauperibus ^r/z^w viflam danr, opulentioret 
(fuo quiCque arbitratu) fymbQli loco munera dant.** 

"the 



MCr. ly. OVER THE ALPS. (l 

•' the monks recovered, and kept fix weeks at the 
" convent, without requiring the flighteft return 
** from them^" What is true charity and benevo- 
lence to the poor, would be a wafte of charity and 
a prodigality of benevolence to the rich. 

This it was abfolutely requifitc to afcertain, as 
fiannibal's paflkge is very much frequented ftill; 
particularly, at the fairs holden in Lombardy, at the 
conventions of the States of the Vallaifans in May, * 
and during a fcarcity of corn upon one fide of thp 
Alps, with an abundance of it on the other "• 
During fuch a fcarcity in 1771 and 1772, which 
reached over a part of France and the whole of 
Switzerland, a very confiderable quantity of wheat 
and rice came from Italy by > this road. Three 
hundred mules were then feen in a day^ loaded .with 
corn, and crolTing the mountain "". But, even in the 
ordinary ftate of paflage, no left than /even or eight 

t SaufTure iv. 240. <* V «i moi-meme rencontrl, en paflantja 
** monugne, deux foldau SuilTeSy qui TaBnee precedente, ea 
** al]anr au prtntemps rejoindre lear regiment en Italie, «voienc 
" en ]e$ mains gelees \ et que l*on avoic gueris, et gardes pendant 
" (iz femaines an convenvfans eiiger d*ctncla moindre retriba- 
« tion." 

« SaufTure iv. 046. •* The " femeftres'* in SaulTure here are 
the diets^ which are thus defcribed by Simler 15 » '* Nomino 
** hic Scnattttn, quem vulgo vocant des landts raadt\ hic^ more 
"*' majorum, quotannis bis convocatur, Maiae et Decembri menfi- 
bus ; quo tempore, ex Hngulis pagis bini et nonnunquam terni 
legati conveniunr, idque Seduni in callro Majorie.'* See alfo 
Coxe i. 38s. 

^ SaaflTure iv. 244. 

thoufand 






^ COU*$P Of HANWBAL ^ CHAP. U 

^ujai^d p$rfm crofs the h^li every year. The 

.nuipfiW Qf travellers therefore, whq Jjavc been af- 

.fembkci io •the.cQjiyent at ,once, has been very con- 

d5(icrable. Thqre Ay^ one fiqgle .evening pf 1782, 

in which they.amQunted xofive hundred andjixty-me^ 

when three facks of corn, twenty (heep, and four 

♦oxen,.CQttld h^rctly furnilh provifions Jufficicnt for 

itbem.. They haye.even ^movnted at times, to Ji9^ 

ifundred^. Thefe .travellers too H^ve been all com- 

^pelled hf the badnefs of the .weather, to continue 

tjfewo.ortthree.days in the cpnve^t, before they could 

venture to .refwne (their journey y. With fuch a hoft 

lof vifiters, a prudent oecppomy in the management 

iofthcir funds, and a difcriniipating generofity in the 

-difpenlation of them, muft.be abfolutely neceflary. 

The whple building is. a Jong (quare, conftrufted 
.cff jftone, and devoid of. ornament. The church, 
ithe dining-rhall, the bedrooms for the poor, and the 
kitchen with its great fires, are on the ground-ftory^ 
•while the bedrooms of the monks> and chambers for 
jpafiengers of diftin<iti(Mi, -arc in the ftory above ^ 
Thefe with their chapel at a little diftance, the 
•heufes £br their numerous attendants^ the {tables for 
their oAvn horfes and the horfes of travellers, the 
Iheds for their milch cows and fatting cattle, the 
rgarncrs for all their provifions, the flaughter-houfe, 
the larder, the brew-houfe^ the bake-houfe, the 

» Bodrritiii. 174. 

y Simlcr 295, and Bourrit ii. 118, " le troificme jour." 

2 Sau(rurciii.2^5, Bourrit ill. 270. 

\yoQd- 



mCT.tf. OVER l^B ALPS, €j 

^udod-houfcj ahd all the cither appendages neceflarf 
%o fiich an eftabli(hmei$c of family^ and fuch an tfl«* 
•Kindatioii of guefts i mxA conftitute an Alpine towa 
of themfelves. There all the ftrangers are received, 
lodged^ and entertained^ in the moft liberal and yec 
^e moft un-aSt6ted manner ; equally without one 
trace of oftentation, and yet with an air of courteous 
cordiality \ Such a fober and fteady emanation of 
Chfiftian charity,- have wc here Jsefore our tycsi 
The monks of Great .St. Bernard, indeed, appear as 
the heroes of beneficence to the Chriftian world. 
They were firft fixed here in the fourth century .pro- 
bably, when the firft St. Bernard (as I, have .pre^ 
vioufly fuppofcd) took down the ftatue of Jupiter in. 
'the temple, and left his own name inftead of Jupi- 
rpiter^s to the mountain. This name was certainly 
impdfed, before the days of Bernard abbot of Clair- 
vaux, and even Jbefore the time of Bernard the 
•founder of this convent. Thus Hartman, almoner 
of St. Bernard's monq/ieTji, swas made bifliop of ;Lrau- 
rfenne in 851 ; Valgaire, aiioi of Mmt Joux, had a 
decree pronounced againft him by Lewis the Pious, 
in 8325 arid Lothaire the IP. king of Lorraine, in 
ceding Geneva, Laufanne, and Sion to his brother 
the "Emperor in 859, particularly referved ihe-iwf- 
pital of St. Bernard '\ There was confequently a 
hofpital, aaabbey, or a monaftery, upon the fummit 
of Moitt Joux, and dedicated to St. Bernard^ as early 

a Sauflure iv. 266, 44.2, Bourrit in. 270, i8o.. 
* Simler tj andSaaffure iv. aj^-^'^aji. 



y 



€^4 COURSE OF HANNIBAL CHAF. li 

as that periods ^ But then this was only a convent 
in the ufual ftyle, like the convent on St. Gochard 
and other heights of the Alps at prefent. It was a 
mohaflick fociety fcqueftercd peculiarly from the 
world> by being placed upon the creft of this very 
lofty mountain ; pieculiarly raifcd above the worlds 
by being exalted into the region of the clouds; and 
fybjefted to the fevereft of all difcipline, by being 
cxpofed to perpetual cold and buffeted with eternal 
ftorms* But> in the tenth .century, the common 
idea of a convent was dilated and enlarged, by the 
expanding vigour of a fingle mind* A man of the 
iacrcd order, that order (let one of its member^ fay) 
of inftituted and of adlual, of great and of general, 
beneficence to mankind; one Bernard Menthon, 
archdeacfcn of Aofta, conceived the magnificent pro- 
jeft, of making this convent eminendy ferviceable to 
the intercfts of humanity. He broke in upon the 
rcftriftions of the cloifter, to adntit the vifits of 
Charity into it. He threw^open the painted window 
(as it were) in the chapel of the monk's devorions> 
and let in the cheering fun of beneficence upon him. 
While he ftill left him at times to his fequeftratior^, 

c SaulTare iv. iji is weak enough to fuppofc^ that the hill 
might take its name from Bernard, the uncle of Charlemagne^ 
tnd the commander of a detachment that pafTed this way, in 
Charlemagne's expedition againll the Lombards ; without once 
;reiiedling, that this Bernard was no faint, either in real or in pa- 
piular hiflory. The calendar of the church would be greatly 
over- flocked indeed, if the commanders in war were to be all 
parked with the red letters of faint*fhip. 

his 



steTiivi toviA TKi Aim 65 

hk clouds^ and his praf ers ; he drew him 6ff, like 
isn angd fent fiom heaven in attendance upon man, 
to fee the tniferies of the world beneath him, to feel 
for its 'Ibrrow, and to a6fc for its coniblatioiju He 
gave tilt monks a capaciiy and a command, to re-- . 
Iteve the cMrefles of aU the numerous travellers, diat 
Vent by diis grand^ this principal road in and out of 
Italy; Sucli was the to^y powei* of Chriftiamty, i A 
one good head and good heart ! A char^ufter like 
this is as gi'eat in genius and in utiderftanding perhaps^ 
as a Hannibal himfelf ; and is certainly greater j in 
moral dignity; Yet a world, that is fond of its de-» 
idroyersi looks up with fuperior admiradbn at ^ 
Hannibal than a Bernard, mounted as they both are 
how upon the fatne creft of the Alps; A comet U 
ftared at with amazeiiient> while the fun is beheld 
with indifierence; 

The famii pbwcr of Chriftianrty oci^afiohed this 
archdeaconi to fix alfo fome monks under an equal 
bbiigatidn of beneficence, Upoii Litde St; Bernard ; 
that /acelhtm to the temple of Jupiter before, and * 
that tell probably to Sti Bernard's monaftery after- 
wards; But the road over Liitle St. Bernard being 
hot ihuch frequented in Mcnthon*s daysj any more 
than it is in ours ; being then, as now, frequented 
only in the fineft feafon of the year, and only by fuch 
Savoyards as have bufinefs in the vale of Aofta ; he 
fettled only two of his monks upon fins hill, while 
he eftablilhcd a number upon that ^. 

« SauiTure iv. 231, aod Boarric iii. %$%, 256. 

Vouli. F . H€ 



6B Cd&RSt 6T HAHNfdAt CUaP.U 

> 

pointed out the necefiity of cOTimunicated power 
and counter-checked atithorky, wafted the eftates of 
the convent in a ruinous magnificence of luxAiry^ 
In this manner did the monks lofe their propetty in 
England^ die Low Countries^ Poland^ and Sicily. In 
1587 indeed they furprifingly recovered from chc 
pope, their right of nominating their own provoft, 
and {o preventing the utter abforpiion of the convent 
in the pt'ovoft-fliip. They were thus happy, and 
continued fo for a century and a half. Then a diC* 
ienfion arofe among themfdvesr, concerning this very 
nomination; which ended in the lofs of other eftates 
to them. So clofely interwoven with nailery, are 
many of ^e rfireads of human life I They were 
Swife, they were Savoyards, in their chapter. Thefc 
quarrelled nationally ; the flighteft ftraw ferving man 
at times, as a ground of conteft. Their quarrels^ 
even reached their refpcdKve ,nations, and the go- 
vernors on both ftdes took part in the conteft. The 
Ibvereign df Savoy claimed the power of nomina- 
tion him&lf, under a papal bull of fo old a date a» 
145 1 J ki bar of this the Vallailans, and their allies 
of Switzerland, alledged other bulls of a later date 
(as nothing but a bull could counteraft a bull, even 
in this wane of papal authority), which gave the 
ele£tioh entirely to the chapter. The point was re-, 
ferred to Rome, the iffucr of both the bulls; and the 
bufinefs was agitated there for a period, almoft equal, 
to the length of a chancery fuit among ourfelves, no 
lefs than feventcen years. In 1752 the chapter was 

. vidoriousi. 



ZICT* IV. aVBR TH6 ALP9^ n 69 

Tidtoiious, but di^ king of Sarcfima took an ample 
revenge for his defeat ; depriving the convent of all 
^eir eftates in his dominions^ the original donations 
of their founder probably. Yet the king did not, 
Vfith a proteftant fpirit of &crilege| either attach 
Ithem to his crown or difpenfe them to hjis nobles ; 
but transferred them only to anod^er corporation of 
.charity, to the order of Hofpitalcrs of St. Ma^urice 
^nd Stj, La^are^ Tb^ pope's decree, indeed, that 
gave tiem the viftory, authortfcd bim to take the 
revenge ; the king's right of nomination, I fuppofe, 
being founded on the fad of Mcnthon's being his 
Itibjedt, arid Menthon's endowment being in his do- 
ihinions ; arid thefe being ronfidered as revocablf, 
vhen that was refufed. By this means, the convent 
at die prefent day pofleffes only fome lands and fonjc 
rents, in the Vallais and the canton of Berne i the 
canton havihg too much refped for humanity, fo 
deprive fucb a convent of its cftajtes within it. Thp 
funds of the monks, therefore, are wholly inftiffi* 
cientj and they themielves are obliged to depend 
upon contingent charities. Contributions are accord- 
ingly allowed to be made for them, during four days 
of every year, in the republicks of BernCy Friburg, 
Geneva, and m the principality of Neuchatcl i but 
at more diftant periods, in the other cantons of 
Switzerland, The king of France too^ with a ge- 
nerofky that does honour to the crown^ officially^ 
jconfidcrs himfclf as their patron, and fend$ them 
|Jpnationsi as if the pafs over Great St. l^^^nard was 

¥3^ ' m, 



• 7^ COURSE OF HANNIBAL . CHAP. I. 

ftill, what we have fccn the road oven the Pennine 
Alps to have been, the one only avenue out of 
.France^* The Prbteftants alfo of Switzerland and 
the Vallais, unite with the Papifts of France and of, 
their own country, in fupporting by their mutual 
affiftance fuch a cloifter of Chriftian , and Pratlical 
Philofophers ^\ 

So ftrongly has Europe attefted in every age of 
cftablilhed Chriflianity, ,and fo ftrongly does it con- 
tinue to atteft, the great importance of that pafs over 
the Alps, and the formidable dangers attending that 
road up them, which Hannibal ufed in his expe- 
dition ! Yet I have two or three notices tnore to 
produce, which heighten the dangers and enh::^nce~ 
^he formidablenefs ftill more. I will juft produce 
them, and then purfue the narration again.— Direftly 
to the fouth of the convent, (hoots up one of the 
.lofty ,fpires,.of the fummit. This frequendy dif- 
♦ charges its growing burden of fnows, upon the very 
convent itfelf. Snows have fometimcs fallen from 

s I thus fjpeak of the king of France, as fJU exifting i the re- 
publick, that produflion of thfe grofleft and moft pompous per- 
jury, which has rifcn up like a pufFball from a dunghill in the 
dark, being fare in every hillorical view to difappear as fuddenl/ 
28' it fprung, to fpend itfelf in its own emiilions of fnaoke and ^ 
foot, and fo refolve into its generative dung again. 

^ Bourriti. 30, 93, 94.,.iii. 274 — 275, and Saufliire iv/i3»— 
a36. Before this difpute it was, I apprehend, tlitt the monks 
fent their Maronnier " ab utroque montis latere" to meet travellers 
(Simler 82) { and it hjince this difpute, I believe, that they do ^o 
gxx the t^ortbern fide only, 

I J5 



dBCT. IV. ©VER THE ALPS. 7 1 

it in fuch a volume of bulk, as reached up to the 
roof of the building. But, what is more remark- 
able, when the fnow falls it gives that violent con- 
-cuflion to the air, which throws all the doors of the 
convent off from their hinges K Some winters too 
the cold has been fo fevere at the convent, that the • 
thermometer has flood at twenty or two and twenty 
degrees, below the freezing point. This violent 
excefs of cold, howeVer, has been only for a day or 
two. But in the winter of 1784, which was very 
long and very (harp in our own ifland, and in that 
warmeft, perhaps fineft, part of it, the fouthern fhorc 
of Cornwall; the glafs flood conftandy for fix' weeks 
iogether^ at eighteen or nineteen below. Even on 
the twelfth of March, ic was at fixteen, a halt and 
cen lines, below* During this extreme frigidity of 
the air, the very chambers of the monks, that had no 
fire in them, kept the glais ordinarily at ten or 
twelve^- Yet the monks live here during luch 
winters as thefe, ^ eight months too in continuance^ 
and in a folitude for thofe months, whi,ch is inter- 
Tupted only by fuch alarming incidents as that, by 
the fufFerings of over-venturfome travellers, and by 
their own endeavours to fuccour them at the hazard 
of their lives. The glooni of their minds, however, 
muft be more afFc6ting than tho dangers of their 
bodies. They throw their eyes around them, and 
fee nothing but a wild waftc of fnow, rocks ihoot- 

*-»«nrat iii. 171— «73. * Bounit iit. »73— 174.. 

F 4 ing 



^ 



72 COURSE QE HANNIBAL CHAP. St 

ing up barren and tfrown^ in the midfl of the dreary 
vyhite, aod a black lake of water always half frozen 
qyer. Their health is aficfted by this long continue 
ance of cold and gloom. GatarrhS| goii^ and rheii>- 
matjfo attack 'then\^ What ttercfore can induce 
men of a, creditable rank in fociety^i tQ refign them^ 
felves up to a life fo forrowfol and fo painful ? What 
but that ftrong ray of religion, which Ghriftianity is 
^ytr hfringjing from heaven to earth ; which> in its 
higheft iliuminatiomi has produced confeffors am} 
martyrs J k its tqweft, b always exalting the foul 
above feofe -, and> in its influence between both, is 
piaking even Alpine feows, the cold of a Greenland, 

> 

and the difinalbefs.of a NovaZembla, to be volunta- 
nly fiffbioed through the greateft part of li&, in the 
certainty of reward from the awful Father of thfc 
world, at bis period of general retribution^, .and on 
his. eftablilhment of final felicity °°, Yct^ a&I am 
^dmoA fbrry to add at the clofe, with all the affiftance 
that compaflTion and power can lend in the perfbns of 
the^ monks ;. the paflage is fo terrible in winter,, assd 
.Ji much frequented even then iy traveHersy that many 
perlfh every year. The numerous bodies (if the 
dpad, that are not owned or rccognifed, are mclan- 
pholy evidences of the truth of this. Thefe are rc- 
pofited in one chapel at the hofpital, and in another 
near the convent. There they lie extended upon the 
^oor, with all their clothes upon them ; the better 

* Sauffurciv. »4a-*H3» «» Sauflurciv.a^S. 

to 



SECT. TV. OVSR THB AJL98» f^ 

to promote tl;k6 recognitioo of thecn. The cold air 
preferves them from putre&dion; and a body, that 
has lain there a coiijde of years, ftill maintsuns all its 
diftinguHhing appearances. But the fight is fo- 
ItrxuAy moiirnfol, to a brother-fharer in mortalitjp. 
Nor can anything but that hig^ elevation of ibid, 
which looks beyond the cloud of mortaKty, and fees 
the fun of futurity ihining bright behind it, bear 
without a fbock to behold the fccne "• . Even fome 
pf the fekhful dogs have perilhed, in their ufeful 
minifteries to travellers. But, what is moft mela»- 
choly for a generous mind to Ipiow, fome of, the 
very monks Aemfelves have loft their own lives, in 
iaving the Hves of others ". Nor can I conclude diis 
^count of the convent and of the hill better, thm 
by taking the ftort but lively defcription of bodl, 
drawn by a French traveller from his own feelingp 
atthe moment, and happily copveying his feAfations 
to the minds of his readers. Journeying with com- 
pany from Aofta up to Great St. Bernard, and hav^ 
pg every advantage of feafon and of weather, he 

" Saa^urc iv. fliS, Martynip, aad Bovrric iiit .sto^— xSt. 
Bourrit there fays, that they^tkus keep the dead above ground, 
becaufe they have no earth to bury them in/ '* parce qu*il n> a 
' '' pas de terre poor lea enfevelir/' Bot the true reafon is, what I 
have afligiicd } as they aj£lqallx bury their dead in this extraor* 
dinary mannec. *' Si qui hie moriantur/* Simler fays 83> '' cum 
nihil terrse hoc loco ilt, in profundiflimam foveam ruj^tz ^la- 
ciei fubjiciuntar: ea illorum iepultura eft.'* The chapel at 
the hofpical, 1 Aippofe, is what is marked in the map of Sauflure 
vol. lit. as '' Cimetiere dcs paflagers/' 
• Bourrit iii. 173. 

3 thus 



«< 
«< 



74 COlfRSE OF HANNIBAL • CHAP, tf 

thus breaks out on his entrance upon the funynit of 
the mountain. ^^ Curious to difcover the fituation, 
** of the convent,'* then cries M. Bourrit, "we threw 
^ our eyes on every fide, and looked for this houfe 
^ where it was not to be found : at laft we difcovered 
•** it ; and J cannot fpesk ^ JenJatimSy whicli the fight 
*' ef it made us feel. What fituation- can be more 
•* ftrange- than this! It appeared to my eyes, like 

'-** THE ARK OF THE DELUGE UPON THE MOUN- 
^** TAINS OF ARMENIA, IN THE MIDST OF THE RUINS 
^ OF THE WORLD P.'* 



p Bourrit ill. >68>. " Carieux de decouvrir la ficiution de 
'* rHefpice, nous les [aos regards] promenions de tous les cotes, 
"■** et nous cherchions ccttc maifon la ou elle n'etoit pas. Nous 
•* la decouvrinrtes cnfin, et je nc puis dire les fenfations que fa vuc 
^ nous fit eprottver. Quelle iituacion plus etrange! elle paroiiToit 
•* a? mes yeux TArcbe du Deluge, pofee fur les manugnes de I'Ar^ 
•* menie^ au milieu des ruines du monde." 

** Inter alia niala,'' adds Simler, " frigus ingens his qui per 
^'Alpes iter faciunt moleilum eft, prasfertim Hante Borea; 
•* qaafc facpe multorum artus vi fdgoris amburuntur, atque aliifr 
*^ nares aut aures, nonnullis manuum aut pedum digiti, atque 
" ettam ipfi/^^ip^, vi frigoris obftupefcunt ti pertunt \ mxAix ocuhs 
**ex perpetus niinum ufu [vifu] amittunf. Adverfus haec mala, 
*• varia pralidia funt : ecuiis quidcno, ut vd aliquid nigri'praten" 
^ datufy vel fvitrea con/pid/ia ^ua ^vecant; reliquis membris, ut 
*' pelllbus craiTifque veflimentis bene contra frigus nuniantur, 
** ac charts fcriptorid et membrane pt&VLseptme a ventis frigidii de- 
'* fe'ndunt; quodii pedes obftupuerinr, no^u exutis calceis ^Wx<ie 
** aqUiC immerguntury et paulatim tepida affunditur ; ita cnim rclli* 
^ tui CJTcduntur'' (p, 294 — 29 j). 



y* From 



SECT. V, ©VEA THE ALF$* 75 



From all thefe hoirours upon horrours of an Al- 
pine winter, and all thefc keen feverities of cold 
even in an Alpine fummcr, we fee that Hannibd 
had been much favoured by the weather. Had the 
fnow fallen five or fix days before, and while he was 
entangled in the wildernefs of the glaciere* ; he could 
not have found his way out to St. Peter's, and mofl: 
have periihed in the trackJels defert. Had it fallea 
fix or fcven days earlier ftill, and before he had broke 
into the Alps, he would never have entered them at 
all. The fight of the fnow already lying on the hilky 
and' the fear of what might be added to it the night 
following, would have prefented to the alarmed inva- 
ginations of his foldiery, the pifture of mountains 
piled upon mountains, in orider to fall upon thdr 
heads, and bury them in the midft of their giant- 
operations. Nor would this have been a mere pic- 
ture, as their Gallick guides could tell them of the 
rolling mountains of fnow, that even then buried 
whole caravans of travellers at times ^ ; and as we 

^ Strabo actually defcribes them thus, iv. 314. A» xoIoAio'* 

€atH9 ^t;va.uf yai, xdc» avju^u^ut ti^ retq WfiVMf\}i<ruq ^ccfxy^eti ; ** the 

^* vaft plates of ice (liding down from above, that arc capable of 
^. overwhelming a whole company of travellers, and of pulhing 
ff forwardin one mafs into the hoUows below,*' 

have 



y6 coin^sc or hannibal chap.x. 

have prcvioufly fcen fnow falling on the 45th of 

^ September, when Hannibal was only marching up 
to the Rhone, even new ice encrufting the waters on 
the ift of Auguft, when Hannibal had not yet pafled 

..idie Pyrenees. The ktenei^ of che ieaibn adds much 
to the dangers of the march> and fhows in a ftronger 
light the enterpnzing vigour of Hannibars mind. 
Yet he .had not one of thofe hardy, infenfible, and 
.arrogant underftandings, that attribute their good 
^rtune to tht miniftrations of their own wifiiom, 
and. ascribe their bad to unkicky events. His a<5b 

^ of dcYOutneis in the temples of Jupiter Peni^inm 
pod of Hercules, with his difmiffing prayer over his 
foldicry at the Rhone, as I have noticed before, fliow 
him not to have bad itr In tht comprehenfiveneis 
,of his qndierftanding he faw its narrownefsj in the 
vigour of bis ^irit he felt its weafenefs, and therefore^ 

J in the wifdom orhumility> he referred the final fuc- 
icels of his exertions, tO: a wifdom dfhd a power inft- 
pitely fuperior to his own. He muft therefore have 
thought himfelf highly favoured by Heaven, that this 
year the winter did not come on till the end of Oc- 
tober, till it was copfidered as coming regularly on, 
eyen amid the plains and ki the very hcart^ of Italy. 
Had it, his Carthaginians muft have been compelled 
with fliame tod anguifli to defift from^heir ajttempt;^ 
to retire before the invincibility of winter, and to take 
up their quarters among the Gauls till fpring. Thus 
would they have done, we may be fure 5 as a fingk 
fliower of fnow, and the firft foul commencement of 

winter. 



OCr.Vt OVER THE A^PU 77 

wiflt!cr» siftually carried a very great terrour with it 
to their hearts^ j even though it founcl them viftori« 
ous over all the difficuldes of afcent, landing tiptoe 
and triumphant on the creft of the Alps« So little 
reaibn had they to be alarmed^ at a fall of fnow 
now! 

But the occalional feelings of men> are leldom 
prqx>rtion€d to their reafonable expe6tauons. They 
are peculiarly not fo> when the mind has been pne« 
vioufly preffed upon by fufferings. The foldiera 
awaked in the morning. They (aUied from their 
tents, aH accoutered for their £irther march. The 
day had juft begun to break % A wild and frightful 
appearance prcfcntcd itfelf to their fight* They caft 
their eyes around, above, and bebw them. The 
fnow lay thick upon the plain, on the reft of this long 
and narrow pafs, and on the ranges of rock upon 
each fide of it. From their lofty eminence coo, they 
could fee the mounuins below them, as far as their 
eyes could range, all covered over with fnow, all 
made difccrnible by it Arough the grey and hazy 
light of the morning, and cafting a difmal kind of 
dead rcfleftion upon the half-enlightened flcy **. The 
pafl, the prefcnt, and the future, were united in their 
mindi by their immediately intended march, and 

b Polybiua iii. j4* bvo^v^wi^mxuyAHf,\ Liy)rx<i«35; ''In^ 
'^ gcnt«m te^rorem adjecic/* 

cLivyxxi. 35. " PrimA luce*" 

* Polybius iii. 54. Ttj^^s x**'°^ '^^ '''*?' '^^^ «><f«? aflpotfjjtAiwj^. 

confjMred 



■s >' 



J9 C0UR5E or fiANNIBAL CHAI*- /* 

. ^niplred to throw them intp. a d^fpondency of jbul *^ 
In this ftate of mind and fpirits, they fell into their 
i^nks on the fhowy iplain, and began to march along. 
Ac Ihowy pals ; their eyes, every time they glanced 
around them, bringing in a mournful conarmation 
to their former feelings. A duUnefs appeared evi- 
dent in the fteps, a defpair was marked ftrong in the 
countenances, of them alH. Hannibal perceived 
both* He faw the terrour in their faces, as he had 
them all drawn up before him, and as he probably 
Vehcfd their eyes haftily thrown at the hills - aroundj, 
kaftily returning to look at their companions^ com- 
SDunicating their own fears by their looks, ' then re- 
ceiving them back with increafe from the looks of 
riie others. But he faw it additionally when they 
Began their march, in the heavy pace with which 
they fet out; their eyes, no longer under the in- 
:^ftion of their general, now ranging freely to the 
right and left, I fuppofc ; now refting upon one rock 
of fnow, now. on another; feeing them clofe to them 
en either hand, but feeling them defer from the 
march already begun ;. their nerves flirinking with 
die .appjchenfivenefs of their minds, their legs not 
ftretching out to a full pace, and their lifted feet not 

^ Polybias iii* 54. Av^^VfjLUq ^iccxeifiepa, aeu ^(ds rr,9 w^yiysf" 

^ Livy xxi, 35. "Per omnia nivc oppJeta qualm, iignis — 
motis, fcgnitcr agmen incederct, pigritiaque ct defpcratio in 
omnium vultu emineret ; Hannibar' &c. 

,. lighting 



Cf 



SBCT,'r.-i DVER^THE ALPSi *f^ 

luting upon the ground again dn a firm tread, tq^^ 
encounter this fccne of Alpine and wintry terrours ?. 

m 

I 

In fuch circumftances, a modern general would 
have ordered the foldiers to halt, and dirc6bed a* 
dram to be given to each of th:im out of the ftores; 
under pretence of fortifying their ftomachs, againft the 
raw cold air of ^he morning, the mountains, and^ 
the fiiows. He would never have had recourfe to an 
crationy as Hannibal-had* Even under the high prof- 
pefts and exalring Ipirit of Chriftianity, modem 
philofophy has a ftrangc tendency to confider man, 
one while as a mere being of rcafon, another while as 
. a mere machine actuated only with life. All ideas 
of the magick power of eloquence over him, aredif- 
carded with the influence of magic itfelf ; and man is 
left in war particularly, to be guided by a reafan that 
is too impotent to dired^j or to be- compelled by fcn- 
fations that are too blind to diftinguifh. The enei^ 
of the rational paffions is not taken, into the moral 
eftimate of man; and the power of that ratbnal. 
principle, die fancy, which, amid the igicating vi- 
ciffitudes of war, carries a confiderable fway with it, 
in admitting terrour or introducing animation to the 
heart^of a foldiery, is never thought of. The great 

% This incident with all its circumftances is flated by Poly- 
bius iii. 54, to have happened the day before he marched, as 
Hannibal isfaid to have begun his n^arch t^ ysTccv^ov, or the day 
after all. But Livy's account, which is peculiarly clrcumftaniial 
*ird"ttfcful here, fpcaks fufliciently for its own truth, 

generals 



;gpiQraIi 6{ antiquity appc&r> to ha^e eiMitained 
inorp yiSi and more raifed coiK:eptiod$ of man. They 
applied themfelvesi to himi as a being coO:ipounded 
of reaibn» f8nc7> and {mffions, the middle principle 
partaking cqtiaHy of the two extremes; knd could 
thus wind up the^feclings within htm> to the Mvdieft 
dgui ha^neft energies of e^cer tion; Hannibal did fix 
He faw die necelBty^ of ah immediaoe application to^ 
their underftandings and iitiaginations i in order to 
diflodge ihc fear which their eyes, had brought in, and 
to fix a hope ^cy-lbrmed and fancy-eobured in its 

Hannibal appears peculiarly upon this occafion, a 
m^ of high iagacity, high addrefs, and high elo-* 
quence. He advanced to die front of his leading 
column. He took his ibition there, fays Livy, ^' on 
** a certain promontoryj from which he had a prof- 
«* peflt far and wide into Italy \'* He flood un- 
doubtedly at that extremity of the pafi, where thtJ 
narrow valley terminates a gentle defcent from the 
eonyent, the lake> and the plain ; and the road be-- 
^ns to go down for Italy, in a path winding betweert 
the rocks ^ At this the moll fouth-wefterly point 
of the whc4eipftflag^, and on a projeftion overhanging 
Italy> he ftood $ while his army was moving towards 





^ Livy xxi. 35. " PraegrcflUs figna> Hannibal in proniori* 
•* toTi9 quodam, tfndc longe ac late prorpedtas crat." 

i Sauffurc iV* a*s. " Un fcnticr tortueuz cntrc del rOcbcn,^ 

hinu 



if 
<c 
<c 






»CT. V. OVER THE ALPS^ 8r 

him. Thence, as. his van, his baggage, his main^ 
body, came fucceflively up to the ground, and prepared 
to file off fucceflively by the'path around it j hi made 
them to halt, and pointed out the view of Italy to 
them. " He coUefted them togedier," writes Po- 
lybius, " and endeavoured to animate them j catch- 
ing, at the one expedient for doing fo, the evi- 
dence of Italy before them : for Italy is fo direft- 
ly under thefe hills, that, in furveying both, , the 
** Alps take the figure to the eye, of being the citadel 
of all Italy. Wherefore pointing out to them the 
plains about the Po, recalling to their memories 
the complete friendlinefs of the Gauls who inha^ 
*' bited them, and at the fame time pointing at the 
"place of Rome itfelfi he" &c^ *^He ihewa 



^ PoIyblUS ill. 54. £«'iip»7o ervva^^ias^ voi^eiKa>\Mi9% fuat i^up 
mfo^fifif flif ri/Io> Ttiv rpi iTuXiaq uctfytutr* tilu y»f VTroTnifleintik To»f 

irifli Toy Ilaih>f yn^oi, x«» x«doXtf not tuyoiatf woynfAVi^nLtn rnq Tft^t 
x«)ofK»y?A;y eevlcc VcLKx\ujii ajxa ^1 x«« rov jvti PffJivii rovov VTrowKPvtap 
K. 1. X. ** Annibal therefore had recourfe to the only expedient 
'' that remained, to raife their drooping courage, [the evidence 
•* of Italy before them]. He aflcrabled the troops together 3 and 
** from the fommit of the Alps, which, when coniidered with 
" regard to Italy, appear to (land as the citadel of aH the coun- 
" try, pointed to their 'view the plains beneath that were watered 
*« by the Po ; and reminded them of the favourable difpolition,'* 
the complete friendlinefs, " of the Gauls [inhabiting thofe 
** plains] towards them. He ftawed them alfo the strj gnmdf 
<f upon which Rome itfelf was fituated'* (i. 362). 

Vol. II. G '^ them 



9er COURSS OF HAN^TSAL CHAF. h 

" them Italy/* adds Livy, " and the plabs about the 
?* ' Po Aat lie under the Alpine mountains K" I have 
frm^ted both' dide paflages, and tranilated them 1i^ 
ten (My \ becaufc the incident has been the fubjeft of a 
writtca controverfy, an^ the terms are occafionally 
preiied into the fervke in converfation. 

There are men, men eminent for kaming and for 
judgment, men even meriting highly from, the world 
of letters ; who have been w^ak and wild enough, to» 
riiink of afcertaining the courfe of Hannibal from thi» 
petty event thus briefly defcribed, and fo applying 
their foot-rule to the menfuration of a mount Cau> 
cafus. •" At prefent,*' cries M. Dutens in his 
French Itinerary, after much confiifioa and much 
miftake concerning Hannibal, '^ if we. pay attention 
*' to the femouis circumftance reported by hiftorians,. 
** that Hannibal, to encourage his foldiers, made 

them remark from the top of the Alps the beauties. 

of the country^ whicli they were going to conquer;. 

we can fix the very pointy from which he Jhowed 

ihem the plains of Italy : for all the Piedmontefe 
** officers, who have feen fervice upon the Alps, have 
" affured me y that in all the Alps there is only one 
« mountain, clbfe by the Col de Feneftrelles, from 
*' which it is poflible to fhow the plain of Lombard/ 

J Livy XXI. 35. " italiam oftentat, fubjeaofque Alpinis mon- 
** tibua Circumpadanoa campos." 

*«ta 



ti 

€t 
€€ 
€€ 



I 

\ 



SfiCT. Vi OVER THE ALPS. 8j 

*' to an army™." Such is this new-invcntcd- fcrcw, 
that is to have th^ power of moving the whole cur- 
rent of hiftory, railing it from its native bed, and 
throwing it upon a diftant hill ! But the potency of 
the fcrew is greater in reputation, than in reality. In 
£a6t it is not the fcrew of Archimedes, but that of a 
man ignorant of the laws of hydraulicks, a mere 
country- pumpmaker. I am forry to fay this of fuch 
a man 5 but M. Dutens, fo great in fcience, is little 
in hiftory; He has never confidered the incident in 
Polybius and Livy, and never weighed their lan- 
guage concerning it. He takes it for granted, that 
Hannibal aftually made his foWicts to fee the plains 
of Italy, even to remark the beauties of them ; and in 
this is moft egrtgioufly deluded. He might equally 
trfcc it for granted, that Hannibal made them alfo* 
Jsi " the very place of Rome itfelf," and alfo remark 
die beauties of//; when it was at the diflance of four 

s 

hundred miles. Polybius indeed ufes two words a 

«» Itineraire dcs routes Ics ftcqtient^s/ ou Jourtial dc pin- 
fieurs voyages «ix villes principales de TEurope, depuis 17$% 
jo(qa*en 17^3. Cinquieinc edition. 1786, Pour £tre,p/ac/ifi fact. 
ibt Lac de ^rajymene,-^** A prefent, fi I'on fait attention a la fa- 

. ** meufe circonflancc, rapport^e par les hiftoriens, qu* Annibal, 
^ poor encoarager les fc^dats, leur fit remarquer da haut des 
*' AlpeS) les beautes du pays .qu*ils alloient conqaenr» on pent 
** fixer le point meme^ d^ou 11 leur montra les plaines d'ltalie; 
^ car tons les officiers Plemontois, qui ont fait la guerre dans les 
" Alpes, m^ont affure, qu*il n'y a-dans toutcs ley Alpcs qii'une 

: ** fcule montagne, pr^s do Col d^ Fendb-eDes, d'ou I*oii puifle 
'* fliioacrcr.a unc trmee la plaine de Lombardie.'" 

G 2 Jittlc 



y 



84 COURSE OF HANNIBAL CHAP. U 

little different, for the indication of the two objefts 5 
Hannibal in the narra,tion ivh^w^otoi; or "pointing 
*' out" the plains of the Po, and imoinxvxKov or '* point- 
*' ing at" the place of Rome. But the w'ords are 
apparently fo near related, that the fliade of differ- 
ence between them, which I have endeavoured to 
exprcfs as faithfully as ever I can by fome fimilar 
terms in Englifli, is all imperceptible tq the common ^ 
eye. Learning however loves often to take a mi- 
crofcopc in its hands, and then to fancy a difference 
whiqh it cannot explain. To fuch criticks of the 
" microfcopic eye," wc may anfwer with a decifive 
brevity ; that Livy, as good a judge of Polybius's 
greek as any modern, and a better judge of this Al- 
pine view than even M. Dutens himfclfi ufes one and 
the fame word for indicating both objcftsj ,and makes " 
Hannibal " fhew" both " Italy and the plains about 
the Po," *^ Italiam ojlentat fubjeftofque Alpinis 
*' montibus Circumpadanos campos." Hannibal 
thus (hewed the plains of the Po, only juft as he 
ihewed the fite of Rome. So litde need is there,' 
of changing bur Great St. Bernard for any other 
mountain! 



The real " mount of fpeculation" indeed may be 
any, from which a Hannibal could pretend to fliew 
equally the plains of the Po and the fite of Rome. 
Only it muft be, what M. Dutens ftates it in exprcfs 
language to be, but what in aft he moft contradic- 
torily makes it not to be, a hill on ^* the top of the 

. << Alps." 



SICT. V^ OVER THE ALPS. 8jf 

"^ Alps/* His anonymous hill near Col de Fchcf- 
trellcs certainly is not this. In the diftinftncfi of 
vifion fuppofcd and fought, this comntanding cir- 
cymftance has been entirely forgotten; and the grand 
reality of all has been fwallowed up, in attention to 
a point merely imaginary. 

An eagle, towering in its pride of place, 
Js by a mouiing owl hawk'd at and ilain. 

To prove this, I need only repeat a part of the Ro- 
man Iter^ which I have formerly given at full length; 
^^ Brigantionem, m. p. xviiii,*' Briancon, " In Alpe 
** Cottia V," Mount Gencyre, and the top of the 
Cottian Alps, *' Ad Martis m. p. xxiv," Oulx, 
^ Segufionem m. p. xvi," Siifa, '* Fines m. p. xxxiii," 
Feneftrelley and ^'Taurinosm. p. xviii," Turin"." 
ThXis are we carried from the Jummit of the Alps, 
where M. Dutens himfclf pl?ices us, by fome unper- 
ccived manoeuvre of magical criticifm, that in- 
volves M. Dutens as well as ourfelves, to a hill at 
the httm of them J Feneftrellc appearing from its 
name and its pofition, to ftand at the Italian foot of 
the Alps, like Sufa, and, like it, to be not in the Alp 
but in Itdy. The magick therefore is exercifing its 
frauds to a vaft extent, annihilating the Alps entirely, 
and mounting us upon a hillock of Italy* in dicir 
ftead^ 

n Chap, i* Sedl. s. 
• Sec alfo map of Savoy &c. in maps for Mod. Un- Hift. in 
which the bounding line of Italy even now runa from mount Vifo 
northwards, leaving Fcneftrclk and Sufa equally on the right, 
and ac an equal diftance from it. 

Gj AU 



S6 , COURSE OF HANNIBAL OHAP. I. 

All this is the refult of that primary and violent 
tJjfurdity, which had put others before upon felect- 
ilig oth^r hills for this fuppofed vifion . But np 
plains of the Po can htjeen^ from the top of the Alps; 
ji^y more ):han the fite of Rome can. The top of the 
Alps is raifed too high above the clouds, to admit 
any view at all of any land in Italy. We are told 
indeed, that Great St. Bernard affofds a very exten- 
iSve profpeft over this country ^. So it undoubtedly 
muft J but then the pro^ft is one of indiftinftnefe, 
^fogs, and of fancy only. Five or fix miles below 
St Bcroard, we reach the region of the clouds as wc 
^fcend ^i and the view from St. Bernard itfclG there- 
fore, can be only a view of clouds. . Wc have acci- 
dcBtaJly a delineation of it from a writer, who looked 
down upon what he knew to be Italy but could not 
fee, from one of the pikes of the mountain; who 
could not behold more frorij the pike than from the 

\ 

P A hiH near mount Cemtf, I think> has been leled»d by ta- 
lande or (bme Tuch traveller. Simler feleds mount Gcnevre, or 
mount Dennis near it. " Polyl)ius rcfert, ct Livius quoque, An- 
" nibalem in fumma Alpe, ut animos militibus adderet, often- 
''.di^eiilis Icaliam et fubje^s Aipibud dncumpadaobs cainpos : 
•* Jed ex jugis Penni^i base non fotcrant cc^-ni : poffunt auteni 
** haec dcmonftrari ex jugis Genebrx aut Dionyfiii,** he thus con- 
tradi^ling M. Dutens dircdiy as to the main point, the point of 
vifion, " quae ambo per proximas yalles redla Taurinum dc- 
** ducunt/' P. 220. 
' ^ Keyfle/ i. 174. 
» Bouftit '\%u i6r- '-Arrives a St. Rcmy,— bicniot nous a)t- 

to^iuaMs la uegion jd€3 images." 6ec the acjtc feftion for tke 

•1 ' • 



« 

miles* 



pa(s^ 






»CT. r, OTCR THE ALPS. I7 

pais, {{s he was equally above the clouds in both 
places ; arid on whofe receptive mind, as on the fhc^ 
in the Camera Ohjcura^ all the moving pidures in 
nature exhibited themfelves, not inverted, not alter« 
ed, but in their native poficion, and widi their origi* 
ml vivacity. " Italy engaged our attention moft 
** ftrongly," he fays, ^ from the croud of mountains 
*f with which the horizon was filled,," and which 
could have appeared through the clouds, only like 
fo many iflands emerging from the wafte of waters: 
the eye could not count them; they wcfc even 
finking away," like iflands vanifliing fi-pm view ia 
the rotundity of the ocean, " to the diftance ,of 
*^ fifty leagues j and the tints upon them were fading 
^* off^ according to their gradation*' of diftance» 
-** from the moft vivid to the moft faint: but the 
^^ pifture" even of thefe high prominences among 
the clouds, thefe iflands amid the wafte, '/ was often 
*' veiled over, to us by the douds, that rofc from the 
*' bottom of the plains i thefe refembled the fmoke of 
*' a country on^ firci fome flew in plattoons, others 
*' advanced in line of battle, all the atmolpherc .was 
^^ alive, and the clouds might be faid to aS: undq: 
*' the direftion of fome chief, who prefided over 
** their rapid march V And, if this be the only 

perlpc6tive 

« Bourrit iii. 877. ** L*Italie, ou nous portamcs nos.rcgar3s» 
*' les attacha plus fortement, par la foule de montagne? dont ceC 
^ hofifon etbit renipli ; Pceil ne peut les compter; on ks voit 
*^ fi'abaiiTer a la didance de cinquame lieaes ^ et knr teinte fuivre 

GA' "lev 



ss 



COURSE OF HANNIBAL 



CHAP. r. 



pcripeftive that nature lays before the eye ih the 
very height of fummer, what muft it have been in 
the foggy extremity of Autumn^? What but clouds 
rolling over clouds, dalhing like fo many billows 
againft each other, breaking on the lower fides of the 
tnountain, and prefenting nothing to the eyes of 
Hannibal a:nd his foldiery, but a feeming ocean of 
agitated waters, that had drowned the whole world 
below? 

Let me add however, what precludes all poffibility 
of interference, in Col de Feneftrelles or ^ny hill 
near it, in the Cottian Alps or in the Graian, with 
the pretenfions of the Pennine. The wejiem Alps 
look only acrofs the breadth of Italy, and can profels 
to fhow only the north of it, from the fource to the 
mouth of the Po. But the northern allow the eye or 
the fancy, and fuch are often the fame in bold- ranges 
of geographical vifion, to fweep all down the length 
of this fuigular peninfula, from the mountains. at the 
head to the fea at the foot of it. From Gol de Fe- 
neftrelles therefore, from any hill near it, from any 
part of the Cottian or the Graian, could not Hanni- 



^' lenr gradation, de la plus forte a la plus tranfparente. Mais 
*^ ces tableaux nous furent bientot voiles par des nuages, qui' 
*' f eleverent du fond des plaiiles. lis refembloient a la fum^e 
'M'un pays embrafe; les uns voloient en peIitons> d*autres 
** Tavancoient en ordre de bataille \ tout Tathmofphere ecoit 
'' animcy et Tauroit dit» que ces nuages fuivoient Tordre d*un 
f* chef) qui prefidoit a leur marche rapide/* 

bal| 



1 

SKT. V. OVEK THE (ALPS.', 89 

bal, or any man in his fenfes, pretend to Ihow the 
SITS OF ROME. But Hannibal or any one might, 
from the Pennine. To the Pennine, have all the 
futceflive parts of the narration led us before i our 
account, like the globe, being formed not of a fingic 
atom, or of a few atoms accidentally jumbled to- 
gether, but of a vaft number,' all united in agreement 
of parts with parts, all comparing and confirming 
each other, and all combining to make one regular^ 
folid world of hiftory. 

From the top of Great St. Bernard then, and from 
the fouth-wefterly projeftion over Italy there, did 
Hannibal, with the Gallick embs^fladors at his fide 
probably, point out to his foldiers through the clouds 
immediately under their feet, the plains of the Po at 
the bafe of the hills; and remind them, o/ the com- 
plete friendlincls of the Gallick inhabitants towards 
them. He then pointed out to them even the very 
pofidon of Rome itfelf, at the diftance of four hun- 
dred miles, and in fome bright • ray perhaps iffuino* 
from a very diftant cloud. They had already, he 
faid, " fcaled t;he walls of Italy, and even of Rome 
" too; all the reft of their expedition would be a 
^ level and dbwnhill march ; and one batde, or at 
moft two, would throw the citadel and capital of 
Italy into their hands ^" This artful addrcfe to 






« Livy xxi. 38. " Maniaque cos turn tranfcendere, non Ita- 
'f lise modoy fed etiam urbis* Romans; cetera plana, proclivia 
** fore 5 uno aa{ fummura altcro praelio, arccm ct capu^ Italise iq 
** ms^nu acpoteftatehabituroi.** 

then* 



f& COVft&E or, HANNIBAL CHAP. Ti 

them <kriv€d ks principal power, from the fcene di- 
le&lj under their eyes, either in reality or in fancy. 
They beheld Italy, as it were, beneath their feet. 
They caught an imaginary glimpfc of Rome itfelf. 
They derived a fire from the profped. All was 
wondorful about them, and conlpired to give th€ 
coi^enial fublimity of wonder to their minds. Th6r 
fancies kindled, their hearts ^armed> their counte- 
nances brightened, and they went down the defccnt 
in raifcd fpirits ".- ' 

"'Polyblos iii. 54* "Ev* 'jno'ov ivBa^a-n^ sT^mff-i rti; av^^uim^m 
" They were in fome degree recovered from their fears'' 
(i, 361) 5 a mode of ejfpreffion very diiFerent from Polybius's, 
w!ho fpeaks not negatively, bue pofitively, and fays Hannibal 
tkiu made tKem ** in ibme degree animated/' Livy zxi, 35. 
•* Pr(;K:edere indc agmen c«pit." Livy gives no noticed efficacy 
to this famous fpeech, but Polybius does. 
- In order to julltfy a claufe or tvi^o in my text a few parages 
preceding, I muft here notice at fome length one circumflancc 
concerning (he Alps, that is conftantly mif-underllood. " The 
** inhabitants of. mount Cennisandthe neighbouring mountainsy^'' fays 
Kcyfler, " are called Mamns or Marroniers. But there is not any 
f * certainty, of the origin of that name* Some derivb it from a 

crew of pyratical Moors, who, in the reign of the emperor Leo 

the philofopher, being fliipwrecked upon the coafi of Pro^venct^ 
** betook thcmfelves to the Alps," the Maritime therefore of 
courfe^ greatly to the fouth of mount Gen^vre, and more greatly 
%q the fouth of mount Cenis; ,'' where they lived by robbing* 
** The- valley of Maurienne," which is far from the Maritime 
Alps and near mount Cenis, " is faid to have been their chief 
1* haunt, and from whence /« have taken its name. At lail they dif- 

perfcd, and by degrees left their favage way of living. This 
^^throvv^ a- light upon what the maps of this country call. La 

defcente des Marroniers^ i. e. the Marrons landing** (i. 1%^)' 
Tills is a ilrange account, full oi lalfe gcogriiphy^ clogged with 

S ^lai4 






4< 



/ 



S£CT. V. OVSR THE ALPS. ^f 

plain contradidkons, and telling a iak witboQt begioDiiigi mid- 
die, or endy in probable or real authenticity,. The whole in- 

* 

deed is founded on a grofs miflake. Marron or MarrMwr is ac- 
tually the general, the native, the appropriate title, of aUihAU 
fim inbabitantsi thofe ** agreftes praevii,'* 'as Marcelliniis calls 
them, who were ufed as guides over the Alps in his time 
(L. XV. q. 10. p. loS). We adlually find them fo called, not enly 
about mount Cents, butalfo at the diftance of Great St. Bernard* 
*' The trolly Alpine fervant'* of the convent, whom I have noted 
in my text, *' as an Alpine,** to have been " denonhiatcd a Ma- 
** ronnierj'* is in SjUilTure iv. %i% ** on domeftique de confiance, 
'* qui fe nomme k MaronnUr^^* In the valley of Aoika too^ on 
the Italian fide of thcfe Bernardine Alps, fuch as are affliflcd by 
the epidemical malady of the Alps, are equally denominated 
Morons (SauiTare iv. 171). Nor is the appellation a recent and a 
late one; whatever Keyfler may pretend in 'that fort of half* 
learniog and half-ignoraqce, which is frequently quefUng for 
antiquarian truths among the vulgar, and almoft always quefting 
£or them amid much confufion and much blindneis. It is n^ 
ticed even fo early, as the year 750 i when in the life of Odo 
abbot of Cluny we are told by John his biographer, that, on the 
return of the abbot from Italy in winter, he was conduced for 
hire over the fnowy Alps by ** Marronest genus qooddam homi- 
** num.** Odo himfelf, in his prior life of Gerald Earl -of Or- 
leans, notes the *' Mamui§Si rigentes Alpium incolas $** and fay» 
they often carried, at an expenfive rate, the baggage of Gerald 
over the Alps, as he was on his, way to Rome. Rodulph alio, 
who writes the Ads of the abbots of Trudon and. of himfelf, be- 
fore the . very early year 560 5 notices the " Marontt'* of the * 
Alps, as "viarum priemohfbratores** or'' Peregrinorum duces;** 
and defcribes with particularity their caps, their gloves, their 
buikins, and their long fpears (fee a curious note in Marcel- 
lious ibid.). Bat on what part of the Alps did (hefe very early 
if^irroni inhabit ? Did tbey inhabit mount Cents and its vicinity ? 
Or did tkej inhabit the Maritime Alps, to give fome colour to the 
landing of Moors upon the coaft of Provence, and difperfing^ 
themfclTes among the Alps adjoining? All of them probably, 
and two of them certainly, dwelt about Great St, B&nard, The 
■baggage of Gerald is faid exprcfsly to have been carried by thefe 
Alpine porters, •*perjuga montis Jo'vini'"' or over mount Jonx. 
^Equally are the mountaineers of Rodulph averted, to have been 

** Marones 



COURSE OF HANNIBAL 



CHAP, r. 



•• Marones Montis Jo^vis*^ (ibid.).The nafnehas therefore been ap* 
proprtated to the natives of the Alps, for more thati t'welve bun^ 
ttrtiijears ikfid firft became known to hiftory as the title, not of the 
inhabitantsdf mount Ccnis, not of the dwellers among the Mari* 
time Alps, but of the natives of Great St. Bernard. So cfFc£lually 
is Keyfler's khchen-faU of etymology demolifhfcd ! -Bqt, after all, 
what is the real import of a name, the origin of which is carried 
fcYcry high ? This it is difficalt, and yet I think poflible, to af- 
cc'rtain.' The natives are called JV^^rrtfxj or Marroniersi and a 
range of hills is ftill denominated Maurienne or Morienne, The 
naoie therefore was originally a, national appeMative; ufed by 
dieir neighboiM's; and acknowledged by themfelves. It meant 
only the mountaineers -y Maur and Mor in Britifh Signifying Greats 
thence ftanding for thefea ijx Welch, and for imouHtain in Saxon ; 
snd the French ftill retaining the word in the popular dialeft, 
sroong their- provincials in France, and their colonics in the 
Weft-Indies, a word utterly unknown to their didlionaries, iit 
idwrnt for a mountain, in Mome Tortuefon, Gros Mome^ and 
Harm Gamier of Martinico, Morm Rouge oif Guadal^onpe, &c. \ 
joft as our old hrandy^'wini is' prefetved ftill in the name of a 
liver, within our American colonies. This gives a jufi and ap* 
poiite meaning to the name at once, and the Marrons or Marr9' 
niirs appear to have been only the mountaineers* But the mean- 
ing afterwards changed, from the robberies made by thefehigh^ 
knders upon their lowland neighbours 5 juft as brigauthM re- 
vived itfelf for the fame reafon in the French language, into 
krigand a robber, brigandage a robbery, hrigantin originally (as 
ift'plain £rom the analogy) a robbing veiTel, now any veiTel, and 
the BngUih brigy a veffel rigged after a pecdliar, perhaps a rob* 
bing, manner. Tradition, as we f^se from Keyfler above, has 
preferved the memory of tKeir " piratieal** life, and of their 
*Miving by robberies*' upon the Alps. The place in Provence 
too, that is marked in fome " maps'' I know not what, as *• the 
" defcen( of the Marroniersj" can only be the fcene, of fome 
plundering defcent from the Alps. The French accordingly 
, calla mifcreant a maraniy and a knave a maraud \ and call going 
to plunder, '' aller a maraude." Some of our own Englifb fail- 
ors too, from the licentious pra^licesof our juftly boafted (eaman 
Sir Francis Drake, I believe j and from the more licentious km- 
caneering of fome of Cromweirs Jamaica delperadoes, I fancy s 
nkd. ill a iimilar fenfe, but with a ftill greater appofitenefs to the 

prefent 



I 



SECT. V. OVER THE ALPS. ^J 

prefent pointy to talk with high glee of going a marmmng on th« 
Spaniih maini to the vck/ beginning of the prefent centary. Even 
in fo late a work as *' a narrative of the dangers and diftreflea 
" which befell Ifaac Morris," &c, " of the Wager fiorefhipr is 
Anfon's voyage to the Sonth-fea 1739; ^^ ^^^ ^^^ aothor ob- 
ferving in p. 15 thus : ^' we could not help looking on it as.th« 
*' greateft adl of cruelty, thus to nutroon as,"* by robbing them of 
their (hare of proviiions in the fchooner, and leaving them on a 
defolate coaH. Ther? are words in a}l languages, I fuppofe, that 
never entered into the compoHtion of a dictionary, remain fugi« 
tive and evanefcent in vulgar converfation or vulgar writing, and 
are only caught accidentally in either by the glancing eye of aa 
etymdogift. 



' , 



CHAPTER 



% 
i 



1 . 

t " 



'' I 



( 95 ) 



CHAPTER THE SECOND. 



L 



rxANNiBAL has now fet o(F on his inarch frotii^ 
Great St. Bernard, towards the plains of the Po be- 
neath him. But to what particular point in thofe 
plains, is he tending ? He went, fays Livy exprc&ly^ 
"into the country of the Taurini," whofe capitat 
was Turin ; " a'nation,.the very next to. the Gauk 
" of the Alps, when he had defcended into Italy*.'* 
This, he adds, " is agreed upon by all ^." He there- 
fore wonders at thofe, who brii^ him over the Gnrat 
or the Little St. Bernard, becaufc, the road oyer 
either would have carried him, " not into the ccnan-. 
■ " try of the Taurini, but through that of the moun-- 

"taineej Salafli to thc.Libui Galli^i" that is, woiakl) 

* 

« Livy xxt. 38'. ''In Taurino9» quae Gallis* proxima geas 
** d-at, inltaliam-digrciTo.*' 

i> Livyzxi. 38. " Id qnum infer omnes cottHftt/" 
* ■« Livy xxi. 38. '' Non in Taurinos, fed per Salnflbft montaaos/ 
*' ad Libttos Gallos deduxiiTent/* . .' 4 

have 



96 - COUkSE OF HANNIBAL CHAP« If* 

have taken him to the left of his a£hial couriie^ and 
turned him from the h'ne to Turin by carrying him 
towards Vercelli. The neighbourhood of Turin 
therefore^ according to Uvy and to all his authors> 
is the immediate objeft of Hannibal's arms at pre- 
fcnt But what fays Polybius to this ? He feems to 
fey fomething very different, as he brings Hannibal 
down from the Alps, into the country of the /k- 
Jubres^y who were even more to the left than the 
Salafli, and therefore more out of the line to Turin. 
Their capital was Milan ®i which, by the Roman 
. routes that I have produced to my reader before, is 
forty-nine or fifty miles to the left even of Vercelli ^. 
How then are thefe feeming oppofitions of authority, 
to be aic^ufted ; and into what region of the Po did 
Hannibal aftually come, imn^ediately on his dcfcenD 
from the Alps ? To afcert^in this, I muft go back 
a little in the courfe, :^nd up the current, of the 
hiftory. 

We haye already feen Livy, condofting the Bi- 
turiges of France over the Pennine Alps, making 
them the Infubres of Italy, and founding Milan 
by them. We have alfo feen Livy, carrying the 
Ccnomanni of France equally over the Pennine- 

*■ Polybiasiii. 56. «Hiny 111.17. 

f Ptolemy ii. zi.~ " Vercellas , Laumellam i6y Ti- 

'^Cifium 22, Mediohnom 22 j^* and by arnearer way, *' Vercellas 
** »^&ovariam 16, Mediolanuxn 34>^* or (as in anotker 

lWr)"33." 

Alps, 



SECTtl. OVER T^E ALPS; gfy' 

AIps> and fettling them to the eaft o( Milan, on the 
fitcs of Breicia and Verona. Livy indeed fays, that 
thefeCenomanni feized the region belonging to the 
Libuis; but this is one more of Livy 's geographical 
t niiftakes. Both Pliny and Ptolemy concur to give 
the Libui a different pofition, and to fix them at 
Vercelli ort the wtji of Milan K Even Livy himfelf 
concurs with them, in another place \ The cruth is, 
that Livy in the former paflage has confounded the 
Libui and the Cenomanni together, and made thofe 
the predeceffors of tbefe ; when the Cenomanni dwelt 
about Verona and Breiciai to the eaft of Milan, and 
the Libui about Vercelli, to the weJlK We have 
aUb feen Livy bringing 6ver the Salluvii of Mar- 
feilles, and fetding them " near that anrient nation 
** the Ij^evi Ligures, who inhabited about the river 
** Ticino ^" Livy thus fixes the Salluvii, where he 
liad juft fixed the Cenomanni before i fo corrcfts 
the miftakci without knowing it ; and adds a concra- 
didkion to the errouri l^ithout being confcious of it; 
'** Of the Ligures," notes Pliny, " the Levi and 
*' Marici founded Pannai not far from the Po'^/ 



% Livy V. 35. " tocos tehuerc Libui.'" 

^ Pliny iii» xy, Ptolemy iiii i. p. 7«« 

* Livyxxi. 38. ** Per montaho* Salaflbs ad Libaos Galloi.^' 

k Ptolemy iii. i. p. 7«« 

1 Livy V. 35. " Propi antiquum gentein Lafivos tigurcs, inco- 
•* lentes.circa Ticiiwiin adneih." 

™ Pliny iii. 17. '* Ex quibus [LiguribusJ Levi ct Marici 
" condidere 'ticihumj rion procul a Pado." " . 

Vot. II. H But 



$f COURSi of HAKOTBAL CHAP.th 

But " Vercelli belonged to the Liiyci,'' Pliny alfo re- 
marks, ** and was built by the Sallyi "/' Cato affirms 
and Pliny denies, that the Lyiici were Ltgurts^; 
but Cato is certainly right> thefe Libyci, Libyi, Levi, 
and Lsevi (for the appellation is undoubtedly the 
fame in all thefe rariations) being exprelsly called 
Ligures by Livy above, being reduced by thefe 
Sallyi or Salluvn> and io giving them the name of 
Libui Gallin, with the towns of Vercelli, Pavia, find 
Novara ^. We have finally feen Livy carrying the 
Boii and the Lingones over the Pennine Alps» andy 
as all the country between the Alps and the Po wa& 
already fcized, wafting them over the Po on floats^ 
and driving with them both the Etrufci and the 
Umbri out of the country. Retaining Ibme iitdc va- 
cancies of land, as I have previoully ihown^ which 
they firft found to the north of the Po, about Lodi. 
an4 about Cremona; they now fpread along its 
Ibuchern bank, &om Placentia to Modena^ la 
this difpofition of the Gallidc cofenses, the Boii 
ranged along the Po to the e^ \ Imd the Cenoioaxini 
and the Infubres ranging eaft and wei):> immediateljr 
on their northern fronder ; and had the libui Galli 
immediately on their weftem. But from that very 
fpirit of reftleflhefs, which had impelled thefe na- 

» Pliny iii. \i. " Verccllas Libycorum, ex Sallyis orta." 
o Pliny iii. 17. '* Libycorum -^9 non (ut Cato cziftimst} 
Ligurum.** • 

f Livy jcxi, 3!. 1 Pliny ill. 17, Livy v. ^5. 

' Livy xxi.as* 

tion» 



I 



kfiCr. f« bVSR THC ALPS* 99 

cions to leave Gauk> to'fcale the mountainsj and to 
break into the new world beyond ; they were foon 
difladsfiied with what they had feized, and beg%n co 
burft in upon the neighbouring regions. The Boii^ 
we hav'e already feen^ did fb at fuch an early period 
iafter their migration) as made Livy to confider dieir 
ietdement on the north of the P03 a point of time 
cither imperceptible to the hiftorical eye, or un- 
worthy of notice from the hiftorical pen. Only 
about two hilndred years too after th$ firit irruptiofi 
of the Infubres, and when erea the Boii and the Se- 
nones were now come^ we find them all united in 
warring upon dieir ndghbouns to the eaft. ^* Corne- 
<* lim Nepos has recorded^"^ we hear at iecond hand 
from Pliny, '^ that Melpum, a town diftinguifhed £br 
^' its opulence^ was de&royod by the Infubres^ Boii, 
^* and Senones, on the very day upon which CamiUus 
^ took Veii ^" In the feme fpint of reftkflhcfs, ex- 
pamUng and dilating rbc fphere of their refidetice, 
tke Salluvii or Libui GalK had invaded die I'avmi 
prdbably, ^ thoie dcfcendants from the andent flock 
** of the Ligures/' as Pliny calls diem ^, and made 
diemielves mafters of Turin ". Thefe fbperinduced 
tribes had d^us extended chdr domimons, be&rc the 

• Hinjifi. If* '* Melpam opolemUL praecipuam,*— «b Infa* 
** bribw, Boiis, et Senonibus ddetum efle eo die, quo CUimillut 
** Veio^ ccperit, Nepos Cornelius trtdidit.** . 

< Pimi^ ill. t7* ^ TAttriaonim, wiuqui Ligaram ftirpe/* So 
Strtbo iv. 3 IS. Tdw^in*,*^ Aiyu^LiMv jfiiocy jmu a?^^•* Aiyivf. 

• See the Sequel* 

H 2 days 



lOO COURSE OF HANNI8AL CHAP. lU 

days of Hannibal, before the prior rcdudtion of them 
all by the Romans, from the fourcc nearly to the 
mouth of the Po*; and fo formed a cordon of 
ftrcngth acrofs the breadth of Italy, along the bafe of 
the Pennine Alps, that Hannibal might" well indicate 
to his foldiers from the fummit, as an objeft of high 
confequence to them. 

The general charader of a nation occafionally re- 
mains uniform and the fame, through a courfe of 
ages; not from any influence of the climate, as the 
ftupidity of thofe mechanical phijofophers would fug- 
gcft, who want to reduce fentiracnt to feniarion, and 
finjc fpirit into matters but from a caufe hiftorically 
philbfophical, the idcndty of the nation continuing 
un- violated in the mafs of the people, under all 
changes of appellation and all chances of revolution. 
Thii has been ftrikingly the cafe, I think> with the 
inhabitants of France. One predominant Ipirit of 
making conqueft?, appears to have always aftuated 
.the great body of them, with many intervals and un- 
der many variations, through the long courfe^ of two 
thoufand years. So early do we fee it ftimulating the 
Gauls, XQ range and ravage and colonize half the 

V Pliny 111. 17. " Augufta Taurinorum — ,■ indc navigabili 
" Padoi" Addifon 438, *< the Po is a fine river, even at Turin, 
"though within fix miles oS its foorcej" Miflbn i. 574, " one 
" niight embark at Turin, and fail dircdlly and fafcly to Venice.'* 
All fiiews the antient Taurinum, to have been upon the fite of 
the prefent Turin. 

globe. 



SECT^I. OVER THE ALPS. lOI 

/ 

globe. They broke into Germany, they broke into 
Italy, they adhially made their way into Greece, they 
aftually cut themfclves a paffage into Afia. They 
fctded in conquefts, withrn all thofe countries. In 
Italy particularly, they were juft the fame as they^ 
had been in France, ambitious, hoftile, and invafive.- 
Not content with the ground of their firft fettle- 
ments, they rufhed into the regions contiguous to it f 
and, in the very fpirit of ufurpation with which they 
had made their fettlements, enlarged the bounds of 
them. We fee it again operating powerfully about 
a century ago, in the fame rage of making conquefts 
upon Spain, upon Italy, upon Holland, upon Ger- 
many i to raife an empire, that fhould be fuperior to 
all the nations of Europe, in its refinements of (ci- 
ence, of language, and of manners, while it was alio 
to be the arbiter of their fates, by its energies in war, 
its (kill in tafticks, and its expertnefs in engineering. 
We now, at this moment, fee it again exerting itfelf 
with power under a new government, in a new form, 
but to the old purpofes amidft fchool-boy learning 
and fchool-boy ignorance, that affedt to platonize in 
politicks and to atticize in legiflation ^^ afluming to 
itfelf a profound knowledge in the fundamentals of 
both J by an acknowledged infraftion of every treaty, 
by an avowed violation of every principle, by every 
reptile- trick of dilhonefty, by every eagle- flight of 
fiagitioufnefs, aflTcrting a general fort of fovereignty 

' Plato haa been called Mofes Atckizans. 

' H 3 over 



^ 



162 ' COURSE OF HANNIBAt CHAP* 11* 

over the hadom around i breaking into FlanderSj^ 
breaking mto Germany, breaking into Savoy> anci 
formally annexing all to their own country ; eyen td* 
ditionally declaring war againft Rome> againft Hol^ 
land) againft Britmnj againft Spain $ and fo Rruggfiiigj^ 
to fix its madj murderous, atheiftical republtcanifmi 
upon the rights, the property^ the fcli^^ of half 
Europe ^ 

y "^t all know the fpeteh of the infiinoQi ])up<iiit| when 
lie avowed himfelf an achtid to the National Convention $ and 
when, inftead of being kicked out of the aflembly as a madmaii 
confefied or a villain acknowledged^ ii f illain certain if he Wa9 
not/ madman, he was a'pplau4ed by many* This was the firft 
Salh from (he fires of the h^efl deep, that gleamed acrofs the 
jron features of chofe profligate wretches. But the flaih has beea 
facceeded by many others fmce, till the whole circuit of Franee 
}ias appeared horribly illuminated with the blue Qames. W^ 
have feen the fame Convention voting, in the fummer of t793t 
that in the new Conflitution, which thefe changelings were then 
farming for the tbirJ time, tb$re JtouUbe no mention made of re* 
Kgion at all, bepaufe religion is no part of a cj<pil compaS, Evea 
amid^ the child iQi parade of their national celebrities^ amidft 
their annual fqccefljans o^ oaths all taken and all violated^ to th<^ 
£rft aT>d to the fecond Constitutions ; amidft the fraternal kifTes 

.given by the Prcndcnt of the Convention, to the heroines of tbt st& 
and6tb9/0^ohfr, thofe heroipes of hell, the favage, the Indian*, 
like fiHi^women^ who have been fo juflly held up to the execra. 
tion of all mankind, by that provident and dignified friend t^ 
the conilitutionof his coqntry, ^lr. Barke: on the^t#th of Au« 
guft t793 the Convention^ the MttBicipalicy of Fafii, theRepre^ 
fentadves of i|Il the ^6 ]>epartm^nts, a0eftibled with the citizeni 
of Paris on the ground of the Baftile ; folemnly took water out of 
a well there, which in ao impudent ridicule of ChrifUanity (I fop^ 
pofe) they called the Fountain of Regeneration ^ made a Heathei| 
libation with it, by fprinkling it on what they called the foil of li- 

^ber(y ; and thcn^^ith all the fpirit of fome Heathen atheifls of anti? 
quity^ did mt adjourn^ as even Ifeatiieis dcifU wonld have done, tp 

ofitf 



51CT. U OVER THE ALPS. lO^ 

But after Hannibal had begun his march for Italy^ 
had crofled the Ebro in Spain, and was now at or 
near the Pyrenees i" all the intelligence which came 

' " into 

o0er up their devotions to GOD in his own temple, but there, on the 
foil of liberty, fung an hymn, not to the Jehovah of the ChriftianSf 
Slot to the Jove of the Heathens, not even to the on-d^fined^ un- 
named, unknown Gckl of Nature, but to— >Natvre itfelf, to.tht 
felf-created univerfe^ to the brutiffa nnitter around them, hardly 
iefs relagtous or lefs rational than themfelves. After fuch a fweep- 
ing incident as thisj after fuch a nation:^! dance before all Europe, 
of fiends and fatyrs united together, /^^ playing their gambolj 
JO^ abjfurdity to meti) and thofe 

Hurling de^ance tow'rds the vattli of HesiTea { 

we need not dwell on «ny le/Ter fads. Yet, to fettle the point for 
ever, let me mention a few more, one of which refers principarllyy 
i)ut the others entirely, to the great mafs of republicans in France, 
4ind are to the everlafting infamy of French republicanifm. Otf 
l8undaythe25chof Auguft 1793, a deputation, of indrudlion (a»it 
was called) coming to the bar of tkc Convention, one of (he 
CHILDREN who accompanied it, was put to addrefs this believed 
afTembly of atheills; and refuelled that children ihould be no 
longer preached tq, in the name of-r«what thinkeft thou^ O read- 
er?---of kings or.of pricfti ?-^of men or of angels ? — no ! of-^can a 
chrijiian conceive it pofliblc for a fi&i/^, iorz man, to havefpoken 
the words ?-^ofTH€ sELF-sTViED God, "foi-difantDieu,'' aa 
I believe the words were. Him who calla himfelf God, Him 
who pretendfi to be what he is not, God. Even this aifembly of 
atheifts, who had acknowledged their atheifm, and the atheifm 
of thetr adhereats, fo publiekly, fo formally a few days before | 
were difgufled at its diabolical appearance, when it was thus 
refiefled back to them from the face of a child, and received the 
fpcech with indignation. On the ythof OSober 1793, the Com- 
mittee of Vigilance (as a VtiOX'oi vulgar defpots is called) within 
the department of Paris, in the new phrafeology which thefe fan- 
taftical itinovatorsliave introduced, denouncedio the council of the 
Commons at Parii, the judges of a tribunal of commerce for a 
' H4 crime % 



104 COURSE OF HANNIBAL CflAP. II, 

^^ into Italy," faysLivy, "was what fottie embaffadour^ 
" from Marfeilles. brought to Rome, and was only 
*^ that Hannibal had croffed the Ebro j yet, juft as 
f^ if he had already croflcd the Alps, the Boii broke 
^' out into rebellion, having firft folicited thcMNr 

crime 'j not sgainft commerce, not againft property, not againd: 
government, but againll the liberties of man in confpiracy with 
GOD ; for cat^fing pr(tyers t$ be made before them by a clergyman^ 
every Wednefday. Struck with the apparent fcandaloufnefs of thi9 
condu^l in the tribunal, the committee demanded (fuch is the 
adopted ftyle of ci*vifimnd in-fubordination!) the^difpUcementof 
the judges, apd the fubditutlon of others in their room, who 
ivould bcgcnuiney^zrj-f«/9//^/, and not — ivant to be enlightened by 
the iwvocaiion of the Divinity. On the 21ft of the fame month, the 
Trocureur- Syndic of the diftrift of Tonnere informed the Conven- 
tion by letter, that feveral «»»w««^j of this diftrift had refolved, 
to have neither maffes, vefpersy nor other prayers hereafter ^ to dbolijb 
Sunday as a day of religious exercife for ever ^ and to fubjiitute for 
f / aft a day of reft every tenth day, Thefe are horrible burfts of im- 
piety indeed 5 yet even thefe ,will probably be fuperfeded foon, bf 
others more horrible ftill. 

That of an hopr^s j)ge doth hifs the fpeaker^ 
^ach mlntite teems a new one. 

J go therefore at once to another faft, that is little known at prer 
fent, and (hall form my cloflng proof of the general, the pervading 
•theifm of the Ptehch republick. A ndmber of French being 
confined in June 1793 within the prifon of Tregellick near Fal<- 
inouthy and employing the Sunday in the fame ilrain of profana* 
tion with the Convention itfelf, this in holding their feflrons, and 
tbofe in wafhing their linen; the commilTary remonftrated witk 
(hem on their condudl, as offeniive both to .GOD and man. Bat 
^hey all replied tvitb one voice, that they would ftill perfift in doing 
fo, for— they fbareb neither GOD nor man. Such are the 
pigmy-giants of republicanifm in France, 

yrho dare defy th' Omnipotent to acipt I 

SU9RIS 



i 



ilCT. I. OVER THE ALM. IO^ 

"suBRES to do the fame^/* But they had not 
merely folicited, they had aftually induced them, to 
form a confederacy of rebellion with them. *' The 
*^ Infubres," as Polybius informs us, " from a pre- 
" conceived ill-will" againfl: the Romans, " united 
*' in heart and mind with the Boii '." One immediate 
objeft of their confederacy was, to fend a joint em- 
bafly to Hannibal, to invite him into their country, 
and to conduft him over the Alps into it. EmbafTa- 
dours accordingly niet him, at his paflage acrofs the 
Rhone ; who came exprelsly from the Boii, and had 
a king with them that was afTuredly an embafTadour 
from the Infubres. Hannibal, as Livy tells us, was 
difluaded from engaging the Romans in Gaule^ ** by 
^* the arrival of embafladours from the Boii, and of a 
"petty king called Magalus^/ All " thefe," as 
Polybius fays, " were petty kings" themfelves, 
"headed by Magilus^" Thus does the language 
of Polybius fhow the embafladours of the Boii, to 
Juve been ii> the fame rank of royalty with Maga- 

« 

» Livy xxi. 25. ** In Jtali.am interim nihil ultra, quam Iberum 
'^ tranlifTe Hannibalem, a MafHlieniium legatis Romam perlatum 
•^'erkt; quam, perinde ac ii Alpes jam tranfifTet^ Boii, folicitatife 
f * Infubribusy defecerunt." 

* Polybius iii, 40. UafXxtxTisa-avleq h t»; IffoixQ^ai;, xai oVfA,- 

' ^ Livy t£u 29. " Avertit a prseff nti certamine Boiorum Icga- 
^' torum regulique Magali adventus." 

* Polybius iii. 44. T«? BaatXtjrxw? T«t *fpi Mayi^or. ** Magilus, 
?*'a petty king'* (iv344)» as if there was unly one^ though the 
^laufe fliews there were federal* 

luSi 



io6 



COURSE OF HANNIBAL 



\. 



CHAP. II. 



lus ; aad yet Magalus to have been, at the head of 
the embafly, , Thefe, adds Polybius, " came to 
*' Hannibal from the plains upon the Po^/' The 
Carthaginian, to improve the incident to the. beft ad- 
vantage, and to impreis the fenfe of it livclily on the 
(pirits of his foldiers, drew up his army in form ; to 
fee, to receive, and to hear them. A publick parade . 
in admitting fuch ettib^adours to an audience, would 
ordinarily be the mark of a little mind, pleafed with 
Jts own fignificance, and viewing itfelf with com- 
placency in the glafs of its own vanity. But the pa- 
rade here anfwered an important- purpofe, on an ex* 
pedition fo bold, fo grand, fo novel, as this appears 
even to usju who are geographically familiar with the 
whole range of the march $ and as it mud have much 
more appeared to the antients, with whom, the no- 
tices of geography were gready confined, and to tlje 
foldiers of the antients, with whom thefe narrow 
notices muft hav^ been ftill narrower. To introduce 
fuch embaffadours before the eye^ of bis foldiery, and 
talet his foldiery hear their addrefs to him i was to 
take off greatly the feeming wildnefs aqd eccentricity 
of his propofed march, to familiarize the Alps to 
their minds, and to »make them think of the Alps 
only as they had thought of th(5 Pyrenees before. 
The embaffadours -accordingly made their addrefs to 
him by an interpreter, in the audience of all hjii 



' ^ Polybius ill. 44., Hxon vf&i av\o9 ix rm urepi rt^y VioL^v irthostf 
** VSrho had conic to hhn from the country near the P9'' (i. 344)t 
from the plains upon it. 

army. 



$E€T. h C^ER TH£ ALVS, IO7 

ftf my % They advifed him m the lutme of dieir re*- 
ipeOive ftates^ as we have previoufly feen> tx> decline 
^U engagement with the Rotnans before he^ had en^ 
lercd Italy -, they oQered, as ^ We have equally ieen^ 
to condu& hiiti into it ; at^d they additionally afTufed 
him of the readinefs of all their ftates there^ to join 
him with their forces, and co-operate with him ii^ 
the war. Theie overtures confiderably animated the 
whole army. The fokliers iaw cn^bafladours before 
them, who invited them mto It^ly in the name of 
their refpe£tive ftates s and oSbred to condud theni 
{^y a way> which they knew to be (afe and fhort^ 
They (hould find Italy, they allured them, a country 
large and fruitfuh the Gallick inhabitants of it full 
pf ^iendlinefs towsurd them^ ready to fup{dy them 

* Poiybiut ill- 44« At* tffmnoff ra hhyfxi*^ wmf avlut htcuft^ 
WK •x'^K* *' Pc Introduced among them MagUusf a petty king, 
^* 'who had come to him from the country near the Po, and nvb^ 
f now» by the help of an interpreter, informed the affembly of 
^ ail the refQlutioDi which the Gauls had taken in their favour" 
(i- 344}< Mr. Hampton has here made an egregious blunder, and 
given to Magilus whit belongs to Hannibal. T}^c latter, not the 
Jbrmif, ** by an interpreter informs," not ** the affcmbly," but 
TOi< «;^M( or the (bldiery. In the Latin indeed the point is ob- 
fcnre : " reguluni Magilum producit, qm e Circumpadanis cam- 
^* pis ad eum acceffefat ^ .et per interpretem, quae decreta fuerant 
•*aGallis, multitidinideclar'at." But in'the Greek it is very 
clear : Zi^ny^yt tv; Ba^iXtanaf rtf; vip JAaytXQf, OTTOI yetf uxoy 
' «-m; aJIof «x T*f» ^ff» Toy Tla^ot vi^wn. Thofe adlors are in the p/u' 
fol number, and^e next aftor is in iht Jtngtdar, xdn h' ip/*»5M6»ff 
T«6 ^ihyfjLtfu iraf av\tii iitaapH rot? ©x^oK* Hannibal had Maga- 
lus's offers repeated to him by an interpreter, and then rehearfed 
fbem bimfelf to the foldi<ry • 

'J ' with 



^ 

\ 



I08 COURSE OF HANNIfiAL CH%P.Xt. 

with all forts of provifions, ^nd eager to fhare their 
battles with them againft the Romans ^ 

But thefe Gauls of Italy had turned their irms 
upon each other, before the arrival of 'Hannibal in 
Gaule. Thus the Infubres; the firft of. the Gauls 
who came into the country, attacked the Salluvii or 
(as they were now called) the Libui Galli j and re- 
duced them together with the Taurini, whom they 
had reduced before. ' Yet on the IJLoman invafion 
probably, of thelnfubrian territories, and juft before 
the war of Hannibal, the Taurini had feized the 
golden opportunity of retrieving their independency, 
;jnd made a general infurreftion againft the fhfubres. 
This is intimated by Polybius, when he fays of the 
Taurini \ that, at Hannibal's arrival among them, 
they wer^ *^ in ^ ftate of infurreftion againft the 
^^ Infubres s/* This is again intimated by Polybius, 
when he aflerts^ Hannibal, immediately on his defcent 
from the Alps, to have " come down — to the plains 
^^ upon the Po, and the nation of the Infubres^." 
The dominions of the Taurini had been previoufly 
made .by conqueft, the poffeflions of the Infubres j 



^ Polybius iii. 44. 
,P polybius iii. 60. Tai Tavpytyy r^cria.^otlcjv wpo? req Wofx^^ct^, 
•* The Taufinians, who- -were at this time engaged in ivar with 
** the Infubrians" (i. 371), r^aia^ovlw, engaged in fcditious war, 
engaged in an infurreflion. Some eyes cannot diilinguiih colours^ 
and fome minds canhvc difcriminate ideas. 

h Polybius iii. 36. Kaj7i}p£ — st? ttu Trtpi rev Tla^av Ttha, x«» rp 

and 



SECT. I. OVER TIHE ALPS. i ' IO9 

and the Taurini had juft now thrown off the yoke, 
which had been forced upon their necks. On iba^ 
conqueft, Ma^alus had been made the Infubrian 
king of the Taurini ; and, on this- revolt, had been 
driven by the Taurini out of the country. He had 
therefore been feht by the Infubres, at the head of the 
'kings of the Boii, in a folemn embafly to Hannibal 
from both; they two having now fubdued all the 
other Gauls; thus forming the whole chain of Gallick 
nations, from the fource nearly to the mouth of the 
Po; and being for that reafon faid in the ftrifteft 
propriety, to have fent their embafladours from the 
plains along the Po. The Boii alfo are reported by 
Cato, as Pliny informs us, to have confifted of a hun- 
dred and xwelve tribes ' ; and were therefore divide^ 
into a number of little kingdoms. We accordingly 
fee fever al of their kings fent with Magalus, as em- 
bafladours with him and under him to Hannibal. 
They were all to invite Hannibal into, Italy, to the 

i P]inyiii. 15. '* Boii, quorum tribus cxii fuiiTe aator eft 
** Cato.*' This nation, fays Pliny, ** intcri^runt/' The Romans, 
«s Strabo tells us, ** expelled them from the country 5 and they,' 
" migrating to a region upon the panube, dwelt with the Tau- 
" rifci, warring againft the Dacas; till they perifhed univerfally, 
^* and left their country, being a part of Illyricum and a pafturc 
**offlcicks,to their neighbours" (V. 326). Such was the fate of 
even a whole nation, in the times of antiquity. Or, rather; fuch 
is the loofc way in which antient hiftorians extinguifli whole'na- 
tions; the.Boii farviving for ages afterwards, and even to this day 
furviving, in Boiouaria or Bavaria, and in Boiohemia or Bo- 
^eQiia! 

aflillance 



1 io covksi bf tiki^laiMAt tHAf^ lU 

afliftance of th^ Infubrcs and the Boii, and to the re* 
inflateoient of Magalus on die throne of thie TaurinU 
But Magalusi who was at once the chief of the em^ 
baliadours and the principaL of the guides to Hanni** 
bal, would be fure to carry him firft to the 6\yc^ 
which eafily prefented itfeU" to his arms on his defeent 
from the Alps, and which peculiarly concerned the 
intereft of Magalus himielf ; the redudion of his own 
revolted Taurini. And, what fcrves to complete 
the round of rays which I have derived from varidut 
<}uarters, and to throw the full lufti-e of hif(orical 
light upon a point hitherto loft in obfcurity ; Mar-" 
cellinus informs us in exprels terms, that Hannibal^ 
who was certiunly under the guidance of Magalus^ 
was aftually " guided by— Tauxini K** 



~ II. — 

Hanniikal had how furmounted a Vsift variety of/ 
difficulties, in the execution of his grand projedl:; 
and was battening to make Italy itfelf, the theater of 
war. He was preparing, to rouzc all the warlike 
nations widiin the bofom of it, from that ftate of 
fubmiflion into which they were beginning to fettle 
under the Romans, and to renewed ads of refolute 
hoftiiity againft them. The fire of their fathers ftill 

^ MaccelHnus XV. lo. p. lo^. <* Tauriais ducentibu) accoHs."* 

burned 



ttCf. r^ ' OTIR TMB ALW. II t 

burned ftron^]^ iii At breads, of the Gauls to the 
north and of the Samnites to the fouth. It wanted 
only the hand of a Hannibal, to fan it into a flame ; 
and Hannibal is aplproaching to fan it. He is on die 
crcft of the Alps overlooking their country. He is 
now beginning to deicend from them. His vanguard 
of cavalry and ele{diants has entered upon the march^ 
already. His baggage is following clofe behind. 
Then he himielf fets off, at the head of hb main 
body. And Rome ihakes with apprehenfion for the 
confequenccs, through all the extent of her new 
dominions. 

The road, on which Hannibal had marched up the 
Alps, lies all (as I have obferved before) upon the 
bank of the Drance, and coniequendy along a na- 
tural hollow of the hiDs. This therefore up to St. 
Branchier is actually called at this day, the valley 
OF MARTrc^Y. ^ But, from St. Branchier to the 
fummit of St* Bernard, it is called the vale of st. 
mter's andvALLEE d'Emtremont or that of the 
Intermontane Region. It then runs down to the 
bottom on the other fide, on what is equally the bank 
of a current, in what is equally denocninated a val-^ 
ley, and qdied the Pelinb for the Pennine Vals\ 

' The 

V 

I ■ : 

1 Simler Si. " Altefa vallis IntremoBtiorom a Pen&ioo 
monte Branfcheriam ufqoc porrigitur— -- j pagnm— S. Petri 
Bargum appelUnr, ab eo vallis nomen accipit.'*^ Simler 247. 
" Vallis^ — qus ab Aaguila Prsecoria ad Penninttm ducic, Vallis 

** Pelinaa 



it 



1 1.2 COURSE OF HANNIBAL CHAP« U, 

The laft part of its courfe is thus defcribed/ by the 
Itinerary of Antoninus and the Tables of Peutingcn 
The former is very fhort, gives lis only one ftage, 
and prefcnts us only with two namesj the pofition of 

which I thus invert ; ''Summum Peninum w ," 

Great St. Bernard, " Auguftanr J^raetoriatn m. p. 
" XXV," Aofta"'." . The latter arc more full, and 
exhibit an intermediate ftage thus; " In Suramo 

" Pennino , Eudracinum xxv, Augufta Prae-^ 

*^ toria xxviii "/' But the meafures in both are ap-* 
patently wrong ; this in the Tables is moft extrava- 
gandy fo, and that in the Itinerary is a little fo. The 
milliary column, which I have noticed before, en- 
ables us by its infcription to correft both. The 
fouthern defcent from the hills, cannot be more than 
die northern afcent to them j and indeed, for a reafoa 
that will appear immediately, muft be rather lef&; 
Yet the afcent is merely twenty -fve miles, both in 
the Itinerary and in the Tables. The defcent there- 
fore can be no more, and in fadl is marked as twenty 
four only; the laft line upon the milliary pillar being, 

F, C. VAL. XXIIII. 
Nor has Hannibal more to march, from the fartheft 
point of the paffage to the fite of Aofta below, than 
about fhree and twenty Roman miles ; that point be* 

*' Pelinnt ab ipfis nominatur.'' Sauflurc iv. 187. " Au conflu- 
" cnt de trois vallees, celle d' Entremont,— <clle dc Bagnes, ct 
•' cellc dc Martigny.*' 

« Bertiusia. « Second Segment. 



sft'ci^. ih 6VBk THE Alps; 113 

ihg about one mile, I bclicve> to the fouth-weft of 
the consent or town; 

V • 

.He thus began his delcent. Nor was he molefted 
by any parties of the Salaffi; The grand defeat of 
tiicir villany before; alld the fubfcquent flight of 
their plundering pai-tiesi wherever his fclephatots ad- 
vanced J had broken all their fpirlts, eithier for infidi- 
bus or fbr marauding war. He had only to en- 
counter the common incidents of an Alpine expe- 
dition at that period, the pfetty and fecret pillages, 
made by fome of the mountain-robbers occafionally 
on his baggage **? But he wis much incommoded by 
the badriefe at the road, arid by the friow upon 
ihc ground. He was mdeied fo much incommoded 
by both, that he loft riot in the dcfcent thany 
Ihort of the number, which he had loft in the kfcent 
before ®i 

The road in faft was much nioffe difficult to be 
diefcended, than It had been to be afcended^. This 
however fecms a very lurprifing phaenomenon of 
geography, on a hafty confideration of the fubjeft. 

^ Polybius iii. 54. Eyt} [xotlaSacn'] voXs/^ctOK ftev »x f7i Tspiilv^tp 

^Xi)» T4>r XaOpa KfAMvomvluv. Livy xxi. 35. '* Nihil ne hoftibus 
^' quidem, prseter parva furta pbr occaiioiieii), tentantibus.'* 

* Polybius lit. 54. tiro ^ r»p rovup nut rvi^ x*^^J» ^ voX>m 

f Livy xxi. 35. "Iter multo^ quam in afccnfu fucrat, — diffi- 
" cilius fuit/' 

Vot. II, . . I But 



xc 



<( 



But the beft of phytical reafons may be aflTigned for 
it, in the fingular formation of the Alps. Thefe *5 are 
generally/' fays Liyy himfelf, " fliorter in their 
fides, and fo fteeper in their Courfe, towards Italy s/' 
^^ Of the Alps," adds Strabb, " which are mountains 
*^ very high, and forming a line of circumflex; the 
f,^ curved** or coHvex " part is turned towards the 
^'plains of the Gauls** on the north, " and to the 
•* mountains of Cevenncs" on the weft, *' but' thie 
** hollow towards Liguria ahd Italy ^" Or, as Strabo 
wpeats in another place, " we may fpeak in diia 
particular manner, that the iqfis of the Alps i% fir-* 
cular and hollow, having the concave fide facing 
*^ towards Italy j but the middle of the boUow is Z^- 
" wards the Sakfli'' of Italy ; " and the extremtut 
^* :take a tumj one as far as the head and heart of the 
" Adriaticki and the other towards the coaft of Li- 
" guria as far as Genoa, the emporium of the Li* 
" gurians '\ Thefc hills, notes Marcellinus concern- 
ing thole of Mount Genevre^ •' are to the pafiengers 
"/rcwGaule declining with a prone humility, but /^r- 



ii 



€t 



s Livy xxi. 35. *' Plenque Alpiuxn ab Italia, fxcut brcviora, 
•* ita arrc6liora, funt/*, 

^ Strabo iv. 2^0^ Tuv ^i Ahirtu^i a inv 0^ a<po^QOt v^>m^ iriflc 

^f«9 xdti T« ^iiAfAtvov o^i}(* Tp h xoiAoy TTfO^ ryif Aiyvnxfiv x«i t«)V Ho^aclp* 
' Strabo V* 313 • Ko^lx, /xepo; ^''bluq HVU9 h^vcclovy o)» ruf /xi» 
AXvwf frtft^tfvii VI vwfucM, ir* ko* xoXwu^vi^y ra xotXa t^aa, crpa^« 
fLtvOL Vfoq Tut Ir«Xia»' r» ^1 xoXttv ra (jlip fAta-a^ np^ to»; 'Za^.euro'oi^ t^h^ 
^a, y aKf» tvrtrpofyiP TMfJeavu, ret yi.iv jtcsp^pt rr,q axpag xat rn jxv;^, m 



klCr. lU OVER tHB ALPS* "5 

*^ riile on the Ptber fide with /ifr^* abearance of banging 
" roeks ^." This obfervation is confirmed concem-i- 
ing die wiftim Alps, by our modern travellers. " It is 
'* remarkable," Mn Breval tells us, *' that the fqows 
^^ caufc a great deal more mifchief on the Piemmif 
'^ than they do on the Savoy y fide of the Alps ; by , 
*' rcafbn, that thf fteeper and more ccmcave par^ of 
" them faces this way ^" Mr; Gray alfo adds in re- 
gard to Mount Cenis particularly, with his ufiial viva^ 
city of exprelTion ; that " the defcent from Mount 
*^ Cenis is — infinitely nOire fteepy ' than the going up "™/* 
And as we fee this very road acrofs the Pennine Alps 
to Italy, even three hundred years after Hannibali 
ftill charafterized by one of the antients for *' a path-*" 
*' way ftrait and difficult i" fo we find it equally re- 
{)Orted by a modern, to be at prefent a line of 
^' pathways, rapid m their defcent and fatiguing to 

1 

*^ the traveller "/* The rdad was thus leaning down- 
Wards to the Carthaginians almo'ft all the march, in 
a headlong kind of defcent towards Italy*. This 
rendered it flippery to the foot of the men, to the 



k Marcellinus zv. to. p. i68. ''£(!:— t Calliis venientibus 
^'prona humilitate devexum, pendcntium faxorum altrinfccus 
*'. vifu terribile." 

* Brevars Second Travels!. »9o. *» Mafon 64.4 

.« Appian's Illyr. p. xio^^ Latin tranilation, the Greek origi- 
nal being loft, " ar£lt femita^ ac difiicilisr* Boarrit ill. %6j* 
^* La route fe convertit en fentiers ra^idea et fatigans/* 

• Polybiuslii. 54, Oi/<nj?y«f — *a1ft'^i/tf« T»)« Ha?a?«#^«tff ; LivjT 
txi. S5, •* Omnis-rfermc via— praBceps-^raU" 

I a heoir 



I 



Il6 COURSE 6t HAifrfltAt CUAP.tir 

hoof of the cattle, and to the wheel of the caf s p. Ir 
was alfo narrow in itfelf, and bounded by a precipice 
at one fidc^# To crown a]I> the plane of it was co- 
vered with a coat of fnow, too thick not to concea! 
to the eye the immediate track in the midcfle of the 
road, and too thin to reduce this for the foot into an 
even level with the fides. The catde and the men, 
therefore, could not fee where they might tread with 
fccurity. They frcquendy miffed the track, and then 
could not fave themfijves from tripping againft the 
fides, A very flight trip thiew them off fit>m their 
batlancc, at once ; they tumbled down the precipices s 
and they rolled one upon another to the bottom ^ 



f Livyxxi. 35, " Cixmis-^fermc ?ia— labrrc* erat." 
* Polybiusiii. 5+. Xnmi Livy xxi. 55. "Aagufta:" and 
Polybius iii. 54. Kai» rm Kfnyt.}nif, 

Polybius iii. 54. T»;; — ^x****'®^ x^rM^ 9roi«^c ixftrMc mv c«-iC»- 

hivy xxi. 3j. '' Neque fuftinere fe a lapfa poiFent, Bec^^oi pau^ 
*' lulnm UtubafGcnc hxrere affiidli vefligio fuo^ alliq^e fuper 
** alios, ct juTTienta et homines, occidcrcnt/' 

"The way wa* not only very ftccp and narrow/* the defcenc 
was not only narrow and headlong^ ** but fo enttriely covered 
/' alfo by the faow^ that tiie feet knnv not where to tread with 
" fafety.** Thja is the Latin tranftation, a little varied : " noi^ 
•* dignofcente milite propter nivem, ubi pedein poneret/* It, 
and its tranflation the Englifh, are very wordy. The lair verfion 
ia only this, " the fnow cdneealing the path from every one.** 
This ia full enoagh for the meaning^ and ext^y refponfive 
to Polybiuft's language. " And as often as they turned afide 
** from the proper track/* as often as they mifled the traci, ami 
JIumbled, ** they were inftantly carried down Jbme precipice** 
(i. 3<»)* 

All 



aCT.tU OVXIt THE AhP%. IIJ 

All ferves to fliow^ that Hannibars road even down 
the Alps, was not what General Melvil has confider- 
ed it to be throughout ; the moft primitive of all 
roads, the mere trough or channel of a river* A river 
indeed delcends along the/outbem fide of the Alps, 
as well as the northern; and originates equally from 
the top of Great St.. Bernard. In that way had na- 
ture formed an avenue for man, up the Alps on hfb 
fides. But, as we have fuppofed thai avenue to have 
been afterwards improved on the northern fide; by 
being transferred fi^om the bed to the bank ; fo we 
may now behold it aAually improved and transferred, 
on l^fL We have already feen it% at the very en- 
trance into the Alps ; when the loaded cars and the 
burdened horfts were, thrown down the precipice of 
the road,^ and the road confequently ran as it runs at 
prefent, up an acclivity of the mountain, along the . 
fide 9f a precipice, and with the Draace foaming at 
the foot of it. We may now fee it equally here, ^ 
when catde and men tumbled down the precipice of 
the road again, and rolled one upon another ,to the 
bottom. Thus transferred, we behold alio the na- 
ture of the whole road very diftindly. It was not, 
as all our roads over mountains uied to be, carried 
on in a funken channel of earth and rock, diredly or 
almbft direftly up and down the face of the moun* 
tain. No ! It was more in the form of our modern 
roads, that are trained in traverfes ^long the fide of 

• Vol. i. Chip. iv. Sc{t. J, 

I 3 a hilly 



Il8 COURSE or HAKNIBAjU CHAf , If. 

a hill, guarded by the rife of the ground upon one 
hand, and having the fall of a precipice on the other; 
the great ftccpnefs of the hill fuggefting and com- 
pelling this anticipation ormodern art. Such is this 
very road of defcent, at the prefcnt day ; being ge- ^ 
nerally clrawn down the hills, in what appears to b(j 
a range of terraces with ftcep fides, to the eye be- 
low ^ It was merely a pathway along the fide of th^ 
mountain, a fliarply inclining plane of rock, flippery 
in itfel^ but wornc and hollow in the middle, and 
rifing roundingly at the fides. The narrownefs of 
the whole afforded little chance of recovery, to the 
mif-treading feet 5 and the frightful precipice was 
always ready at the edge, to receive the falling bodies 
into the gulph of deftrudion there, yill the roads 
over the Alps, fays Strabo, were even in bis time like ' 
this ; as " it was not pofl[ible" for Auguftus hinifelf 
*• everywhere to force nature, by breaking through 
•' huge rocks and down vaft precipices, fome over- 
*' hanging the road, others falling down from it, fo 
•' that, even on a flight ftep out of the track, the 
^' danger was unavoidable, the fall being into bot- 
' •* tomlefs hollows ; and fo narrow is the way in fome 
*^ part of it, as to give a giddinefs to thofe who walk 
•* on foot along it, both to men and to beafts, if un- 
*' ufcd to it"/' So much more formidable does the 

road 

* Boorrit ill. ^59. " La route qui pstfTe— Tuf des terraces ef- 
•^ ctrpccs." 

n Strabo iv. 3x3. Oy 7»p ^waiof vx^ot^a ^iaaa^^on rnv ^va-it ^» 



'>. 



nCT.lUp OVER THE AL»S. II9 

road appear in this artificial ftate of it^ than in its pri>- 

mitive and original condition of the trough of a river ! 

It appears indeed from this delineation fo truly for*- 

midable, as almoft to turn theliead of the reader 

while he contemplates it. What then muft it have 

been in the reality ? Yet the army bore it all, with 

9 patient perfevcrancc. They had feen fuch roads 

before, and had therefore encountered fuch d^gcis 
glrcady ", 



III. 



They thus proceeded down the Alps, till they 
reached once more the regions of vegetation. The 

sri'jflovluvt 6iT^ xai jUixpec BK^ocffiV) a,(pVii\ov Etva? Toy xivS^yovi ii( ^otpayyui 

^i^Kv T0»( vtfy Qa^ifytn^ xtth aJIcK ^^^ VTro^vytoKy rot? ay^to'i* 

^ Poly bi US iii. 54^ Ou juey t(,\>\ct Tudlr)¥ ^%v vvt^i'^oy rny roAaif 
'frtfoiaVf ail avwi^nq oj/le; d^ti roiq rofi/Ioi; xaxoi;. " Yct the loidltTSp 

^'to whom fuch accidents were now become familiar, fuftained 
f' al] this mifery with an amazing firmnefs'* (i. s^^)* He, who 
generally is belo^iv his author in vivacity, is above hipi here. 

We have this pi6lure of a i*;/«//r journey, even in more modern 
times* " Schnaffaburgenfis,— rcommemorans quantolaboreHen- 
^* ricus IV [the Emperor of Germany] Alpea hycme iuperaffe 
'* [dicitur]/' When he went over this .very hill of Great St. Ber- 
nard (Simler 132) j " fcribit Reginam, et raulieres ex ejus gy- 
'* necaeo, bourn coriis impofitas fuiljey quas itinerh duces deorJUm^rahe^ 
** bant ; equos quoque per machinas fummijfos^ aut coiligatis pedibus 
" traSof, ex quibus mi^lti mortui aut debilitati perierint" (Sim- 
ler 2^3). The hiftorian thus takes advantage of his reader's ig^ 
(liQrance, to fable about the Alps. But his injudicioufnefs defeat! 
his faflhood, and ^ives the reader his fair revenge qpoq the a^- 

J 4 COW 



lao 



COUUSS OF HANNIBAt 



OMAJP. tlf 



cold air of the fummit gcndy foftciiing toward^ 
warmth, as the road receded from the frozen pikes of 
<how there j plants began to peep out of the ground^^ 
bufhes to (hoot from the clefts of the rocks, and trees 
to raifc their heads upon the hills. Nature thus be- 
gan to throw off her ftern, rugged looks of barren 
rock, and to cover her favage nakednefs with a. thin, 
fcanty robe of vtrdure. From the bleak fummit of 
the mountain to the warmer reign of vegetation, is 
reckoned by fome to be a journey of two hours on 
either fide of the mountains ^ It is in fad a journey 
of two on the Joutbern fide, but of three on the nor-, 
therm or, to ufe a more popular ftandard of nienfu- 
ration, the diftance is Jx miles on that, and nine on 
this. Upon the road of afcent, the vegetation dies 
away about St. Peter's ; arid, on the road of defcent, 
revives about Saint-Remy ^gain^. So much live- 
lier is the influence of the fun upon an oppofing ob- 
jeft, than upon a declining one ! The road of de- 
fcent runs nearly two miles and a half to Vacherie, 
2il the way keeping at the foot of great rocks. The 
air is very cold along it, and the fnow lay unmelted 
at Vacherie in 1774 as late as the 21ft of July. Byt 
a flight and faint fo,rt of yegetation commences there^ 



» Martyn 20. 
*» Bourrit ill. 3^67, travels this rotd up the hills to Great St. 
Bernard. ** Arrives a St. Remy," he fays, '* nous nous trou- 

V vames dans les lieux fauvages. — Bientdt — nous n*y voyionsplua 
" de bois." In iii. 28.6 he fays of St. Peter's thus j " cc fut la 

V o nous vimes Ics premieres forcts." 

as 



•ICT.IIft OVSH 7H|? ALPS, %%% 

fis th^re we fee what wie look for |n yajn upon Su 
Bernard, fome paftures, fonie cattle grazing upoa 
them, and fome huts for their ten4ers ; while we fee 
no hutis at all on the north, before we have defcend* 
pd about fix miles. 'Thofe hqts, catde, aiid paftures 
belong to a bofpital at St., Rsmy,. about three miles 
and a half below, znd. ibe firft village on the road at 
preient. But before the road reaches it, on a high 
mountain uporf the northern fide of it, we fee the 
gradual tranfition of Alpine vegetation into the pro* 
duftion of trees. We firft behold fome paftures 
all naked of trees. We next come to trees fcattere(|, 
fmall, and knotted. \ Nature ftill improves as the 
ground defcends ; the power of production ftrength^ 
(ens i and, jufi before we reach St. Remy, we ^hter ^ 
Jarge wood of larches, good andperfeSl in their form^ 
^fwering another wood of larches about three miles 
lower on the north. Hannibal therefore, whom we 
(ball find to have aftually come to a wood^ muft 
have now marched beyond the line of beginning ve- 
getation, rpuft l^ave now reached the fcenes of vege-^ 
ration pcrfcfted, and have been in the very vicinity 
of St. Remy. On the northern fid? of the wood, 
the mountain is conftantly white all over from the 
great balls of fnow, that fall there in winter, and fall 
ftill more ^n fpring. T^?^^ render the road very 
dangerous, at fuch feafonsi and no part of the Alps 
is more expofed than this, to the fall of fnows and to 
^c rage of winds. St. Remy indeed would be 
pycrwhelmcd and biuricd by the fnows,'if it was not 

guarded 



"121 COURSE OF KAi^KrtAL 4iHAf. fU 

guarded by that Alpine barrier of fecurity, which 
experience alone could have proved to be a fecurityj^ 
thC'Wood hanging immediately over it. The inha- 
bitants of Sti Remy, for that reafon, prefervc their 
•wood with all the care, with which the Dutch pre- 
ferve their dykes; as their only mound, againft the 
ocean of fnows from above. Theft fnows continue 
upon the ground, at this part of the deftent, during 
the whole fummer. Hannibal therefore, who had 
/k(ytvs to encounter even though he had reached the 
region of trees, muft have been in the immediate der 
(cent to St. Remy, when he engaged with both ^. 

At this point of the defcent then, the Carthagi- 
nians met with a very lingular incident, that damped 
ail their Ipirits efFeftually. It was now about noon 
probably, when the; cavalry fuddenly made a grand 
halt in the leading part of the van. This of courfe 
was foon communicated backward, in a kind of elec- 

« Siuiiure iv. »i4, 123, izi, 221— «ao, and 270; Bourrit iii. 
267—168. M. Saoffure iii. 224 affcrts the road betwixt Si. Bcr- 
rard and St. Remy, to be two leagues in Jength 5 and the road 
ffom St. Bernard and St. Peter> on the other fide, which he 
ftatcfi in iii. 270 to be tnvo hours and a halfy that is, ten miles at the 
rate of four to an hour, as in Sketch t*, or nine at threct as in the 
text of page immediately preceding, M. Bourrit accordingly kt^ 
tics Ai three leagues (iii. 286). An bour therefore in travelling 
language, wliatever the author of Sketch ihay fay, means noi four 
miles, buc three. It is the fame as a leagpc. And it is of confc- 
qucnce to all traverfers of countries, whether traverfcr^ in reality 
or by reading, to know the quantity of ground meant by this 
very commoa rule of mcnfuration upon the continent. 

trical 



iter. Iff. pVB& THE ALFt* ^9^ 

trical ihock, through the elephants and through the 
bag^ge, to Hannibal at the head of the maia bodff 
Hannibal therefore feint a meflenger forward^ to 
jcnquire into the meaning of it. Intelligence was 
brought him back, that the horie bad come to a pa/s 
which was abfolutely impraSlicabk. He inilantly pufhed 
by the fides of the baggage, the elephants, and the 
icavalry; advancing to the head of the whole army, 
in order to view the ground^. There indeed i^ 
wonderful fight prefcnted itfelf to his eyes. The 
plane of the road was ^unk fo perpendicularly and fo 
deeply, that one of the light infkntry,* by carefully 
trying the defcent, and holding with his hands the 
jbulhes and roots at the fide, could hardly have let 
himfelf down inta the hollow ^ 

This obftruftion therefore was not any thing 
fimilar to th^t, which it has been confidered by Ge- 
neral Melville to be. It was not '* fuch a narrow 
" path on the fteep fide of a loofe and rocky hill, as 
f' is liable to be waflied away by falling rainis or 
f * melting fiiows, or even to be beat down by balls of 
f< fiiow ^'' Hannibal has had no rains falling and 

^ Livy xxu 36. '' Ibi quum — equites conftitifTent, miraitti 
*' Hannibali quae re« moraretur agmen, nunciatur rupem inviai^ 
^' tS^t ; digreffus deinde ipie, ad locam vifaidum/* 

« Livy xxi. 36. *.\ Mgtt expeditus miles, tencabundus, mt* 
" fiibufque retinens virgolu ac ftirpes circa eminences, demit* 
f* icfc poffct." 

^ Sec Vol. i. Chap.U. Sett.!, 

no 



/ 



,124 COVRSE OF HANNIBAL CHAP. lU 

DO fnows tnthing, fufficwti to wajh away ins road. 
The fnow aftually lay on the ground htre, at tjiis 
niomcntj unmeltcd equally by the rains or by the 
fun. Nor had any balls of fnow feUen upon the road» 
as this was neither buried in fnow nor demolifhed by 
it. Even if they had fallen, even if melting fnows 
and defcending rains had combined their powers with 
them ; neither any nor all could have affe6ted the 
.road in the. very extraordinary manner, in which it 
was affedted. The hollow way .was all one bed 
OF ROCK, The bottom and the fides were rocki with 
roots and bufhes hanging over ^trock at the fides. 
Thus, as Livy tells us, " the Carthagimans came to 
♦* a much narrower ROCK, having fides of stone fo 
^^ perpendicular, that" &c. «. Xhe whole courfc of 
the hiftory, indeed^ demonftrates the road to have 
been all a ftrong rock. . We are therefore deluding 
our crediJity grofsly, by fetting ourfelves in foil op- 
prifition to the narrative, and reducing this bbftruc- 
tion into the mere Aiding of a road of earth down the 
fide of a rocky hill^. The faft was infinitely more 

important. 



I Livy zxi. 36. V Ventum deinde ad inuh5 anguftlorem ru« 
" pcm, atque ita reftis faxis, ut'' &c. 

^ Simler, who was the firfl (I believe) that fiiggefted this jdea» 
in p. ^l^ has advance^ another fuppofition along with thjs, i^pd 
ef|ually abford. ** Accidit aotem fs^pe iti montanis icineribus/* 
he fays, " ubi propter pfaecipitem declivitatem re£ia defcendcre , 
" non licet, at vis admodum anguflae montium lateribus quail 
'* incifse funt : quodii pars fuf trior moMtis labatur^ via praecludiir 
** tur I vcl fi part ea mentis qua iter eft in 'valUmfubfidatx jam prop* 



a^r.nu dv^it THE alm. il^ 

important^ and a very aftonifhing one indeedir At 
this point, the road had been fteep and headlong be* 
fi)re^i but had reccndy been madd much more (b, 
than ever. Through die whole range of the preci- 
picious- part of die road; which was near a thouiaid 
feet in length, it had been adually funk into a nar- 
row gulph of rock^ ! The very end, at which ic 
had broke o£F from -the road preceding, was left with • 
fuch a deep and perpendicular face of folid ftbne; 
that (as I have previoufly obferved) even one of 
Hannibal's light infantry could with difficulty have 
defcended it', holding by the bufhes and roots at the 
fide. All diis gives luch a clear and ftrong view of t 
this memorable interruption, as (hows nothing but 
*an earthquake could have produced it. , An earth- 
quake had broke down the fteep defcent, into a deep 



«« 

u 



** ter pnrxipitiam nullas eft locus itineri, ififi novum qu6dd«m 
iter in montcm cxcidatur. Ac ex Polybio 'uidetur tale quid acci'^ 
dife Hattnibaliy Both thefe fuppofitions are d-iredlly cbhtrsry 
to the narration. The road had not Aided down into the valkjf 
the hill had not Aided down upon the road ; for the road lay all 
before the eyes of the army, conAfling of folid rock. 

' Polybius iii. 54.» Tvi^ yyiq ctwof^bfyo^ xdtt vpo ra fAn tf0^( j *' the 
** ground, which was before extremely fteep and broken'^ (i. 361 ), 
language too indefinite and diffufc, for what fays only that the 
ground was previouAy abrupt \ Livy zxi. 36. ** Katura lociis jam 
•* ant« prsBceps," 

^ Polybius iii* 54.. Tolt h ««» yuPCKQt tli vpoa^alu^ airtffvyvict^ i 
^* had again very lately /alien aiway^ (i. 361), words that convey 
no ideas at all» and ought to have been ^' had then and lately be- 
*' come even more abrupt ;** and this was <«'» rpt« 9iftiral^« th^ yh^^ 
Livy zxi. 36. '^ Reccnti lapfu terrse, 10 pedum mille admodum 
" alritadlnem abruptuserat/* 

chaifm. 



COU^aSie OF HANiflBAt 



tHAKlK 



thafm; An earthquake had broke Ic down, widl 
fiich a fubfidence in the plaije of the road kfelf i as 
left the preceding parts of it to terminate all at once^ 
in an even wall of ftone^ that was Ibt or feveii feet 
in perpendicular height, and therefore could not' 
be defcended without diificultyj even by amanonr 



We can eafily fuppofe, that earthquakes ar^ noi 
Uncommon m this moun€^|nous region c^ the, Alps j 
as the cavities of mountains are the natural fphere ot 
operatipQSj to fubterraneous winds. Accordingly ia 
the road to mount Cenis ftom the weftj as one of our 
travellers particularly obferves, " Ibme of the moun- 
*' tains" near St. Michael " are cleft and torn afun-« 
^^ der^ as if by earthquakes^ a dreadful darknefs con-^ 

r 

1 Jttfttce and gratitude require nie to obferve hcx6, iti order td 
tlTert the riolated credit of an author, who is uncommonly ufefut 
in this period of the hiflory; that the editors or the mauufcriptt 
of Lwf have certainly adopted a language in One pointj impro<i' 
pet -for the idea or the fadl« And contrary to the original language 
of Livy. They make the chafm a thoufand feet ^^^, .when Poly* 
bins makes it three half-lladia (not, as Cafaubon reiiders the paf-; 
fage, " in pedes fere centum honaginta^" but, as Pliny il. as deci<^ 
fively ihpw§ 937) feet) lon^ | he and Livy keeping very naturally 
to round numbers. But that it ^as fo many feet </^i?/, is adltjalljf 
denied by Livy^ himfelfj when he fays one of the light infantry 
could have defcended into it, perpendicular ad the rock was, if hi 
l^eld by the roots and buihes at the fid«* And the^eneralcoin^i^ 
cidcnce of the two ineafures in Livy and PolybiuSi concurs wit& 
theomifiion of the kftigib in Livy, to fhoW us plainly $ that lavy^ 
manufcripts or editots have injured his te2t violtntly» and thai 
their attitudiuem flioiild be replaced t>y his ki^tiu^m again.. 

3 " ccaling 



i 



lBCt*l4r.^ OVBk THE ALPS* t^^ 

" cealing the inmoft recefles of thcfp caverns"^/* We 
have even an earthquake, very fimilar ta that ac Sfc 
Remy in its circumftances, and happening in the 
neighbouring paffage of the Simplon. At Brigue 
there^ fo late as the year of the Lifbon earthquake, . 
and on the 9th of December, an, earthquake tool^ ' 
place, ** the mountains ftaggered upon their foun- 
*' dations, all the valley waved from fouth to north, 
*' the TDofs of the houfes were lifted up, the tiles were 
" carried into the air and daflied againft ^ich other, 
*^ THE. ROA.D5 SUBSIDED "•'* The earthquake near- 
St* Remy>.hpwever,vmuft'have happened ^w^ Ma- 
gdus and his brethren had come the fame way be-^ 
lore, on: their journey to meet Hannibal in Gaule# 
Magalu«;add they would certainly be with the moft 
advanc^4 part of the army, as guides to them and the 
wholcv Yet they and he marched up to this breach 
in nature, looked down ioto it with amazement, and 
ftood (till uader.an utter inability to go 6n. " The 
" hbiife halted/^, lays .Livy, " as. if they were at thft 
" final fierminatlon of the road*j.'* and *' fent word 
^^ to Hannibal, that the rock wais no longer paff* 
" zbh^i'r This ihows the aftonilhment of the guides 

<» Mfs«MJIUr]. 54» 
, »» Bourrit i. 217. ** L'on vit Ics moatagnes vaciller fur Icurt 
fondemens, e: toutela valine fe moavoir du micli an nordyles toics 
dts maifohs fu^'ent enlev€$, Jes tuiks portees dans I'air s^cntr^rifc^ 
renCy les cheminees s^abattirent^* 

o Livy w. ,36. ** Quum, velut «d fin^m vi^i e4}Qkes <ob(In 

t X.iyyxxi.3^* '' Hoacutnr rupem efle inViam/' 

and 



at COURSE or HAANfBAL CMAfiih 

ttnd cav^alry, at the fight of die formidable gu]ph. 
The road had therefore been reduced to its prefent 
ftate of imprafticability, by fome awfid convtifion of 
nature; fmcc the guides Ivefc here. Accordingly 
Polybius uhites \Vith Livy and this reaforiing, by 
faying exprefsly that the chafm had been recentjy 
fbrmeci "J^ 

On fhcetirig this unexpfeded and formidable b^- 
rier to thdr career of march, the fpirits of the army 
inftantly fell. They were, in their own imagtha'^ 
tions, upon a new courfe of military experiments. 
They had not the experierie^e of othersy to donfirm 
them; they had only their own fond of courage,^ to 
fupport themi The Gauls of France indcfed had! 
repeatedly marched aerofs thefe mountains, and in 
the very dif ectioii i;irhich they themfelves were- now 
purfuing. Even Hannibal, at his paiTagei aerofs the* 
Rhone, had aftually appealed to diofe marches, as 
encouraging examples to them. Yet thefe incidents 
were not familiarized to their minds, by freqtient re- 
currence to them in reading or in convcrfiftg about 
them. They had heard of them, and were encou- 
raged I but forgot them, in the firft moments of dif-^ 
trefs* When the mmd takes a fifm hold upon paft 
events, andj by a happy kind of chemiftry in the 
ima^nation^ tranfmute& them mto prefent incidents ; 

4 Polybias ill. ^4r. n/*<7^altff an^pft^w^ii^ j LiVyxxi. }^. "Rtf- 
•* centi lapfu terra.'* 

then 



' . ^ 



SECT. III. OVER TJHS AtPS. 1 29 

then die energy of their influence is great Yet this 
is feldom the cafe even v^ith fcholars> even with thole 
vrhp ieem to l>e happily iequeftered from the comr 
mon occupadons c^ life> in order to attend to the 
operations of man in paft ages. Little therefore can ^ 
It be'expededto be fo, with the great multitude of 
mankind in general^ with that un-Iettered ^pd un*« 
thinking mafs of men in particular^ ^hich forms the 
coinmon ibldiery of ail armies. With fuch menj a 
jpafl: incident will carry fmall wei^t in oppofition to 
prefent experience. The Carthaginians indeed had 
been alfo encouraged^ by the fight of the embafla* 
dours from Italy before them^ by their promiles of 
fuccour there^ and by their aflfurances of (afely con* 
dudHng them thither. But they were equally dif^ 
couragcd now. When they found thole alTurances ten* 
minate in this impafiable gulph^ and beheld the em-^ 
balladours themfelves lookii^ wit)i an eye of wild 
furprifc upon it. In this new world of waHare to 
them, they were liable to be raifed or deprelTed by 
any fudden emergency of fortune. Their fpirics had 
been railed at Or^ieres undoubtedly, with the ex- 
pectation of a fmooth and Ipeedy paflage into Italy i 
had been depre^ed at Luttier, in beholding their ex^ 
pe<5bition baffled, on feeing themfelves obliged to ro** . 
gain tl>eir old road> and on finding their march over 
the mountains and by the.GIacjcres^ fo cold, fp pei^i 
plexed* fo long -, had again been raifed on recovering 
thf road at St. Peter's, on gaining th^/ummit of: St. 
Gerhard, and on receiving the hprfcs, the men, left 
-Voi.. lU K behind 



150 COURSE OP -HAITNIBAL CHAP, II, 

behind at St, Bhmchier? but had agfin'te^ dd- 
•» . ^ - • > - « 

piffled by the fall or fryewy had again beeh^risttfed' by 

the addfefs of Hannibal, and vw nbw*di^pcflfe4 

greatly again. This tiflUe of advenegrfe ;operaS6^''' 

up6n their minds, juft as the -variations; of our at* 

mofphere operate upon the weather- glafs 5 ftdd-pre-r 

duced a quick altcrnaey of clouds and Xiln(hine, k\ 

their ihfifdng fpirits. But their' minds' now^ fettled 

down into an univerfal- d^lpond«icy, at the fight olp 

at the hearing of this tremendous chaftn ^ 



» 

,Yet Hannibal, however ftartled at the fight, was 
not confounded by it. -He was fl:ill mafter of him- 
felf, wider the preffure of €his extraordinary diftrefs. 
He could look at the breach ^vithdut terrour, and 
cxamirte the ground at the fides, without perturba- ' 
tion. -Amidft all tiK-clgjmours of defpondmc^and 
di^fpairi fo natural to the comrfiorr fpirits of an army, 
with fuch a ipedtacle before theni-i he could calmly 
irtcditate how he fcould - ftirmount* ah obfthidion, - 
which was feemingly thrown in his way- by t^ie hand 

« 

of Providence itfclf He iirftantly'faw/ asr*he thought, 
that he could carry his army along the untraclced 
and lailinjg ground upon one fidci' and fo ^bring it by 
atefeg'circuit back into the.road bdow. • The road 
wlft'^fflieh Hfiedy as' it is at this day, by the rife of the '" 
njoUfitain on his /g^, and by the falloF the- mountain 















» • 
► • - 
...r - * I 



4ICT. Iff. 0¥ER THE AIiPS. IJX 

on his rigk. The road itfelf is formed in the rbck 
of the mountain^ . is therefore narrow, but goes ob- 
liquely down the fota^what rapid dcfcent of ^hc 
mountain, and ends in an opening ver/ ftrait upon Sc 
B-eoif '. Hanliibai accc^tiingly ordered his army, cq 
.wheel round a litd^ on the right, to defcend the ikM^ 
^ jng fide of the mountain in a general line with ihf 
jroad, apd to regain the road below the chafm^ 

.Hannibal, was fanguine^ as to the fuccei$ of this 
tnovemenf \ - Kut there was. a much greater diffi- 
culty in 'the execution, than he. had apprehended* 
yigo^rous minds conceive a bold projeA^ at a glance 
f>( thought 'y but nature does not bend to the vigour 
pf projeaion. The rapid eye darts acrofs ar diftant 
yiew, at. once ; but the foot, that is to Walk over it 
^iftcrwards, finds many a valley to be painfully crofled 
and many a hill to be painfully afcended, which were 
undiftinguifhed in the genefsd view; and flops Ihort 
in the journey perhaps, incapable of finifhing it* At 
this time there lay upon the ground, the fnow that 

• SaufTure iv. 222. " Aadel^ de ce bois, la montagne.a notre 
'^ droite/* as he comes »/ thefe Alps, *' ^ue nous montom ohW }ue- 
'* ment par une pente peu rapide*' &c. " Lcfentier que 1*od fuit, 
*• eft ti'ac^— rfur une roqh'e." P. 220. " St. Remy,— fituc aa fond 
^ d'une gorge tres-ctroiie,^ Tentree d'iinc forct deiu^lefcs, qui 
'' s'elcvc au-deilus de lui." . , > 

< Po]ybias iii.. 54. To lAtf ^ ir^mov <7c^ftXiIo.nrfipii^6it» raq iv^r 

^ttftdK* Llvy-^fL.^i./' Per invia. circa nee trita antea, ^Ujupvil 
V longaambi^Uy cifcuB»duoere( aSf9AQr * . ; . 



»••' 



along the "fiftooth ice of thfe declivity ^ But the: 
cttttk in tb© <iat^ ft>ffcred flilllniore. Their greater; 
bUlk'^ and tb«ir iron fliae^, enabled them to. take ar 
ffrni abating ttpOR the xmft of iqc beneath, Yet^^ 
even thecH thay fdnria&iesr fdh as tlidir ;(hoes prov^ed; 
not (harp fendngh. in Ae pbkite, or as the ice hap- 
pened t<> be harden iff; its^ui&ce. At timerdfo: thek:^ 
hoofe funk (o deep inflo it, •^heVe'the ice- wt^ thinner 
c^ the flioes. (harper j^:that tliey <a>tild.not draw thcnt' 
^ out agajn, for the tteKtftep/'. /f iiey tfaerefiiie fell im 
Aeir efcrts for- progreflSpii, with :their loaded rarst 
refldng i^on tloir backs* ^ Thcsy then, in tke femci 
ciForts, attempted to rife^with therh.' They Ibainei^ 
l^iolcntlyi • to cxtri(t:^te their entangled feet They^ 
thus broke quite through the fhell of ice ; and num- 
bers remained as fattened by a fetlock, in the hard, 
deep, congealed foow beneath ^.' 
' — ' ^ . . ' . . IV. SfiEiNa 



>w 



■~e^pbtybius ill. 55. "To h'<rvvotxo>!ii^8y tJIok, elt ^va-xe'^tf^fo/ 

K«^Epary^vlA;» r«>.j)(;Ajpw»< J.)i7ixxi.- j6. **'6eu majftibus in atfiiir-* 
** gendo feu genu fc adjuyiflcnt, ipfis adminiculi^pTolapflfis, ite* 
**rum corroiflcntj nccftirpes circa fadicefve^ ad <ja«s ped« ant 
•'munu quifquam eniti poSkh crantj ita*iR-lcfi tan ttim glacis 
*' tafei4^\ie iiive voliitabantur*'? 

*^-P6Vbiu5 iii. 55. T« ^''^V'jh^vytA h'sxovlty, olr tsctoj, t>j» xoIa* , 
>j»oj« xoHcs toy hctvicrciahp. AtajtoiJ'A^Ia ^e^ e/tAErs jwela Twr (^wvy oiof 
• uMa^rnvriyotei hdt rt *rt €apo?- x«» ©^a to wijy^a T»jf TrcovTras^aa-ri^ 
X«ofo</ -But Livy relates this iticidcnt in a manner, at once mortf 
circumftahtial and more judtcious. He fays in xxi. 36. " Jti-* 
•• mcm^/fcabant,*^ cut ifito, btttnot through, the ice j a fenfe very 

diFerent 



«CTi IV.. ' OVfi^f THE- ALPS. - - ^Jjj; 



1^ *, , , i^ ^ 



rt* 



1 



»' » 



IV. 



Seeikg thisj Hannibal remanded his cars and re- 
taUed his van. There was no poffibiliiy,.. he few, 
of ayoidiflig the giilph before him by fleifthig alirig 

the 

^rffererft f^om, and mortf-JuftitljAiS-that tf ^iikowIii W Pdl^ius, 
Which fiRttWs thttn t6'fcut i^Mu^b the'fc'e ; " intehlom tihm, 
** tnm lAfimarii ingredientia nWcrh,'* hot breaking through to^it 
fentirefyi^'tat* eomirtg ufon it,''*s appears fVdm the fcqueJj " it 
*' prolapfa,'*; ^ circumlfance 'iiot actdunted for by Fol^iih; 
"**'ja^ndh'gfavi(is in contltttljidd unfeiiilin pcirittfjf t^^frHigc-. 
" bkht," W^ich arc the tcrmfatfAMcritrg to Polybio'sV ^wtfw?i»-i- 
W 'xt^td'^xtfvu xttlit mi ^lecvurcttr^,' hxxt giving an Addition tl ludrej 
\o themi ai^ tircy affign a caufe to tl^ cffeft ; *• ut pleraque^ veliit 
. *'pedic3*Vdlptsf, haerifent in* dtrrata et lUc concWst gkcie/'. 
Thefe twd parallcVpaflagcs fcrtre ftronfely td enforce the general 
tri>{h, ttiil a'/iiftiiiftory of Han'nibal^is operations is fo^bc derhrc'd 
From the idditioti of LiVy to Polybiui, and that Polybius's ac-' 
count t^quld be very defefifve wSthottt the fupf^lem^tal circum* 
itances of Livy; 

*• At laft they canie to a plsie*> whii*h neith'eH!W ^U^htttkti^ » 
*! nor the beafls of barthen»** the drai^ht-catt)e> t«ic v^ro^i^tK^ 
*' tould ih ^ny manner paf^ [fhrits narrownbfs]. For th^gro<kn4l 
*^— had^veiy lately— /^ tbe toddfo ndrrbw, that it wdi^ite im* 
^* fra^^abh. At thia fight, the troops again Mrere feized^witli 
*' confternatiohi and even began to lofe all the hopef of fafety i"^ 
literally, began again to be difphuted and confounded; ** An* 
^* nibal tt^firft endeavoured to avoid this routes by changing th« 
** direAioh of his march, and hiaking a circuit rdfllid' it;'* lite-^ 
rally and mach more briefly^ HanntbaT pro]e£led' at firft to gd 
round the defile. *• But fie foon-wts forced to tieSft frbni ^hat 
** defign. For the way on v«t;^ fide was utterly ik/uferakU 
•' [from the fnow that had fallen] j through an accident of a ' 
** finguktr kindi which is peculiar to the Alps; The fnows af 

K4 *'thc 






t 



|j6 COURSE or KANNIBAt CHAP. tU 

Ac fide of it. Ycr it was now too late to try any 
other expedient The Ihort afternoon of a day in 
the end of 0<Sober> would be, nearly all confumed in 

thcfc 

'* the former year, having remained unmcltcd i|pon the moun- 
•* ttinsi weft now covered over by thofe which had fallen in tbe 
^ pnfim wmiiTt'" tboogh we have been told only joft before, 
that it was but near the time of winter when the fnows fell, and 
though the original fpeaks merely of the prefent jear, **. The 
** latter being foft [becaufe they were new]» and of no great 
'* depth, gave an eafy admiiSon to the feet. Bat whenthefe were 
^ trodden throagh, and the fildkrsi' the mift, the drivers of the 
baggage-carsy «nd the leaders of the elephants, as well as the 
tfOopera, '* began to touch the (bows that lay beneath, which 
*' were now become fo /irm, that they would yield to no im- 
'' preffion, their feet both,'' that is, both their feet, *^fell at once 
• " from under them,'* literally, they failed and Aided away with 
both their lieet together; *' as if they had been walking upon the 
*' edge of fome high and flippery precipice.^ And this mifchance 
'* drew after it a Hill worfe accident. For when tTiey ftruggled 
*' with their hands and knees to recover themfelves from their 
" fa!]," literally, when after their fall they wifhed to prop them^ 
.ielves 01^ their hands and knees for riiing, '^ as, the ground was- 
everywhere extremely fteep, they were then fure to Aide away 
with' greater violence and rapidity than before; carryittg^ Uki-^ 
ivift ivUb thm nvbati*ver tbijf bad grafped for tbiir fupp^ri^'^ 
vrords pretending to tranflate ayM watath to^ £P£ISMA2:in, but 
mif-underfijiKding them, and turning the very hands and knees, 
on which the fafien wifhed to prop themfelves up for rifing, 
tIPOi:£££P£I£AX0AI^ lato fomething we know not what, which 
they had grafped for their fupport, and now carried mth them 
on their fecond faU. " The beafts aifo that were loaded with 
/* the baggage,*' the cattle that drew the cars, r» vTro^vyta, 
*' having by their endeavours to rife again [when they had fall- 
".enl, broken tlie fufface of the lower fnow, remained clo/ely 
" ivedged in the pits which they had made 5 and by tbi wsigbtrf 
'^ the burtbftu Under which they lay, as well as from the unykld^ 
*' ingfirvmefi of the fnows around them, yi%xt fixed mmvviMj in 






thcfe operations. The horfes in the cars were there- 
fore un-hariie0ed, ^xtricated^ and brought back wi^ 
ihetr cars. The elephants^ and their drivers on fboi^ 

^ the 

^Uhe ptace^ (i. 36:^—363)! This is a mir^conftruflion of Poly- 
t>lus^s tfxr, which I mull notice in vindication of jny own. WIk* 
ihe drau&ht-horfes had cut into the lower fnoWf V they reouuned 
" with their loads/' fays the text literally tranilated»," as if thtf 
^ vitvz frofied itii" oiof xaIagri9r»»yoI«, " becaufe both of the difth 
•* and of the w/' irijyfu*, " of the previous fnowi*"- But how dil^ 
ferent \% this veriion» froiDa<Mr. Eamptpn*s! H^.^aa pariienlfffl^ 
coniidered with Cafaubon the Latin tranflator, that the dtpth of 
tie fnoiu means the iveigbt 9/ the loads* Cafaobon renders the 
ptlTa^ exaflljr as Mr. Hampton does« ** ctim ip& fiirciAi»-4iK« 
*^ rebant) tX propter grawttuegf^fuam^ et proper gl^ciiem,** Vtt 
he; Who confults the Greekt ijiuft fee the miflake. The words hat 

71 TO Bapof Kou h» TO imy/Aa T»; Vfoviea^j^ay^q yiovc^y fliew Bapo; and 

nniyfia by their very arrangement, to mean one and the famt ob- 
jedy the foow. Even, if the (ranfiation was jqft to the idoas of 
Polybius, it is fo diilimilar to him in its circumlocntions and rt- 
^titiona of language, that we may fafely fay with one of Te'« 
rence^s Pirjbna Dramatis, *' no man is fo unlike to another as ma« 
"istohimfelf/' 

Qut let me additionally obferve^ that Silius Italicus^ in his «c« 
count of this expedition, has facriiiced hiftorical truth to poetical 
££Uon. He cuts off the feet of the cattle 'with the ice. 

Dtunque premit fonlpes duro velligla curfu* 
Uogula perfoilis hxfit comprefla ruinis : 
N«c pei^is lapffis fimplex ; abfcifTa relinquunt 
Membra gelu, fcaAoiqueafper rigor amputat artu<« 

The teiUmoiues of Polybius and of Livy unite to fiu>w, that this 
circumftance is as falfe as it u extraordinary. Vet there is no need 
of any teftimony. He refutes himfelf fufficiently^ as he makes 
numbers of the Carthaginians to be fweMonsted up in the ^ening fnow, 
and *wbple troops of tbem ta bi tnferwbebnedatJbe fame time by a 
^-W'b^L 

Tuia 



\-^ 



tlic.cayalry and. their difaK8ff ^^rq^^cre, tr^ fe^cfc 
^t vray mih pain and apprf^fafion^ whyk^h; t^$y^ W 
^ gooc owr bcifore with fafety an^ wtji cafe^^. ^an^ 
^iu|[)al ordered his whole army to encaiiip Upon the 
toody at the head of the guJph., .Oppreffed witkthjg 
adgue of dieir nmrch> with fuch a chafm dire£Uy 
icm6 thrii?^ waji tod with rfie experiemred impm^H^ 
tability of, ey'aiding it 3 his foldiefy were now to un» 
dergo the addidpnal difcQiiragemeat, of encamping 
jfcfiflo'flg Aefiieks and fno^. Tiiey Jug up the fnow^ 
however, ajid removed if. The quantity, fb re- 
waved ioTr ^>.wlwle caiDp,.wa§ i^c^ffarily very^reat^ 
The toil of: during ri>is was* very corifiderabl^s iSrid 
jiiade a he^vy "additipn to' all. ' They then pitched 
theirxenfcs juponthe bared^round They t/iejce.took 
their repaft for .die rvenKngj and their repofe* A)r the 

nkhri' ' ' ■ . - 

Turn, qua durati concreto frigdre collls • ■ 

. Lubrica/ruilcatur canenti fein^ta cWvo, 

Ludtantem ferro glaciem premit : haurit hiatti 

Nix refoluta vires, altoque a culmine praeceps 
■ Viventea turmas operit delapfa ruina. * ' * * 

'fo fuch H pitch of romaBt|ck extravagance $ to fuch a flrain of 
incidents, that never happefied and never could happen in Han- 
nibars eirpedition $ did^Siliu^foar as a poet* Yetj at other timesi' 
he ipeaks only in this meddll manner. 

Lapfantem dublo devexa per irivia niAi 
Tirmabat grefTuni, atqufe hurhentia faxa premcb'a^j 
Kdn keltt boftifve «e6et,'fed piiona minaei 
Prarruptoturbat, et cautibus dbvU xupeS; < , .. 
. Sunt claQiiy mcereatqucrtnoras et difta viaruni* 

* Polyb'fus iii. 55. Avor^c t»k ructvlrii sXw*Jo;> irpotloTre^ivo'i vtfi 
'Ttit OLtyr.n-i hatfjt.nia'atfAifQi rnp i^' avlji ;^toya. *' When this attempt 

" was 



\ 



teCT.'tV* OVER trM* ALPS. ' i3j^ 

In the aight undoubtedly, after fome clofc conful^ 
tadon with others andiaoK d^e^ confideration with 
himfeif^ hc^formsd hisplan. He' had no other re^ 
ioufce lc(t, than ta make a new road. He rcfolved 
therefore, to make it xxpon- the old oae. The coti- 
ftru&ionof a road entirely ne^ at the fide of tho ' 
6dier, would be much jnore tedious aikl troublefoiaie 
than the rc-lbrmation of the other. He muft have 
tut down the mountain on Kis left) or have flopoi 
away the precipice on tiis rifghtt He wifely preferrcil 
the formation* of a defcerit into the oid road, before 
tit&^r^ Accordingly he engaged fenoully lipon tho 
work,, in the mornings The foldkry began on the 
perpendicular wall of rock, which *had been left at 
the headf of .the chafm, by 'the violent fobfidcnce of 
the gmuttd there. This they were to cut down h% 
fitoit a laanner, as to render it defcendible for his 
horfes and his'cars s and went on^in the;bufineis.ver)r 
Jaborioufly ^f 

r '. . But, 



» ^ 



•* was (hvis fijohd to be: impfaftkrable, Annlbal returned 'again 
J* W ibe marrow road saiich be bad quittidr word^ not derived 
iVoiQ PolybiDs, derived only from the trajiflator^s own ideas, an4 
from agrofs ipiftake in them concerning the narrative, as if Han« 
nibal and his main body had attempted the precipice j ^ and, 
** haviiig removed thcifna^, he encamped at the entrance of jt*! 
(i. 364). Livy xxi. 37.- " Tandem, nequicquam jiimentis atque 
" hojminibus fatigatis, caftra in jugo pofita, sefgerrime ad id ipfuni 

* * • 

** loco purgato ; tantum nivis fodiendum atque e^erendum fuit,^' 
' Poljrbiu^ iii. J5. ILafpari*?"*? Ta '3"^r,9>J, rov zp-^fjivov i^oKo^ofxe^ 
fuSce, irciKkr^ t«^ ray^cnurvpiotq. He " ordered the foldiers to make 4 
** firm and le'vel way along the precipice itfelf ; and this, at the 
** cxj)cnce of vaft pains and labour, was at lad effi£<fled" (i. 3^4-)« 

Literall/ 



i4^ CaiTRSE Ot HANNIBAL CHAF.in 

But, before they began to cut down'the rocks> 
tiiey mad^ uCc of an expedient, that has always at- 
trafted the attentbn of mankind at large, from its 
teal lingularity ; and has recendy engaged the ridi* 
culc of our own nadon particularly, from die fceming 
extravagance of it. An incident of a buUc beyond 
the ordinary ftandard of incidents, will be furveyed 
^th wonder while men are difpofed to be ferious, 
and be treated with a fneer when they grow inclined 
to be merry. Every kingdom has thus its ofciUa-^. 
tionSy as it were, of vivacity and gravity. The Car- 
thaginians felled a number of very large trees, that 
were growing clofe to the road, and in the wood of 
larches immediately around them. They lopped off 
the heads and the brandies from them. With all, 
they raifed a vaft pile of fuel upon the rocks of the 
perpendicular wall. As foon as a ftrong wind arofe 
fcr kindling the pile, which at this ftormy fealbn of 
the ye^r, and on this ftormy point of the Alps, could 
not be wanting for many hours together, and woul4 
begin to blow (I believe) immediately when die fun 
began to be warm ; they fet fire to it. The -trees, 
being of a refmous nature, would foon flame. The 
rocks appeared glowing beneath, with the intenfe- 
nefs of the heat above. They then applied vine- 

Literally rendered, this long fentence fhrinks up tnton brief one, 
thgs; "felting the foldiers to work, he dcftroyed the precipice 
*• with great fatigue." Livy xxi. 37. "Inde ad rupem munien- 
*' dam, per quAm unatn via cfle poterat, milites du^i." 

OAR 



SECT^IV. OV£R THS ALPS* 14! 

CAR to theitij to fi^n them for ipUcuog ; and finals 
ly opeocd the burning Tocksj with their pickaxes ^« 



4€ 



« Livy xxl. 37. H.Qttum caedenclain cflct fWnim, arborlbus 
circa imniflnibus dej«Ais decruiic«urqu«> Uruem ingente*^ 
*' lignoram faciunc : eatnque (quum ec vis vexitl, apta faciendqi ' 
^' igniy coorta elTet) fuccendonc, ardentiaque faxa infufo ac£to 
^ patrefacitiDt ^ ka torrukm incendio rupem ferro pandunt.'** 

Silius italictiBy in deicrihing this part of JUniiibars expe- 
<lition, ipealcs of the'aah and ^^^' which he cut dowa. 

Kodeni operi jungunt, et robora ferre coa^lis 
Approperant hmnerU) et raptas collibus ocnos. 
Jamqoe tibi nudarunt fjflva denfiOkn^tnaAtiii^ 
Aggeflere trabes} rapidii^ue accenfusin orbexn 
£xcoqultur flammis fcopulus ; mox, prorata ferroj 
Dat gemitum patiens refoluto pondere moletj 
Atque aperit feffis antigui regna JLatu)L 

He notices not the vinegar; though he does what were not 
thcrCf the orni and the robora. So inaccurate is he in both 
|M>int»! Afhes and, oaks «re not the gtnerai trees of the A\pu 
•• Sylvs abundant larice,^^' fays Sioiler i«^ ** — prxterea pritui, 
''pice2y abiete, aliifque arboribas qu^c Alpibos frequentcs 
•* funt/' What thefe other, trees are, he fhows In p. 321 and 
^%*. They are the '' aqnifolta, tilia, caprlnus, buxus, porriiUcai 
** taxas,'* of which la/f^ he notes, a great nmnber is often carried 
even 4nto EngUtnd^ for making the bonvs tjobkb this nation yet vfii 
frequently (3*3), " juniperus, terebinthas, capriiicns, phylica 
'* [philyra], apha'rca, nuxjaglans^ caftan ea, ilex/* Th« oak and 
the a(h of Silins are not among them* " Z^aricem tanaen/* add» 
Simler 3%3» " prsterire non po£iim» Theophrailo et Grscix ig- 
** nptam, propriam noftris Alpibus* Procerifate cognatas ar bores 
** ^rguat, ctfiipfietivn/uperat^' Hence the trees of Hannibal arc 
called ** immanes" by Livy; as, ,in the preceding parts of the text; 
I have noticed the wood at this point to con fill peculiarly of 
larches, and thefe larcl^es to be perfect in their forms. *' — In fe- 
** cando ferramenta facile patitur. Vetus efl opinio, a Plinio quo- 
^' que liter is prodita, earn non ardere nee carbonem facer e^ nequealia 
*' modoigtus *uieonfumiquamlapide3: — (edfal/am fuifTe hapc per- 
" bt^ODtm.it$de eonjfat, qnod apud Vallefianos^ quibufdam in lo- 



f 4t COURSE -OF UA^m^Ah CHAP. ^ 

♦Nor let ir be thouglW a * df^umftknCe phyfi^rilfy 
impofliblt> for vinegar to ha^'fuch «n elfe&'^l|H>ii a 
fc^atcd rock-ftone. In the prefcnt age, no doubt, we 
have carried <nir knowledge very. far into tibe prpper-- 
6es, feparate or combined, of thafe portionirof mat- 
ter with which we have, an immediate conneftioo 
here. Bui infinitely more-reoEiaiAs ftiU to.be knowm 
It would perhaps require the duration of half 'a dozen 
juch worlds as this, to difcover the properties of all 
the matter within it; and the pupil of five hundred 
ages, would ftill be karning. perhaps in the fchool of 
luture. But this kind of learning, peculiarly, is 

•* CM, nonoKa ligna in ufumjoci ddblh^fuft alicnbi ctiam in Alpibns 
•* a^ ferrarias fodinas carbtnu ex £^ fitrtnt — PrsEcipua ramen laos 
♦■ t^larign^rejm^^" (323 — 3*5). All this rerolves a difficulty^par- 
'ticularly noticed canccrning the tree id ElTays of- Huibandry 
J764 [by; the Rev. Mr. .Harte, re£lpr of Creed &c. i» Cornwall, 
and Canon of Windfor), p. i4r-i-i49 ; a Vyork pregnant wifb in- 
telligence aftd ingeftuiey, yet reci:>mmeflded firft to n^y notice by 
<me, wha was fdrmeily his pupil a^d is Hill a reipe^«r.of }m 
memoTyi Lord Eiibt. , • 

*' La pidum feu carbon urn bitaraino{br<^a9,^* let me. juft ad4 
from Simler 17***! 8, as a point very curiouf in itfeli^ *' qups.vuU 
*• g)i8 Jfeiu-ioUn vocsity*' as our oWn peopte iii«thc north call th« 
rubble of c<^] fuM-ual, '* magnx ell copia apud>Sed\inos et Si^ 
^*derianos: hi lapides roti nign iveat^ er tnetaUori^m mock> ^ 
^ mpntibus e^odiuntur, deinde, aliorum fapidttm modo, in a^a-g 
*' riamfornact^ ctmponunturi tvfitfiienlh ali^t ifgrntrum atfhihitii 
^* acqnduntury ct i»C4tlcimvptmam eomnertdntuf^ . Modus htC'^*a/« 
^* eis coquend^ e bttuniinoEs lapk^rbua nm if a fridetn inventus ifi\ 
cum antea rantdm ad ignis ofum, inftar carbonuA) reUquoruno, ' 
'adhibiti fiK/int.*' -This dlfcove'ry of biirnmg rubb)e-eoa} iat6 
Km^e, is as nnknoiwn and as vakiable, I appifh^ndi as mj Lord 
Dundonaldy of extra<^ing tar from'k* I therefore reeommeiid 
|S> to the adlve expej%ient€iriftsQfulie'prereh!t times.r. r ^ • .« ^ 

often 



94 



6I»T. nr. OVER THB ALPS. - f 43 

ofetn iietrogradc in its movemeiKs; and the flood- 
tide of knowledge in one age, goes back in an ebb-* 
tide at another. To oiir equal fui^rifc and vexation 
at times, we find the antients pofCfled of degrees ot 
phyfiCal knowledge, with which we were moftljr or 
cntirdy un^acquainted ourfelves. I need not appeal 
in proof of thiis, to that extraordinary opeiiation or 
chemidty, by which Mofes reduced the golden calf 
to powder, and then gave it, mingled with water, as 
a' drink to the Ifraelitesi an operation, the mod dllH* 
cult in all the proceffes-of chemiftry, and concerning 
which it is a fufficient honour for the moderns to fay, 
that they have once or twice pradifed it, I need not ' 
appeal to the mummies of Egypt, in which the art ot 
embalming bodies is fo eminently difplayed, that all 
attempts at imitation have only (bowed, the infinite 
fuperiority of the original to the copy. I need not 
appeal to the gilding upon thofe mummies, fo frcfh 
in its luftre, to die ftained filk of them, fo vivid in 
its colours, after a Upfe of three thoufand years ; to 
the duftility and malleability of glafs, difeovered 
by an artift of Rome in the days of Tiberius, but in- 
ftontly loft by the immediate murder of thet man un- 
der the orders of the Emperour, andjuft now boaftetf 
vainly to be re-difcovered, by the wildly cxCentrick 
yet vividly vigourous genius of that Earl, who pro -► 
feflcs to teach law to my i-ord Chancellor and di- • 
vinity to my Lords 'the Bifhops, who pfopofes to 
fend a Ihip by the force of fteam^^with all die velo- 
^\xy of a ball from the mouth of a cannon, and who 
I p etends. 



144 C0U.K5B lOP .HANNIBAL Cff AP; U* 

pretends, by the power of fiis ftcam-impelled oars, 
to beat the waters of the ocean into the hardncfs of 
adamant ; or to the burning-glaffes of Archimedes, 
recorded in their efFedts by credible writers, actually 
imitated by Proclus with Archimedes's own fucceis 
at the fiege of Conftantinople, yet boldly pronounced 
by fpme of our bed judges demonftrahly impradica- 
ble in themfelyes, and lately demonftrated by fomc 
faint experiments to be very praaicable ; the (kill of 
the moderns only going fo far, ,as to render credible 
the praftifes of the antients K I appeal only to a 
point, of a more familiar nature. Pliny had told us, 
that oil thrown over the furface of an agitated fea, 
would allay its fury, and ftifl it into a calm; and 
that the divers of his age fpurted oil out of their 
mouths in diving, becaufe it took off from the rough- 
nefs of the water, arid let down the light upon? 

m 

I 

^ The adoni filing fktil of the antients in all branches ofv 
knowledge merely human, has been laid open in a work which is 
but little known, and yet is one of the moft learned, original, 
and (I bad almofl fdid) convincing works, in any language per* 
haps. Such is the ftiange fate of publications at times ! This is 
entitled ** An enquiry into th^ origin of the difcoveries attributed 
^ " to the moderns, tranjlaied from the French of the Rev. Mr. Du- 
*'ten5, reSlor tf Elfdotif Northumberland: with confideraWe addi- 
" tions communicated by the author. London — 1769/* The 
work is reecningly as Angular in its hiflory, a;> it is in its nature, 
see p. «37— '240, 240— 24i» *S4"^*^o> and 3»3— S33. The writer 
too is the author of that Iiinerajy in French, which is becom^e 
the companion of all our travelling gentry, and (h< fource of half 
iheir written remarks ; but which I have been obliged to refute^ 
in o»c point above concerning the Alps. 

them. 



8*0 1. Vtk OVER THE ALPS. 1 45 

dbem'. This wa$ fueh an afcription of miraculous 
ix>wer to A funple Uquidl, however authenticated ia 
appearance by the praftice of the divers j as pro- 
vokedj I believe, the fneer of every pretender to 
philofophicalieafon, whQ read it. Yet fad has very 
recently proved the do£bine to be true> and the mo- 
dems have bcqi obliged with a bliifh, even qn <Jjch 
a petty goint as this, to bow down in reverence to 
the fuperior knowledge Qf the anrients ^ 

i Pliny 11. 104. "Hycme marc calidius ciTe, autumno falfias, 
^ omne oiio tranquUlari\ €t> oh idy Urinatores ore JPargere, quoniam 
'' mt'tgtt naturam aj^eram^ hi^em^M dtf^rtiP*'*^ 

^ To the fame principle as Pliay^s I attribute a phasnomenon 
on the furface of the fea^ thai flrikes diredtly upon the attention of 
every ne*vo furveyor^ yet is paffed over without remark by men ac- 
caftomed to the iight, and b^s pbftzled every critick to whom I 
have B^en pointing it oat for ye^rs. This is the fireaks of fmooth 
water, which run frequently along the furface of the fea, and are 
jlrongly contrafbed in windy weather by the rough and dark wa* 
ter at their iidei. A fiip or a boAff paffing throi|gh the waves, 
^ffves juft fiub a track of Uquid' light behind it. The oil of the 
pitch and tar, with which the bottom of the veflel is coated over, 
roisces more or Icfs with the water, and produces this beautiful 
€ffc£t. But what produces it, when no veiTel has ^tely gone in 
()ie dire^ioa ? We then fee thefe long and narrow mirrours, as 
it were, though they have never. been noticed perhaps in any fea* 
piece of painting, running frequently in different diredlions, re- 
gularly defined at the fides, and extending for a good length. 
Thefe I b^ve noticed only upon the coaft^ in a haf]^pur> or it\,a 
tide-riveri ^inci they are occafiqned, I coftje^uri,hy{ome oily and 
unduous matter, which has been difcharged into th^fegfrom 
the vefFels, the kitchens, and the privies upon it ; which^ asHoat^ 
ing on the water, yet adhering tenacioufly together, is not caiiljf 
diffipated by winds or waves, is therefore flraigh^ened into rigke 
lines, or doubled into curves, by^ both, and then lencjs (he moft vi- 
fible fmoothnefs to the agitated waves themfelvci* 

Vol. II. L Thefc 



14^ COURSE OF HAJ^NISAL CHAP* 11* 

Thcfe notices are fufficient to reprcfs that pctu- • 
lance of ridicule, with which the incident is fiire to be 
always treated at prefent, by the unthjnking gene- 
,rality of our countrymen. But in order to .convince 
the thinking, and to difpcl the doubts hanging upon 
their minds, let me now come clofer to the point. 
Livy informs us, that Hannibal made ufe of vinegar 
and fire, for fplitting the rocks of the Alps. Livy 
,was no naturalift, and had merely to Vecord the fa6t. 
But Pliny was; and in that very curious but much 
neglefted work, that grand magazine of antient fci- 
cnce, his Natural Hiftory, has left us fome intima* 
tions, which unite by a lucky accident in confirming 
the truth of the hiftorian. In one of thefe, he Ihows 
fire and vinegar to have been commonly ufed in the 
mines of Spain, for the breaking even of flints. In 
mines, he notes, "men find flints; thes£ they br€ak 
'* WITH FIRE AND VINEGAR ; but, as vapour and 
*' fmoke are fuflbcating in mines, they ofiiener ipNt 
** them with iron wedges and hammers of the fame 
*' metaP."' Nor was this procefs confinecj to flints, 
or peculiar to the Spaniards. It was extended to 
rocks ; and known by Pliny, known by the world at 
large, to be fo extended. " Vinegar," adds the na- 
turalift; " is a complete fubduer, not only of meats" 
by promoting digcftion, " but of very many fub- 

• 

' Pliny zzxiii.. 4. ** Occarfant— filiccs 5 hos igai ct aceto 
,'< ruinpunt; faspius vero, quoniam in can iculis vapor €t fain us 
*' ftrangulat, caedunt fradtaris j** and " in filice — eft — terra, — cu- 
** neis earn ferrcis aggrediuntur, et iifdem nuUeis.'* 

" ftances 



^■ 



SECT* 1V» OVIR THB ALPS. I47 

"ftances befidej when poured upon rocks, it 

" BREAKS THOSE WHICH' AN ANTECEDENT FIRE 
*' COULD NOT BREAK ""/' 

t 
/ 

, Yet the ftory of Cleopatra's diflblving the union-^ 
pearl in vinegar, carries the knowledge of this fecm- 
ingly chemical principle into an earlier, period than. 
Pliny's, and to a much greater diftance than Rome* 
Pliny himfclf relates the fac?:, and is very particular 
in his narration ; but I fhall cite only the parts, that 
come immediately to my prcfent purpofe. In con* 
fequence of a wager with Antony, that fhe would 
give him an entertainment cofting eighty thoufand 
pounds, and ** acco/ding to the commands of Cleo- 
" patra," he tells us^ " her attendants fet only one 
** veffel before her, a vciflel of vinkoar, the 

" roughness AND^TRENOTH of which DISSOLVED 

" PEARLS — ; and, while Antony was looking on to 
•* fee what fhe was going to do, Ihe took an union-*- 
** pearl out of one of her ears, plunged it into th£ 
" VINEGAR, waited till it was LiQiriFiED, and 
" then SWALLOWED IT — : (he wais alfo preparing 

"to DISSOLVE the pearl IN HER OTHER EAR, by 

" THE SAMS PROCESS i but was prevcntcd by Plan- 
" cus •?.'* This pearl was worth more than forty 

thoufand 

V 

» Plinjr xxiii. 1. "In totiim ddmitrix vis hac non ciborum 
" modo eft) verum et rerum pluyimarum 1 faxa rumpit infufum, 
** quae non ruperit ignis antecedens." 

/ ^ Pliny ix. 35. "ExpraBcepto,.mini{lri unlim tantumvas ante 
y earn pofuere^ aceti^ cujus afperitas vifque in tabem inargarit»s 

La ' • •'icfolvitj 



14^ COtTR$B OF HAKTNIBAt CFTAP. IT. 

thoufand pounds of our money. Nor let us cheat 
ouifelvcs into a belief of the whole ftory, which is 
too well authenticated to need any collateral aid ; by 
iuppofing the liquid was one ftudioufly prepared by 
fome cunning chemifl of Alexandria, and falfely de- 
ftominated vinegar \ Pliny himfelf has related a 
diflblution of the fame nature, as previou/fy cffedted 
at Rome itfelf It was there effefted, he tells us, 
. ^* upon union-pearls of great price> by Clodius the 
*^ fbn of ^fop the tragcedlan ; who, being left by 
him the heir of a very ample fortune, refolved that 
Antony fliould not glory too niiich in his trium* 
*' virate, compared with one who waS next to a 
«* player/* He therefore drank off a liquified pearl 
6f great value, " without any wager laid upon the 
** event, which would have been a more royal mode 
^^ of adling," as it \iras Cleopatra's, « and merely 



tt 



€C 



•*refolvitj gerebat autem cum maxime fingulare illad, ct Ver^ 
** nature unicum opus," of which "duo fuerc maximi unioncs 
" per omnc aevum," he fays before j " itaque expeftantc Antoniof 
•* quidnam effet aftura, detradlum alteram merfit, ac liquefaftum 
" abforbuit : injecit alteri maoum L. Plancus, — eum quoft|ue pa- 
•* tanti fimili modo abfuQiere.** 

• Dutens»53— 254. "I fay, in a kind of vinegar, for atpre- 
*' fent we know not of any that can produce this effect : hvit as the 
*' fad is fo well attefled, we muHt thence doaclude that the queeii 
** added fomething to the vinegar, omitted by the hiftorian 5 and 
•' that Diofcorides — ^ wh6 was her phyficjan^ aflifted fcer at that 
•* time with his aid, in enabUng her thus to gain the wager—. 
** But even the queen herfelf was a great adept in this^rt, as ap- 
" p^ars from fome of her performances, ftill prefervcd in the libra- 
*^ rits.of Paris, Venice, and the Vatican." 

'"that 



UCT. IV. OVEK THE AtPS. J49 

^^ that he might have jthe gloiy, cff making bb palate 
" to perceive how pearls tailed/" Nor was he con- 
tent with this ; <' but as they were wonderfaUy re- 
'^ liihing, that he might not enjoy the luxury tlone> 
" he gave bis guefis an union-pearl each to fmdUm^!* 
This (hows the praftice of diflblving pearls in vin^* 
gar, to have been not confined to Cleopatra^ not 
peculiar to the cunning chemifts of Alexandria, but 
known before at Rome, and at Rome afloniihingly 
familiar too. For that thefe Roman diflblutions wene 
equally with Cleopatra's made in vinegar, is plsunly 
intimated by Pliny^ and is expreisly aflerced by 
Jiorace. 

Tilius ^fopi detra^am ex aure Metell^, 
Silicet ut decies foliduin ezforber«t, acm 
IJil uit iniignem baccam ^ : 

A pearl of price, drawn froinMetelIa> ear^ 

The Ton of ^fop plunged in vinegar \ 

Then with proud luxury quafed the melted mafs. 

That in one draught eight choufand pounds might pafs* 

yiox need we clofc this lift of phyfical miracles fmd 
paradoxical luxuries, here. Caligula alfo, as Sue- 
tonius informs us^ ^^'fwallowed the moft precious 

P Pliny IX, 35* " Prior id fecerat Rom« in unionibus magna. 
** taxationis Clodius Tragoedi ifefopi fitius, rcliftusab eo in am* 
plis opibus hseresy ne in triumviratu fuo nimis fuperbiat Anto** 
nius, pene hiftrloni comparatus; et quidem nulKi fponfione ad 
** hoc prpdufta, quod id magis regium crar, fed ut expcriretur in 
*' gloria palati quid faperent margaritae s atque utmire p)acu$re, 
" nc folus hoc fclret, fingulos uniones conviviis [convivisj abfor* 
*' bcndos dedit." 

% Horace Sac. ii. 3. 239— >4i. 

L 3 /^pearls 






1 50 COURSE OF HANNIBAL CHAP. If^- 

t 

"pearls liquified iA vinegar ^" So fimilar are all 
thefe incidents to Cleopatra's ! So ftrongly do they 
unite, to ftiow her liquefadion made with one and^ 
the fame liquid as theirs! That we know of no 
mere vinegar, which will diffolve pearls; cannot be 
alledged, I apprehend, becaufe we know of no wealth 
(I fuppofe) that has ever ventured upon an experir 
.ment fo coftly. • Nor fliall we in all probability ever 
hear of fuch an experiment, till the wealth of Cleo- 
patra devolves to fome perfon, as oft'entatioufly pro- 
fiife as herfelf ; or till the accufniilated wealth of a 
world fhall again center in one city,' and generate that 
wild f] eak of prodigality in an emperour, in the very 
foh of a player, to thinly of quaffing the wine 'of 
fearU % - 



r Suetonius, Caligula 37. ^' PretiofiHimas margaritas, acetq 
^' liquefadtas, forberet." 

* I think I have read of Aich. a wine by name, in fome of thofe 
oriental romances, jn which Fancy, like another Phaeton, feems 
to mount their own orb of day, dazzles without illuminating the 
Earth, and -burns without brightening* the Heavens. 
. Pliny alfo records a «rf</ictf/ experiment with vinegar (xxiii. 1), 
that deferves to be known, and carries a near relation to my pre* 
fent fobje6l. *^ Non efl praetereundum in eo exemplum ingens: 
** iiquidem M. Agnppz/upremis fuij annis confliflatusgravi mor- 
/ ♦• bo pedum/' the gout, I believe, ** cum dolorem wm perpeti 
" nequiret, unius mcdicorum portentoja fcientia, ignoraptp Divo 
V Augufto^ tanti putayit ufu pedum fetifuqi^e omnicarerf^ durtimodo 
f ' ct doloie illo careret, (^emerfy in (icetum calidum curribus in acer- 
f* rimo impetu morbi." . Would heated vinegar^ thus applied, 
liow take away all feeling and fenfe ? Or would any phyllcian no^V 
4are to adopt this " portentous" proof of knowledge, and prc- 
fcribe a bath of vyarm yinegar in th^ high'eft violence of a p^* 



S2CT.lv, OVER THE ALPS. ' I<I 

- But leaving the natural hiftorian to fettle the mode 
and means of thelp diflblutions, which throw a ftrong 
light collaterally upon the pradtice of the Spanifh 
miners, in fplitting flints at times with fire and vine- 
gar, and upon the pradice of many nations, in heat- 
ing rocks with fires and pouring vinegar upon them, 
in order to break them up i I go on to pbferve, that 
from thefe adions Hannibal undoubtedly adopted 
* his, and only ufed the means which he knew to be 
ufed by others. Nor let us lull our ynderftanding^ 
afleep, and lofe our powers of judgment in the 
dreams of fancy, by fuppofing Hannibal, like Cleo- 
patra, Clodius, and Caligula, to have waited the flolv 
, progrefs of a diflblving menjiruum S His time was tOQ 
precious, to \ft wafted in a chemical operation. His 
vinegar was not ufed as a diffolvent ; and his fire was 
only to aft, as equally a facilitating means for break- 
ing up the rocks. Previous to the introduftion of 
giinpowder into mines, it was ufual in the Englilh 
and the German to fplit the rocks with fires, and, juft 
as Hannibal's were Iplit, with fires of wood. It is . 
indeed the moft anticnt method of fpUtting rocks in 
mines, that we find recorded in hiftory -, being no- 
^ced vby Diodorus Siculus, as praftifed in fome of 
the mines of Egypt \ Accordingly we know thi^ 

< Some l^ave been almoft ready tQ fuppaff , that Hannibars 
vinegar was '^ quale fere eft illud quod in ofEcinis Aqua Fort is ap^ 
^'pel]atnr» quae ferrujn ipfum conrumic'* (Graqviqs'fi Th^fiiUTttf 

» Wat&n'sCJicmicalfiffiiysJ. ^44-^344v: 

l-^ method^ 



V 



154 .COURSE OF HANNIBAL CHAP. I U 

method, not to be yet funk entirely in difufe among 
^s"^; and we find it continued familiarly in Switzer- 
land and the Vallais, to the days of Simler. ^* In 
^^ our time/* he fays, " the miners aft nearly in the 
^' fame manner as Hannibal afted ; breaking with 
^' fire the hardeft veins of metal, which are rich in 

• • « 

** themfelves, but too flrong for the pick-axe ; be- 
^' caufe fire fo foftens the hardeft rocks, that they 
^ become Britde *.*' In thefe exertions of fubterra- 
neous induftry, however, we find no application of 
vinegar ; though we do in the Spanifh mines for the 
breaking of flints, and in many mines for the fpiit- ^ 
ting of rocks, Yet vinegar has no aftion upon 
ilints in general, refharks an eminent chemift; and^ 
JPliny rpight mean ^perhaps a particular fpecies of 
fhem, whic*h is called Chert^ is found in beds within 
bur own country, and raifed in large qtiatitities at 
Bakewell in Defbylliire, in order to grind other 
^intsby it for the ufe of potteries y. This conjefture 
i believe to be very juft; as Pliny's flints are great 
in^ffes of very hard flone, obilrufting the progrefs of 
the miner. " The gold that is dug in adifs" he 
inforrns us, ^^ is called canal gold-^ : thefe canals of 
^' veins run through marble rocks^ and the fides of 

▼ Watfon'8 Chemical Efliys i. 344—345. 

» Simlcr *i9. " Koftra aetate metallici eodem fere modo du- 
•* riflimas venas metallorum, foecundas, fed impatiehtes fcrri| igW 
ff frangunt 5 is <;nim dHriffiina faza ita mollis at mfudme fian( 
V fragilia.'* 

J Wa^fon^s Chemical Effays i, 347 tpd ii. ajs^— 463. 



fiECT. IV* PVE^ THE ALPS. I $2 

'* the aJitSf here and dieit; ahd thence have their 
*• Dame; while the earth is propped up by pillars of 
** timber :— ^another mode" of mining *^ beats the 
** works of the giants j Jhafi^ are funk to a vaft depths 
** and the mountains arc lioUowtd by candle-light — : 
'* in hfb kinds of mines are found, Jthits j thefc they 
** break with fr^ atui vinegar,** This was the prac- 
tice in the days of Hannihalj retained ftill to the days 
of Pliny. " But" in the days of Blihy a new mode 
had been adopted -, md, though the other was (till 
contmued> this was " more frequently" ufed. " Be- 
^^ caufe vapour and fmoke are fufibcating in fhafc$ 
^* [Pliny means mines in general], Aey hew down 
^' the flints in mafTcs of about 150 pounds each, and 
^' bear the maffes on their (houlders night and day, 
'* delivering them in the dark to the ncareft party; 
^^ whije the remoteft is in daylight. If the flinc 
>* appears pretty long, they follow the fides of it, fur^ 
*^ rounding it with a trench. Yet we may more 
^^ eafily judge of their labour, in the flint itfclfi fpr 
- ^* It is an earth of a kind of clay mixt with grit 
** (they call it white) almjl inexpugnable j they aflfail 
^ it with iron wedges, and with hammers of the fame 
^* met^l* and think nothing harier than /Z^," The 

flin? 

' 2 Pliny xxziii. 4. ** Qaod pateis foditur, canalicium vocant — ; 
^' hi venarum canales per marmor vagantur, ct latcra puteoruoif 
'* et hue iliac [hue et illuc] ; inde nomine inycntoj tellufque lig« 
'' neis columnis fufpenditur :-»» tenia ratio opera vicerit GigaOf 
'* turn ^ cuniculis per magna fpatia adlis> tavantur mon(es ad lu- 
" ccrnarum lumiaa— ; occtMrfa&t ip utroqu^ gcQcrp iilicesi hoi 



J 54 COURSE OF HANNIBAJ. CHAP, II^ 

flint of Pliny, therefore, is the chert of our own 
times, lying in beds within our Derbylbire mines> 
and fo hard as to be ufed for grinding the common 
flints. Yet with all .this hardnefs, and though vine- 
gar is found to have no pperation , upon cbmmon 
flints J it affuredly has upon 'them and it, when it is 
m^de. to operate in the only form, t6 which Pliny 
has afcribed its ejffic^cy upon flints, in ionjunSiien 
with fire,' But- Pliny aflerts it to have fucb an effi-^ 
cacy, in Juch. a conjunSlion ; and- the modern cli€- 
mifl: with unconf^ious fophiftry contradids him, 
becaufe it has not hy it/elf. The fad is, I be- 
lieve, that vinegar has many virtues, with which 
the antients were familiarly acquainted, but of which 
the moderns are wholly ignorant ; which are to this 
day as feemingly myftcrious and incredible to us^ as 
the tranquillizing power qf pil upon water was within 
thefe few years 5 wliich fonie fuch lucky difcovery as 
Dr. Franklin's conc^ming^the oil, can alone' recall 
into credibility and ufe again; and which this very dil^ 
icrtatian of mine may perhaps ferve^ to bring before 

•* igni ct aceto^rumpunt J fxpius ycip, quoniara in cumcuKs [Pit- 
•* ny's argument requires the, word to be fodinis^ vapor et fumas 
** ilrangulat, csccJunt fraduris, cl libras rem' terrain [I fuppofe, 
*^ cl libras fere terrs] agentibus, egeruntque hameris no^^ibus ac 
«' cijebus, per tenebras proximis tracj^ntes; li^cem riovifjiipi cer- 
<^ nunt. Si longipr videtur filex, latns fequitur^T^/. latera fequun- 
♦♦turj, folTam ambit quiete \^Vet. foflam in ambita ducentesl. 
^^ Tamcn in'filice, facilius cxiftimatnr opera; eft nanque terra ex 
** quodam argilljc gencre, glarea; mida (Candidam vocant)jprope 
«' inexpognabilis : cnncis earn ferrcis aggrediuntur, ct iifdcm mal- 
>* }eis^ nihilquedjurius putantt" > . . 



flECT. IV. 



OVER THE ALPS. 



^55 

the mind of the publick, to carry to the tefl: of trial, 
\ and to fettle with the oil in all their anticnt reputation 
again. The credited efficacy of vinegar is ftrikingly 
apparent among the antients, in what I have already 
noticed; and much more ftrikingly apparent, than 
the credited influence of oil. It was ufcd for the ' 
diflblution of pearls, it was ufed for the breaking of 
flints, it was ufed for the Iplitting of rocks; and was 
affuredly found an inftrument ufefully powerfijl^ in all 
thefe operations^ 

Modern times indeed fecm to hav^. difcarded the 
agency of vinegar, as they had once difcarded equally 
the efficacy of oil. We lj)lit our rocks in mine^ 
with gunpowder, and our mafles of moorftone with 
wedges, at prefent. But we fee Tome fafts, even in 
our own time, and within our own ifland, that Ihow 
the ufe of a liquid cooperating with fire, to prepare 
jnoorftones and rocks for fplitting, under the ftrokc 
of a hammer or the point of a pickaxe. I allude to 
fome, that have never yet been noticed by the pen of 
natural hjftory; authors, in this kind of literature 
particularly, being the mere train-bearers of jlic 
world, coming after it at a relpeftful diftance, and 
Jiolding up that to view which would only trail oqi 
the ground bel^ind it. 



At Abury in Wiltfhire are the remains of a fa-» 
mous temple of the Britons, compofed of huge mafles 
pf eredled rock, that h^ve l^een coUefted from the 



15^ COURSE pr HAN'NIBAL CHAP* 11. 

iurface of the downs adjoining,^ as Ibmc ftill appear 
upon Marlborough downs; arc generally denomi- 
natpd Sarfensj by the people of die country ; and are 
proverbially diftinguiftied among them, for their 
hardnefs*. Yet thefe Hones, fo hard in themfelves, 
have been lately fplit by the natives in a manner, 
very nearly refembling HannibaFs proccfs with the 
rocks of the Alps, and only fubftituti^g a fimple li- 
ijuid for a ftrong one. About the year 1 694, a felf- 
taught Hannibal of Abury firft invented the mode of 
dcmolilhing thefe ftones by fire and water ; and exe- 
cuted it with fifcccfs. Tlien a fecond mhabitant of 
the place became peculiarly eminent, in this Alpine 
3dnd of operation \ gloried in his greater fuccefs ; 
and e(;lipfed the honour of the firft difcoverer, ** The 
** method," fays one who juffly regrets the exertion 
of this Spanift) kind of ingenuity, upon fuch a vene- 
rable monument of antiquity, " is to dig a pit by 
♦* the fide of the ftone^ till it falls down; ^tutohtam 

* Sarfenh derived byDr, Stukclcy in his Abury ?6, from 
the Phcenician Language; in accomodation to a wild hypothefis» 
which the Irifh have lately revived again, without fcenaing to 
\ii\ovf to whom they were originally obliged for it \ and by which 
they and the Dodlor would plant a colony of Phoenicians^ in defi- 
ance of all hiftory, upon the face of thefe Britiih ides. But it is 
only a Ccltkk word, fignifying a rock or a rough thing. Carreg 
(Welih) a ftone, Carraigh (Irifh) a great fttviepitchcd upon an 
<Knd, Carn (Armorick) a rock, and Cam (W and I) a heap of 
ilones, do all come from Garbh (I) Garw (W) Haru (Cornifb), 
and Aru» Saru (A) rough or rugged ; and all terminate in Am, 
Carn, Gam, Sam (A) a rock, Sam (Aaod W) a pavement of 
4^on6s. $arfm therefore is a native terra, for the native blocks 
pf Q|ir ipQors, 



y 



SECT. IV. OVER THE ALPS* ^57 

^ tmny loads of ftr aw under it: they draw lines of 
^^ water along ity when heated i ^d then, with Jmart 
^^Jlrokes of a great Jledge-hammer^ its prodigious bulk 
•* is divided into many lejfer farts ^.** 

But, what is very remarkable, the very feme pro- 
cefe appears to have been equally purfijed, by an 
Engfifti gentleman in Scodand ftiH more recently* 
Aaron Hill, that ftar of literature which would havt 
ffaone with confiderable brightnefi, if it had not hap- 
pened to be fo near to the fun in Pope, and which 
ftill ihone brightly, in fpite of all the envioufly eclipf- 
ing M^t of that i even he, among other adventures 
of a fpirit vigourous and enterprifing, formed the 
pkui of bringing timber from the Highlands, for the 
wfe of our royal navy#. In 1728, therefore, he fent 
the trees in chained floats down the Spey, " In their 
^ paflage,'* adds his biografrfier, " he found a great 
^ obftacle in the rocks/' But either apprized of the 
mode ufed in Wiltlhire, or (as feems from a variation 
in his conduft) adopting the mode from the fug- 
geftions of his own mind, he removed the rocks by 
the ufe of fire and water. Upon them " he ordered 
^^ fires to ht made when the river was low, and ^etst 
'* quantities of water to be thrown^* not drawn in lines 
upon the l^pated furface of the Tock, but thrown in 
fcoops or fiieets upon it; ^^by which means they were 

* Stakclcy'8 Abury »5, 1 5, 16, X2, and M- 

^hr(duM 






15? COURSE OF HANNIBAL CHAP. ILi 

« broken to pieces and thrown dowriy fo that the paP 
*' fage became cafy to the floats ^" 

Thele incidents fiiow us very ftrongly the natural 
recourfe of the human mind, in difFerent ages, and at 
different regions, to fuch united inftruments of opera- 
tion as fire and liquid, for better fplitting of rocks* 
The firft liquid applied was probably water i the firft 
wliich was brought upon the table, the firft which 
was ufcd in mechanical operations. Then refine- 
ment, arguing frojn the efficacy of vinegar in dif- 
folving fome fubftances, expcdted from it a greater 
aftivity than water had/ in preparing rocks for the 
pickaxe. Vinegar could not have been fo ufed, till 
wines were made y, and Jlegar^ which is its primitive 
appellation in all thefe weftern regions of Europe, 
ftill retained in the north of our own kingdom, 
though totally unknown in the fouth of it, could not 
have been fo applied before ale was firft brewed in 
Egypt. Nor could refinement have ever adopted 
vvinegar, if water had been equally efficacious. And 
water preferved its credit only in thofe regions, where 
refinernent had not entered, .and where the diffolving 
virtues of vinegar were not celebrated. • - 

Nor let us hefitate and paufe in our application of 
vinegar to the rocks of Hannibal, concerning the na- 
ture of thefe rocks. The fummits of the Alps arc 

« A new and general Biographical Diaionary. i7«4.. A.HiU. 

almoft 



5fiCT. IV. OVER THE ALPS* 1 59 

almoft .entirely, of granite, the conftituent Jirata of 
the earth not lyingi as it has been reafonably furipif^d 
they did lie, according to their fpecific gravities, but 
the hcavieft fpreading in this inftance over the top of 
all } and hence are fo many blocks of granite found in 
the channels of the Alpine rivers> beaten down from 
the fummits by the fweeping of the rains, the driving 
of the fnows, or the felling away of the fides ^. Thefc 
granites, except they be previoufly pulverized, can- 
not be fufed by the moft violent fires of the fiirnace 
itfelf^ , But in their native (late they repofe upon a 
bed, of either calcareous or free (lone ; which runs in 
horizontal banks through the mountains, to the very 
bale of them /. Hence are derived, fays the natural 
hiftorian of the Alps, *^ the fragments of marble, and 
■" of other iiinds of calcareous ftpnes, that- are found 

"^ Coxe i. 516, fpeaking of the valley of St. Gothard, and the 
ReuGj burlling through it, fays, *' on each fide" are ** invmenfe 
** fhattcjcd blocks of •ranite, of a beautiful greyifli colour (and of 

which the fummits of thefe Alps are compofcd) confufedly 

piled together.*' In ii. 29. he adds : " large ftones of granite 
** are ufually found at a fmall diftancc from the extremities of the 
" glacier 5 ihcfc Hones have certainly falten from the mountains 
*< upon the iqe/* SaulTure \» 14.3. *^^ Les hauces fommites de« 
*' Alpes font prefquc toutes de ce genre dc pierre," the granite. 

<" Sau/Turei. i66. "Meme par le feu le plus violent des four- 



4« 



'" neaux." 



*■ Sauflure 1. 201. " Lefand^-furlequel Hs [blocs de granit] etc 
'** depofcs, crt de pierre calcaire oii de grcs.'' In i. 216. he fpeaks 
of Tome granites, "par une bafc de rocher calcaire, fur lequel 
'* chacun d'eux repofe 5 cettc bafe eft une continuation les bancs 
" horizontaux dc la montagne/* Bourriti. 233. " Les calcaires 
*' compofent les parties les plus bafTes dc« Alpc?/' 

' *^ very 



cc 

€€ 



l6a COURSE (^HANNIBAL CHAP, It; 

** very frequent on the borders of the Jake*' of Gene- 
va, '^ on the banks of the rivers, and in the interiour 
" of our hills 8." This kind of ftonc, he acjds, " is 
<' eafy to be diftinguifhed hj its nio^erate hardneis, 
its diJfblubUity (and with elFerveicence) in acidsy and 
its coirverjion into quicklime by the aSitm cf fire ^Z' 
In the firft ideas of Hafinibal's adventure, dierefore^ 
we fliould feck for rocks of free or calcareous ftone^ 
as the objefts of his ingenuity \ and hope to encounter 
no rocks of granite, with him. But, as in fiu5l Han- 
nibal did not want to fufc any rocks, we need not be 
apprehenfive of granites; and, as Hannibal did not 
wifh to diflblve any in his acids, or to convert any 
jnto quick-lime by his fires, we need not be folic!- 
tous for either calcareous or free ftones. There is 
indeed a confiderable difference in the fubftance of 
the Alps, between the northern and the (buthern 
mountains. Though the northern, or thofe of Swit- 
zerland, are Gompofed ofvaft maffca^moft totally cal^- 
careous ; yet the fouthern, or thofe of Italy^ are not. 
The latter do not form fuch broad and regular chains 
of calcareous rock, as the former. Nor ve die cal- 
careous mountains in the paffage by mount Cenis, in 

s SaufTure i. 131. <' Les fragmens de marbre et des autres ef-. 
'* peces des pierres ca1caires> fe rencontrent tres-frequemment fur 
'' les bords du Xac, des rivier^s^ et dans rintefleur des nos col- 
*'• lines." 

h fiauiTure i. 131. '* Ce genre eft facile a recolmoitre 1 fa durerf 
** tnediocie; fadiffolubilite/ctaveceffcrvefcenccjdanslesacidesi 
*' fa converfion en chaux vive par i*a£lton du feu \ font des carac- 
" teres, qui nc font point equivoques.*' 

the 



EICT. IV. OVEk, THE ALPS. l6l 

the roads over the two St. Bernards, in the ways 
over the Simplon and St. Gpthard, fit to be cohit 
pared with the calcareous mountains on the north K 
In thofe^ adds Sauflure, " the laminated rocks, the 
** granites, even reach down to the plains, and, if 
" there be any calcareous mountains, they are fcat- 
** tercd^." We are thus confined in our operations 
to granites. But what kind of granite^ are they? 
Sauflure himfelf (hall tell us. « St. Remy/' he re- 
marks, '* is the laft village that one finds upon this 
" route," upwards and from Italy: " in Tallying out 
*^ of this village, one paflcs along a narrow road, 
*^ carried over a laminated rock, abounding in quartz 
" and mica 5" the quartz being one of the principal 
ingredients in granites, at once the cement and the 
bafis of many of them ^ ; the mica being one of 
the mod coj;nmon ingredients, both in granites and 
in laminated rocks"". " This rock" near St. Remy, 
adds Sauflure, " divides in plates even and regular 5 
** thofe, which we favv at St. Remy, were fetched 
"from this mountain'^ J" And thofe are thus de- 

fcribed 



i Sauffare iv. 215 — 216. 

k Sauflure iv. 215. " Da cot6 meridional, au contraire, les 
"roches fcuillerees, les granits, meme arrivent jufqu' aux plainesj 
•* ct, s'il y a dcs montagnea calcaires, elles font cparles." 

i SaufliKciv. 137 and 138. 

» SauiTure i. 129 — 130. 

» Sauflure ir. 2*2. ** St. Remy eft le dernier village, que 

'* Ton rencontre fur cctte route—. En fortant du village, on 

"pafl'cpar" &c. "Le fenticr que Ton fait eft trace — fur unc 

"xochc fuillct^c quartzcufe et micacee, qui fc divife en dalles 

Vol. II. M , "planes 



cc 

(C 

cc 



b62 course of HANNIBAL CHAP; IE,. 

fcribed by him before : " I admired at St. Remy the 
*^ laminated and very hard reeks, which fcparate of 
*' thcmfelves into tables perfeSlly even and perfeSlly 
" drejfedi their matter is white quartz mixed with ; 
" yellow mica, and there are thin beds of this micia, 
" the parts of which, having little cohcfion between 
^^ them, make die ftone to fplit according to their 
diredion. I meafured one of them in the yard of 
the inn : it was^jv feet in length and three in breadth^ 
yet not more than two inches, in thicknefs".'* Thefc 
are the very rocks of Hannibal, all formed in long 
thin layers, all feparaiing cafily into flabs fmooth and 
regular. If then the folid and un- laminated rocks of 
Abury yielded to fires of ftraw, to lines of water> 
and to ftrokes of fledge-hammers j thefe of St. Re- 
my might well fubmit to accumulated fires, of wood/ 
the infufion of vinegar, and die point of the pickaxe. 
They would break up indeed under all, very readily, 
in long and wide flakes of rock; and fo expedite the 
work of reducing the perpendicular clifF, very great; 
ly. Lying probably, in the funken ftate of the planf 

** planes ct rcguliercsj ceUes, que nous avons vucs a St. Remy, 
*' font tirces de cettc montagne." 

o Sauffurc iv. 211. " J' admiral a St". Remi des roches feui-IIe- 
** tcts, tre«-durc8, qui fe fepai-cnt d'clles-mtmes en tables parfti- 
" tcmcnt planes, «t parfaitemcnt dreffccs; leur matiere eft de 
** quartz bianc, mclc de mica jaunatre j ct cc font des couciica 
** minccs^e ce mica, dont les parties, pcu coherentcs ^ntr'elles,. 
*' decident la pierre a (e Teparer fuivantlew direftif>n. J'en mc- 
** furai unc dans l»cour de Taubergef elle avoit 6 pitds de lon- 
** gueur, et $ de largeur, fur une epaificur de 2 pouces as plus.'* 

of 



StCT. iv. ' OVER THE ALPS. 163 

of the road, with their edge's appearing on the fur- 
fece, and with their flabs dipping direftly downwards 
into the hollow; one flab of fix or feveh feet in 
height, and three or four in breadth, forming per- 
haps the whole breadth and height of the perpendi- 
cular wall i lines of vinegar, drawn along the glow- 
ing and gaping edges, would make them gape ftill 
more for the pickaxe. Then the cold of the vinegar 
above, a liquid colder than water, and the heat of 
the flame below, a heat greater in thefe thinly foli- 
ated ftones than in blocks wholly un-fbliated, afting 
in' direft oppdfidon tq each other, tins expanding 
and that CQntradting the fubftance of the ftone ; the 
whole mafs would be ready to fplit afunder in all its 
layers, from the impulfe of the two contrary powers ; 

. and infl:antly carry its tendency into operation, on 
feeling the point of the pickaxe between them. Jufl: 
when it fplit, the fl:onc would rry, as the phrafe of 
our workmen is in breaking Cornifli moorfl:ones with 

; wedges ; a circumftance, even noticed exprelsly by 
Silius Italjcus himfelf, concerning the very rocks of 
Hannibal i 

Dat gemitum patlens refoluto pondere moles.' 

Finally thefe flakes of rock, only two inches in 

thicknefs at the moft, and (liU glowing from the fires, 

would be beat up very cafily into rubbifh; ands 

thrown fo, as to flopc away the perpendicular wall 

into a regular defcent p. 

All 

P of what kind the ftones of« Abury are, is not cafy tobedif- 

M ft cerned 



/" 



164 COUAS:^ OF HANNIBAI. CHAP. ir. 

AU fenres to vindicate the phyfical poflibility of 
this extraordinary account in Livy, to the fuUeft ex- 
tent of it. Yet there is another poffibrlity ftill be- 
hind, which it is rcquifite equally to vindicate, in 
order to put this. long- exploded incident in a pro- 
per point of view. It is however an hiftorical one, 
lies within \ fhort compafs, and is merely this. 
However vinegar may have the power, of foftening a 
glowing rock for fplitting ; yet whence could Hanni- 
bal derive his vinegar, for that purpofe ? This 
queftion has been repeatedly propofed with all that 
air of triumph, with which ignorance often infults 
over knowledge, and folly wantons in imaginary con- 
quefts of wifdom. But let folly fupprels its broad 
grin, and ignorance keep in its vacant flare, while I 

cerned'thi'ough the ftiiftlng language of Stukelcy. " The ftone^^p 
** of which Stonehcnge is compofcd, beyond any controVcrfy 
** come from thofe called the Gray Weathers, upon Marlborough 
"Downs near Aburf (Stonehcnge 5)$ **^ the ftones ofthe Gray 
" Weathers are of a ballard fort of marhW (ibid,) 5 "pafling 
** from Marlborough hither," to Abury, ** 'tis the common topic 
•* ofaraufement for traveller?, to obferve the Gray Weathers on 
** Marlborough Downs, which are of the fame kindofflones as this 
" of our antiquity*^ (Abury 14) ; ** the ftone being a kind of marble, 
** or rather granite'" (16). Tjie raoorftoncs on the waftes and hill- 
** topy of Corn wall, Dcrbyfhire, Devon/hire, Yorkfhire, and other 
" place?/' are *^of a ^^r^^rnature than thefe, and macfh the fame 
" as the Egyptian ^r«»/7tf" (17). '' When broke, it looks whitilh 
** like marble i it would bear a good polifh, but fot a large quan- 
«* tity of bluiih granules of fand, which are foft, and give it zgray* 
*' ijb or fpecklcd colour" (ibid.). They are real granites, I believe, 
like Mr. Cojte's "blocks of granite of b. hc^Mtlial grejijb colcHjr'* 
(i. 316), and from this called Gray Wethers, 

reply 



SECT. IV. OVER THE ALPS. 1 65 

rc^ljr dccifivcly to the queftion. Hannibal did not 
carry the vinegar with him, in a jufl: forefight of the 
gulph that would come yawning acrofs his courfc, 
and in a formed rcfolution of applying it to the 
rocks. He could not forcfee, what even his guides 
did not expedt. , How then could he have his vine- 
gar, and fuch a quantity of it, ready for the work ? 
He had it thus. He carried his provifions with him, 
being obliged to dp fo ;' as he could not depend uJ)on 
the contingency of a fupply, from the nations below 
or upon the Alps, through which he was to march. 
For this reafon, as I have noticed before % he had 
luch a train of cars attending upon his army. - ** The 
V army of Hannibal," fays PolybJus, '^ could not 
*' poffibly carry with them through fo many places, 
" and for fo many myriads, an abundance of pro- 
** vifionsj and the greateft part of whnt they did 
*' carry was dejiroyedy when the cars were overturned*' 
down the precipices at the entrance ^J Of thefe 
provifions, the folids muft have been eafily recover- 
able, whether fleflimeat faked or un-falted, but falted 

<l In Vol. i.Chap, iii. §e£l. i. 

' Poly bias iii. 60. Ov\t yx^ ^tanoiju^iiy et; rocccvla^ fji,vftu^a^, hx 
i'oo'^cjv TOTTuvf ^avj/iX*) rat Trpoj t»jv rpo^vvri, o(ot r* vtcuf' a, n r.a% wap- 
xof/tt^op, a/ua T») rm vitol^vyiuiv aula^^Ofoc, xen r^m tcx. 9r?^i»r« avva^ 
vuXovlo, " For in a m^rchyo long and difficulty it was utterly impoIH- 
'• ble to bring with them fuch Aipplies, as might fully fatisfy the 
*• wants oi fo numerous an army; and even thofe which they had 
"brought were aim oil all loft among the precipices, with the 
** beafts that carried them," rav viro^vywv, the bcafts that dre<w 
them in the cars (i . 3 70 — 371 ) . 

M 3 afliiredly, 



■» 





l66 COURSE OF HANNIBAL CHAP. 11, 

aflSjrcdly, like that ©f our failors at prcfent. The :. 
liquids alone could have been loft by the fall. Tbefe 
muft have been entirely 16ft; as the barrek of liquor 
would dafh againft the. rocks in their fall, and be 
ftaved. Yet what was the common liquor of an 
army then ? It was vm egar. This we know to 
have been the ftated and cuftomary beverage, for the 
Roman foldiers j and to have been only a few years 
ago taken up from them by thofe, wha afFedl to call 
themfelves the Holy Roman Empire, the Itnperial- 
ifts of Germany in the war of. the Emperour Jofeph 
againft the Turks. We may therefore conclude it 
to have been equally fo for the Carthaginians, and 
fpr all natbns that had wine. We are fure, th^^ 
the Carthaginians ejLcluded wine itfelf from their 
camps ^s and are as fure, that neither they nor the 
RomaAs had any ale amoog them. The Romans 
and the Carthaginians, we alfo find, agreed very ex- 
aftly with each other in their ordinary food. This 
was equally with both, that kind of hafty-pudding 
Which was denominated Puis by the former*. We 

have 



/ 



. » Ariftotcles i. JEcon. cap. v, ETreiJ*/? >} t« o»»a 7r«cr»^ xajTaj 

l?c«vGepa? f^p45"a; 'wonxy xai ituTO^a, iGv/? eciziyriion r.cn tcjv e^ctScpwv, 0109 

K.a.fX'^^'^'^oitTri rpol**? x.T* ^' (Lipfius de Militia Romana 325. edit, 
ult. Antverpise. r€i4). ^ 

< Pliny xviii. ?. **Pulte autem, non pane, vixifTelongotem- 
«* pore Romanes, manifeiluna." Lipfius adds De Mil. Rom. 315 ; 
** Notum a Plauto fuhlfaros Romanos appellarij et in Ammian^ 
" eft de JulianoInipcraiore,jam incaftris, Caenaturopultis portio * 
'* parabaturexigua.'* But Cato in his Hufljandry defcribes very 
circumftaniially, what he calls cjfprcfsly " Puis Poenica'' (Grac- 



V1U5 



» ■ 

SECT. IV. OVER THE ALPS. 1 67 

have therefore an additional reafon for concluding, 
^ ,that the ordinary //j'/^^r of both was the fame at this 
period. And what the liquor or the food of the com- 
mon men was at home, naturally became the (land- 
ing provifion for the foldiers in the field. The mi- 
litary drink of the Carthaginians therefore, was the 
fame as the military beverage of the Romans fa mix- 
ture of vinegar and water, even that very mixture, 
which Appian dates exprefsly to have been the liquid 
of Hannibal at the rocks «; and known among the 
Romans by that appellation of Tojca, which is ftill 

» - V \ 

vius X. 1 500). This ** pu V which was a Knd of pudding made 
of meal, water, and faJt, fcafoncd with checfc, eggs, or honey 
<Gr«vius xii. 145 and »ji) 5 15 the fame « little varied, as what 
the generality of the common people m Italy brca^tfaft rkpwtzi 
prefent. This they now call by the kmdred and ^prally old ap- 
pcllation, oH polenta ; *' a fort of pudding made With the flower of 
^' Turkey-corn, on which, whilfe ft is hot, they fprcad fome frefh 
"batter, with the addition Cjf fome walnuts or a flici bf checfc, 
«'if they can afford it" (BareCti's Account of Italy li. 133. 
Dublin).-From this food, fo dreffcd, is derived ** f'ouls, Puis, 
« bouillie, B- ; — Pi^a, en Italieh, bouillie ; Fodr^ efpcce dcf 
« boi^illie en baffe Normandie ; Fouffate, bouillie en Meffin*^ 
(Bullet iii. a74); «nd from the trontempr, which a beef-fed En- 
glifhman (I fuppofc) entertained for fuch flcndcr kind of diet, 
that exprcffion in the north of England, " Pculfe and trafli," for 
- iny thing contemptible. Yet whence comes our application of 
Pulfe in elegant language, and of Pimffe in Spenfer's, to legumi- 
,nous plants 3 the latter meaning not feas, as Johnfon thmks. but, 
as analogy Ihows, pulfe ? 

But who {k^\ judge the wager won or loft ? 
That (hall yonder heard -groom, and none other, 
Which over the foufe hithetward doth poft. 

« Appian i. 545* ^^^' *** ^^"' - , 

. M 4 «fcd 



1 68 COURSE OF HANNIBAL CHAP. 11. 

ufed in the Milanefc for hender wine ^. Hannibal 
would thus have a full fupply of the requifite liquor, 
in his ftock of provifions for the army. His tools, 
and his vinegar, would be equally furnilhed from his 
attending ftorcs. His tools needed only to be thofe 
pickaxes for cleaving the rocks, which were ufed in 
opening the ground for the tent -poles; and thofc 
hammers for breaking the flakes into rubbiih, which 
\«rere equally ufed in driving the poles. And by ufing 
the vinegar juft as the men of Abury ufed the water, 
merely for drawing lines upon the burning rock j one 
or two barrels would be fufBcient^. 

Having 

^ Graevius x, ifoo, ** Po/cam hunc faifle volunt, quod qui- 
** dem vocabuluin pro tenui hodie vino apud Infubres ufcirpatur/* 

» Vcgetius iii, 3. " Frumenti ycro, vini, aceti, nccnon etiam 
" falisy oitini tempore neceflicas declinanda i" and in iv. 7. as pro- 
vifions again ft a iiege, ''.yi°i> aceti, ceterarumque frugum vel 
** pomorum^ congerendae funt copiae." Spartian in Pcfcennias 
Nig^rc. 10 fays, "juflitvinum in expcditionc nemincm bibcre, 
** fed aceto univerfos cil'e contentos/' This emperour, it is ob- 
ferved in c. ii, had " Marium ante oculos, — ct duces talcs j nee 
*' alias fabulas unquam habuit, nifi de Annibale ceterifque tali- 
" bus." Spartian in Hadrian c. 10 fays thus : " cibis etiam caf- 
, " trenfibus in propatulo libenter utens, hoc eft, larido, cafeo, ct 
" pofca, exemplo Scipionis JEmiliani, ct Metelli, ct au<5loris fui 
" Trajani/' But let me carry the notice, agreeably to the exam- 
ples here mentioned, into a higher period than the days of Vcge- 
tius, of Pefcennius Niger, or of Hadrian. In the records of our 
religion, St. John xix. 29, we have thefc words, " there was a 
•* veffel full oi vinegar f^" crxtvoc ev weilo o|tff fAsrov, This was not 
brought, as has been fuppofed by fome (Graevius v. 966), for t 
potion of comfort to the dying fufferers on the crofs. It was not 
given to cither of the thieves. Nor was it given to our Saviour 

himfdf. 



I. 

SECT. IV. ' OVER THE ALPS. 169 

Having now aflcrted both the p)iyfical and the 
hiftorical pqffibilityy of Livy's related incidents at the 
rock; I clofe a differtadon, which was abfolutcly ne- 
ceflary to the removal of prejudice, with a vindica- 
tion equally neceflary of their hiftorical certaipy. 
Livy indeed Ihould be, a fufficient witnefs for that 
certainty, and his evidence be acknowledged as valid 
hiftory. But mankind are governed by humour in 
the literary world, as well as in the focialj and a hu- 
mour has been (howing itfelf for fqme time among 
fcholars, as I have noted before, of raifing Polybim 
into an eminence un-merited in the hiftory of Han- 
nibal, and finking Livy intp a degradation uhde- 
ferved by him. Livy indeed has his faults, and I have 
freely reprehended them-j but Polybiushas his too, 
and I have as freely expofed thert. I have particu- 
larly fhown the former, to relate many, many cir- 
cumftances which Polybius omits, and which are of 
moment to thfe narrative. I have even Ihown him 
relating one, which is eflential to the completenels 
of Polybius's own hiftory, and yet is entirely omitted 
by Polybius's own pen ; the perplexed, the erroneous, 
the retrograde progreffion of the Carthaginians, in 
dl thofe wilds from the hill of ambufcade to the af- 

himfelF, till he cried " T thirft." It was too **,a vefTel/w// of vine- 
^ gar." From thefc circumllances, and from the preceding ac- 
count, it appears to have been a part of the drink* which was 
allotted to the foJdiery at Jerufalem, which was ^aken daily ODt 
of the {lores for them, aad diftributed in a proper proportion to 
this band of men. 



170 COTTRSE OF HANNfBAL CHAP. Tf, 

cent of St. Bernard, into which they had been drawn 
by the very guides of Polybius himfclf. Polybius 
indeed, in the prefent portion of our hiftory, does 
not omit merely the application of vinegar to the 
rocks, as the wild cry of thofe, who prefer Polybius 
to Livy upon that point, would lead us to fuppofc;, 
but mentions not even the trees cut down, the fireS 
made, or the pickaxes ufed upon the glowing rock. 
He takes- no notice of ir»y of the means 3 by which the 
work was cfFefted. He remarks only the refult of 
them all. Shall he then be urged as a filent witnefs, 
againft the ufc of (me of the means; when he is 
equally fuch a witnefs^ if he is any at aU, againfl: the 
«fe of every means ? Surely he fhall not. And that 
ever he has been fo urged, is a ftrong proof of the 
fooliftinefs of criticifm, looking only at a finglc 
point, and blind to every thing elfe; juft catching 
fight of a grain of fand, fixing its whole attention 
upon that, and loft to an univerfe befides. Let iis 
then hear no more of the filence of Polybius, as op<- 
pofed to the atteftation of Livy j unlefs all the fafts, 
dl the circumftanccs, equally omitted by Polybius, 
are meant to be equally annihilated with this ; unlfefs 
the rocks particularly we mean to break up with 
Polybius, without atr^ one operation interpojed for the 
purpoje. The declaration of Livy, the declaration 
'of Polybius, is fully competent for any incident, 
without wanting one to ftand by the fide df the other, 
and repeat his declaration. Nor have ever the fit- * 
vourers oi Uvy afcended tb that height of abfurdity, 

to 



SECT. IV, OVER THE ALPS.x , tjt 

to tear away from the hiftory all that he has omitted 
and Polybius hals noticed, and fo reduce the narrative 
to a naked fkcleton. But here Livy only does, what 
Polybius fhould in common-fcnfe have done before 
him ; only defcribes the inftrumental caufcs, while he 

« 

relates the combinedefFetSs, 

livy, however, is not the only wHter, who has » 
recorded the application of vinegar as one of thefe 
caufes. Juvenal fpeaks of it, as a fadt peculiarly 
charafteriftick of Hannibal-s expedition, and as a 
part equally credited with the whole. In the moft 
elevated of all his fatires, and in his highift flight oi 
panegyrick upon Hannibal, he vtrj properly c^lls 
out this grand aftion into view, and. places it in a 
central point of light. v 

Oppofuit Natara Alpemquc nivemquei 

Diducit fco^ulos, et montem rumpit acbto : 

Though Nature rears her Alps and piles htr fnows, 
, The (Irong rocks burfl, and the proud mountain bo*V«, 
Before his vinegar. 



This indeed is the raifed language of poetry, yet fiib- 
ftantiates the general truth very plainly. But Appian 
relates the incident, in all ihc fobernefs of profe. 
Hannibal ^^ came to the Alpine mountains," he fays, 
" and afcended them ; and, there being much froft 
^^ and fnow, he cut down timber, be burned i^, he 
" cxtinguiftied the afhes.with fire find vineoar, with 
" iron hammers he beat down the, rock when it wasr 

« thus 



IJl 



COURSE OF HANNIBAL 



CHAP, in 



« thus fbftencd, and formed a road v. " This is very 
pointed and particular, though it is not precifely juft; 
and comes in with great energy, to eftablifli the 
principal faft. But . Marcellinus fhows us the con- 
ttniung faith of the Romans concerning it, to the 
very laft. Hannibal, he informs us,/* cut down the 
" rock which was immenfely high; having previoufly 
^ diflblvedit with a great force of burning flames, and 
*' with, aainfufion of vinegar^.'* Thus authenticated 
by the united teftimonies of Marcellinus, of Appian, 
of Juvenal, and of Livy; the incident ftands upon 
the hiftory like a ftrong fortrefs built upon a hill, 
un-aflailable from its own barriers, more un-aflailablc 
ftill from its advantageous pofition, and laughing at 
all the impotence of hoftility from both. Yet let 
me, like a very cautious engineer, a Coehorrr or a 
Vauban in the polemicks of hiftory, add to the le- 
curity of the fortrefs, by throwing up a couple of 
redoubts before it: We arc not without a fimilar 
fe,6t in the annals of the Romans themfelves, at a 
period not very far from Hannibal's, and pHor to the 
days of Livy. When Metellus befieged the town of 
Elcudiera in Crete, as Dion Caffius tells us, forac 



y Appian 1, 545. ExOwif h 6W» ra A^w^a op*j, — BTTcQam ttaxuvo^^ — • 
^w»io? Tt WoXXw? acrvq xat xpwtff, mp {Mv v>,r,v reuvuf ti km xalax«»«yr, 

yiyvo[xivnP9 at^vfonq a-i^npociq ^^ocvuf, kui ooojroiut. 

* JMarcellinus xv. 10. p. 169— no. " Excifaquc rupc in im- 
" menfum data, quam cremando vi magna flammarun), acetoque 
infufo, diflblvit." - . 

traitors 



ic 
<c 



SECT. IV. OVER THE ALPS, I7J 

traitors within fixed upon " a certain tower, which 
was built of bricks, was very large, and very dif- 
ficult to be aflaulted ; moiftened it continually by 
night with vinegar," and raifed (I luppofe) a fire 
agairift it within ; •" thus rendered it vulnerable*^ to the 
battering-rams of Mctellus; " and he maftered the 
'' town by the treafon*." But, what is ftill more 
aftonifliing, we have a fimilar incident in modern 
hiftory, in the modern hiftory of Europe, and in his- 
tory fo modern as only the middle of the laft ctn-^ 
tury. When the duke of Guife went from France 
on his expedition to Naples, he had the fame appli- 
cation made to the walls of a tower, and he derived , 
the fame advantage from it \ So very clearly does 
the world appear, exercifing an art for the demolition 
of rocks and ftones, through a long train of ages ; 
though naturalifts have been wholly ignorant of it I 
So far behind the world are its very train-bearers, 
Ihuffling with unequal fteps after it, and too remote 
to behold its very movements! 

% 

* Dio XXXvi. 1 . p. 87. Yivfyov yaf tij»« o( vpoiihvltq ex T« ^Xiy^up 

^ Ibid, a note. ** Vide Harduinum ad Plinium xzxiii. i. 
" [Saxa rumpit &c.], qui in Neapolitana expeditione Hmili arte 
^' Dfam annocat.'* 



V. In 



/ 

/ 



/ 
\ 



174 COUKaB OF HANNIBAL CHAP. lU 



V. 



In this manner then, did Hannibal break down 
the perpendicular wall at the commencement of the 
Ghafm> and (lope away the road down into the hol- 
low. -But to fave himfelf the trouble and time of 
going too far back, in breaking up the rocks ^nd 
forming his (lope from them ; he rendered the de- 
fccnt into the hollow eafier, by giving it two or three 
curvatures in its cour(e ^. He thus made a pa(rage 
down into the chafm, for his cavalry and for his bag- 
gage. But he had a greater difficulty ftill before 
him. When the plane of the foad had funk under 
the force of the earthquake, it had left its two banks 
of rof:k^ (landing up ere6t on each fide of it, and 
therefore forming a very deep, very narrow way 
along it. This was fo narrow, notes Polybius, 
*^ that neither for the elephants, nor for the cars, was 
*^ itpo(rible to pafs through the ftrait'*." It was not 

c Livy xxi.. 37. " MoUiuntquc anfradlibus modicis clivos." 

^ Polybius iii. 54. Towpy, ov </le tok fiijpoK* V^« roi<; VTTQ^vyioi;, 

^vy»roy%v <rap«x0Eiy ^ta rr^v rcAla. '* A plaCe, that nejcher the ele* 
** phants, nor the beafts of burthen," toj? vTrol^uyiotq, the draught- 
cattle, fo perpetually does Mr, Hampton confound the ap^Go^'o^ot 
with the roc viro^vyvct, tht horfes of burden with the draught- 
horfes! "could in any manner pafs [for its narrownefs]." Mr. 
Hampton o^iits the very caufe of all^ though aligned by his 
author. 

5 ' po(nblc 



SZCT, V» - OVER THE ALFS. I75 

poflU>le for the cars, bectofe of the chafm ; it was 
not poflible for the elepharits» for this and an addi- 
tional reafon. When the earthquake, that funk tb^ 
plane* of the road, left the fides of it ftknding up in 
two -walls of focki then, for want of the original 
counter^balance to the natural fn-eflure of the ground 
oh either hand, it had bent the two fides nearer to 
each other. It had bent them moil above, becaufe 
there the refiftance was lead; and ha& below, be-* 
caufe diere the oppofition was molt It had thus 
left a road, wide enough for a paflage below^ but 
blocked up by tlie proje6lfing rocks above. Yet it 
had aftually funk the road fo deep, let us remember, 
that one of the light infantry could with difficulty 
defcend into it, holding by the roots and bufhes at 
the fide. The plane of the road therefore, as I have 
already intimated, was funk fix or feven feet. There 
was accordingly room for a loaded horie and a load- 
ed car, to pafs under the rocks; though there was 
not for an elephant. Hannibal actually palled under 
them the day afterward, with all his cavalry and all 
his baggage; leaving his elephants, and his main 
body, behind him. The exigency of the cafe de- 
manded an alteration in his conduft; and he hafteilcd 
with his ftarving horfcs, to the fine pafiures at the 
foot of the Alps. He puffed down the dcfcent and 
under die rocks, fo early in the, day; that he reached 
the lower and warmer ground, before night. There 
he found himfelf freed from vthe fnow. There he 
inftantly encamped, and even turned his numerous 

horfcs 



176 COURSE OF HANfNifiAL CHAKtf. 

horfes to graze, in fome paftufes adjacent to his 
camp; till he could be joined by the elephants and 
infantry above ^. 

Hannibal had thus reduced himfelf voluntarily to 
the fituation, in which he was compelled to reft at 
the hill of ambufcade before. His baggage and his 
cavalry were once more feparated,' from his main 
body. Even he himfelf was now feparated alfo. 
But there was no danger of any attack upon them 
now, from the Salafli. If there had been, the for- 
midable elephants were with them. The danger in- 
deed was with the baggage, fo inviting to the pre- 
datory fpirit of the enemy, and fo deferted now by 
its principal guards the elephants. Thi$ was the rea- 
fon undoubtediy, why Hannibal now quitted his 
ufual ftation at the he^d of the main body, and took 
the command of the cavalry. He could then ven- 

« Polybius iii. 55. Toij /xcy »y t;9roft;yio»; kou tok tmroij hxctrn* 

wpo? rctq fofta^. *' In one day*s time there was fufficient room for 
** the horfes," meaning the cavalry and the burden-horfes, ** and 
** the beaftsof burthen/* roiq viro^vymq again,, the draught-catiJc, 
" tcy de/cend/'' literally, to pa/s through: " thefe were immediately 
•' condufted ^w/r," litcraHy through 5 " and having gained the 
** pla'msy^* of which there is no mention in Polybius, he fpeaking 
oi places only t *' were fent way to pafture, in places ivhere no fno'w 
" bad fallen** (i* 364), Thus Mr. Hampton difmiffes the caMe io 
faflure, inftead of making Hannibal encamp, *^ in places where no 
** fnow had fallen 1*' Nor does he make Hannibal encamp at all. 
So unfaithful Is the wrong iide of the tapeilry, to the right I 

turc 



SlC*r. V, OVER THE ALPS. 177 

ture, under the protedion of his ufual vigilance, and 
with the maintenance of a ftrong guard continually 
pofted in his camp, tP let the horfes repofe and re- 
invigorate themfelves, in the grafs of fome contigu- 
ous paftures. In the mean time his infantry were 
laborioufly employed, in making the hollow paffable 
for the elephants. They fet to the work,, not as on 
the perpendicular wall before, with all hands that 
could be employed upon a fpace fo fmall y but, as at 
a work much longer in extent, fure to be alfo longer 
in continuance, and therefore much heavier in toil, 
byj)arties relieving each other. Their b.ufinefs was 
thus carried on in the mode of mining, without any 
intermiffion of labour. Their aim was to cut down 
the projefting rocks above, and to open them into a 
narrow paffage for the tall elephants. This from the 
length of the hollow, about a thoufand feet, would 
be a tafk df great' labour. The elephants were ftarv- 
ing all the while. There was grafs indeed upon the 
ground, but it was buried under the fhow. The 
leaves of the trees, alfo, .muft have been fhaken to 
the ground by thofe wintry blafts, which had brought 
on the fnow ^. In their original ftate of wildnefs, 
elephants would have contrived to pick up a fpanty 

^ The larch, we muft remember, was the tree of the wood in 
which the Carthaginians now were ; and the larch, fays Simler 323, 
" abieti, pino, et piceae affinis eft, cortice quam picea afpcriore, 
" frondibus pinguioribus, -mollioribus, et magis denfis, quas ta- 
" men autumno amiuit." Autumn ended with the fetting of the 
* Pleiades, and during Hannibal's halt on St. Bernard, 

Vol. II. N meal 



178 COVRSX OF HANNIBAL CHJ^V. fi^ 

meal for a while> by browfing upon the tendered: 
branches of the trees. But the artificial life, to which 
a domefticated elephant is inured^ foon fuperfedes 
the ap{)etites of favage folitude, as no longer necef- 
fary, and fubftitutes others that are now neceflary, in 
their room. The poor animals had alfo been tranf- 
ported from the warmth of their native climes, and 
brought to encounter the blafts, the ihbws, the frofts 
of the A^s altogether. They were thus reduced 
to great diftrcfs^ This however was but (lightly pro- 
duced by the fnow burying the grafs ; as there was 
equally fnow, and even no grals under it, during 
their halt of two days upon Great St Bernard. It 
was occafioned therefore, by the concurrence of 
another circumftance with all at prefcnt. The general 
ftores far the army began to fail. The Canhs^nians 
would thus be doubly compelled by the. delay at the 
chafm, to furnifh out corn for the elephants with a 
very fparing hand. In this condition they and the 
infantry were obliged to continue, for two whole 
DAYS. The men fuffered feverely in the continued 
employ. But they completed the work at laft, car- 
ried the elephants along the coved hollow> and came 
down with them to Ebnnibal ^. 

Near 

f PolybiuB ill. 55. Tu? It Noj««3'ac a^a /xipoj wpojjyi w;pof 'ngr 

vou^t avniawi xaxv; ^olidi tcrOat t/oro r« yx^M. Pblybius here confioes 
the labour to the Numidians, by whom he means the Africans in 
general; and fo difchargcs the reft of tht infantry from the toil, 
the Africans (as wc fliall foon fee from Polybius himfclf) being 

only 



SECT, y, OVER THB ALPS. 1 79 

Near St. Remy the road is traced by the eye of a 
traveller, particularly defcriptive and lively ; and the 
very view of Hannibal's chafm, J think, is pointed 

only three 'fifths of the whole army. But to fappofe that any 
part of the infantry was expufed, is very injadicious in this hif* 
torian. In fuch an exigency, all would be employed fucceifively { 
and, only for the fake of efnploying all, were all kept with the 
elephants at the hollow. " The Numidians were then commanded 
** to enlarge the road,'^ literally, to go on in confiruBing the road^ 
** that the elephants might alfo pafs." How ftrangely does it 
found to the ear of thinking criticifm, that a road, which was 
iarge enough for beads of burden, Ihould be made more large for 
an elephant ! This paradox refuhs from Mr. Hampton's not un- 
dcrftanding, and therefore not fpecifying, the mpde in which the 
road was enlarged for ihz elephants, by opening it above, Polybius 
indeed fpecifies the mode no more than his tranflator, but then 
fays nothing concerning the enlargement. If Mr. Hampton chofe 
to enlarge the road ** that the elephants might alfo pafs,'* he flioulcl 
certainly have reconciled his enlargement with the context. " But 
** fo laborious was the tafk,** adds Mr. Hampton in the para- 
phraftick language which he always ufes, '* that, though frefh 
men fucceeded to tbofe that were fatigued, it was not without 
great difEculty that they completed it, in three days continued 
** toil t after which, thefe beads came do^^nfrom the mos$ntaiaSf** 
literally, pajed through tbejiraity ^' being almoft epehauftedemdjpej^ 
'* with famine'* (i. 364). Mr. Hampton has taken no pains, to 
acquaint himfelf with his author's courfe of hiftory, and therefore 
mif-underftands the tenour of his language. What Polybius here 
hyio^ Hannibal f Mr. Hampton applies to the Numiifiansi and has 
thus made the three days which relate to Hannibal only, refer to 
the Numidiansivho had only two. See the text hereafter, for the 
time.— Livy alfo fays xxi. 37, what can fait only this middle re- 
gion of the Alps, though he has appliedit himfelf to the fummits t 
** nuda— fere cacumina, et,fyuid eft pabuli, obruunt nives.^* There 
is no grafs on the top of the Alps. There was none at the en- 
campment of Hannibal there, as Polybius informs us. There was 
fome, as Polybius equklly informs us, only in the middle region of 
the mountains, virQiAta^f mv ira^ta^uoL* (tii. 55). 

N 2 but 



ffC 



« 



l80 cauRSE of KtANNlSAL CftAP. If. 

out to us. *' The villages," he fays, " the towns on 
*^ their elevated fites, the farmhoufes on their hang- 

• 

^' ing and infulated flats, arrefted our attention, and 
'^ embellifticd our route,'* as they were journeying up 
the hills to St. Remy : " we faw what we had already 
^^feen from the fide of Cormayeur, a narrow road, 
'^ and the gates under which we muft needs pafs ^ ; 
thefe being a gate at the northern fide of St. Remy, 
through a long wall that marks the boundary of Sa- 
voy, and another about nine miles to the fouth of St. 
Remy, which is the limit of Piedmonts The writer 
thus glances orily at the principal objeft, bccaufe he 
had defcribed it before. " From this place," he 
then faid of Cormayeur, " we had in perfpeftive be- 
** fore, us almoft all the valley, that we were to tra^ 
" verje : it appeared very pifturefque to us, in the 

"LITTLE STRAITS THAT HAPPEN TO ABUT THERE, 

" the /fair rocks, the verdant hills, the antient caftles, 

**TH£ ROAD, THAT PASSES UNDER THE PROJECTING 

"ROCKS, along the deep terraces," &c^. Here 

h Bdiimt ill. 9,6j, " Des villages, des bourg3 elcves, des me- 
" tairles fur dt9 plateaux fufpendus €t ifoles, charmoient nos rc- 
** gards, et embellifToient notre route: npus vtmes ce que nous 
** avions dcia vu du cote de Cormayeur, un chemin etroiti ct dc» 
•* portes fous lefquelles il nous fallut pafTer.*' 

» Sauffure iv. 222 and 219. 

^ Bourrit ill. 259. *' De ce lieu, nous eumes devant nous la 
" perfpedive de prefqwe toute'la vallee, que nous avions a tra- 
** vcrfcr j elle nous parut tres-pittorcfque 5 dc petites gorges, qui 
" vicnnent y aboutir 5 d,e beaux rochers, des collincs verdoyantcs* 
*' d'anttques chateaux ; la route, qui paile foas des rocs en faillie, 
** fur dQS terraffcs efcarpees,** &c. 

' 5 - ■ the 



I 



I 



SECT. V. ^ OVER ^THE ALPS. ' l8l 

the oppofirion between the road along the fteep ter-r 
races, and tKe way under the projefting rocks, Ihows 
the latter to have the projection on both fides, to have 
therefore no terrace-like fteepnefs of a bank to it, and 
^ to be pulhing under the rocks that (in the literal 
language of the author) come/allying over it^. But, 
in order to appropriate and localize ftill more thefe 
touches of a pencilling writer, let me fubjoin tha 
hints of another author ^ who fays that " St. Remy^ , 
*^ fituated at the bottom of a very narrow strait, 
" at the entrance of a foreft of larches which lifts itfelf 
" above it, carries with it an appearance truely wild 
" and Alpine ""/' This fixes all to the road of Han- 
nibal. That road we have fcen before to be parti- 
cularly narrow^ juft broad enough for a burdened 
horfeand a loaded car. That covered way too of the 
xock&y under which we have equally fcen Hannibal 
pafs with his cavalry and baggage, and through which 
was only an opening afterwards made to admit the 
paflage of an elephant, would naturally become an 
objeft confpicuous and remarkable at a diftance. 
The Romans would find the road very pradic^ble, 
as Hannibal left it; they would naturally continue it, 
thefreforc, in that pra6ticable ftate ; and the road,' fo 
celebrated for its detention of Hannibal, for his new 



1 ** Sous dc8 rocs tnfaillie,"* 

™ Sauflure iv. 220 — 221. *' St. Remy cepenJant, fitue au/ond 
" d'une goYgc tres-etroite, a I'entrte d'une toret de melclcs qui 
'* s'elcve au-defliM de lui, a une phyfionoraie agreilc er vraimenc 
*' Alpine." 

, N 3 formation 



1 82 COURSE OF HAKNIBAL CHAP. II. 

formation of it, and for his application of fire and 
vinegar in the aft, remains in all its Carthaginian 
condition, I believe, to this very moment. 

Thus were the two parts of Hannibars army, that 
had been feparated by this road from each other for 
' days, once more united again. But where is the 
whole army at prefent? This feems not to have 
been ever confidcred, by the delineators of Hanrii- 
bal^s route. Yet the point demands our foil confider- 
ation. In a long chain of movements, that extends 
from the lower part of the Rhone to the higher, and 
acrols the Alps into Italy; every link muft be ex- 
amined, every link muft be found firm in itfelf^ every 
Knk muft hook clofcly with the preceding. To make 
the prefcnt do fo, I ' muft open a little the hiftory 
wd the geography of this Alpine or Sub-alpine re- 
gion^, in which we now are. 



m 

The Salafl?, who inhabited all this portion of the 
Alps which we have juft been traverfing, are more 
noticed in that comprehenlive hiftory of one nation, 
which infolds half the nations of the globe nearly 
within its circle, than any other of the Alpine tribes. 
They are noticed fo early by the Ronians, as in 75 
years only after the march of Hannibal dirough their 

country. 






siCT* yr. OVER rttE alps. " i $3 

country. We then find they had a number oifiream^ 
works among them, in which they difcovered what is 
the moft rare of all the metals upon earth, and is 
therefore made the higheft fignature of earthly opu- 
lence, gold. For the profecution of thcfc, they drew 
off the waters of their river the Doria, fluiced them 
away into a multiplicity of little channels, and left the 
main channel dry. Thefe were in their lower grounds 
about the town of Aofta, Yet at the time, as the 
relator -of this part of their hiftory informs us, ^ they 
*' were the lords of the pafles" over the Alps ; being 
fo in concert with the Seduni, as I have previoufly ob- 
fcrved, and as the Savoyards are in concert with the 

' Yallaifans at pr^fent. But the men, he adds, ** who 
" cultivated the plains below them," and who muft 
therefore have been the Infubres, as the conquerors 
of the Libui Galli on the eaftem bank of the Doria, 

. of the Taurini on the wefttm^ and of both at the 
union of the Doria with the Po ; were too much at 
fe£ted with die lofe of their current from the hills on 
the north, not to refent this unnatural interception of 
it. A kind of perpetual warfare was thus kept up 
between them". The Romans interfered in the dif- 

pute, 

* Strabo iv. 314.. E;^f» ^i yj^Mvuau m run YaTMsvtny a xetlu^^op 

* v^ue, T* nonfp piidpoy f|fxf ytfy* Ttflo ^ ixetroK H-'^ avn^tfg vfo^ rvtv rtf 
X^^^ Onpay* rv^ h 7f«pytfy1«f r» vv aviotc src^ta, rnf a^hiot^ rep«r- 



J 



N4 «X"* ' 1 



i 



184 ' COURSE OF HANNIBAL CHAP. 11. 

pute, and fo came into the country for the firft time. 
But they interfered in their ufual manner. A general 
was fent from Rome, to fettle the differences at the 
head of an army. " Without any provocation," fays 
Dio,*" he who was fent to adjuft the difputes between 
^^ the Salaft Galata and their neighbours, overran all 
*^ the country of the former ^. 

« 

Thefe were not fubdued; however^ and continued 
un-fubducd for more than a hundred years afterward. 
97?(?», as Appian informs us agreeably to all that I 
have faid concerning them before, and in the rc- 
ftridtcd fenfe which I have juft. noticed \ " thefe meii 
" pofTefs the fummits of the Alps. Their mountains 
are [almoft] inacceffible, a pathway ftrait and diffi- 
cult leads up to them \ from a confident reliance 






lyjLW TO ^eifipoy. Ek ^i reeving Ti9f atlia^, voXtfjuoi o'Vn^eii •no'ctv «/a^o1s- 
fMq To»? i^vio-i wpo? aX>(>jX»f. Thcy ftill find fome grains of gold at 
Verrex, a little lower on the Doria ^ but find them in a brook that 
there runs into it, the Evanfon. A peafant here is alfo faid tq 
have lately founds on grubbing up a juniper-tree, a quantity of 
gold in grains to the amoupt of t'wo and tnventy pounds in tv^ight 
(SauITure iv. 199) j the collection o( {omt opulent ftream-wbrker, 
I fuppofe, who was afraid to keep by him what he had taken 
pains to collet, and fo buried all for a fhortfeafon in defign, but 
for many ages in reality, the apprehenfion which produced the 
burial terminating in death. Strabo adds v. 334, that there had 
been a gold mine at Vercelli workjed before his time, nat tv OwipwXr 

° DiO Ixxix. 34. KAau^tof — Sa?iao-o-tfc TaKcclot^, /ixn tyKct^^tifjupo^ 

Tt, i|fiWoX«fAfi;o-£ Tot? PufxCLioiq' iw£/x^6i) yup <tf5 a'Vfj.QtQot.a-uv atflnf, roij 
•fAo^wpoK frtpi Ttf v^ecloq m li^ rcc ;^pt;(7£»« ctvayKOue, h»^epo(jLt9Bi' kat 
my Tf x«^pay a.uluv ifcurctv xolE^pa^E^. 

^' upon 



€< 



CC 



SECT. Vr. OVER THE ALPS. 185 

upon which, they lived independent of Rome, and 
exa£ied tolls from, the paffengers '-/^ This is nearly 
the condudt, which Caefar has attributed before to 
their colleagues on the fummic of thefe Alps, the 
Scduni; the mercharts of his days travelling along 
the northern half of the road, " at a great ri(k" of 
their property, *^ and with great impofts laid upoH' 
" them **." But. the Salaffi adlually went beyond the* 
Scduni in their mountaineer's infolence, and the rifle 
was changed into certainty ; the merchants being fre- 
quently plundered by them ^. Even in the civil war 
which commenced upon the death of CsB(ar,'when 
Decimus Brutus fled from Modena, and pulhed acrols 
thefe very Alp to take refuge in Gaule 5 the SalaiS 
would not fuffer him to pafs, till he had paid them aS' 
many denarii as he had men with him • They obliged' 
another general of the Romans, Meffala, who took, 
up his winter-quarters near them, to pay for all the 



c Appian^s Illyr. 1^03. '' Max! me autem bter omnes Csefari 
** [Augufto] impedimentum attulcre Salaffi, et Tapodcs qui ultra 
•* Alpes incolunt, Segcftanr, Dalma^ac, Daifii, Paouefque, qui 
*' Salaffis fpontcadhaefcrant. Hi vertices Alpium tenenc;niontes 
" [poene] inaccefli \ ar6la femita ac difficilis ad eos ducit; quo- 
** rum fiducia, propriis degebant legibus^ et vedligalia a craiire- 

^*' untibus pofcebant." 

^ Bell. Gall. ill. z. 85. *^ Magno cum penculo, magnifque 
'• portoriis." ' 

" « Scrabo iv. 314. IloX^a xale^XaTrioy t»$ ^t' »v\uit v«'spj?acMo»]dK T»' 

, ^ Ibid. O* yt %ou AsKifMvB^iilo* ^vyosla. sie Msltru^i iwjpalavlo ^pa;^if» 

xai* uv^^aq, I have laid thefe very Alps, bccaufc there was 00 
other road over the Alps till a few years afterward. 

wood 



l86 COURSE OF HANNIBAL CHAIMU' 

wood that he ufed in firing, in Ipears, or in gymnaftic 
inftruments ». They even proceeded at laft, to lay 
hc^ of fomc of Auguftus's own property K " Thefe," 
adds Appian, " Vcterus attacked fuddenly, feized the 
*« pailes [at the entrance] of thftir country by his in- 
*• fidious addrefe,. and for two years kept them in a 
« kind of Wockade. Obliged by the want of /alt, 
** for which they were in very great diftrefs/' as our 
ungrateful cowntrymen in America frequendy were, 
during their recent revolt from happinefsi and Britain ; 
*• they at laft admitted garrifons into their country^** 
But afterwards, as Sti^bo informs us, under pretence 
of being employed by the Romans, in new-making 
the roads and in bridging over the rivers j ** they fc- 
^ cured the precipices of [entrance into] their couq« 
*' try, with large parties of foldiery \'* Then 
*' making a general infurreftion againft Vcterus, they 
" difmantled his fortrefles, and, having ftcurcd the 
" pailes of [entrance into] their hills, laughed at the 
*' troops fent by Auguftus ; when they faw them in* 
<* capaWe, of cffeding any thing important againfl 

t Strabo !V. 315. Mi^o-aXa? ^ 9rX)}0'»dy mvlttv ;^ti^alkv&f, r»/Mi}f 

^ Ibid* ibid« TtavXnffay ^t ^oli xat ^^fMiSa Kawttf^ «»J|pic ifliM. 

^ Appian 1103. <* Hos Veterus inopine aggreflus, angafta-lo- 
^ coram per infidias occupac, et per biennium obfeflbs t^uit. 
^* Illic falls inopia adda6li> quo maxime indigebant ; tandea adr 
•• Biiferecuftodias." 

^ Strabo iv. .315. EinSaX99 ttfuifinif^ rfcSioirtimif Wf%fc^w w^olW* 

** them. 



cc 



t€ 



€€ 



SECT.VX. * eV£R THE ALPS. igy 

them. Upon that account, Auguftus formally per-- 
mitted them to live independent of Rome, while his 
quarrel with Antony was prcfling upon him ; and 
pardcned thofe, who bad infulted^Veterus. From 
«* this- conduct they fulpcftcd his views, drew other 
** ftates into a confederacy with them, and invaded 
*' the dominions df Rome" in the country of the In- 
fubres. " But Meffala Corvinus, being fent by 
" Auguftus to attack them, reduced then! hy famine i 
** and thus did tlje Salaffi come, under the power of 
*^ the Romans ^^ 



Yet they who are exprefsly declared by Strabo 
before, to have been the lords of the pajfes over the 
Alps i and as exprefsly affirmed by Appian, to pot- 
fefe the Jummits of the hills ; are equally aflerted by 
Dio, to ^^ dwell under the Alps *"/' All the hiftorians 
are right; only each Ipeaks merely a part of the 
truth, . Let me for the firft time give the whole. 
The Salaffi did at once poffefs the fummits of the 

1 Appian z2oj, " Poftremo a Vetero deficientesy munimenta 
'* dejecere; ct, anguftiis locorum occirpatiSy qai a Caefare ad ipfos 
*' miltebantur irrifere, quum nihil magnum in eos conari poflenc. 
''* £a ex caafa Csefar, inftante contra Antonium bellOy iw legibus 
'' degere conceiTic ; et qui Vetero infultaflent, veniam induliic. 
*' Hxe omnia ad fufpicionem vertentes ipfi, alias iterum lirhes 
'* [the word fliould have bjeeny cvuitates\ congregabant, ct qoae 
*' Romanis parerent inv^debant ; donee Meiiala Corvinas, ut illot 
'' expugnaret a Cxfare prsmiiTuay fame domuit \ eoque modo 
'^ Salaffi in Romanorum ceiTere poteftatem.'* 

n Dio liil 25. 7I9, Oixtto-i ^i enpttrai /4ci yit% t«( AXvak* 

8 Alps, 



« 



I * K.Y 



1 83 COURSE OF HANMIfiAL CHAP. 11. 

, Alps, and dwcU under the fides pf them. This I 
* have repeatedly noticed before, and fhall now pro- 
ceed finally to prove, " The country of the Salalfi 
" is large," fays Strabo, " lying in a deep valley" at 
the Italian foot of the Alps ; " and the hills Ihut up 
" the country on two fides," on the Italian and on 
the Alpine : ^^Jome fart of the natim reaches iip^ to the 
« very heights'* of the Alps " above'-." The Salafli 
thus held thofe pafles into the " valley," which I 
have noticed already, and (hall again notice hereafter i, 
the pafles alfo up the Alps, from. their "valley;" 
and the grand pafs over Great St. Bernards But 
all their lower pafles were now feized with their 
' ftream-works, by the ftrong hand of the conquering 
Romans. The works were there managed, by the 
Roman farmers of the taxes. Thefe agreed to pay 
the inhabitants of the hills certain fumsof* money, to 
prevent them from obfl:rufting or intercepting the 
waters of the river p. The farmers, however, were 

B Strabo iv. 314* H ^» ruv Ya>i»(T(Tuv vcX^n jufir inPt tt avT^un 
Cot^it, TUP o^uv x(4,(polsfU¥ icXetoWA/y to p^tfptfiv* /xs0O( ^i Ti Atfiup ayaieifM 
xtKi 9rpo( rui V'jr6^tctif/.ivat(; ko^v^u^. 

• Th^ pafs at Great St. Bernard is confidercd by the Swifs at 
prcfent, on the Vallaifan fide of the fummit j and is equally there- 
fore confidered, we may be fure, by the Savoyards on the Italian 
iide; as ** un polic qui pouvoit ctre regardc comrae }a clef du 
•• pays" (Sauflure iv. 234.). It may well be fo confidercd by both, 
as it is ** une gorge ferree entre dc hautes niontagnes, d'abord un 
" petit lac" (Sauflure iv. 125), 

P Strabo iv. 314. ' K^alrKravltJv ^t Pu[A.aiojVf ruv ^ty ^verBpyiU9- 
i^ewEcrov, xeu t*}{ X"^^^* ®* ZaXacvoi* ra ^' opu Kuls^oili^ tfxfiuy to v^ap 
^vuy^v To»^ ^/AO0'»«;y»»(| tOK tfyoTioS^o'CM'i tot ^vana, 

very 



# 



s:ecT. vr. ove^ the alps. "189 

very grafping. Protcfted by the power of a conqueft, 

* 

they could not aft with fairnefs to the Salaffi, They 
would foon confider' fuch a payment, as an impo- 
fition ; and demand as a natural right, what they had 
before received as a continued purchafe. They would 
withold their payments ; the mountaineers would dam 
up their cur-rent, where they could; and threaten 
perhaps to divert it entirely. They could have di- 
yerted it, have turned it to the north inftead of the 
fputh, and made it run into the Rhone inftead of the 
Poj as " the defile of St, Bernard,'* Sauflure ob- 
ferves, " or, to Ipeak more precifely, the convent 
'* which is fituated upon the moft elevated part of 
** this defile, is the point of reparation between the 
*^ waters which fall into the Adriatick,*' by the Po, 
** and thofe which throw themfelves into the Me- 
*^ diterranean," by the Rhone ^. The Seduni on the 
northern part of the fummit would readily have con- 
curred with the Salafli on the fotitherny to turn the 
golden fands of this Alpine Paftolus into their coun- 
try. Dilputes accordingly arofe,like what had embroil- 
ed them with the Romans at firft. Thcfewere frequent- 
ly embroiling them again ^ ; the generals fent among 
them, being always too bufy in feeking occafions for 

9 SaufTure iv. 267. '' Le Col de St. Bernard, ou, pour tnieux 
** dire, le Convent qui. eft fitue dans le lieu Ip plus eleve de ce 
'*' Col, eft le point de reparation entre les eaux qui tombent dans 
^ TAdriatique, ct celles qui fe jettent dans la Mediterranee/' See 
alfo Bourrit iii. 278. 

' Scrabo iv. 314.. n^o; ry^ig^ i' r,croii au hx^Q^ah ha. rnt v^nnltar 

war, 



k\ 



l^O COURSE OF HANNIBAL. CHAP. II, 

war, ready to pronounce them revolters upon, any 
figns of difafFedtion, and fure to find both the figns 
and the occafions in thefe diflfcrenccs'. 

In one of thofe pronounced revolts, and in what is 
neceflarily from its confequences the laft ; Terentius 
Varro was fent into their country by Auguftus. He 
entered it by feveral ways at oncci and thus pre- 
vented the Salaffi from bringing a large army, or fe- 
curing a ftrong pafs, againft him in any one point \ 
They could face him only in parties -, and were in 
danger of being attacked at their pafles, in front, in 
flank, or in rear. He therefore beat them with great 
cafe ". They fubmittcd. He advanced to Great Su 
Bernard, and prefented a new ftatue on a new pillar 
to the god Peninus, to the Genius of the Place, t6 
Returned Fortune. But he demanded a certain con- 
tribution from the people, and in appearance meant 
to inflidt no other punifhment upon the conquered "^^ 
Yet his foul was too truly Roman, for fuch an adj 
and had been toa much irritated in its Roman info- 

• Strabo iv. 314. Ovlu ^i crvyeQaivi, raq rpctlviyiutloi an vest VU' 
^ Dio ftii. 25. 71^. O Avy«r»f — ««•» /xey t«« 2a^«o■o•»? T«p«»7»ar 

" Dio ibid. Para te awlw j, oIc xaj xaT oAiyyj srpos-wjwloylaj cr^iwr, 

*^ Dio ibid. JLa,\ avfJcnvui KoSafKyKOCx^ ot^yv^tov tj Ptflor,*;; %eu 
fAfihv hh¥Oif oAXf ^^oiautf f}Wf . 

lencc 



SBCT. VI.. OVER THE ALPS. IQI 

Icnce of fenfibility, by the long and continued oppo- 
fition of the S^affi, not to meditate a fcvere revenge. 
He difpatched his foldiery into different parts of the . 
country, as in order .to leVy the fums demanded \ 
He thus executed one of the moft decifive plans of 
inhuman policy, that hiftory records. He feized the 
perlbns of all the males. He ordered them to Ivrca, 
a town fecured by the Romans as a bridle upon the 
Salaflj, and garrifoned with a body of Roman fol- 
diers. There be fold them ally to be flaves for twentj 
years^. He thus fold no lefs, than THiRTv-sir 
THOUSAND of' them i of whom eight tbottfand ^ttc 
capable of carrying arms^ So very numerous was 
this nation of mountaineers; and fo very juftlydid 
Livy charaderize them in the days of Hannibal^ as 
^ ,a people numerous for the inhabitants of moun* 

X Dio liii. 719. K«x T«?tf 'Jtu.y\aj(iif ffpo( T9}» iitfVjpa^iy hrfit» avigf. 

J Dio liii. 71 9— 720. ^vH^aSt rt t»? t» rin fiXhXMt km eart^olty f^*y 
pir.h^(; crfuv silo^ sixociv clo^v tXiv&tpu^Bt^^ Dio appears from Scrabo 
below, to have meant aii the males, though he fpeaks only of the 
males ^^«//. 

2 Scrabo iv« "31 5* Huvlaq s>ixpv^07ru\rtfftt x^ia^t^letf ik "Efl^aihavp 

s^uKiO'^tMoi<;9 rui^ fxctX'^fjLUv etvafcJv OKJaxio-p^^tXtou Mr. Archibald 
Bower in Ant. Un. Hift. xiii. 493 fays ; *• Varro km forty thoufand 
"** of their youth \o Eporedia, now Ivrea, where they were con- 
■* demned to flavery for the term of twenty years.** But fomc 
one, I know not who, in xxi. 315 makes Varro ** fend 40,000 of 
** their youths to the ijland of Yvrca, to be flafcs ^ere for ao 
** years.*' 

, •« tains/^ 



19* ' eOtTRSE OF HAI^NIBAL CHAP. II. 

" tains *. So awfully too, in thofe meafures of Pro- 
vidence over our world, which are principally myf- 
tcrious becaufe they are comprehenfive, and loft ro 
■ our views becaufe they embrace centuries in therr 
circuit; did Varro un-confcioufly punifh the perfidy 
of the Salafli to Hannibal, and did the Romans ex- 
terminate the infidious trakors of their grand enemy ! 
Varro then, adds Dio, " took the fineft part of their 
** land from them ^ j" being the very "ground," ac- 
cording to Strabo, " on which Varro had encamped 
" himfelf%" He chofe out three thoufand of the 
Emperour's guards under him, and fetded them on 
the fpot'^ Thefe formed a town there, which was, 
for ages the ornament of the country, under the full 
title of Augujia Pr^torianorumy under the briefer of 
Augufia 'Pratorta^ and under the ftUl briefer di Augujia 
only; which ftill remains the glory of the region, the 
feat of a bifhoprick, and the head of a dutchy, under 
the fame appellation (now written as it was always 

pronounced) of Aofia ^. 

The 

/ 

t 

* Livy XXI. 34.. " Frequcntcm cuhoribus, ut.inter montana, 
** populum.*' 

^ Dio liii. 7iO, Ka» a^lwy n ap»r»? Tnj 7^? "vtiiii re Ao^vtpopuf t*«j» 
s^oduy Kou TToXiv rr,y Avynfocv Tl^ocilupiocyiiiv uvfAxa-fAttviv cct^^ev* 

-C Strabo iv. 315* Ey ui i^^oclo'rrE^tva'i yu^w Ouotpom* 

4 Strabo ibid. TfiaKiKtidi ^e Puia,ohuv 'jrifji.'i^ctt;, utua^t rviv W9X» Au* 
yarKv # Kocta-ap* 

« This city has icveral remains of the Auguflan age, an am- 
phitheat;er> a gate (now in the center of the city), a triumphal 
arch in honour of Auguflus, a magnificent bridge of marble with 
one arch, and an aqueduct of only one arch, but worthy of the 

Roman 






lict. Vfi OVEli tMfi ALPS. \i9j 

'The pofition of Aofta, then, appeared fo agreeable 
to Varro on his redudlion 6£ thefe Alps j that he en-i 
camped upon the ground himfelfi that he took ic 
from the Salafli as *^ the fincft part of their country,'* 
and that he fettled' fome veterans of the guards in a 
colony upon it; This was the very groundy upon which 
Hannibal equally encamped now. The " lower parts'* 
of the Alps^ notes Livy concerning the prefent point 
of Hannibal's hiftpry, '^ have valliesy and fomt funny 
bills, and rivers near woods, and places more worthy 
of human babiMion. There the cattle were 
" TURNED OUT TO GRASS^" All this points di- 
i^dtly to Aofta, and on Aofta entirely I'efts. A mo- 
dern author accordingly ipeaks of Aofta^ without 
once dreaming indeed of the fimilarity, but in terms 

I 

remarkably appofitc to thofe df Livy and Dio and 
Strabo before. *^ It is when we approach the city,'* 
he tells Us, " that the pifture is heightened and be- 
** comes more interefting ; it is at the termination of 
^^ four fair vallieSy fertile in pajiurage ' ■ ; the proud 
*' mountains furround, as with an amphitheater, the fair 
*^ circuis that is occupied by the city, and that is watered 
*' by three rivers : this town is placed in the fineji fitu^ 

Roman gtatidedr. S^e Bourrit iii. ft6o'^26i; The triumphal 
arch was eredled undoubtedly^ in honour of this reduflioh of the 
Country \ and is, particularly^ coseval with the colony; nu Avas 
tailed AofiAy juft as Augufta Raurdcorum Is now Augfl cxr Aufl near 
Badly Augufia Viftdelicorum now Au/bourg, 5cc. 

f Livy xxi. 37; " Inferiora valles^ ct apricot quofdam cdlles> ' 
**habent; rivpfque prope filvas^ ct— ^humano cultu digniora 
*' loca. Ibi jum^nta in pabUltiizi miiTa.** 

Vot. II. O *' ation/' 



.194 COURSE OF HANNIBAL CHAP. !!• 

" ation-.'' So truly have " the lower parts" ofjour 
Alps, like Hannibal's, " vallies, and rivers near 
*' woods, and places more worthy of human habita- 
" don !" So truly is the *' deep valley" of Str^bo 
defcribed by Dio,'" as the ftneft part of the Salaffian 
*^ country." Aofta, let me adjd from the fame mo-^ 
dern, lies fo much amid Livy's " funny hills," alnd in ' 
a fituation fo much ^Varmer than the top of Great Su 
Bernard ; that> when the thermometer has been down • 
at the cypher on the latter, it has been no lefs tkan 
Jixteen degrees above it at thfe former ^. Amidft thefe 
funny hills then, by the union of thefe fine vales, at 
the meeting of thefe fair rivers, and clofe to the very 
fite of this beautiful city ^ did Hannibal find the re- 
quifite paftures, for recruiting and reftoring his tired 
horfcs. He relieved the laden horfes from their bur- 
dens. He releafed the draught-horfes from their 
qars. He turned them and the horfes of his troop- 
ers, into the natural, the fruitful nfeadows> along the 
Doria and its two auxiliary currents* ' 

This Doria rifes from the lake on Great St. Ber-, 
nard, as a fecond furprifingly does, from one upon 

g Bourrit iii. 259; ** Mai's feft quand on approdhe dc la Cite, 
. ** que les tableaux s'aggrandifient ec deviennent plus ibtercffans j 
*' c'efl — la Ou aboutiiTent quatre belles vallees, fcrtilcs en patu- 
" rages — idefuperbes montagnesenVironnenf, comme autant 
*' d'amphithea^res, k b^u Cirque qu' occupe la Cite, qu' arrofent 
" trois rivieres : cette viile, filuce dans k plus bel emplacenjcnt,'* 
&c. 

^^ Bolinit iii. 274 » 

Mount ' 



SECT. Vr. . OVER THE ALPS. 1 95 

Mount Cenis, and a third ftill more furprifingly from 
one upon Little St. Bernard '. The firfl: I call Doria 
ftill, becaufe it is fo called fixteen hundred years ago ; 
Ptolemy noticing the " head of the river Doria, 
*' which is at the Poemne Lake ^S'* Yet it is called 
the Butter at prefent : and the auxiliary current, which 
defcends by Cormayeur, and receives a current from 
Little St. Bernard below ^ but was thought unworthy 
of Ptolemy's notice, though it is noticed by the Ta- 
bles of Peiitinger, and though the ftream from Litde 
St. Bernard is equally noticed by Strabo; has now 
arrogated the name of Dorh to itfclf ^. It is matter 
of great furprife, how the comrnon people, who en- 
joy in full and abfolute perfedipn the prerogative of 
giving local appellations, 

Fiilgus, qucm penes eft et jus et norma loquendi 5 

could ever have agreed in fixing the denominations 
of rivers, fo as to afcertain wliich of two uniting cur- 
rents jfhould be the denominator of the other. They 
are both equal in fize perhaps, and yet one muft fmk 
its own name io.the other's. In this kind of matri- 
TTiony between the river deities, which fliall retain, 
which (hall lofe, its original appellation ? Who Hi all 
prefcribc the law, and on what principle Ihall it be 

\ 

1 Map in Berwick's Memoirs, Orrery's Letters 42, Map in 
Sauflure vol.iii. and PUcide's Map. 

k P-tolemy iii. i. p. 70. H xs^a?^yi ra Awpa •/rolxfAH, » r.Cbla rrjv 

i Strar o iv. 312, Pcutinger's Second Table^ SiiulTure's and 
Placide's Map«. 

»' O t . founded? 



196 COURSE OF fiANNIBXL CtfAP. IZ0 

founded ? Yet we fee die law promulged by the le- 
giflaturc of the people, and prccife in its import even 
where rro dffcrimination appears to diredl it Such 
an agreement, upon fuch a fubjeft, and among luch 
Iggiflatc^rs, is a phcentomenon curious and ftriking to 
a confidering mind. We never find any variation 
among the common people of one age, in the appli- 
cation of the covering name ; but we not unfrcquently 
meet with a change, in a cburfe of ages. Thus the 
name of Buffer has fuperfcded that of Dorm. This 
forms a kind of repeal for the original law, the na- 
jicnal conveiition of one century, with all the petty 
gravity of the national affcmblies of France, exer- 
cifing its defpotifm over names, and, like them, 
imaginfng fame fecrct charm to lie in the very 
change. Like them too, they have adlcd with a 
fingular whimficality of fpirit ; both being the loweft 
of the people, both feeling themfelves in the chair of 
power, and both therefore wantoning in un-reftrained 
capncioufiiefs of conduft. Thus amidft a revolution 
marked by every excefs of liberty, polluted by every 
extravagance of licentioufnefs, and loaded with every 
enormity of wickednefs ; the national affembly has 
bufily employed itfclf for hours and for days, in form- 
ing a new nomenclature, even in forming a new al- 
manack, for France ; throwing all the provinces into 
JcpartmentSy and fuperfcding the names that have 
kfted for ages, by new names of their own creations 
taking the bonnet rouge of their galley- flaves, and call- 
ir g i: the cap of liberty i taking a thru-colmred ribbon 



SECT.Vr. OVER THE ALPS^ 1^7 

/or the fymbol of their one^ indhiftble ftate, and com- 
pellir^ every perlbn to wear it as the natknal cockade i 
framing a new fort of a year, that is as revolutionary 
as their ftate, and begins with the months with which 
all others endy has no longer thofe of Oflober, No- 
vember, and December, January, February, and 
March, April, May, ^nd June, July, Auguft, and 
September, btit Vinde7nairey Brumaire^ and Frumaire, 
Nivos, Pluviojy and Fentos, Germinal^ Florealy and 
Priairealy MeJJidory Herbidory and Fruifidor; even fu- 
perfeding that meafurc of time into weeksy which has 
fubfifted in ail ages and nations from die very crea=- 
liion, and from the reft of God on the feventh day in 
the very a6t of creation "', lengthening it out into a 
period of ten days, and entitling it a decade. In at»- 
jtending to fuch and all their proceedings, every man 
of feeling and refleftion, I believe, has been alternately 
frozen with horror, at the blootly ferocioufnefs of this 
band of profligates, and convulfed with laughter, at 
the Iblemn frivoloufnefs of this parliament of eon- 
<:eited fi^ols; now fees all Bedlaru broke loofe, and 
ftorming at the heavens over their head, in the fran- 
tick violence of their meafures; then beholds all St. 
Luke's affembled in convention together, and grin- 

» This the Greek name for a week, E^^oaa;, and the Latin 
derived from it, Hebdomadal plainly intimate of themfer es. Buc, 
iii Eufebius's Preparario Evangelica xiii. 12. p. 667 — 668 (Co- 
JoniaBy a688), we have an old writer vouching the hB. for ; \\ tie 
worid, even citing Homer, Hefiod, and Linus to prove it particn* 
Jarly for the Greeks. 

Oj uing 



Ijg COURSE or HANNIBAL ' CHAP. !!• 

ning with an idiot fmile of felf-appkufe, over the 
changes which they are ringing upon the bells of the 
. ftate. With equal gravity, but with greater wifdom, 
and with much greater innocence, have the commune 
of the vale of Aofta ftripped the Doria of its original 
appellation, and yet conferred it upon a fubfidiary 
current. 



\ 



VIL 



I HAVE formerly Ihown the Tables of Peutinger, 
to interpolate a ftage between Summum Penriinum 
and Augufta Prastoria, and to call it Eudracinum. ' 
The number of miles indeed which, they attach to 
their new town, twenty-five, and twenty-eight more 
to Augulla, when the whole diftante was twenty-four 
only ; Ihows we can place no dependence upon the 
meafures. Yet the difcovery of an intermediate 
town in the courfe of Hannibal's march to Aofta, is 
an ufeful one. Let us therefore endeavour, to fix 
the town. The day that Hannibal fet out from St. 
Bernard, he plainly meant to have reached {omt 
town before night. He had yet probably the after-- 
noon of the day remaining, when he was firft ftopt by 
the chafm. He was ftill marching on, and ftill re- 
folute for marching. He fpent the reft of the day, 
in attempting to do fb i found all his efforts baffled 
by tfie ice, the., fnow, and the declivity; and was at 
5 laft 






SECT, Vn. OV£R THE ALPS. 1 99 

laft obliged to encamp, not at the place intended by 
him, but at'the head of the chafm' and in the midfl: 
of the fnow. All ftiows he meant to have reached 
Eudracinum, the firft night ; and to have been within 
three or four hours march off Eudracinum, when he 
was flopped, Eudracinum therefore appears to be 
Etrouble, now a great village upon the road, and 
the only great one upon it; lying exaftly at the 
middle point betwixt Great St. Bernard and Aofta, 
juft where the .road of St. Bernard croflcs from the 
right-hand bank of the Doria, which it had hitherto 
purfued, to take the left and follow it to Aofta". All 
this road, fays Appian at the beginning of the Jecond 
century, *' is even now one among the pradifed 
" roads, and denominated the passage of hanni- 



« BAL ^" 



The Carthaginian had thus completed his march 
acrofs the Alps, and reached the Italian foot of 
them. Polybius therefore fays, that " on the third 

n Sauflure iv. 218, coming ufiMards and from Italy^ fays, V a 
** riemi'lieue de la cite, le ^village de Stgnaye-^\ a um-lieue de cc 
** <village, on travcrfcr^/z/i Gi^naud — j*' 220. ** on dcfcentj cnfuite 
*' a Etrouble, grand village, a deux livues de Glgnaud.^'' The other 
llages mentioned upivard are ** cj'Ulnge de St Oyeny" twenty mi- 
nutes (or one mile) from Etrouble j ** St.' Remy, le dernier yil- 
•• /tfjf," fifty minutes (or two miles and a halO from S:. Oyen j 
and the convent fomething more than two IcasUes from St. ^zmy 
(220, 222, and 224). 

* Appian De Bellis Annib, p. 546. H ««« rjn %t^\ iXi rm o5i/r 
tj^i^ijc, ^ou jLa.7\tfls(.t J^iQctt^ Alula- 

O4 «daf 



l^hj^CH •- I 



too COURSE OF HANNIBAL OHAP, ||, 

^ day he pafled from the precipices mentioned bc» 
^' fore, and came to the plains i'/' Hannibal, he adds^ 
^' had now finiftied his courfe over die Alps, in FiFr 
^' TEEN days^.-* This author has already informed 

P Polybiu9 iii* 5^* AmC»( xoflfoatyc^ xaf totixit^ ^wnro rm «rpo« 
$ifrj[AZ96}v KfTifAvuf cictyvaocq, Yi-\^alo ruv tirnci^m* * Annibal then dC'- 
^* fcended laft^^* a word having no correfpondent word in the 
original, and (landing in ditedi oppollcion to th(! whole narrative; 
V — and thus on the third day gained the plains" (i. 36^), Mr. 
Hampton has not obferved in the original, and has therefore not 
f oticed in his tranilation, that Hannibal paffed through the ftrait 
\vith the cavalry aUd baggage, on iht ftcond day of the halt. When, 
in one day^s toi], he l^ad made the road 9apable of admitting the 
l^aggage and cpvalry, tolvIo, fA,tv evQiuq ^»ya,ym, inftantly carrying 
them through it, xcn x»i»rpocioirthva-etif. and encamping, «rcp» ra^ 
Mx^6vyQtla<; n^vi rnv xtoytf tottv;, in a region that had yet efcaped the 
fnow, ^ixtpviy.e vpo^ raq voua.q, he difmifled them to thepafturea. So 
plainly did Hannibal attend the fifll detachment, that pafled 
through the ftrait. Yet, when we fee Mr. Hampton^ words, we 
find Hannibal reniaining ftill at the rock. ** Thefe,*' he fays, 
^'* ^ere immediately conduced down," by whom f Polybiu^. 
fay^j by Hannibal, but Mr. Hampton is mute ; *' and, having 
*' gained ^the plains,/ <t(;^rtf fent away to palture in places, where 
•** no fnow had fallen." Mr. Ilampton cy^en takes particular 
^%fns, to f\ipprefs all ideas of Hannibal's prefence with this de- 
1 achmenfc; by omitting all notice of his encamping, and by placing 
the pajiures inftead of the c/imp, *^ in places where no (now had 
'* Fallen." We ((^refore find afterwards, that *< Annibal defcend- 
•* ed At/?," without authority in the text, and againft the authority 
of the narrative. The faft is, that Mr. Hampton was puzzled 
with the mention of Hannibal for his army at the ftrait, aftir he 
w«5 faid explicitly to have pafled it 5 did not take this explicit- 
nefs, arin common-fenfe he fliould have done, for his guid^ in 
explaining the other ; bqt took the other for his guide, and mad^ 
the explicitncfs bend to it. He thus chofe a farthing-candle for 
bis luminary, in preference to the fun. 

^ Polybius iii. 56. Ilonjcrafcgw? -njp tm AAwwy vwt^oianv^ 9/a»p«k 

1 .us. 



Ji£CT,yif. OVER THE AI,PS, ^Ol 

^s^ that Hannibal was nm m gaining thie creit of the 
Alps ^ ; that he ftaid two there '^ ; and that he encamp* 

^ fid at the end of another ^ upon the head of the chafm. 
On the third day afterwards, he now fays, Hannibal 
came to the plains, Thcfe feveral days, nine, two, 
one, and three, make up the fum total of fifteen* 
livy alfo tells us, that Hannibal reached the fummic 
X)f the Alps in nirte days' j that he continued twowpon 
it " i and that (mcluding one employed in marching 
up to the ,chafm> and in trying to march along th^ 
fide of it) he vf2L%four about it ''. He afterwards adds, 
with a dubipufnefs in hii^ifelf and a reference to au- 
thority, that af e very furprifing amid fueh clearneft i 
that, " according to fome authors, he croflfed the 
f^ Alps in FIFTEEN days ^. His aggregate number 
coincides exaftly with Polybius's, and forms juft his 
fifteenb We thus fee more fatisfaftorily than we 
could before, the diftribution of his three days at the 
chafm. On the firft of the three, he cut down his 
trees, heaped them upon the rock of the perpen- 
dicular wall at the hollow, and waited till a wind 

^ arofe, fet fire to them, beheld the rocks glowing with 
the intenfe heat, drew his lines of yiaegar upon it, 

' Polybius ill. $%• Evyal^to; ^$^iawao^ ik T«f vTn^^oXecq* 

• Polybius iii. 53. Avo nf^sfec^ %fA.tm, ^ 

« Livy xxi. 35. " Nono die in joguni Alpiiim perventum eft.'* 

■ Livy^cxi. 35. ** Bjduum in jugo ftaliva habita." 

^ Livy xxi. 37. "Quatriduum circa rupem confumptum,*' 

^ Livy xxi. 38. *■ Ut guidani audtores (uut, quintodecimo die 

f* AJpibtts fuperini?/* 

:^d 



202 



COURSE OF HANNIBAL 



CHAP, ir, 

and broke down the foftencd rock into a winding, a 
pradicable defccnt. This would be fuflicient em- 
ploy for that day. The fecmd morning he marched 
away with the baggage and cavalry, leaving the main 
body to open the nearly clofing rocks above, thefe 
Symplegad^s of the Alps, for the paflage of the ele- 
phants. They laboured to open them, all that day. 
The third they, marched with the elephants through 
them, and came down in the eyening to their eOm- 
mandcr at Aofta. But all fhows ftill more, that 
Livy afid Polybius confider the prefent pofition of 
the Carthaginians, as at the foot of the Alps, and 
within the verge of Italy. Polybius even calls this 
cxprcfsly, Hannibal's " entrance" into Italy; and 
Livy alfo lays, he had now '* penetrated into 
Italy y." Aofta was accordingly confidered fo by 
the very Romans themfelves. Pliny places Aofta 
precifely, "at the roots of the Alps ^." Pliny adds 
in another place, that " it is at the limit of the Alps;" 
and that the length of Italy is to be meafured by a 
line, drawn " from the Alpine limit at Aofta, through 
*^ Rome and Capua to Rhegiums" But Solinus 
equally meafures the length of Italy, " from Aofta 
" dirough Rome and Capua to the town of Rhe- 



y Polybius iii. 60. Mela ^f tuk fto^&XTji-j Livy xxi. 38. "In Ita- 
" lianj digreflb/* 

^ Pliny iii. 17. ** Colonic ab Alpium radicibus, — SalafTorum 
" Augufta Prastoria/' &c. 

* Pliny iii. 5. " Patct longit,udine ab Alpino fine Prsetorige 
*• Aa'gullaB, per Urbem Capuamque curfu meantc, Rhegium.'' 



*' gium. 



» 



SECT. Vrr. OVER .THE ALPS. HOJ 

*' gium' " So dearly, fo demonftrably, is Hannibal 
now with all his army at Aofta, four and twenty 
miles below Great St. Bernard, and within the very 
confines of Italy ! Italy then ended at the foot of 
the hills immediately north of Aofta/ though it has 
now ufurped upon the hills for many miles upward. 

In this ever-memorable march, Hannibal had loft 
a number of men **. Some had fallen by the hands 
of the enemy ; in the fuppreffion of the rebeliion at 
LyoriSj- in the grand engagement at the entrance of 
the Alps, and in the formidable ambufcade at Luttier 
afterwards. Some had* been drowned in the (treams, 
which they had been obliged to crofs; the rivers in 
France, the Arve near Geneva,^ the currents of the 
Vallais, the Drance and the Doria of the Alps *". 
Many alfo had perilhed, at the precipices and the 



^ Solinusc. a. ** Italia longitudo — ab Augirfta Praetoria per 
** Urbem Capuamque porrigitur, ufque ad oppidum Rhegium." 

c SaiifTure iv, 218—224. makes the diftancc to be, between 
tweAty-four or twenty-five miles. The Roman^milliary above 
dates the diftance at twenty-/<7«r, and the Roman Iter at tv.'enty- 

^ Poly bins iii. 56. Ilok^.sj (juv a7ro\u?.tKuq ruv r^etliulm* 

* Polybius iii. 66. Ytto ts rur'noKtyL^m. 

^ Polybius iii. 56. Kat rujt voiccfjLUVi «>• ti? xa9o\tf flropgta. The 
fccond claufc of thirpall«ige relates to the whole march from the 
Rhone to Aolla, and refers to the atemj as well as the rivers of 
the whole. But the only eaemy that he encountered till he came 
to the Alps, was the rebellious party, at Lyons.. Here, however, 
the Latin tranflator has made (Irange work, rendering the fecond 
claufe thus, '' ipfius denique itineris longitudo et difficultas/^ and 
fo interpolating inHead of interpreting his author. 

defiles 



a04 COURSE OF HANKIBAt tHAP, ir« 

defiles of the mountains'; at the precipices of the 
entrance, and at the defile of the chafm. Yet he 
had loft a fmaller pumber of his men, than of his 
dragoon-horfes, his beafts of burden^ and his cattle 
in the cars \ Tbefe, as we have feen before, had 
fuflFered particularly at the entrance, at the ambufcadc, 
and on the dcfcent. jHe had eroffed the Rhone, as 
I have formerly obferved, with eight and thirty thou- 
fand infantry, and with more than eight thoufand ca- 
valry. «But' he had loft no lefs than two thousand 
of his horfe, and eighteen thousand of his foot, 
in the march fince '\ So triumphant does Hannibal 
appear in the eye of hiftory, till the philofophy, which 
the Golpel infenfibly breathes into every mind, ftcps 
in to recount his loffes ! At fuch a vaft expence^of 
the happinefs and the lives of mankind, does he, and 
does every warriour, appear to purchafc all his tri- 
umphs ! The number of men loft is moft aftonifh- 
ing, nearly the half of his whole army, and almoft all 
periftiing in the Alps^. This gives the finifliing 

touch 



% Poly bi us iii. 56. rioAXa; ^' wo rui xp*j/x>4)F y«i rm ^w^woita^ 
-nalct^(t<; AAw£»«. *' Many of his ni'en had alfo pcrifhed, among th^ 
** precipices and the defiles of the Alps" (i. 364), 

' * PoJybius ill. 56. Ov fjLt^nv ttp^^aq, iTi h v}iititq iwe^ xat vtto-^ 
^vyio. ; " Si far greater number of the horfcs and heap of burtheniT 
the draught-cattle (i. 365), 

* Polybius iii. sf* compared with the account before froin 
ui. 6o- 

^ Poly bi us iii. 60. Z%e^o» w» Tjjv nfAt^'eiat rni Jf va/xiaf,— ly T«rf 

•xfijjCoTujcK ^i^dcif ly. " This army was now ic«(uccd to Iffs tbatt 

« half —5 



SECT. VII. OVER. THE ALPS, 1205 

touch of terribknefs, to the terrible rcprcfentations 
before of his courfe acrofs them. Even the remainder 
of his army was exceedingly fhaken and harraffed, by 
the afcents and defcents of the mountains, by the 
roughnefs of the roads in both, and by the toil of 
mbd and body which they had undergone at the 
chafm I The Iparing manner too, with which their 
provifions were obliged to be dealt out to them, had 
given an emaciated appearance to their forms "'• It 
was not poflible for Hannibal, to carry ample pro- 
vifions for fo large an army throu^ fo long a march". 
Even the greateji fart of what were carried, was loft 
in the lofs of his cars and cattle **• The provifions 
accordingly began to fail, and the men were obliged 
to be put upon a fcanty allowance p. Numbers there- 

** h^lf — I the reft had perifhed among the mountains'' (i. z-ji)* 
This is very inaccurate 5 crx^'^* w» being " almofl half." It even 
appears to be very inaccurate, from Mr. Hampton's own verfion 
in i. 371 and i. 365 compared together. So little does Mr. 
Hampton attend, to the precife words of the original ! So little 
even does he refledl in one place, upon w&at he himfelf has faid ia 
another! ' 

' Polybius iii. 60. Ov yap /Aoyov Vfro rav etvaJ^ourtuv xcn kocIx* 
Qactuvf Hi ^B r^otyyii^uf ru» kuIoc rot qvfrifQcXetqt hivu^ rsict?\ai7ru^rtxH 
ro aviAfi:av av\a ffalowiJ'or. Polybius afterwards adds awiy^naf ru» 
wQvm, and Livy fpeaks of ** muniendoy>^/ hominibus,'* xxi. 37, 

°* Polybius iii. 60, AMa *«» t»j rut Ewtln^nuf o-Travn — kukoj^ 
avnXf^Mrls, 

* Polybius ill. 6o. Ovli yaf ^taxo/xt^ftir shq ro<rotvl«q ^v^icc^a^f hat 
rocr^up Toirufy ^u'^O^.Tt ret irfo^ m* tco^jjk, 9io( r* vtrav, 

Polybius iii. 60, A n xai, wptpjcojMiJbi', a/^a rn rut wQ^vykut 
nalai^^ofet, xoci rtiluv rcc ^rXttrot avvavuTioHo, 

P Appian 54.6. Tm hr^fi^m ctvloy tn^^iiniffun 

■ , fbre> 



ao6 COURSE or HANNIBAL CHAP, 11. 

fore, finking under the feelings of hunger and- the 

prefFures of toil united, neglefted all attention to their 

perfons^. And the whole army at this momentj 

from the long continuance of their diftrefles, carried 

all the appearance in look and in drefs, of a hoft of 

barbarians, fordid, fqualid, and favage ^. 

Hannibal 






N 



^ Polybius iii. 60. ^o^^oi h Ktci xaQy^stvIo tocvlaq o^oo-^epw?, oi» 

' Polybius iii. 60. Ot ye fAT.f (ru^iilet;, kcm tou^ tmipamM!; xai rn 
^0(X'9i diaSifiTEt, Jta rr,v crwi^nav nruv Trpociptj/xEi'WJ' woluVf oio» aTTOTi- 
ivip-u;[j.ivci irccfu<; r.c-av. Livy xxi. 39. " Ex iDuvie tabcque fqualida 
** et prope efferata corpora/' 

" The prefent condition of his. army was miferablc almoft beyond 
** expreffiorty^ a language very difFerent from Polybius's, who fays 
only, and without a boyifh unmeaningnefs of exaggeration, that 
all the army was in a dreadful condition ofmiferyf anvu^ rsltf^auTrftipqxsb 
TO (Tty.iruv cc'^lo} ffcPoTTB^ou " For befides the hardfhips which they 
** had fuftained from the difficulties of the way, both in afcending 
" and defcending th^ mountain?,'* literally and properly, not only 
from the af cents and defcents^ but aljbfrom the rougknefs of the roads in 
the pajfesy " the want of fuch provilions as were neceffary, and the 
" difeafes alfo which their bodies had controlled from negledl and 
** naftinefs,"" literally and briefly without any difeafes, and the to* 
ial negleSl of attention to their bodies, fo much lefs verbofe and lefs 
defcriptiye is Polybius than Mr. Hampton ! "had changed them 
** mtofpeSlacles of horror,'''' Mr. Plampton thus f<?ts up for himfelf 
in tlie trade of writing hiftory, and refufes to aft any longer aa.. 
foreman in the (hop of Polybius ! For the words rendered ** had 
** changed them into fpe<5ldcles of horror," are only nuKuq a^jjX- 
^arlf, and mean only had made a fad alteration among them. So 
much does the tranflator thruft his head into the clouds, when he 
fhould be waiting upon earth ! " While the greater part," manj^ 
woXXoj, " feemed voluntarily tofmk beneath their fufferingsy and even 
*• to rejeSl all thoughts both of life andfafetyJ"* Here the foreman 
not merely fets up for himfelf, but boldly ventures to kick his 
mafter out of the (hop.' The words in the original are only thefe, 

literally 



SECT. VII. OVER THE ALPS. 20y 

Hannibal therefore halted with them all, at Aofta. 
*' After his entrance" into Italy, fays Polybius, " he 
*' encamped under the very fide of the Alps \'* 
There his' firft care was, to recpver his harraffcd 
foldiery^ This he particularly attended to, exerting 
himfclf in raifing their fpirits, and in mending their 
appearance ". He even extended his concern, to the 
bodies of the horfes \ ' He gave them all, a long 

literally tranflated, anJ, the author adigning a reafon for and en-. 
larging upon the negkdl of attention to their bodies, not pailing 
off to another point, as in the luhiie of Mr. Hampton, many even 
negleSled their perjons entirely ^ becaptfe of the twant of necejfaries^ and 
the continuation of toils. But how different is this from that t Yet 
I can trace the derivation of that from this* The meaning of Po- 
lybius came to Mr. Hampton through 4 certain Ilrainer, was mif- 
underftood in the new form which it had then taken, and fo be- 
came what it now is. The Latin verfion was the caufc of this 
aberration. It fays, " muhi ct falutemfuam ultro in hSc inopia ct 
*' continuislaboribus negligebantj" and Mr. Hampton therefore 
faid in his ufual loquacity of ftyle, " the greater part feemed volun^ 
** iarily to fink beneath their fufferkigs, and even to rejedl all 
*• thoughts both of life and fafety^ Such has been the chemical 
procefs, in the tranfriiutation of Polybius's gold into the princess 
metal of Mr. Hampton ! Yet even the very Latin is mif- interpret- 
ed by Mr. Hampton. " Salutera fuam ultro negligebant,'' mean 
not " they feemed 'voluntarily to reje£l all thoughts both of life and 
'*lfafety\'' but merely they ivilfully negleded their health. The 
words thus, and thus only, anfwer to j«aOt/^6»»]o Eavla?. So plainly 
is the prince" 5 metal now.debafed into mere brafs I 

• Polybius iii. 60. M/Ia Ji tap iiaQoMvy KolAffacl-iTTB^ivcrxi w* 

* PoJybius iii. 60, Taj [/.sv ufx>^* ot^voLKonJcg^vi ra^ h'va^fjLH^, 

« Polybius iii. 60. IloXXtjjr up w-otauswj vpo^oiouv AwiQxq rr,q eir*- 

^ Polybius iii* 6o« 0f(otw( h r» {^cuiJictU} ru» iinruv, 

repole 



208 C6UKS£ Op flANklBAL tHAt^. ifi 

rcpofc of THREE days *. Nor did this form the whole/ 
of his attention to them. He certainly found a town 
of the Salafli here, the capital of the SalaiTi ; as Aoit^ 
was undoubtedly their capital afterwards^, and as 
Varro would encamp at the capital on the reduftiort 
. of the country. A town too appears to have beenf 
aflually upon the ground, from one circumftance in 
the prefent hiftory. Repofe might reftore the wearied 
framfes of Hannibal's men, but repofe would not re- 
cruit their ftarved fpirits. The halt of three days,- 
indeed, would Only add to their diftrefsN concerning 
food. Their ftores would be more exhaufted by theJ 
delay, and every day their aDowance would become 
fcanticr. Yet we are exprefsly informed by Livy^ 
that they now pafled " out of want into plenty ^'^ 
They therefore furnilhed themfelvcs with a new ftock 
cf provifions, at Aofta. They thus recovered their 
Ipirits entirely, regained their former vivacity of 
hope, and refumed their former vigour of refolution^ 

VIII.mVING^ 

* Livyxxi. 37. "Ibi — quies-^datatriduo.'* 

y Pliny iii. 17. ** Salafforum Augufta Prastoria^" 

* Livyxxi. 39. " Copia ex inopia*'* 

* Polybius iii. 6o. Ms7m ^i r»viatf ^foo-ccm^^x^viet^ ij^m mii iwx' 

** The, Carthaginian gcneralj having now entered Itafly, whir 
** the forces which we have already particulafly mentioned, a^ 
**firji encamped at the bottom of the Alps, that he might givtf 
*'fome cafe and refrefhmeht to his troops." Mr. Hampton has 
thus, by ihe mere exertion of watttonnefs, transferred the words 
T«? ap%a<, " at firft," from the refrejbment for which they were de- 
figned, to the entamftng with which they have no concei^ii. Xi- 
t«ral}y »cndcrcd, the paffage runs thus j after his entrance into Italy 

encamfin^ 



SECT. Vlir. . OVER THE ALPS. SOJ 



— vm.— 

Having done this, Hannibal entered upon adtion 
again, by marching away with an army, which now 
confifted of six thousand horse and twenty 

' thousand 

• 

wc/imping under the ^eryfide of the Alps^ he in the firfl place refr'efhcd 
his forces. Bat, as Mr. Hampton goes on» '* thofe that were le^ 
•' alive, were fo much worn and altered by continued fufFerings, 
** that their appearance vtzsfcarcelj buman»^^ Howjnuch fainter 
is this pidare, in its attitudes and in its colours, than the one af- 
xnoft immediately pveceding in Mr. Hampton's own tranflation f 
What were then " fpc6lacles of horror," no<w wear only an " ap- 
** pearance fcarcely human." But, as thofe fpedacles were only 
perfons fadly altered, fo thefe " fcarcely human" forms are even 
forms '' like favages,'' oioy a9ro7s9)}pia;^iyoi. The tide of language 
thus recedes as low, as it has mounted high before. But in Po- 
1^ lybins the language knows no ebb, and goes on, as all language 
ought to go, in one pi:ogrefiive flood ; thofe who were fadly alter- 
ed before, being now exhibited as favages. In Mr. Hampton 
alfo, the men arc ** fo much worn and altered by continued yij/^ 
**ferings ;" but in Polybius they are affefted/more fpccifically and 
more hidorically, by continued toilsy rm vqvuv. Thus, as Polybius 
has told us before, many negle£led their perfons entirely, becaitfe 
of the want of neceifaries and the continuance of toils^ ruv voi^a'f* 
" TYitfirfi care therefore, to which Annibal now gave his lAjbole 
** attention, was to ratfe the drooping Jpirits of the troops, and by 
^* proper refrefhment to reftore both the men and horfes to their 
" former ftate." Literally : ** Hannibal therefore," not making it 
his ** fird'* care,. which is (Irangely recalling what he has ordered 
away before, and not giving his " whole" attention to ir^ which 
is adding falfhood to finefTe, but '* thinking much how he could 
*' tarke care of them ; refreihed together both the minds and 
" the bodies of the men^ and iimilarly thofe of the horfes." Po- 
Vol. II. P lybiuf 



aiO COURSE OF HANNIfiAL CHAP.tt* 

THOUSAND FooTi eight thoufand of the latter being 
Spaniards^ and twelve thoufand Africans'. It muft 
be agreeable to every reader of reflefticHi to fee the 
cxaft number with which he entered upon his im- 
portant war in Italy i now he was come after a march 
of five months from Carthagena in Spain ^, to the 
immediate fcene of aftion i and now he was com- 
mencing his grand career of operations, in that coun- 
try. He himfelf thought the circumftance fo remark-^ 
able, in the hiftory of his Italian war; as to have it 
engraven afterwards on a plate of brafs, and affixed 
to a pillar in the temple of Juno at Lacinium. In 
this, with the fpirit that we have feen in him twice 
before, of a devout acknowledgment of the Power 
above him, and with the genius of a literary warriour, 
that recorded his own aftions, and fo anticipated hi* 
own fame j he erefted an altar to the goddefs pecu- 
liarly worfhipped at Carthage, and infcribed a very< 
long account of his exploits upon a pillar by it, in 
Carthaginian charafters for the reading,of his foldiery, 
in Greek for the infpeftion of all the neighbouring 



lybius thus appears, ahvays walking in a dircfl path, ftcadily and 
^rmly moving on, and turning neither to the right nor to the 
left. But Mr- Hampton appears, moving generally in a loofc and 
fhambling kind of pace, frequently Humbling, and fometimes di- 
verging from the road entirely. 

* Poly bi us iii. 60. Y^^uv ro ^ixa-:>)^ofxEvav /Acpof rti? jxif AhQvuv- 

* Polybius iii. s^. 

nations* 



fesCT. Vlir. OVER THE ALPS. pill 

nations ^ He now " m^arched away'* with them, wc 
liear from Livy, " xo the plane country, to places 
** under a milder element, and to inhabitants of a 
" milder Ipirit"^." He now came therefore to a new 
nation, having quitted the dominions of the Salafli 
widi whom he has-been fo long engaged, and enter- 
ing the territories of another tribe to the fouth. . He 
marched, as Livy afterwards tells us, " into the coun- 
-" try of the Tauivini, who, on his having pene- 
*' trated into Italy, were the nation occurring next to 
*' him after the Gauls y^ Dio's Salafli Galatas, of the 
Alps*. He marched along the left or eaftern bank 
of theDoriai to the plane country of the Po, thfe fine 
meadows upon its fides, and the civilized region of 
Turin. But he firft adhered to the rc/ad, which he 
had kept fo long. This goes in the Itinerary thus: 

Auguftam Prsetoriam ^ . , Vitricium 

m. p. XXV [Tables, xxi], Eporaediam m. p. xxi 
[Tables, xxxiii], Vercellas ......... ^** Han- 
nibal therefore marched by Verrex to Ivrea. 

• Polybias iii. 56. Avloq iv rji t'jX'Jj rjt Trfpi ra 9rX»79tf? s^avi m^v 
tviy^ocipfiVf sviAocMHCt) hotffd^ei. See alfo iii. 33. X»XKUfji.o[li, Livy 
xxviii. 46. " Propter Junohis Laciniae templuna, seftatem Han- 
*' nibal egit 5 ibiquc aram condidit dedicavitque, curti ingenti 
*' renum abs fe geftarum titulo, Funicis Graecifqae literis in- 
" fculpto." The Laciniati Promontory is now called Capo della 
Colonne, and from this very pillar probably. See alfo Ant. Ua. 
Hift. xvii. 270 — 273. 

^ Livy xxi. 37. " Indc ad planum defccnfum, ctiam locis 
** mellioribus, et [mollioribus] accolarum ingeniis." 

« LivyxxL 38. "InTaurinos, qux Gallis proxima gens efat 
*' in Italiam digreffo." 

^ JSertius p. 2% and fecond fegment. 

P2 ?'ift 



t€ 



212 COURSE OF HANNIBAL CHAP. XI. 

** In fomc minutes from the city of Aofta," lays a 
traveller, Vfho has gone over all this route with very 
particular attention, " the great road of Italy which 
** we have been f6llowing, paflcs under a triumphal 
" arch erefted in honour of Auguftus — . The valley 
*' at the city is large and level. — Half a league from 
" the city, we remarked to the fouth on the other 
" fide of the Doria, an high mountain, of which the 
" top was COVERED WITH SNOW, and from which 
" defcends a little Glaciere, the last that is 
" seen. ON this route in going for Italy." So 
much reafon has Livy, for what muft rather have 
furprized my readers at firft, for placing the 're- 
gion of Turin " under a milder element," . than the 
vale of Aofta ! " In one league and a half from 
** the city, we pafs through FiUe Franche^ a village 
*' fomewhat confiderablc ; and, one league farther, 
** that of Nu%y a pretty confiderablc town, A little 
** beyond Nuz, the valley ceafes to be large and level; 
** it becomes narrow and much varied, here barren 
*' and wild, there compofed of orchards and meadows 
" watered by the Doria. - Thtjfrafa off be mountains 
" on our lefty which from the city had conftantly run" 
in one diredtion, *^ appeared to change it a quarter of 
a league from Chambavey which is a league and a 
quarter from Nuz. The petty village of Chatillon 
is a league from Chambave ; we paffed through the 
^' length of it by one flireet, very fl:eep, but largfe, 
** wcU-paved, Sivided by a channel of water clear 
" ^d running, ornamented widi feveral fountains. 

«* Before 






€€ 
€€ 
<C 



<C 
€€ 
€€ 



5tCT. VIW. OVER THE ALPS. 21 J 

*' Before we reached the village, we pafled ty a fine 
^' ftohe-bridge of one arch, over the fpace between 
** two rocks, feparated to an aftonilhing depth by a 
"torrent, which defcends from a high mountain 
" called Mount Cervin. Lower we lee the ruins of 
" another bridge, which is faid to have been built by 
the Romans. The village of St. Vincent is half a 
league from Chatiilon: in coming out of St. Vin- 
cent we'enter upon a charming road, that traverfes 
" fine woods of chefnut trees, and the ground is a 
tapeftry of the fineft verdure. Half a league from 
St. Vincent, we begin to defcend along the road 
which bears the name of Mount Jovet, a village 
" fituated at the foot of the mountain, upon the banks 
" of the Doria. This road, ciit by the hand of man 
" in the living rock to a confiderable height above 
" the river, is an admirable work. W^e then traverfe 
** a fmall plain of an oval form, find the rocks begin 
" again beyond it, and in twenty minutes reach the 
" little town of Verrex 5.'* / Here therefore I fix 

the 

z Sauflure iv. 175. " A quclqucs minutes dc la ville cJ'Aofte, 
** le grand chemin dc Tltalie que nous fuivons, pafTc fous un arc 
" dc triomphe erige en Thonnctir d'Augufte." P. 176. " La val- 
" Ice eft ici lari^c, a fond plat—. A denii-lieue de la cite, nous 
" remarquames au midi, de Tautre cote de la Doire, une haute 

" " montagne^ dont la cime eft couverte de ncigc, ct de laquelle de- 
** fccnd un petit glacier, le defnier que Ton vole fur cctte route 
" en allant en Italic." P. 177. " A une lieue ^t demie de la cite, 
".on traverfe V'tlU-franche^ village peu confiderable, et, a une lieue 
" plusloinc.cclui de ATwa,— un bourg affez confiderable." P. 179. 

' *' Un peu au-dela de.Nuz, la vallee ceffe d'etre large et plane — i 
** cile dfivicnt cuoitc ct tres-varice, la fterile ct fauvage, ici cou- 

P 3 " vcrtc 



aX4 COURSjE OF HANNIBAL CHAF, !!• 

the head-quarters of Hannibal the firft night, at xxi 
miles from Aofta according 'to the Tables, zi xxv 
aqcording to the Itinerary, but at xv or xvi only in 
reality. Nor would even this diftance be a flight 
day's march. Nothing indeed but the levelnefs of 
the country, the cagerncfs of the commander, and 
the want probably of any town fhort of Vcrrex, 
could have impelled the Carthaginians to make fo 
long a march. 

*' Verrex," adds the fame traveller, " is a pretty 

*' verte de vergers et de prairies arrofees par la Doirc. Les 
"couches des montagnes a notre gauche, qui depuis la cite avoi- 
*Vcnt conftammenr couru, — paroiffcnt changer a un quari de licue 
** du village de Chambave, qui eft a une licue ct un quart de Nuz." 
P. 1 80. " La petite ville de Chatillon eft a une lieue de Cham- 
** have ; nous la traverfames, fuivant fa longueur par une rue tres- 
** rapide, mais large, bien pavee, divifee par un canal d*eau claire 
•' et courant, et ornee de plulieurs Fontaines. — Avant d' y arriver, 
** on traverfe, fur un beau pont de pierre d'une feule arche, rin- 
** tervalle de deux rochers fepares a une profondeur etonnante, par 
*^ un torrent qui defcende d'une haute montag'ne nommee Mont 
'' Cervin. On volt, plus has, les ruines d'une autre pont, qu^on 
** dit etre des Romains. Le village de St, Vincent, a une demi- 
f* lieue de Chatillon,*' &c. P. 181. " En fortant de St. Vincent, 
** on entre dans une route charmante, qui traverfe de beaux bois 
** de chataigners, dont le fond eft un tapis de la plus belle vcr- 
** dure." P. 182. " A demi-lieuc de St. Vincent, on commence 
*''a dcfcendre le chemin qui porte le nom de Montjo'vety village 
*^ fitue au pied de la montagne, fur Ic borde de la Doire. Ce che- 
** min, taille de main d*homme dans le roc vif, a une hauteur 
**'confiderable au-deflus de la riviere, eft un ouvrage admirable,*' 
P. 190. *' On traverfe cnfuite une petite plainc de forme ovale. 
** — Les rocs re-commenccnt — 5 ct on vicnt en vingt minutes a 
5* la petite ville de Verrex"" (p. 197}. 

*' confiderablc 



SECT.Vm. OVER THE ALPS, ftlj 

<' confidcrable village, at which we ftopt both gcnng 
« and returning. From Verrex we go in an hour 
« and a half, to the fort of Bard. The village is 
*? on this fide of the fort, fituated in a defile very nar- 
«* row, {hut in between two fl:eep mountains. On the 
« fummit of that which is on the right or fouth, is 
« the fort i and the Doria flows at the foot of the 
« mountab. The rocks continue all along the great 
«* road, above which they are cut dovin perpendicu- 
« larly by the hand of man, to the height of more 
« than thirty feet. This is faid to be a work of die 
«< Romans," as it apparently is ; « and in proof it is 
« they Ihow a milliary column, fculptured in relief 
« upon the rock itfclf. This column is eight feet 
,« and a half in height, and two in breadth, having 
« the numerals xxx upoa itJ Beyond this column, 
« we pafs through a gate cut entirely in the rock''." 

k Sauffure iv. 199. ,« Verrcx eft une affez grand village, dans 
"lequel nous nous arretames en allant « en revenant. -De 
" Verrex, on va dans une beore et dcmie aa>r< de Bard." ?. .00 

_toi. « Le village-eft en deca du fort . Le village eft 

« fuuc dans un defiU tres-etroit. ferre entre deux montagnes ef- 
« Mrpe'esi fur le fommet de celle, qui eft a droite ou au fud, eft 
« fiti e le fort de Bard ; et !a Doire coule au pied de la montagne. 
« Les- rochers continuent le long de la grande route, au-deffu» 
« d' laquelle lis font tailUs a pic de main d'homme, a une hauteur 
.« de plus de 30 pieds. Ont dit que c'eft un ouvr^ge des Romains, 
« et nn en dc.rne pour preave une colonne milliaire, fculptee en 
« relief dans le roc meme. Cette colonne a % pieds et demi de 
« hauteur, fur deuk de diametre. avee le chiffre xxx. Au-de J 
« de cette colonne, on pafle par une porte faillee en entier dans le 

P4. But 



•V 



2l6 COURSE OP HANNIBAL CHAP. II« 

But I muft ftop my reader a little longer at Bard^ 

" This valley of Aofta," fays M. Bourtit, « is de- 

" fended by fome towns and fortrefles, as that of 

" Verrez, which is alrrioft fafe from a fiege, and that 

'* of Bard^ which is cfteemed ftlll ftronger. We 

*' find alfo a famous road, which the Romans cut to 

** open for themfelves a paflage into the vale of Aofta. 

<^ Its ancient inhabitants^ the Salafli, defended the eri^ 

*^ trance into it a long time,'', an article of hiftorical 

intelligence, that is not referred to any authority by 

the writer, yet is not apocryphal, but may be found 

in the canon of hiftory, when Veterus blocked 

them up for two years. " The road is almoft twelve 

*' feet broad : upon one fide, the deep bed of the 

" Doria alarms thfe traveller, who is yet protcdled 

*' by a wall of rpck-ftones, which thofe able con- 

*' ftruftors knew how to manage. The other fide 

*' of the road is not lefs remarkable ; there the rocks 

are cut down perpendicularly, an immenfe work ! 

which is the more aftonilhing, becaufe in thofe 

times they had no aififtance from gunpowder and 

« mines ^" 

So 

* Bourrit iii. 262—263. " Cctte vallee eft defcndue par des vil- 
*' Us et de? fortcrcflcs, tcUcs que celle dc Vcrrcz, qui eft prcfqu' a 
" rabrid'uD fiege> ec celle de Bard, eftimee plus forte encore. On 
" trouve auffi un fameux chemin> que les Romains caillerent, 
*' pour 8*ouvrir Ic paflage de la val-d'Aofte. Les anciens habitans, 
** les Salafles, en defcndirent long- temps Tentree : ce chemin a 
*' prcs de douze pieds de large : d'un cote, le lit profond de la 
" Doire effraie le voyageur, qui eft cependant a Tabri par un mur 
** dc rochcrsi que ces habiles conftrudleurs ont fu naenager. L'au- 

« trc 



cc 
cc 

C€ 



• V 



SECT. Vlir. OTBR THE ALPS* ^tj 

So plainly have the Romans been bufy at work^ 
upon this pafs ! Here for that reafon was an antient 
infcription fet up, commemorative of HamibaTs march 
along it. '* Paul Jovius and Merula, two very learn- 
**.ed men of the -fixteenth century," remarks an au- 
thor, " affirm that they had feen at a pafs called Le 
*' Bard between Aofta and Ivree, an antient infcrip- 
*' tion which had been put up there, as a memorial 
*^ of Hanmbars pafling that way ^." Paul Jovius 
was an Italian bifliop, who died about the middle of 
the fixteenth century, and Paul Merula a Hollander, 
who died in the beginning of the feventeenth. The 
evidence, therefore, is double in nature and fucceflive 
in time. What then can be oppofed to it ? Yet, in 
the aftive energy of critical minds at prelbnt, we arc 
apt to carry our cautioufnefs into an argument, to 
pufh our very doubts into determinations, and to be- 
lieve readily upon one fide from a fpirit of unbelief 
on the other. ** As they took no copy of it them- 
** feives," obferves the relating author j " and \^e do 
'^ not hear of any other pcrfon or author, that ever 
" fo much as faw it ; there is a great deal of reafon^ 
^* to believe this a litde apocryphal ^" The evidence 
of a bilhop and an Italian, of a bifliop of Nocera at 
no great diftance, and a native of Como in the very 

. *' tre cote du chcmin n'eft pas molns remarquablej ce font des 
^' rochers tailles perpendiculairemenC^ ouvrage immenfe \ qui 
'' etonne d'autant plus^ que dans ccs temps-la Ton n'avoit pas le 
<' fecours de la poadre et des mines/* 

k Brevars Firft Travels i. 227, ' Breval i. 227. 

neighbourhoody 



aiS COURSE OF HANNIBAL . CRAP. 11, 

Mighbourhoodj a fchokr, and an hiftorian, would 
be fufficient of itfclf. Such an evidence as this is 
competent, to fupport a much more important fa6t 
than that. But when a fecond witnefs is brought in 
to add his evidence to it, can any man of fober mind 
for a moment doubt the competency of both ? Yet 
becaufe we have not three witnefles for the infcrip- 
tion, or becaufe the two did not copy it 5 the cre- 
dulity of fcepticifm will believe it to be apocryphal. 
That credulity, which will not be diverted by left 
than tbree witnenes, might with equal reafon call for 
thirteen or thirty to turn it. That fcepticifm, which 
will not be convinced by any thing fliort of a copy 
of the infcription, would not be convinced by that; 
but would doubt about the genuinenefs of the tran- 
fcript, as much as it does now about the exiftence of 
the original. The human mind hias always a proper 
proportion of fcepticifm and credulity, in it j but 
this as 2Lpozver^ and that as a check only ; a power ne- 
ceflary to prevent life from Handing ftill, Jn the hefi- 
tation and vacancy of doubts j and a check equally 
neceffary to fave the mindj from being precipitated 
into hafty evils and unforefeen diftrefles. Yet fcep- 
ticifm fets itfelf forth in the prefent fpirit of the 
times, as the life, the vigour of the mind ; when that 
vigour and that life are principally exerted in believ- 
ing, when for one point doubted twenty muft be be- 
lieved, and when otherwife man muft ftand and ftarve 
and die, like the afs between two equally attraftivc 
bundles of hay. To rife to fuch a pitch of cxaftnefs, 
^ * as 



SECT. VIIi; OV&H THB ALPS. - C^J 

as to prcfent the very copy of an infcription to the 
reader ; was not common in the fixteenth century, 
and is not neceflary in any. The want of it therefore 
is not to be urged, in fupcrfedence of pofitive tefti*- 
mony. Nor can we, without high impertinence, re- 
. je(9: the pofitive tcftimony of one of thefe witnefles, 
for fuch a petty incident as the exiftence of a few 
words upon a rock. One indeed is as much, as we 
can reafonably expcft upon fuch a fubjeft. And one 
is in faft all that the objedling author ought, either iii 
juftice to the truth or in fairnefs to his own reafon- 
ing, to have cited as a witnefs; Merula giving no 
evidence himfelf, and only repeating the evidence of 
another. " Jovius writes," he fays, '^ that letters art 
^^Jhown engraved upon the rocks at Barr, a monu- 
*^ MENT OF Hannibal, who croffcd the Alps, 
^^here""." But let us not look at the fun, by its' 
refleflion in the water. Let us, eagle-like, face ita^, 
rays direftly; and thus behold it in its real luftr^,.. 
Jovius is much more luminous and bright^ than his 
refleftor. " Immediately after thefe," he fays in his 
defcription of the Alps as they are croStAfrom Italy, 
follow the Alps of St. Bernard, — which lead from 
Ivrea through Augufta Prsetoria — : these rocks 
ARE thought by MANY, to havc been [thofc 
which were] broken up by Hannibal with- 
^ FIRES AND VINEGAR; as at Barr, a village on 

" Merula's Cofmographia lib. iv. p. 526. Amftel. i6«i. 
** Scribit — Jovius apud Barrum littcras cotibus infcnlptas oftcndi, 
" njonimentum'Hannibalis, qui hac Alpcs trajecerit." 

5 y this 



cc 



aio COURSE or hannibal chap. ir. 

" this road, in a perpetual monument to the glory 
" of {o great a commander, letters inscribed 

" UPON THE VERY ROCKS SIGVIFY "." Wc haVC 

already feen this road over Great St. Bernard, report- 
ed by Livy, reported by Pliny, and reported by Mar- 
cellinus, in fucceffion, to be the traditionary road of 
Hannibal among their cotemporaries ; and a6hially 
denominated by the Romans at the'^ beginning of the 
fecorid century, the pajfage of Hannibd. The Romans, 
who io believed and fo denominated it, might very 
naturally put up an infcription expreffive of the tra- 
dition. The foldicrs, who were working in the 
formation of this road, and actually engraved a milli- 
ary column upon thefe rocks, at Bard ; would be very 
apt to do fo, as we know their fellow-foldiers to 
have engraved infcriptions concerning themfelves, 
at fome of our quarries in Britain ''. The infcription 
at Bard is fmce gone, as fome of our Britifh are ^ 
and as that upon the milliary column equally is ; the 
numerals xxx being alone left upon the column, yet 
.ferving to (how there were words with them for- 
merly ^. But it was luckily feen in its preferved ftate 

n P» Jovii torn. i. p. 300. ** Ad has ftatim fequuntur San At 
** Bernardi Alpcs, — quae ab Eporcdia per Augullam Praetoriam 
*' — perdiicunt — . Has rupcs ignibus acetoque Annibalem pcr- 
'* fregiiTe, molti opinantur ; ut apud Barrum, ejufi tineris pagum, 
** perpecuo tanti ducis gloriae monumento» liters ipfis cotibas 
'' infcriptx AgniHcant/* See the words alfo in Simler 14a. 

« Horflcy 267 and 299, &c, 

P Horflcy, 269 &c. 

4 SoinHorfley, Weflmoreland iv. 

by 



SECT. Villi. OVER THE ALPS. -221 

by Joviusj and Happily noticed in a publication by 
him. His attcftation prpvcs its exiftencc dccifivcly. 
Yet, what forms an amazing fiiperfluity of evidence 
upon fuch a point; and even gratifies the vicious 
appetite of incredulity to the fiill, in its craving hun- 
ger for more evidence j we find an hiftorian of the 
middle ages, antecedent to Jovius by many centuries, 
a bUhop of Xtaly, like Jovius, a native of a town al- 
moft as near -as Como, and a bifhop of a city flill 
nearer than Nocera ; ftrongly, though filendy, refer- 
ring CO this very infcription and that very tradition, 
in faying that " Arnulph the emperour returned home 
^' out of Italy, by Hannibal's way, which thev 
" CALL Bard and Mont Joux^" 

From Bard, adds Sauffurc, " with rocks conti* 
*' nually at our fide, we come to the long and narrow 
*^ village of Doriax. From Donax we come to St. 
*' Marfin, upon a road continually paved and glitter- 
ing. St. Martin, fituated equally between two 
fteep rocks, is the laji village of the vale of Aofia ; 
we go out of it U enter Piedmont ^ by a toleraUy 



€€ 



** ** Liutprandus Ttcineniis/^ who was bifliop of Cremona in 
the loth century (Mod. Un. Hift, xxviii. 31), "fcribit Arnul- , 
.*' phum Imperatorem ex Italia doMum reverfum eife"* in 89$ 
(Mod. Un. Hift. xxv. 263 — 264), ''per Annibalis viam» quam 
** Bardum vocant et Montero Jovis'* (Simler 248). ''Per Pea- 
" ninashasexillimat Luicprandus Ticinenfis HaAnibalem in Ita* 
'' Ham veniiTey fcribens Arnul phum Imperatorem ex Italia do- 
/' muni reverfum per Hannibalis viam, <iuam Bardum dicunt er 
** Montem Jovis" <Mcrula iv. 545). 

8 , " handfome 






^2t COtTRSE OF HANNtBAL CttAP. lif* 

« handfome jgate bf cut ftone, on which are the arms 
•" of the houfe of Savoy. Half a league from St. 
Martin, we' dif cover for xht firfl time the plains o€ 
Italy; we pafs however fome very narrow defiles 
** ftiU, and, among others, one at the village of 
•^ Monte StrettOy the name of which indicates fuffi- 
•' ciendy the fituation. Having pafled Monte Stretto, 
^^ Vit quit the mountains entirely -y ^t Jee nothing any 
^^ longer around us hut fome ftnall hills y and even thefe 
*^ at fome diflance^ So properly does Livy intimate 
this wholfe march from Aofta, though Aofta itfelf is 
at the foot of the Alps, to be ftill " a defcent*' from 
the mountains ^ ! " In half an hour we come frorti 
*' Monte Stretto to Borgo Franco ^ and from Borgo 
** Franco travel to Ivre a almoft conjlantly upon plane 
, *' ground.^* ' So accurately does Livy again fpeak of 
"this march, as o^ne exprefsly *^ into the plane coun- 
cc.fry^P* "Before we arrive at Ivrea, we crofsii. 
^ fftiail hill, on the other fide of which is this town 
" fituated i at the bottom of this hill, we enter Ivrea 
« through a gate, and fleep there. Ivrea is encircled 
f * hy plains "." So exactly does the region continue 

to 

• Livy XXI. 37. ** Indc — defcenfum." 

t Ibid. ibid. "Ad planum." 

« Saiiffure iv. 201 — ^202. " On vient au long et etroit village 
•* dc Donax, — De Donax on vient a St. Martin, fur un chemin 
** toujours pave ct gliffant— . St. Martin, litue auffi dans un 
** etrdit defile cnire deux rochers cfcarpcs, eft Ic dernier villag'e 
*' de la Vallec d'Aofte 5 on en fort p<Jur entrer en Piemont, par un'e 
•* allcz belle porte en pierre de taille, fur laqiifellc font graVees les 
** armes de la Maifon de Savoye. A demi*l>cue de 6C. Martin, 



41CT. yill. OVER THE ALPS. M^ 

to be ** the plane country" of 'Livy f But thefe 
fucccffive defiles in die mountains, nfiuft have been 
mentioned previoufly to Hannibal by his GaHick 
guides J and have made him very apprehenfivc, of 
bemg ftopt at them. In the hands of a refolute 
enemy, in the hands even of one that had only the 
refolution to try the fpirit of the Carthaginians, thefe 
would have been formidable barriers to his and their 
advance. But they all bebngcd to. the Salafli, who 
bad tried the Carthaginians and him, and were nottf 
afraid to face them with ^^j? advantage on their 
fide. All the wifdom of the Salafli had been con- 
fumed, in the fmothered fire of their cunning ; and 
all the bravery of the Salafli had evaporated, in the 
burfting flame of their perfidy. From the filence of 
Livy and Polybius, Hannibal appears to have not 
encountered the flightefl: oppofition, at any one df 
thefe ftrong paffes. Nor let us doubt, whether the 
Salafli extended their poflfefllbns fo far to the fouth, 

*' on decouvnc pour la premiere fois les plaines de Tltalie ; oh 
^ paKe cependant encore qaelques defiles tres-etroi(s> ec^ entr* 
** autres, au village dc Monte- StrettOf dont le nom irtdique affcz la 
** fituation.'* P. 202. " Pafle Monte-Stretto, on fort tout-a-faic 
'' des montagnes ; on ne voit plus autour de fei que des collines, 
"et meme a un certain eloignement. Nous mimes [vinmcsj 
*' demi-heure de Monte Stretto, a Borgo- Franco, ^^ P. 203. ** De 
** Borgo-Franco a T'uree on marche prefque toujours en plaine/' 
P. 204. " Avant d'arrivcr a Yvree, on travsrfe une colli ne, de 
*M'auire cote.de laquelle cette ville eft fituee.— Au bas dc la col- 
** line, en entrant a Yvree ct fous la porte meme de la ville," See* 
*« Nous couchSmes a Yvr«c,'* P. aja, ** E^ans Ics plaines qui en- 
•* tourcnt Yvrce" &c* 

as 



A24 COURSE OF HANN»AL CHAP^XI. 

as Ivrca. We have feen their poflcflions reaching 
before^ to Orziercs on the northern fide of the Alps, 
and to Aofta at the foot of the fouthern. Aofta wc 
know to have been their capital i and all the vale of 
Aofta, therefore, muft have belonged to it and them. 
This brings us down to St. Martin, the laft village 
in the vale. But their dominions did not terminate 
here, as we naturally expedl they fliould have done. 
They appear from Pliny, to have a6tually infolded 
Ivrea within their range. " Belonging to the Salajfi^** 
he tells us, " is Augufta Praetpria,-^/i&^ Jown Epo^ 
^^ redia," Sec''. So very extcnfive were the terri- 
tories, of this nation of traitors to Hannibal! At 
this town then, twenty one miles from Verrex in the 
Itinerary, thirty three in the Tables, and about twelve 
or thirteen (I believe) in reality, do I fix the head- 
quarters of Hannibal for the fecond night. Nor can 
we doubt the exiftence of a town here, in that early 
age ; though Pliny fays " the books of the Sibylls 
*' commanded the Romans to build it \" Upon fuch 
occafional, contingent, and petty points, amid many 
fubftantial and important fubjedts, did the books of 
the Sibylls touch at times; and fo much more mys- 
terious than ever in their jjature, do thofe points ren- ^ 
der thefe books ! Pliny can mean only a command 
to r^-build it, as he him/elf intimates the name to be 

^ Pliny iii. 17. ** Salaflbrum Augufta Prastoria, — Oppidum 
<• Eporcdia." 

^ Ibid. ibid. ^' Sibyllinis Libris a populo Romano condi juf- 
«*fHmr 

, purely 



SECt% Vin. OVER tHB ALPS* , 325 

furdy Gallkk. ** The Gauls," he fubjbifts> ** deno** 
** minate good horfe-breakers Eporedide"^.** The 
town therefi>re derives its origin with its denomina- 
tion, &om the S&lafli Gtdatie of Dio, and Livy's Gauls 
of the Alps ; and was, what is a fingular phoenome* 
non in the hiftoiy of fuch a people, and carries the 
origin of horie-races to a fingular antiquity in £u-> 
irope, a kind oiNewmarht to them, a town encircled 
by plains for horfc-racing, a town inhabited by jock*- 
m for managing and training the horfes ^. 

On thefe plains the SallUvii, Sallyi, Salyes, or Sa- 
lafli had fettled originally, oti their migration acrofs 
the Alps. They fctdedj fays Livy, " near that ai;i-^ 

y Pliny ill. t;. '' £poredIcas Galli bonos equoVum domitotes 
" vocant.*^ 

* '' tihtda ^rtiOXi% the Gauls, faich Q^iincilian^ is a word of th« 
*' fame iignificadon as Caruca (f. t. a chariot) ^mong the Latins^ 
** This word is not' now to be found in the J3riti(h tongue ; but it 
'*is apparent that it hath been ill it, by the wo^ds &i this day 
'* nfed, 'Rhediadzcwxit^ Khedec [Rhcdeg] to ran, and R^decfa 
** a race* For that a]) thcfe came originally fron) RbetUy"" rather^ 
fcom the fame radical idea and word as Rbeda, ** is beyond dir>- 
« pule** (Canitien in Gibfon t. xxiv). Of the fame family is Xht 
Irifli RUi^e a hoffenAan, a knight, which, in ioo great partiality to 
our language, the Irlfh lexicographers derive from our Engliih 
RUeri though the Wellh words above, and the Irifh Ritk ft 
courfe, a flight, Ritbim to run, Rhti running, ncing^ RiMadb, 
Riothaim^ ReatpaiiH, to I'Uni to race, by th^ general ahalogy oJtthe 
Wclfli and Iriih, IhoW it and our finglifh word to be both Ccl- 
tick in their origin. ** EporediXy^ fays Bullet ii, J45, " boo dref. 
** four de cheval. Plinc — notis a cohfct-vc ce mot Gaulois— .- tf^ 
** cheval, Redya^ dompter, drcflcr}" rather rledeg. or fomc fuch 
ivord, to tide, to ra&> to r2t;e> a horie. 

Vol. II. Q^ "ticnt 



226 COURSE OF HANNIBAL ^-Ot AP.lt, 

" tient 'nation the Laevi Ligures',** who Were the 
fame with the Libui or Libyci, and owned the lite 
of Vercelli ^, the next ftage fropi Ivrca in the Itine- 
rary. From thcfe plains they proceeded to the 
Lasvi Ligures on the fouth, conquered them, and 
built Vercelli ^. From thefc plains too they mounted 
backwards up the Alps, and fpread themiclves by 
Aofta to Great St. Bernard andOrziere?. But thouglf 
on thefe plains, and all up the Alps, they retained 
their national appellation as faithfully, as the Laevi 
themfelves did ; yet among thefe Ligures to the fouth 
they fo6n loft it, and their name of Sallyi was iunk 
in that of Libui Galli"*. The SalaSi therefore were 
confidered as equally diftinft ftill from the Libui, as 
ever they had been ; and their poffeflions were re- 
puted, not to extend to Vercelli. Hannibal was now 
at the limit of their poffeflions to the fotith ; and 
muft have entered immediately upon their independ- 
ent colony of Libui Galli at Vercelli, if he had kept 
on the road which he had hitherto purfued from 
Martigny. But his objeft was Turin to the right. 
A road adually appears in the TaUcs, running from 
Ivrea to Turin®. A road equally appears there ac 
prefent \ And this road muft have been, as^ it now is> 

» Livy V. 35. ** Prope aniic^uam gen tern, Laevos Ligures." 
^ Pliny iii. 17. " Vercellx Libycoram.*' 
^ Pliny ibid. " verccUae Libycorum, qxSallyis ortre." 
^ Livy xxi. 38. " Per montanos SalafTos iji Libuos Gallos." 
*"•« Second Segment. . , . 

*■ Map of Savoy, Picdiupnt, and Montftrrat, in maj^s for Mod- 
ttn. Hiftory. 

- '.' ' /- a' principal 



SECT. VHI, OV» TM AiFS. . a 27 

a prificipal one } ev^r fincc .Turin extended ics au- 
iboiity, fis I have (hown it once did, and as it nov 
docs, up to the very fummic of Great St. Beroaid ^, 
XbisHknmbal was^^ preient to purfue. He ac« 
.cprdjfigly crofled the D<Kia, kft the region of the 
Salafli, . aad e;ncered the immediate country of the 
Taurini. This was tbm the r egjon probably, whiick 
is now confined by the Doria on the eaft, the Po on 
the fouth, and the Chifon on the weft \ The Tau- 
rini were thus, as Polybius ftates them to be, . f '' at 
•* the foot of the Alps *." Pliny fpeaks accordingly 
of Turin itfelf, as equiklly wjch Aofta *♦ at the roots 
<« p{ the Alps K'' 3m hfi^ . is tf, that two fuch dift 
laixt towas fhoold ba,ve the faiAe poGtioo ; and . thai^ 
aft^r our k>ng march with Hannibal from Aqfta, wk 
of the snoiintains, inio the plane country, a|id to the 
very banks of the Po, we arc iliU atcbe roots- of the 
Alps i The fad is, as both Pliny andStrxbb' hm 
obferved j that the Alps form a kind of crefcent or 
bay along the north of luiy, that Tiffin lies under 
the weftcrn horn, or promontory pf it, and that 

Aoifa lies deep in the lioUow^ 

Thefe 

t See vol. i. chap. Jv. ftft. 7, vol. ii. chap, i. fe£!. i, and 
Bournt iii. 263,- ** fur la route de Turin" ffcm Aoft^, . 

^ Sea map. Hence «' Finis'' or Feneflrelle on the Chifon, as the 
boundary at once of che Taurini, the Alps, and Italy I 

* Polybius iii. 60. Tutt TavfivWf oi Tvy^avaai v^^ rn vuctfpuct 

^ Pliny iii. 17. " Colonise ab Alpium radicibus, Atiguafla 
♦' Taurinorum, — deio Salaflbrum Augufla Prastoria." 

* pliny iii. 5. ** Alpium pent lunatis jugisj'' Strabo ii» 190. 



J2g COURSE OP HANNIBAI. CHAP. !!• 

Thcfc Taurini, as Polybius informs us, " were 
^ then in a rebellion ^gainft the Infubres ««." Livy 
alfo adds, that ^^ they were in a ftatc of warfare," 
though he forgets to notice the rebellious nature of 
the warfare, '^ agalnft them "." For this reafdn, as 
I have formerly obfcrved, Polybius in ano<!her place 
mentions Hannibal, ^* when he had finifhed his paf^ 
^' fagc oyer the Alps in.fiftccn days, to have advanced 
'^ ioUly into the plains upon the J^o and the country of 
" the Infukres^'^ ' 

« 

ThefcTaurini were likewifc, as PolylMus goes on 
to tell us, "diftriiftful of the Carthaginians p/* They 
jnigKt well be fo. Their king Magalus, wfeom they 
had depofed, had gone to meet the Carthaginians in 
Gaule, and was come with tl?icm now. ^' Hannibal at 
♦* firft,"* and during the repofc of his army at Aofta, 
had ^^ end^voured to draw them into amity ^ith 

T*n' h AX^tw vi^s^tfri frf}Hv{uv y^a/x.^Dj«, to y,iv »wf%if trpttifieu vpK *« 
— rait KiXIa;* *'?^«*j "7T» h xqtXoy tt^o^ Ttiv AhyvfiKviv x»i rnt IrccXtav^ 
Strabo V* 313. Tuv fisy AXTrBuv Trs^i^i^ti^ v) wu^nfc en x^* tcoK^u^in^f 
rot KotXa e;^tf<7« f rpA/x/;AEi'0^ vpo^ rijv Irahiay' ru ^t noKiry ret jxiy yuaot^ 

« Polybius iii. 60. T^^ir Tat;ptva;v— rr*cr»a^oj»1ft;» /xsv vcoj r»j Icro/A- 

n Livy xxi. 39. " Taurinis, proxim^p g^nti, advcrfus Infqbrcs 
** moiumbellum erat.'' 

® Polybius iii. 56. non)(r«/xEWj tui» twij AXTrca;* forcpSpX^jv fffAtpeu^ 
vt^tKctihuat, xotivift ro>.(A,ilf^q ti^ ret ye^* rop Hot^ov Trthxf km ro rvw 

? Polybius iii. 60. A7r»r«if%i' ^s roij; Ket^x^hmi^^ " , 



SECT^Vni. OYER THB ALPS. 22^ 

I 

^'hinij and an alliance againfl the Romans V But 
he found his overtures rqcfted, as "they would not 
*' agree to ihis^ The reftoration of their exiled 
monarcl)^ and thdr own fubmiffion to the audioricf ' ' 
of the Irifubres, were the neceflary conditions of fuch 
an amity and fuch an alliance. He therefore march- 
ed to reduce thofc by violence, whom he could not 
bring over by Iblicitations. *^ He moved out of 
•^ his camp of reft/* Livy fitys ; " and one town of 
** the Taurini, the capital of the nation, becawfe 
*' they would not come intq the propofed amity witk 
*' him, h^ took by ftorm i and would have affociated 
f' all the Gauh along the Fo to him^ not merdy 
** through' fear, but alio with their own good-will," 
if the Roman army undpr Scipio had not been now 
conung up^ ^' He encamped around their great* 
" EST city," we Jcar^ frgm Pojybius, *^ and in fine 
" days took ^ by ftorm. And, having put his of^ 
^^'pomnts to tb^ /w(nrdy he ftruck fuch a terrour into 
" the neighbouring Barbarians, that they all came to 
f' him immediately, and refigned themfelves up to 



t Livyxxi. 39. *' Armkre exercitam, ut parti alteri f the In* 
** fabres or the Taurini] auxilio cffet, in nficUnJo^^noii potcrat,** 
compared with Polybius iii* 60, ro ffir w^viof ik ^^f«v crpirxaAiilt 

' Polybius ill. 60. pv^ viroLnaayim* 

• Livyxxi. 39. ** Jam* ex ftativis moverat Hannibal; Taurf- 
^* aoramque anam urbem^ caput gentts ejus, qtiia volentis in 
^* amickiam non veniebant, vi expugnarat $ junxifletque iibi, noa 
f^ f^^ctu folum^ fed etiam voluntate, Gallos accolas Fadi, ni'' 5rc« 



(IJO COUA&£ OF' HANKIBAL CHAP» ii« 

<* his will t." By that aft of feverity m putting all 
the 'g^ffr^oB to the fword, ," he (truck fuch a ter- 
f' rour>'Vnct. ^^ into thc^ncigl^uiing Barbarians^ * 

. ^ FolybittS ill* 60. JlifiTfo^oTri^Muo'Xi r%v ^pviatifip Trof^tv, it 
m^^ct^ s^ X^'(fO!» TT^pA^tyi^Oftiy hh*l»i <fet;l£f( ei^Tnc Vt^r. 

" He/' /O;)?, T<» ft£» wploy, " invited the Taurinian?/' the Tau- 
. jini, " who lived near the foot of the Alps,'* srfoj m Trotpupetotf at 
the foot of the Alps, " *nd were atrhi» time engaged rn [rebcl- 
** kiSHis} wavwith'thettifabmBs/* tK^Infubres, [and fllftrufted 
l^e Carthaginiatxsy aviT^vim 1% roii K(xp;^)}^oaiOK]| *' to eQterinta 
*' an alliance with h4iii, and toafTill him with their torces/' in the 
language erf Polybrus, to enter ittto ojnity and allian^ fjtHib Mm. 
^Afid when, hid offers were rejected by chem» he marched^K -a 
word, that (bows.ihe n«c<0ity of ijifeting/r/? before^ " and in- 
** camped before i\\^ Jirangejlf'^ the moft important, l^afvloci^v^ 
••of their cities j and having '^;^<f« it," having taken irhy florm^ 
^'toTiifioKrt^ ** ftfter tluree day& Aege; killed all that <^jert:fmiui iM 
•* arms e^gaivfi kmy] all that hadff^enm arrpj againft hltn^mq cf««- 
ItuMai cwlejt or (which is the fame here) all the inhabitants. 
^By this fc^riejr, the neighbouring barbarians wei^all Artick 
** with tertor; asd ta>i immediately, Teulnsi ex x«if oc],;^(iibmitted 
•^ at djfcretion.'^ inPolybius'i I«ngifiagc> which ibould buve becun 
retained, came and rejigned tbemfel'ues up to his ivilL 

On the whole, tliis verfion of Polybius appp^rently defenreff'hot 
the reputation which it bears. It was executed many years, be- 
fore itwas publifhed (preface 34 — 25), and at a period, I believex 
when Mi*. Hampton was ^very^joutig \ before time had n>aturedh» 
lodgmient, and e3;perience had raifed his language, into that vi- 
gour and mellqwnefs which appear in his excellent preface 1 and 
when he was grown too indolent to reform .the whole, by that 
j«ft n>odel which he has there drawn j ** to render every word by 
V" an equivalent expreHion, and every feotence in tlie fame jaft 
!* meafure, to pre&rve each different charafter of fentiment and 
" phrafe, and to delineate, ftroke by flroke, the movements of 
?' the mind or heart'' (p. j j) 5 a modcli, that is now a fevere fatirc 
Vpoxi the: ez^^ution* 

who^ 



BftCT. Vlft. oifiR tttE ALPS. IJt 

who, as Gauls J m«ft liavc been highly gratified with 
, the Wow 5 but into all the fubjeSl Taurim^ who done 
could be terrified by it, and who were not Gauls but 
Liguri^ns " ; '^ that they came to him immediately,'* 
fubmitted to his arms, " and refigned themfelves up 
" to his will/* He thus rcftorcd Magnus, to his 
previous authority over the Taurini ; and fecured all 
the affiftance, that Magalus could furnifh to tlie Car- 
thaginians in their future war. The Taurini there- 
fore are fuch *' of the'* mis-called ** Gauls along the 
*' Po," as Livy fays Hannibal " would have aflb-* 
*' dated to him — through y^^r,'^ if the Romans had 
not been coming; and whom he dually affociated, 
as we fee in Polybius, by that the moft binding of all 
principles in the human mind. The other, the real^ 
^ Gauls along the Po/* whom (according to Livy 
again) he " would have affociated to him — ^with 
^' their own good-willy* if the Romans had not beea 
coming; were the Insubres and the Bon, who had 
fent embafladours to him, who had then aVowed 
themfelves *' eager to fhare with the Carthaginians 
^ in their battles with the Romans '^," and were now 
reftrained from executing their intentions by the 
Roman advance. With fo much confufion in cir- 
cumftances, do both Polybius and Livy conclude 
their account of Hannibal's Alpine march ! The 

" Pliny iH. 17. "Taurinoram atitiqaaLigurnmftii-pe." 

^ Polybius iil. 44.. Tuv av^^uv n ^podv/xta, /4i9* w /oMiV^* fro^no'- 

Itoman 



/ 



ft32 COURSE OF I^ANNI^AL CHAP* XU 

Romans advanced^ but were beaten ; and the Boii, 
the Infubresy made a general infurredioh in &vour 
c»f Hannibal^* 



I have thus conduced Hannibal from Lauriol on 
die Rhone in Dauphiny, to Turin on the Po in Pied- 
mont. I have taken him ftage by ftage, and ftep 
by ftep, through this long labyrinth of nations > as 
the concurring narratives of Polybius and of Livy, 
have held out the clue. Geography has united with 
hiftory, the prefcnt nature of the ground with the 
antient defcriptions of the fites, and the Itinerary of 
Rome with the traditions of the Romans, to confirm 
tbeir narrative and my account. I have pointed out 
alfo the grand reafons, that actuated the mind of 
Hannibal, and direfted the movements of the Car- 
Aaginians^ under him. 1 have thus thrown a new 
and ftrong light, I prefume, upon this important 
portion of hiftory. I have particularly j5xed the* 
line in which he croflTed the Alps, for the frji time 
in zjtngle part of his courfe, and for the la^^ I truft, 
in every part of it. One part indeed comes in to 
fupport another ; while all form fuch an accumulative 
feri^s of proofs, as no other kind of argument can 
poffibly boaft, and as raifes this (I flatter myfelf) 
into a fijperlative fort of demonftration. Evidence 

*• Polybius iii. $6. 

'3 - has 



SBCT.rnL OVBH THB AIM. ft^^ 

has been fucceffivelyoidded to evidence^ like hill 
pikd upon hill^ till die whole (I think) has rifen bco 
a mountam like its own St. Bernard i towering with 
its head over.the hiftory^ as that does over the globe i 
leaving all the clouds at its (eet, and (bowing the 
fimihine in a burft of radiance upon its fides. 



/ 



/ 






TKB END. 






• * » • « . I 



i ' , 






• /» 






• ' < 






# B 



*- J' . . 



4 



» U 



♦ » » 



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AriDlTlONS AND CiOltRfecttdNS. 
- Vot.L 

6. hotC) linie 7. for rf atWeJ*^ read r(»WiSy{ 

7. note, line 7*^r I'ahcien rM</ I'Sodehne. 

1 1, text, line 8; fir LAtJRioL, agaiii readhKXsiiot again^« 
^5, note, line 6; fir ovvloiJi^i iyk wMvlwt read ov/lofio; )«« 

< line 7, y^r Myi/rixei read Aiyt/rtxE^. 

■■ " ' "'" "" ' " line, lo; fir Afh^d^m read A>1»5foXiv, ' 

^ ' line I i, ySr Ovyycfytfr^WduycpyHb > 

2 J, note, line 9-i6» ^r cTtpdio-iM; read vretfiwwi^ 

39, note, liHe id, for Sin^tura'Wi read iw£a9%vi» 

40, note, line 4^ for aroxopv^eo-iy read avoKOfv^n^ivi 
54, note, line lafl, /vr nnenti readmontu 

bii note* line laft, for rovw read^b%9» 

86« tett^ liiie 12, yi^r from Lyons read frdni fonie po\ht He 
knows iiot what near St* kambert, a few allies to the 
fdtith oiJ^ienney and many to the fouth of Lyons^ 

194, note, line it, for Lyon r^^i/ Nyon. 

96, text, line 8, for Lyon r^^ Lyons* 

97, notle, line laft and laft but one, //fi!f amoti^the Greeks. 
107, note, line i and 3, i/^'/^and, thenfuhjointo%iM(SzxAy and 

we have Oteiutn on the Alps befoit* 
jjt, text, line 7, yJ^r appropriated hereafter rw^/ appropriated 

before and hereafter. 
I jo, note^ line 2, fbr i}^*Xo» re^i/ MuSbAXM. 
X ^6, note, line 4, for Xovuv read Xioywy. 
189, note, line laft, for im rcad'm. 
290, note, line zi, to fince «£/ ;/&»/. This caftle was called 

La Bathia (Coxe 1.391, Sai]frureiv.3t6) ; andlias 

lent its name, I find from private inforroationi to its 
^ ^ • part of the town of fionrg« 



L _ 



N \ 



I «36 3 

I • •• • 

V 

i 

196, text, line 16^ for Paritii r€tiJ Parifii, 

209, note, line %f for EVEvxiyv/IoVluy tte^ read wiMvf^^^m VE^car*. 

^o, note, line 6, Jhoul^run tbus^ SauflTure iv. 288-289. " L^* 
*' rochers font efcarpes au-defTns de la rive droite du 
V ♦* torrent^" in coming do^jjn the Alps, ** rtais eboules 
" Yiir la gauche que nous fuivons." Afterwards, " on 
*' traverfe la Drance^ et on paiTe au pied de ces ra* 
** chersJ* This fhews. the afcenty to- be immediately 
on Xh&hft of the prance ; and fo fuperfedes the tef- 
timony of a neighbouring gentleman, who iii a letter 
of reply to my inquiries has alTerted it, to be on the 
right. " La route, large el bicn entretenue." 

— note, line 9, for pie read pic, 

211, note, line 17, read thus mile, fomething fhort of an Eng» 
lifli One (MifTon, preface xxxviii. and ii. 2). 

22 5»note, linelaft, /J;;'Tapidisr<'/i£/Japidis. 

236, note, line 4, read thus reality; and fome private infor- 
mation, which I have received iii a letter. from the 
Vallais, confirms both. ' 

243. note, .line 13, for Bapffafoy read BafSa^ufv* 

246, note, line 3, for in read is. 

2 58, note, line 6,* read thus inccdebat.** This account is veiy 

lively,, doing honour equally to Hannibal and to 

— .. . . ^ • » 

Livy. 



< . . V 



« k.. • 



• . r 






t »37 3 



ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 

Vol. II. 

Page • 

I, teit, line 3, for on read upon. 
9, note, line 18, ^/tfr an >tWr^^</aT6xiiivt. 
12, note, line 5, r^^^ /Z»jw funt." Livy alfo, in Epitome LXI, 
calls thbfe Gauls of Marfeilles Salluvii. 

} 9, note, line 3,'yJ>r frcratvpojf r^/i^f7rat;{:io». 

86, note, line i and 2. nad thus only Simler felefbs Mount 
Gea6vre. 

>, line. 10, read thus V. 210. But Keyflcr, in a refer- 
ence to oral authority, felcfts another hill. " On 
*« the Jeft hand," he fayS, " betwixt Fertiere and No- 
" valefe," in the defcent from Mount Cenis towardi 
Italy, about -otte league and a half only from Sufa^ 
equally with Fcneftrelles within modern Italy, and 
not much higher up the Alps- than M. Dutens's own 
hill ; •* is the mountain of Rochemelon," fo called, 
I fiippofe, as the melon-fliaped rock, " accounted 
*' the higheft of all the Italian Alps. From hence it 
*' feems^ to join with the great chain of mountains ; 
". *' but a* deep valley lies tet'ween. The afcen^ up this 

** mountain is tf//tf/iyi?»r«r)>—. After all the toij 
*^ of getting up this prodigious acclinjity^ one may hap- 
" pen to conie there at an jinlucky time, and he obliged 
** to wait fon fair ^uoeather to come dovun again ; but, 
** in a clear Iky, the toil muft be acknowledged to be . 

** well rewarded, by an aftoniftiing profpeA . 

'" Some have imagined this to be the mountain, fronq. 
•* whence Hannibal encouraged his army by a wVw 
" of tht /flendour zi\A fertility of Italy." They, who 
have fo ** imagined,'* muft have confulted no other 
.^ , . faculty of thair mind except their imagination. Even 



t »38 1 

f/^ Hannibal <&^i/crofled Mount Cenis, he mtift have 
gone a whole ddfs march out of his road with all his 
army, to have the chance of *^ a clear Iky** in the end 
of OBoher, to encounter the certainty of " an un* 
** lucky tiroe," and then " be obliged to w^tfor fair 
, •* weather to come down again.** Such Hannibals 

does an un-hiflorical mind form for itfelf ! *^ Mafs.is-^ 
*^ annually faid at this place, on the 5th of Augufl. 
" Thoufands of people repair thither from the neigh- 
•' bourhood, — -^ climbing oy^v Ice and fnonji/* on tfj^ 
^th ofAuguft \ when Hannibal muft have gone thither 
on this lunatick employ, at the *very endofOBoher* Sec 
Keyfler i. 237, 236, 258. Keyfler often nods in his 
travelling ^waggon of Germany} but is faft afleep 
here., 
68, text, line 16, read thus mouth of the Po«* But the &c. 
then fuhjoin this note *• Keyfler accordingly gives us 
from his hill,' *f an aflonifhing profpe£l over the Mi-^ 
<* lantfe^^' the " Trevigiana;' and '^Fenice'' (i. 837). 

116, text, line 8, t'ead thui below '• It is ia fA& very fleep 
ami very narrow, I find from private ic^formation, 
having its precipice for the firfl mile from St. Bernard 
iipon the ieft^ and then as far as St, Remy on the 
right. It was thus a mere pathway along the fide. 

iao, note, lafl line, for ** 6 nous" read **oA nous." 

J jo, note, lafiline, read thus psLroxyfm ^ I fuppofe it certainly 
would ; and I recommend the trial of it to fome' young 
phyfician« Su^cefs with it would cflablftt his Npu- 
tation for even 

1 85, note, line 2, for Tapodet rtitd /apodt i« 



I r 



taUEX, 



■'■■ ■ ■' I 



vassrssetsssaBBmBsmmsmtmtm 



INDEX. 



A, 



r^ ABURY 

X H E ftcmcf at U ^hat called popularly, and why, ii. 1 5$*^« 
156. Nowfpltt by the inhabitants, ii. ij;6ti$7« Whence 
f(tc)iedf lit ^iS'^S^ i64t Ofwt^tlpudthey^u^ u. 163^ 

ACUNUM 
A town in Gau l e ^ what in France, L 7* 

ADDISON 

Hb remark concerning the Alpipe riy^s, made before by StrabOi 
i. 156. ^ ' 

^DUI 

< 

The name of g nfltion in Gaule-i— how th^ name is to be pros 
nounced. i. 34. 

^NOBARBUS 
Cn«U8*— where he fpught th^ Gai^8| i. 37-39t 

ALABONTIS 
A town in Gaulct-r— what in France^ i. ss^ 

ALBIO!^ 
V^hy our ifland was fo called^ i* 336. 

ALLOBROGES 
^A national name in Gaule*-r-^-^tended to what nat^tons in 
Gaule, i, i33-i3i« vrhat the name means, i. 136, the name 
alio of the nations on the northern Alps, ii. 8''9. 

J^3 ALPINE 



a4» ' INDEX. 

ALPINE LANGUAGE 
^at It was formerly^ !• 359-360, what it b now, i. ^54^ 
»SSr3S9-36o. 

ALPINE MOUNTAINEERS 
"What their general appearance was formerly and" is now, 

ALPINE THROAT 
Thia feems alluded to by Livy, i. 194. by what it is occa* 
iioned| i. 194-195* . / 

ALPS 

From what language and with what meaning thefe mountains 
are fo called, i. 336. Alps in Britain, i. 336-337. everfthe 
Pyrenees called Alps, by what writer of antiquity, i. 340. 

. who firft crolTed the reaFAlpstwith artillery, i. 18. when 
roads were firft: made over what parts of the Alps, i, 1 14- 
' X 19. ' the^ p^tsiweie. without- roads t(i HannibaJ*'s time, i. 
ido-i£q;::<.ar&fl3iiedioad over what partS'only, then^ t. 1:2c- 
125. the Alps well-peopled then, i. 224, 232-233. having 
lowns and villages then qi;ithi?(nr;.if 224-225, 234-236, 245. 
abounding then incat^tl^, i. 92i5^ 245-246. abounding in. 
corn then,^ how high up the northern fide, i. 226, 227, 246* 
, how mu«:b Weber up. is corn nowi i. 226, 246. even vines . 
on them now, where and whence, i. 226-227. howdiilio- 
guifhed the. Alps are for th^ir height, i. 292. Roman roads 
over ^he Alps, what, i. 22-24, *S> *6-27, 91-95, 113- ' 
114, 1 1 5-1 19, 120-126, 146-147, 1837186, 294-296, 297- 
298, ii. 21-22, V 23, 112, ail. when the north*weftem 
Alps were firfl crofTed, aiid by whom, i. 37i-37a.' 
when and by vrhom fhe Tecond time, i. 374-375. when 

, aiid by whom the third time, i. 375-376. the fourth tin:e, 
'• 376-378. afterwards I ?: 379/ the road up them then fit 
only for faddle-horfes, i. 379-38 !. but capable of receiving 
wheel-carriages in the daya-of Hannibal,- !. 38o'-38a.- n&w 
again ufed only for faddle-horfes, i. 381, 382. yet repeat- 
edly cr©ffed,t(V€a.ia later ages by* armies with^aiinons^ i. - 
.384-3^^. rthe jionhorn Alps not peopled firft by Hcrcolej^ 

ii. i-7> 



1 N t) E r. 2U 

if. 1-7. peopled not till a^*s afteV his time, ii. 7. peopled^ 
• dt'whaf time and by tvhom, v: 7-15. the fouthern A\pi 
. peopled' bcfol*e> and' by whcMn,' ii. 'iis-13. by whom" the 
'ibHthern and -northern are ndw peopled; ii. 15. towns On 
the northern in Hannibal*3'dayvii'* ^5-2 7*. towns*" oh the 
fouthern then, ii. 112, i98-'i99t Alps more fteep /(^^wdfr^j, 
Itatythan/n^fii ity ii. 113-114* lhe*roaddown abdupHan-- 
. Tiibalts Alps^ia kanntbal's time, W'haf, 'ii. 1 17-1 19. '^ a win* 
ter journey ovcr,thefc Alps^-.howfalfely magnified by* a nib- 
dern,' ii. 119. where veg^tatioa iiril begins generally on 
the Alps,, and where it ends» iL 119-1^1^- Alps coaM' a1«^ 
moil entirely of what ilones on ti)cir fummits, ii. 1 58-1 $9. 
of what in their baii?s, ii^ i59-.. .tb^;.5wifs Alpsmoftly d^, 
.what flones, ii. -^69. the Italian iTioftly of what> ii* 1601 
^ 161. See COTTIAN and GRAIAN and PENNINE anil 
GREAT SAINT-BERNARD. . . - 

' ANTIENTS ■ rj^ 

Their aftoni(hing (kill in all. knowledge merely human, laid 
open by what pyblicajion, ii. 1^4. . j- 

ANTlQyARIES 
Purloining even what> to gratify their taJle, 1. 3 10. tranfpoit- ' 
% ing monuments at times to a great diflance, ii. 23, 

•. AOSTA » . , . ' 

The arch there confounded with >vhat by fome^ ii 116-117. 
at this town the Roman conquerouc of the ^alaili encamped, 
ii. 19a. at it Hannibal encamped ^Ifo^ ii. 208. then the ca- 
pital of the Sa\affi, ii* ao8., made a colony by jthe JRomans, -^ 
when, ii. 19^. the finenefs of its fituation, ii. 192. fine re- 
mains of the Romans at it, ii. 192-193. how u came to be 
called Aoila, ii. 192, 193. it lies juft within antjent Italy, . 
ii. 199:203. though fome way within the modern, 11.203. 

APENNINES" '' 
T^ot fo called from any imaginaiyApisV^i. 329-330. but from 
what, i. 3371 ihff-name applied by ti^« antient&at times to 
the Alps, i. 338-339. they themfelves called Pennine Alp^ 
fometimes, i 339, 

R4 APPIAN 



•4« INDEX, 

AFPIAK 
Ifhc U^Qri?ui— :7»vfed, i. iso^isi,' X3t-i33f U. lij, 167, lyi* 
'17^, 199. corrfd^, i., 33, ii. pa, 1^4.185, x86,, ^87. 
be met^tioQS the appljcapoq of vinegar by Hani^ibal, i\. ^71^ 
f 72« and a n>a4 called |n bi$ tjme Hat^nib^'s Fafs,^ u, ^99. 

A iir«r ip Gjiulc-rr— f<l tunned by Bolybiui in many copfcf^ 
jhpugh differently in i>th€^^ .i. 41* the ibtaier right, i. 39* 
^hen this river wfs fifit pallf^ a$ it now is, u 41. 

ARAUSIO 
41 town in Canje 1 1 l yhat in Fnpice, s. 7. 

ARBITRARY 
All poiver wa* originally fo, even in churches and convents, iu 
67. till exp^riencp fhowed the neceffity of a check, ii. 67* 

68, 

^REBRIGrlVM 
A tQwn on the a^itient Alps— ^ what on the; (npdern^ i. 9$. 

ARIOLICA 
A tovrn*on the antient Alps-— what on the modern, i. 9 c» 

ARNAGQ 
A town in Gaulc— — what in France, i. 7. 

ARVE 
A river near Geneva— —what called by the Romans, and hqw 
concerned in Hannibal's march, i. 139-1 1;6. a Roman dlfh 
of filyer found in it, i. 1 5a- 153- 

ATTREBATPS 
T'he napic of a nation in G^ule ^nd Britaip*^—-— how f rroneoufly 
it is generally pronounced, i. 34. 

I AVENIO 

A town \n Gaiile— <— what in France, % 7. 

AUGUSTA 

AUGUSTVM 
A to^n ifi paulc ^ w |>at in Fraz^cp, i. s6, 13 z, 

AUGUSTA 



I 

I 



I N D B X. §4^ 

I 

AUGUSTA PRETORIA 
' AtowR in antient Italy— rNvhat in modern, u 95, tgy-itf^S^ 
34J. how the foroier half of the name was prooqunccd^ ii| 
•192.193. ; 

AUl5pSTU!Vt 
A towti in Gaule— -what in France, i. or. 

AUTHORS 
Nearly the fame to them, whether they are religions tbea^ 
fclm or live in a religious age, ii. 22. 

• AXIMA 

• A>fUNA 

A town o» the antient Alp?— what on the modern, 1. 94. 

AXONA 

The name of a rivpr in Gaalc— how erron^oufly it js prpt 
|^>nnced generally, i* 34* 



B. 



BAGGAGE 
Of Hanpibal*$ Jirmy-TTf onfifted not of any thing pr^vs^^; qr poft. 
fopal. bow, i; 202. hut of what, i. 202, ii. i^8., 

- • • * ■ • ■ § m ^ 

BARD 
A fort in the Alpine end of I^aly — where, ii. 2 1 $• wha^^ ^. 2 1 5[* 
2 16. an infcription at it refbefting Hannibs^^'ii OE^^rch hy ity 
ii. 2x7-221. 

BAUTiB 
A town on the a^itie^t Alps — what 01^ the modern, i. 93-94* 

BELLINTUI^ 
A town in Gaule— what in France, i. 7. 

9ERGINTRUM 

I, • » 

A town on thp ai^iept Alps^what on the modem, i. 94. 

BERNARD 
$s^^t, two paflcs over the Alp»— fee GREAT, fceLITTJ-E, 

BERNARD 






a4fa^ I N D-:E;X, 

. BERNARD , -- ' 
^ Uncle to Charlemagne— no Saint', ii. 64. therefore not ^l\e dcii, * 
minator of Great St. Bernard, }i. 64.. ^, ■: . ^ 

BERNARD MENTHON 
Archdeacon of Aoila — ^the glorious founder of a moft beneficent 
convent, upon what pafs of the Alps, ii_. 64-65. jupon what 
. othex pafs of the Alps alio, ii. 65. he became governour of 
'his own'convent how long, and died in what ycar> ii* &&• 
^ See' CONVENT and GREAT S AINT -BERN ARC a^d 
LITTLE SALNT-BERNARD: 

BOll 
A nation of antient Italy — where fituated, ii. 98. when.^nd,.hp^* 
thej' came into Italy, i. 376-377. fend embafladours to Han- 
nibal, for what, i. 32. engaged in, what wars wjtb the Ita*'' 
' iians, before Hannibal came, ii. 99, rebelled againft.t^ie 
Romans, on hearing only that Hatitlibal had fet out in Spain 
for Italy, ii. 103. united with whom to fend embafladours 
to him, ii. 105. they fent feveral Kings, and why, ii. 105, 
109. how thefe were received by Hannibal, ii. io6rio^. 
how much their coming animated tliie army, ii. 107-108. 
the}' and who had now reduced all the cauntry from where 
to where, ii. 108-109. to what they invited him, ii. 109-419^, 
IPiid'by whom to be a nation, extingujflied many ages Sack> 
ii. 109. •but'forvivitig in'ivhom at prefentVii. 109. their con- 
dud when Hannibal came mto Italy, ii. 231-232. 

- • "■ • • ' • BONHOMMe ' ' 

/;r,- a "hilt on the Alps — the (ite of a Roman town, i. 147.^ 

BOURRIT 
Moqf.y a new defcriber of the'Glacierqs, &c.-7-his map praifed^ 
for one^pomt, i. 236. his accounts praifecT, ii. 2^3. higfify 
praifed, ii. 30, 87, 179,- iSi. but corredted, ii. 31-32, 49> 
59-61. . •. 

' BRAN'CUS ' ' 
King of Lyons in Hannibal's time^ — hadia rd^elhdn raifed againft ' 
him jufl as Hannibal cam« near Lyrtis, i. 72-76. fled from 
hisp^Uoe.andqity, ii74i73,-wasiifr4an^l^'^f bekigfcHiflicd ' 

by 
C • ♦ v.- ^ 



INDEX. ViJ 

ty the rebels, i. 75-76. but was faved and reftored byHan* 
nibal, i. 76-7S. was grateful to Hannibal, how, i. 8i. *a\id ' 
' accompanied hira on his march, why and how fer^ i, 8i»82| 

BREVAL 
Mr. — his publiftied travels corre<^ed, 1. 58;, 6j, 78, 79, 85, 8I0, 
ii. 1 50, 2 1 7-2 19. yet he is the moft knowingof all our pub*^ 
li(htng ti:a5^Il^rs, 1.85. . , . . ' 

• ' BRIGANTIO ' - ' 

A town in Gaule— what in France, i. 23. 

BRIGANT . . • 

B?.IGANp ,....' 

BRIGANDAGE 

BRIGAJitrhr 

BRIG' ^ 

Terms French and Englifti, .whence derived, 11. 9«* 

BRISTOL 
The Right Rev* the Earl of-r-hi$ opinion of the route tllat 
Hannibal took acrofs the^l{>s^'i« 19. his acconnt of fome 
coins found upon the Alps, ii. 33-34* * 

BURDIGAXA 
The name of a town in Gaul&*-hbw erroneously it is pro- 
nounced. generally, i. 34. 

BUR'icE . '' 

Mr.— extolled for his late piiblication againft the French re- 
fprmkts, iii .i6a« ' 

c'. .. ; . 

C^SAR 

C Julius— a reading in the bcR editions of hisConlmentaries, 
. corre^ecj, i.* 101-102. in what line he crofled the Alps^ i. 

102-106. to what place Ke fent a detachment, why, and 

what it did, 1. 122-124, i6{-i8i« . 

CAJ-CAREOUS STONES 
•in the Alps form a bed for the granites 6a the fummit, ii. ' 

159. 



»46 INDEX. , 

159, run in what banks,^ and bow low, through the inouo* 
tains, ii. 159. mapy fragmeqta pf then>y where, ii. 159^ 
i6o. thefe are how hard, how diiTolut^lei and convertible 
into what| ii. 160. the S^vifs Alps almofl entirely calcareous^ 
U. 1^0* the Italian much l^fs fo, ii. i6o-i6(u 

CALVm , 
Tohn^ thp Genevan reformer — onceefcaped froip popi(h perfe- 
rution in It^l^» by a |)afs (bat Hf^nnit^al ^leant to try, i. ^SJ* 

CAPITALS 
Of nations — took the national appellatives for their own, wbePt 
u ^967197, how this. cu(V>marofe, ii.. 25. 

CARBUNCLES 
Jewels fo called — ^how much commoner: f^pong tbe s^tient^ 
^an the (noderns, why, \^ 31^93 < 9* 

CARRIAGES 
Ic^ Hannibal's army for conveying the baggageiTK>f what Y^A 
and fize they were probably^ i« 204*203« 

CART^AGINJAN COINS 
— bave been found upon the Alps, where, ii. 32. who firft 
tqld the woMd of this, ii, 3ft*33. who have iince confirmed 
it, ii. 33-3$* fome Carthaginian 9oins of Sicily explained, 
bow and by whom, ii. 3 7 '3 St 

PARTHAQINIANS 
In gcneral-T-ufcd what food for eating commonly, ii. i66«i6j!, 
what for drinking probably, iir x66. 

CASAUaON 
The Latin tranflator of Polybius — corrected, i. 10, a'36-^37, 
244, 268, ii.^ 126, 137, 203, 20 ji. 

gASUARIA 
A town on the antient Alp$~what on the modern, 1.94^ 

CAT0RISSIUM 

A town in Gaulcr-what in France, i. ^3. 

CATURIGES 

A nation in Ca\i)e*r-wher)Q fituatedi i» io5-io6. a town in' 

. .Ga\ile— wh^at in France, i. 23. 

CELTICK 



lND£iC« H7 

CELTICK 

Language— where fpoken ia -the day$ of Hannibal, it 33^4 
where now, 'i, 336. 

CENAStJM 
A town in Caule*-^what near Finance ndw, i; 93* , 

CBNIS 

Mount— never had a Roman road over it, u^xyi hdw eroded id 

chairs, how, i- 381. what other of the AJps was probably fo 

croiTed formerly, i. ^Si-^^i^. what mountain in Switzerland 

is fo eroded now, i« 381. when Mount Cenis makes its fii (I 

« appearance in hiitory, i. 384.' 

CENOMANNI 
A nation of G^ule— pafled the Alps into Italy, when and 
where, i* 374-37$* where fettleci in Italy, ii. 96-97. 

CEKTRONES 
A nation on the antient Alps — ^where fituated on the modem, 
i* 104- 1 05. their capital,* ii. a$. 

CHALETS 
Huts on the Alps fo called — the fame as what upon the Scotch 
Hignlands, Vi. 41. having nearly the fame name too, ii. 4't* 
thofe on the Alps deicribed, ii. 41-42. 

CHERMOTANE 
Glaciere— turned off Hannibal to the right, i, 181. 

CHINA 

Ware — known to the Romans under what name, at what time 
firil known, and whence brought, 1. 54*55* Why called 
porcelain by the French and tis, i. 55*56. comtnon among 
the Romans, i. 54-55. 

christian' 

— — how a Chriilian wife is defcribed by a Heathen husband 
"^t Lyons, i. 80. 

CHRISTIANITY 
an author, who has a proper fenfc of the great change 
made by this in the world, ihould be upon. his guard agaioft 
what, li* 22-23. this religion has introduced into tlie wprM 



- # 



»# INDEX- 

a degree of practical charity, utterly unknown to Hea* 
thenifm, ii •49-50. how much it fupports the foul undei' all 
afflidions of body, ii', 71-72. 

CINCOMAGUS 
A town on the antient A!ps-*-what on the modem, i. 26, 25. ^ 

CLEOFATRA 

Queen of Egypt—^her diflblntion 6f a pearl in vinegar,^ foe a 
wagen-i*. 147-148, a great adept in chemifiry, n. 148, 
feme- of her writings, ftill preferved, iliew this, ii. 3^48.- 

CLERICAL ORDER 
an order of beneficence to mankind, ii, 64, 

COALS 

plentiful in fome parts of the Vallais, u. 142. burnt 
there into lime, ii. 142. this fe6t recommended to our pre- 
fent experimentalifls^ ii. 143. 

COLD 
See VEGETATION. 

COLONIA 
Father — his hillory of Lyons corrected, i. 11, 53, 59, 60, 67, 

79- 

COMMERCE 

much purfued, where, as early as Hannibal's .marcb^ 

i. 62-63. more, as early as Caefar^s death, i. 63. more Jftill, 
in and after the days of Auguflus, i. 64-66, 67-68. com- 
merce only what yet, ii. 16. 

. CONVENT 

■ - one at the top or Great St. Bernard, upouv a fingular 

plan of extended beneficence, ii. 50-52. the monks of it 

moft amiably employed in relieving travellers, ii, 52- c6, 56- 

59.- what a 'number of guefts they have in their corfvent at 

times, ii. 61. how ihey are enabled to bear the expence of 

all this, ii. 59-62. their convent is as large as a town, ii. 

^-6;^.' th^ft lironks are the heroes of beneficence, ii. 63. 

^heh fe!d'e3 there,- and by whom, ii. 63-65. how endowed 

^fcs '^on^Ht-ivtis,- hoifr injm'cd in its endownieiit now, lU 

*. . ^ 66-68. 



INDEX. a^t 

66-68. how fupported at prefent, ii. 68-70. a view of the 
convent how delightful to the chilled traveller, ii. 73-74. See 
LITTLE SAINT-BERNARD. 

CORACLES 
Leathern boats fo called upon the Severn — common to the, 
'Gauls formerly, as well as to the Britons, i. 141. an incor- 
poration of failors and coracle-men formerly, at what town . 
in Gaule, IT. 141; 

COTTIAN ALPS 

•——why fo called, i. in. where they are, and what called - 
now, 1,22-27. where they began and ended, ii. 113, with- 
out a road over them in Hannibal's time, i. 100-120. when 
a road was fir ft made over them, i. 1:4-119. what antient 
authors carry Hannibal over themi i. 352-364. tliis the 

' moft direct and eafy way, i. 17-19. 

COTTIA IN ALPE 
A town on, the very fummit of thefe Alps — what now, i. 23. 

COTTIUS . 

COTYS 
A King upon the Alps — who he was and where he reigned, i. 
109-1 14. he niade the road acrofs his own Alps, i. 114. he 
ereded an arch of Roman workmanship, where, i. 115. 
what this arch really is, i. 1 15-1 16. 

COXE 
Mr.— his publiflied travels in Swita^erland correfted, i. 163- 
164, 186, 195. his map corrected, i. 235. he has never feea^^ 
vSimler'g defcfiption of the Valjais and Alps, i. 360. his 
French theory about cold a very aniient one,' ii. 42. 

CREMONIS JUGUM 
— what pafs over the Alps, i. 343-344. why fo called, ii. 3, 

CULABO , 

A' town of Gaule — ^what of France, i. 26. 

CYPRESSETA ' 
Apothcr town of.G^ul.e^what of France, a. 7. 



. * . 



■i VI 



D. D'AN- 



«$o I N D £ S:. 



jb. 



D'ANVltLB 

Monf.— txis Geography of Gaule corre<Scd, i. 7-8, 41, 6^^ yii 
107, 133, aoo, li. 27. the general charadt'cr of his work 
for Gaulci in my opinion, ii. 2^. atid for Britaiatoo, iU 
^^7-28* 

darantAsiA 

A town on the antient Alps — ^what on the niodern; u 92*93* 

DEA VOCONTIORUM 
A town in Gaule-^what in France, L zbi 

DE RIVAZ 

See RIVAZ; 

DION CASSlliS 
The hiftoriaii df Rome — corrected, i, i6j^^ ii. 191* be mte- . 

tions an application bf vinegar to ftones, ver^ li]ce Hanow 

bat*3^ ii* 172-173. 

DORiA 
Ah Alpine river— ^a nVer rifing on Great Sh Bertiard, ii. 194. 
another river rifing on Little St. Bcrnsrdj ii. 195. a third 
rifing on Mount Cenisj ii. 194-195. the firft fo called, how 
many ages a^o, li. 195. yet now known by what naine^ 
and its own name transferred to what river, ii. 191^ 

bRliENTIA 
A river in Livy^s account of Hannibal's march— 4xflieved by 
. all hitherto to be what river^ i. 139, LiVy's defcription of 
it repeated, f. 140-141. and this diewii to poiiit out what 
riveo i. 14 1 -1 56. 

bRUENTltfS 
A river of the Alps noticed by Strabo-^llicwn to be ihc (aiD# 
with Livy's Drilentia, i. 145-150. 

DURANCE 

* ". ■ ■ 

A river in France— believed by all hitherto to be What riVei' of 
the Romans^ i. 39. but the DUrance ihewh to have been 
' :: n»vi- 



JND EX 



^i 



Mtigable in the time of the Romans, while tBe other river 
has never been^ i. 141. \n what moderate degree only the 
Durance is torrent-lite, i. 150, 

DURGTINCUM 
A town in Gaule^^what in France, i. ib-ij. 

r>UTENS 
Mr.*— his Itinerary in French a common-place book to ^11 our 

travellers, i. 100. correded in an important point, ii. 8a-, 
• ^9. his enquiiy into the origin of the difcoveries attributed 

to th[e moderns, highly praifed, ii. 144. yet corre^ed in an 

important point, ii. 158. fcemihgly fomething very extra^ 

"ordinaiy in (hehiftory of the author, ii. 144* 



K 



EAi^L OF 
profeiTes to teach law to my Lord Chancellor, and di- 
vinity to my Lords the Bifhops, ii. 143. a mai^ of what 
kind of genius, iu 143. boafis to have difcovered what pro* 
perties iu glafs, ii» 143. propofes to fend a fhip by the force 
of fleam, with what fwiftnefs, ii. 143. and pretends by 
what power to .beat the waters of the ocean into what 
, hardnefs, i. J44« 

' EBURODUNUM 
A town in Gaule-^what in France, i. 2$* 

ELEPHANTS 
how many and from what country Hannibal had them, i. 
55. their ufefulnefs to him, i. 288. ufed by the Romans, when 
and where, i. <t$-36, 39. ftarving while Hannibal*s men were 
4lopt by the funken road, ii. 1 77-178. 

EPISCOPACY 
always aa attendant upon Chriflianity, !• 1 99« 

EPORiEDIA 

A toMfn at the Alpine end of antient Italy— what there Tn 

modem Italy, i. 95, 298, 345. garrifoncd by the Romans, 

when and why, ii, Z9t« the fcene of what kind of fale, ii. 

VoL.n. S iqu 



»ji INDEX. 

191. vifited by Hannibal on his defcent from the Alps^ i{« 
aaz-223. the moil foutherly town of the Sakffi*- \u 224- 
S25. built .by the Gauls who bad palled the Alps, and by 
which of them, ii. 224-22 j. what the name and fituation 
unite to tell us, ii. 22 j. 

EUDRACINUM ' 
A town on the fouthern Alps — where in general, ii. 112. 
where in particular, ii. 1^-199. the town at which Han- 
nibal meant to flop, during the firfl night of his defcent, 
ii. 198-199. 

EUGANEI 
A nation on the antient Alps — ^in the folly of popular opinion 
among the Romans, believed to be who in origin^ and why, 
ii. 4. 



P. 



:PABIUS MAXIMUS 
where in France he fought the Gauls, i. 36-38. 

FENESTRELLES 
17- a hill near this fele£led by whom, as the hill from 
which Hannibal fhewed Italy to his foldiers, ii. 9^2^» 
but very injudicioufly, ii. 83-89* 

feSetre 

a pafs in the Alps io called, i. 3 $4-25$. others ib called 
likewife^ i. 255. how that is concerned in the march of 
Hannibal, i.>54-2jj. 

FINES 
A town on the antient Alps — what on the modem, i. 2 j. ii. 
8$. what the name proves, ii. 8 {-227. 

FOLARD 
Monf.— his account of Hannibal's march corre&ed,.i. 11, 27- 
*8, Z9, 41, 83, 84, 139, 170, 1 7a- 1 73, 248-251, 285. 

FORUM 



i N b fe ±. i5j 

iPORUM clAudii 

I 

• • ■ '•• CLObll N 

■-^ — -^ — CLODt 
CL. CENTROJJ 

-T— C. VAt. 
towns on the antient Alps — ^what on the modern^ ii. ^^* 

is. 

iPRANCIS 
The Firft, King of i^rancc— erideavouried td furpafs Hahnibal. 
in croifing the Alps with an army, i. 385-386. 

FRENCH 
in general have always inherited th^ambitious and hoHilfe 
fpirit of the tiauls^ ii. 98-XO2. Gooks, how early among 
tis, i. 2^9. republicanifm, its folly and its favagenefs^ i. 73-74^ 
Its natural tendency to fpread defolatioh over the eafth> iib 
33-34. fo forcing the nations aroiind to chilh it in their 
own defence^ ii. 34. its fouhdation perjury, and its cond* 
iraance ihort^ ii. 70. its violence, perfidy, and infolence to 
its neighbours, ii. loi-ibs-. its ignorance and its vanity> ilk 
I ox. its athetftical principles and pradices, ii>. 7 02- 104^ the 
folemn frivoloufnefs and the conceited pettinefs of fome of 
its decrees, whence derived, 11.196^196. it is loaded with 
every enormity of wickednefsv ii. 196. we are fome times 
convulfed with laughter at that, and at other times frozen 
with horror at this, ii. ^97. the late kings of France, praifed 
for their ufeful munificence, in one point, i« 35. fortiieir 
^feful generofitj, in anodier^ ii. 69-70* 



&. 



6At>AQ 
A town in Gauie*-what in Fri^nce^ i« 23. 

GAULS 
tbe firft iahalHtanU of the ndrthem Alps, ii. 1-14. 

S » G£MIN;£ 



»54 J N b i X. 

GEMINI 
A town in Gaule— 'What in France, i. 26* 

GENEVA 
•— — belonged to Gaulc, though it belongs not to France, L 
loa, 135. 

GENEVRE 
jMount^^had a Roman road over it, i. 21-27. » now crofled in 
chaifes, though Mount Cents is not, i. 17-18, 385. yet the 
fed is little known in Engjand, even in Geneva, i. 384^- 
the general way for whsit length of time, out of .France 
into Englayidy i. 383* ^ 

GLACIERES 

■■ ■ now vifited as pbje^Sts of what cnripfity, i. 279. .by 

v(hpm fo vifited iirft, i. J180. reck9ned obj,e6b pfihorfoiir 

* before, i. 280. the accpunt of t)ieml?y; this .firil .visitor, 

anfd why fuch as it is, i. 280. thefe (^rnfd off Ij^nij^ars 

, xn^rch. to the right, i. 282-283 • 

GLASS 
the duftility and the malleabiiity.of it djfcovercd, when^ 
ii. 143., haw loft immediately, ii. 143^ vainly bo^ed to be 
re-diifcQirered by a fcientific madman nowy ii, 143-144. / 

GOD 

— his watclifuleye over the world how reprefented to- their 
fcnfes, .by the grofs minds of the Heathens, 1.316-311. a 
dignity of fentiment concerning him, a proof of what, i. 
321. .his meafures of providence loft generally to our view, 
why, ii. 192. 

GODS 

the Falfe — dirided by the ftupidity of Heathenifm, inta 
thofe of the Plains and thofe of the Hills, i. 302. divided 
by the fame ftupidity even into males and females, i, 337- 
338. why frequently reprefented as daked or nearly fo, i. 

3^5 -3Q6» 308-309- 

GEOGRAPHY 
the knowledge of it neceffary to the knowledge of hif- 
tory, i. I . efpe^w^ly. 9^ ^<i^t^ i. ». .tbp diSpplty of . know- 
in 



INDEX. ajc 

ing It In antieht, i. 2. particularly in Hannibars march 
9ver the Alps^ i. 2-3. • , 

GOLD 
the reduction of it into powder, the mod difficult pro- 
ccfs in chemiiliy, ii. 143. yet done by which of the antients, 
ii* 143. done once or twice by the moderns, ii. 143. ftream- 
works for this metal among the inhabitants of the Alps, 
when and where, ii. 183. the hoard of fomjB ricjb ibeam* 
' worker, found buried there, ii. i84. gold alfocolle^d in 
|;rains there, ii. 184. a gold mine once worked there, iu 
1 84^ the itream-works carried on by the Romans, on their 
reduction of the country, ii. 188' 189* 

GRAIAN ALPS 
m I. why fo called in popular opinion among the Romans, ii« 
2-3. why in reality, ii. 3-4. what Alps, i.'9i*9j. without a 
road over them in Hannibal's time, i. ioo-120. when a 
road was firfl made over them, i. 1 14-1 X9« 

GRAIA IN ALPB 
A, town on tbeantient Alps — ^what on the modem » i. 91. what 
called by Livy, i. 343-344. 

GRAII 

' GRAIOCELI 
A nation 'on the anticnt Alps — where fhuateS'on the modern, 
1.^104-10^- wliat is the meaning of the name, i. 106-107, 

GRANITES 
common in' the Alpine rivers, i. 155, ii. 159, compofe 
ahnoft' entirely the fummits of the Alps, ii. 158-159. are 
not fnlibl^ unlefs pulverized, ii. 159, abound much more 
in the Italian Alps, than the Swifs, ii. 160- 161. the ftones 
of our moors and downs in England are granites, ii. i63« 
164; 

GREAT SAlNT.BERKARD 
why called ^resrt, i. 95. crofled by Hannibal, i. 292. the 
diftahce ni'fiich^ Hannibal's march made it, no obje6tion to 
this, i. »98*3po. crofled alfo by Pbxspey, i. 294. by the 

S^ 3 Roman 



s 



»j[6 I N © 5 X. 

Roman arraies repeatedly afterwards^ i. 294-2^6* fuperfcdoii 

by what road in its ufe among theRom.ans for Gaule, i. 297. 

yet having ftill a formal road over it in the Roman Itinerary,^ 

1.297^298. n?uch frequented aMb .by the Romans, i.303« 

the fummit of it defcribed, i. 301, ii. 23-30/42, 4.7-49. the. 

«lradition of the Romans always carried Hannibal over (his 

mountain, i. 340-343. that road not blocked up by what 

cations in Hannibal*;5, tim^, 1.358-361. opeii in the days 

of Pliny, Strabo, Caefar, and young Pompey, i, 366-367> 

^20-124. the very road by which the Alps were croffed for 

the firft time from Gaule, i. 369-374. a fecond time, i. 374- 

375. a third time,!. 375-376, 377, a fourth time, i. 376-378, 

a fifth, i. 379. this road ufed only for faddle-horfea at firft, 

j. 380. then for carriages, 4.380, 382. now ^ain for fad- 

dlc-horfes only, i. 381-382. yet paffed as before by awnies,^ 

i. 384-386. this road of great confequence to commerce in 

thedays of Caeiar, iu 17. probably alfo in the days of Han- 

pibal, ii. 17-18, certainly fo, no\v, i, 1:85. how the road 

from it up the Alps is kept up at preftfnt, i. 293. a town upon 

this road acro& the Alps, in thei« days, probably, ii. iT^ 

39. one certainly in the days of Livy> ii. 19. one before, 

9t Varro's redud^on of the country, ii. 19. one in the elder 

Cato'^s time, ii. 19. one before Cs^to, ii, 19-20. built by 

vhom* iv2Q-,2x. the loftieft of any in all the oldworldy, 

|i. 21. what called by the Romans generajly^ ii. a^;. wfe^toc*. 

. eafionally, ii. 21-24. why fo called occaiionally, 4i. 191 24- 

2K^. the pafs at it defcr\be^ ii. 2^-30. the general coldn^^ 

of the air, ii. 41-42, 47-49, ^^ afpefl of the grounc^ frprr\ 

the cold, ^ ii. A2. this effe£t of the cold apparent, how m^ny 

miles before you reach the top from the north, ii. 43^foow3 

^ot perpetual 09. this pafs, ii. 45. tho\igh on fppie pik^s ne^ 

it, ii. 45-46. the extreme poldn^s has produced what kin^d 

pf accommodation ther^, for travellers, ii. 49-74. thepaf^ 

inuch frequented now, ii. 61-62. much fr^uented in the 

middle ages too, ii, 6.6-67, , yet vefy danger<>^3 from the 

(hows at prefent, ii, J7-J9* the fcenery of winter here* 

||ov^ difmal, ii, 70-7^, t^o^ ^h«^t perif^^ wher^ rfppfitfd[ 



INDEX. ' tjy 

till burial, where buried afterwards, ii. J^-jy that point of ' 
the pafs from which Hannibal fliewed, and how, Italy to his 
foldiers, ii. 80-90. the a<E^ual view from this point in fum* 
mer, ii. 87. the probable in the end of Autumn, ii. 87-88. 
this pafs confidered as the key of the country, why, ii. 188.' 
the fprings of two rivers here could be diverted into either 
the Po or the Rhone, ii. 189. 

GUICHENON 
his Genealogical Hiftory of the Houfe of Savoy, correfted* 
i. 113, 117, 308-369, 

GUISE 
Puke of — i made an application of vinegar to ftones, Jikc 
P^nnibal,' and with Hannibal's fucccfs, ii. 173, 

« 

H. 

Sec iEDUI, 

HAMPTON 
Jklr.-r— Ws tranflation of Polybiusc0rre£^ed, i: 6, 9, 10, 33, 

3S» 4o»4i> 4»» 63, 77, 82-83, 97» 9^? 99» ^i(>'^5^y 202,209, 
ft 13, 214, 216, 217-218, 219, 223, 226, 227, 234, 241, 242- 
S43, 244, ^58, 262, 267-268, 273, 278, 287, 280, 369.— 
ii-9> 3^> 39» 4o-4i» 44-4S> 45» 81, loj, 106, 107, io8, 116, 
»i9» i35-^37> i3S'i39> ^39'Ho> 165, 174, 176, 179, 260^ 
904, 204-20 j, 206-207, 208-210, 230. the general charadtei^ 
of this tranilatiouy fpr Happibal's courfe over the Alps, ii, 
230. 

HANNIBAL 
tour different courfes over the Alps aiHgned him by the 
modems, i. 2-3. a difpute at Rome in whofe days, about his 
true coiufe, i. 3. what great biftorijtn engaged in the difpute, 
i. 3. who has lately, gone over the Alps tracing his courfe, i. 
4« how his courfe is propofed to be traced by myfelf, i. 4* 
with what degree of light it is hoped to be fliewn, i. 4-5. 
with what it is finally believed to be fiiewn, ii. 232-233. 

S 4 where 



9S9^ INDRX# 

where Hannibal paiTed the Rhone, i. j-i*, why, t, iy-r6w 
his firfi great flaigc from this point, ^ i. 16-30, 31-80-. the 
. amount of his army then, i. 33. the general order of hi^ 
inarchy i. 0^58. when varied, i. 39, 288,. ii. 175. his/tcond 
and /i&W great ilage in general, i. 83-125. hisy?c^Win^r-^ 
ticuiar^ u 1*5-156. his third va particuiary i. 156-195. the 
varying length of a day's march with him^ i. 190-191. how 
the Alps appeared to his men, as they flood at the foot of 

m 

them, i. 191.194. his train of baggage, .what, i. ao2^2>03» 
his cattle in' it, what, i. 214, 216. his guidies to, and oyer 
the Alps, i. 32*33, 204, ^51-252, 280-281,. 282, iii 75, 89,. 
loi, 127-128. his ftruggle at the foot of the Alps, i. .203- 
312. his' ^ryf great Ilage up Xht Alps^ i. 213-240. road of 
this ftage, what, i. 2 17-21 8* his y^c^«^ great ftagfe up the 
Alps, i. 240-264. he is over-reached by Alpine hypocrify, i« 
^40, 247. he turns off from his regular road, under whofe 
guidance and for what reafon, i. 251-252. nearly ruined by 
the confequences, i. 264-278.' his baggage what in itfelf, i. 
302-203. 275. his "third great ftage up the Alps^ i; 287*291; 
who were his guides in this, i. 280-282^ by what courfe they 
condu6led him, i. 282-291. the wildnefs of- the country in 
this, 1. 286. his arrival on the fummit, j. 280. his halt upon 
it, ii. 18-19, 30. be was no builder of temples, ii.. 20. ytt 
felt a reverential awe for God, ii. 36-37, 76, 210. was the 
annual king of Carthage, for how many years, ii. 38. during- 
his halt he receives foroe men and hbrfes, which he had left 

^ behind, ii. 38-40. a fall offnow during, the, halt, ii.43^ ^^® 
latenefs of thq feafon when Hannibal was there, ii. 43-44% 

, the very week in which he was there, ii. 44-45. ^^ ^^ ht^n 
much favoured by the weather, ii. 75-77. how the fall of 
fnow affefted his foldiery, ii. 77-79. how he adlcd to remove 
their fears, ii. 79-90. whither in general he now direfted his 
march', ii. 95, 1 10. he loft more in th^ defceht than in the 
afcent, why, ii. 113-116. the line of his defcent at iirft, 

' what, ii. 1 1 3- 1 19. his encounter with the funken road, wfiere 
and what, ii. 1 19-182. his defcent froiti this with a part of" 
his'army, ii. 174-177. with the reft, ii. 178. what his provL- 

fioa3 



\ 



fionswere, ii. i65-i68« thefe beg;an to fail, ii, r^^.^'hero 
he and his army, now was, ii. 182*194* this road of deftent 
called Hannibars Pafs, how many ages agb, ii, 199s he ha^ 
juft entered ancient Italy, ii. 1^9-203. how many days he 
ipent in afcendingand defcending the Alps, ii.x 99-202. hovr 
many of thefe he and his men were at the funken road, ii« 
^01 -202. how many men he had lolft fince he paiTed the 
J^hone, ii. 203-205. the reft how fiiaken and harraifled, ii, 
S05-206. his care of them, ii. 207-208. they recover their 
former health and fpirits, ii. 208. he marches away with 
them, how many in number, and whither in general, ii« 
^09-211. whither hrft, in particular» ii 2x1-214. whither^ 
fecondly, ii. 22 $-221* whither, thirdly, ii. 221-222. whithei^ * - 
finally, ii. 228-230. the immediate confequence of this, ii. 
^3i-232« Hannibal was a literary warriour, and recorded his 
own a6Uons, how and^vftere, ii. 210-21U 

HARTE' 
illr. -i-s— his Eflhys* on HSlbsmdry pt^ifed, ii; r42. a'difeultjr * 
raifed in.tbem removed, ii. 142. 

HEATHEKI^IVI 
is a brand of infamy for ever on man, i. 326. 

HERCULES 
the ffory of his paflage acrofs theAlps confidered as fkhii - 
lous, by what antient wrifer, ii. 1-2. oppbfedbyan antient^ 
, tradition, ii. 2. overthrovVn by its own contradi^lorinefs, ii, 
3-6.' and its' own etymological abfurdities, ii. 2, 4, 5, 6. 

HILL 
^aron — his general charader for intellect vindicated brieflyj, 
ii* 157. his mode of fplittjng rocks, ii. 157-158. 

HIS*rORY 
■a mere amufement to thefency, without what, 1. 1-2. aii' 
impertinent humour is gone out, of doubting or dllbelieving' 
half of what kind of hiilor}', i. 164. antietit hiftory fpeaks 
too loofeJy, of whole nations being ejttinguiftied, ii. 109. an* 
incident tof a bulk te^nd. what, will bctrcated h6w *by the 
WOjrJd, ii, 14P. . 

' HORSE. 



»€p INDEX. 

HORSE-RACES 
how early begun in Europe, ii« 225. akind of Newmarkets 
cftablifhed ho^ early, and where, ii, 195. 

HOUR 
wb$|t tbi9 means as a meafurein travelling, ii. 195. 

HYPOCRISY 
as much praSifed by the favage as b^ the courtier, i, f^^^ 



I 



JAILLOT 
Hubert — his large niap of France, i. ip-i u 

ICTPDORUM 
A town in Gaule — ^wljat in Franc^e, i. ^3. . 

INSCRIPTIONS 
w^^im^ coj^d, i, 49^ 64, 66, 69-70, 71, 80, 108*^09, 144, I J««, 
153, 185, 196, 197, 198, 304, 310, 313, ii. xo, az,.z3, 26^ 
38, i|2. referred to, ^i. J9, 78, 79, 147, ii. aio-aii, JH7-. 

INSUBRES • 

Jk nation at the Alpine end of Italy — from what nation ojp 
Gaule they came into Italy, i. 370, 372^ ii. 96. where they 

* were fituated, i, 372, ii. 97, 98. engaged in what wars beforQ 
Hannibal came, ii. 99. united with whom to rebel againft 
the Romans, how^ ii. 103-105. and to fehd embalTadours to 
Hannibal, ii. 105. whom thefe fent for their ennbaifadour,' 
ii. 10$. whom theiehad now fubdued, ii, loS, butthefub^ 
dued had now revolted, ii. 108-109. had expelled the Infu-i 
brian l^ing, ii. 109. who he was, ii. 109. their condu6^ wheii 
itannibal canie into Italy, ii. 231-232. their quarrels after-* 
ward with the Salaffi, for what, ii. 183. 

JOVIS ' 
JUPITER 
*«— what the name really meant, i. 306. wdrihipped under 
what name and in what form upon the Alps,i. 302-304* 

confidere4 



•"s^ 



INDEX, «6s 

eonfldered by whom as the Great lnfj^€tor of the UnWeric^ 
i. 316. aod therefore reprefented with what^ i, 3i6-3fli, 

JOVIUS 
F#ul ■' " who he was and when he lived, ii. ^ij-^iS* his ao^ 
count of an infcriptioQ concerning Hannibal, vindicated, ii, 

I$SR£ 
A river in France — it3 charafter among the Romansi it 33. 
iiow the Roman name of it ought to be pronounced, i. 34. 
how crpfl^d now, i, 35. what found near the n^outh of it^^ 
and why, i. 35-39- 

ITALY 
where at the Alps it began antiently, on the weft, i. s^, 
1^5.26. where} on the north, ii, 201-203. what is Italy at 
guarded by the Alps, u 301. 

JUVENAL 
relate3 the application of vinegar to the rocks by IbnnU 
bal,'ii. 171. 



K. 



KEYSLER 
-m- his publifhed travels cprreft^d in feveral impoitant 
points, ;j, 86, 90-93, 



L, 



LABISCQ 
Afown ill Cfaule -^ whsltin France, L 9x-9ft« 

LACINIUM 
«-— * a temple to whom there, ii. 220, in this Haniubal recorded 
hi^ own; aftiphs, how* ii* 2io-2^i« the promontoryv there de* 
pominated what} and from what in the temple, p»%tu 

LACUS LAUS0NIUS 
A ^wn near the aptienr Alps — * wha( 11^ the snodern^ i. 93, 
9 lake, what npw called^ i* ^3, 

LARCH- 



/ 



XAkCHlTR^g 
^— vfcty'pfcrttiftil oh the Alps, ii. 141. a largS'w'dod of 
larches, where on the fouthern fidei, ii. 121. anmher, where 
cBtfofcriBrthcm; I'r. 12%: inthe ftrmer^ the' trees of griat' 
.lro)k;;Mi* .x4o. tth^fe trees genendiy of a' great fite on the 
Alps, ii. 141. inflammable from what, ii. 140, 14^, 14!^, 
they had loft their leaves, he&fi^ Hannibal reached the for,. 
mtr^wWi-iii iff.' 

LAM^V^^ 

^*ii. k^lfehSSI iflfcHp«oil in fa^Sur of Vne?; if, 2'^; igl'an'W^^w 
probably^ ii.^ z^-zt* certainly of the bafe enipi^eV ni- a%.' 

. LEAkMlN6 

A town in Gaule -m^ what in France^ i. 7.* 

A*t6wn bi tfie ahlFent *Alpy ' — what oiTtHe'm'bHern, i. 92, 

LEPONTII 
A nation on the Alps — where fituated, i. 108. have left their 
name to a valley, i. 108. that name derived frorti what lan-t 
^guage, by the folly of popular opinion ampng the Romans^ 

' '■ LIBUI 

IIBYI 

LIBYCI 

Cralli, a nation in the Alpine endFof antient Italy — where in 

particular iituated, i. 34^, ii. 97. called alfo Litvi and Lfz^, 

ii. 97-98. what alfo called*, 'i?.''i68^. of what origin they were, 

ii. 98. fubdued bjf. whOm bfcfdfe'Hafimlirf canifc, ii.'r68:ro^* 

fubdued by whom previauiiy,' ii* zz^^iib* 

' ' ' LIDDE 

A «Hago onr^hrmmliciti AJp»>-* its 'cdrtdfaLlbh'Wkli H&iiihI. 

bal's eottrie^ ^r.^^yji^jfi, ' 

A jiatirfa -of antienfltaJy — GatJ*s ^orfgfcafly, htiiTalfd 'Hifsth' 
ihey came into Italy, i. 376-37:7^ il. 98; 

^ LIQUOR, 



index:. ^ 

LJQiJQR 
^Of the Roman foldieiy in camp or quarters :r^,yfh^tt iu,^^ 
i68> adopted lately by whom^ ii. i.66. 

LITTLE SAINT-BERNARD 

A^pafs over, the Alps — why called Lit^e^^L 91. in whp.lc,j(}j»t^ 
nioacroffed by Hannibal, i. 8j. what called by Livy, i*343- 

. 344. what by the Romans in.general^ i« 93, 95. the Roman 

road ov/er it, !• 91-9J. this falls where,, into t^,^<^jffffpi^ 

froq|i whence, i. 346. Livy contradicts the fupppfed march of 

Hannibal over thefe Alps, i. 345. this road open in the days 

of Livy and Strabo, i. 366. a convent fixed on it as wellas 

on Great Saint^Bernard, but on what fcale proportioned to 

what, ii.6c. 

LIVY 

* engaged in the difpute at Rome about Hannibal's courier 
i. 3. digreflbd from' his hiftory to engage in it, !• 3. his/dr/^« 
vimfy what, i; 44. his account of Hannibal corrofbed, i. 126- 
.127, X 34, 151, 170, 204, 207, 213, 21^5, 218, 222, 226, 
264,274.275, ii«90, 179, 230-231. his account praiied, i« 
127, 129, 139-156, 160, 161, 162, 172, 191,205,207,2099 
^10, 211, 212, 2x4, 215, 216, 216.217, 223, 230* 232, 243, 
258, 274, 283, ii. 79, 84, X34-135. a reading in the beft edi* 
tions of his hiflory corre6ted, i. 192, ii. 126. he wrote not 
from Polybius alone, but from what.others, i. 283>285. his 
reference to author ity, for a point certainly true from hifl 
own account, ii. 201. his evidence againft the paffage of Han- 
nibal over what Alps, examined at full length, i. 333-378. 
he himfelf unlkillcd in the geography of &aule, the Alps, 
and the north of Italy, i. 126-127, 34^-349> 3S035i» 374f 
ii. 97. forgetful at tinies of events very recent, i.46i, writing 
ai times from recent impreflions concerning antient events, 
u 3 59. without his account, however, the hiftory of Hanni- 
baPs courfe would be very defective, ii. 135. his authority 
quite equal to Polybius^s, for Hannibal's courfe, ii. 1 69-1 71* 

LIUTPRAND 

Of Pavia -— who he was and ndien he Uved, ii. 221. he men- 
.^ions wh^t was traditionally called Hannibal's way, where, 
ii. 222. LOCAL 



i«4 ' I i^ I^ £ X. 

Local 

KiuBM ift anttqiuty <^ liow wrbogly pronounced generally !h 
Ibineinfianoes, 1.33-35. 

LoVe 
Conjugal — how difpkyed in three epitaphs at Lyohs^ i. 6^ 

LUCU5 
AtowninGHUte-^whatihFraiice, 1.26^ * 

LUTTIER 
A idllage in the Alps — ho^ concerned in thii courfe of Hatini^ 
bai, i. 260-278. the pafs at it defcrihed, i. 260-261. the Rt^ 
of it what, i. 267-268^ the meaning of the name, L 268* 

LYONS 
an abfiraft of its hifloryy to (hew it was Vifited by Hanni* 
bal^ i. 37'8o'. why fo called, i. 69^ 78. why called Copia bjr 
the Romans, 1.71-72. why Lugudunum or Lugdunum, u 
jf8-79. why a part called Athanatos, 1.79. 



M. 



MAqALtJS 
comes embalTadour to Hannibal, for wh^t, 1.32. Hanni- 
bal^s principal gut^e ovsr the Alps, i. 32-33, 204, 206, 367^ 
who he was, ii« 10 j-i 10. reftored to his throne by Han- 
nibal, ii.230« 

MAN 
fet originally with a ftrong inclination to the Great Fu- 
ture, i. 325-326. hence oracles fo frequent in all ages of 
fallen man, i. 326. all the worft paifions of man given by 
Hcathenifin to its Gods, i. 312. 

MA NT ALA 
"/ M ANT AN A ^ 

A town in antient Italy -*> what in modern^ i. 92. 

MARCS^^ 



index/ tdj 

MARCBLLINUS 
The Roman hiftorian*^mentions the applkadoB of irinc^ar to 

the rocks by Hannibal, ii. lyt* 

MAREMIUM 
A term in our old law-books— what it is made to itidUi thercf 
what it fkri^tly means, >•'$$< 

MAROQNING 
term. whence derived to our iailors formerly^ ii^ g^3*] 

MARRON 
MARRONIER 
-a name applied to the inhabitants of the Alps, whcOf 
where, andwhy^ ii«33» 90-93* 

MARS 
«-«— two infcriptions of the Romans to him upon the Alps, qoe 
as what, i. 147. 

MARTIGNY 
A town in the Vallais-^what called by the Romans, i. i64« 
its connexion with the courfe of Hannibal, i. 165-212. con« 
fiderable in Ptolemy's time, i, 198. what afterwards, i« i98<* 
X99. what fince, i. 199-200. the vale of Martigoy, wherci 
ii* III. 

MARTIN 
Dom-^his work on the Gallick Religion correded, 1. 41, xi6« 

"7» 3^S* 3^» 3^3-3 H» 3*i> 3**» 3*3» 3*4» 3*S> 3*^ 3*9t 
330, 331. a general character of his work, from this^fpeci* 

men of i^ ^•33i« 

MARTIS 
A town on the antient Alps-*-what on the modern, i« 2^« 

MARTYN . 
Mr. — his Tour through Italy &c, praifed, ii. 35. 

MATRONA 
A hill on the antient Alps-^what on the modern, i. ^y%^% 

MATRONA 
The name of a river in Oaule«»ho\v it is to be pronounced| 

J- 34* 

MEDICAL 



JUDICAL 
MELLOSBDUM 

I 

A town on the antient Alg^^—what on the modern^ i. 26* 

MELVIrLi: 

General — has lately gone over, the Alps tracing the couHe of 
tiannibal, i. 4. has iipparted. the fnbflance of his difcove- 

..ms tp.n}e>.K 4. carries Hannibal over tbe.Rhone> where^ 
i. II. over the Alps, ^where, i..86'^9o» omits entirely the 
j;rand digreilion, whi^hiHannibal made from the regular road 
^t oije t]/pe» i. 248-2^1. .yet notices }vh^t rogk pf.tbe idigcef- 
fional road feemingly as what of the regular, i* ^bB-jzbg^ 
omits alfo all HannibaPs .wanderings in Livy, becaufe they 

^are not in Ppl3?biusy i-^Sj* when (iefn^kesHapnibars.ro^4 
vp the Alps the mere trough of a river, he miflakes ^Hanni- 
bal for whom, and antedates Hannibars march how many 
centuries, i- 379-381- that road aftually .transferried from 
(he bed to the bank of the river, before Hannibal's d^ay^s, ii. 
' 117-119. the funken road of Hannibal very different from 
Qeperal Melviirsy ii, ^23-1^5. 

MENTHON 
Sec BERNARD MENTHON. 

jMEREMlUM 
MERREIN 
¥ERRIN 
MERESME 
See MAREMIUM. 

MERULA 
Paul, an author — who he was, and when he lived, ii, 217. 
his account of an infcription relative to. Hannibal, not his 
own, but borrowed^ ii. 219. 

MILtER 
Mrs. — her publiflied travels corrcded, i. 152. 

MILLIARY 
■a Roman one with an iaicription upon it, i. 185, 11. 16, 
22. where it ftcod, ii, 22, 112. another, ii. 23. 

I MISSON 



V 



INDEX ^. 

Mn— Kid publiflied travels correftcd, L fij. 

MOOfeB 
Mr. atid ho\t Dr. — his publiflfed travels cbrrefted in a grofs 
znif-nomer) and for what in their manner^ u 289-291.] 

MONACO 

* ' ' the trophy there dcfcribed, 1. 109*1 tO; confounded with 
what by fome^ i, 11 6- 117.. the itifcription on that trophy, 
i. 108-109. the Alpine nations noticed on it, j. loS-iog. 
why not more are noticed, i* 1 69-1 13. the trophy itfelf de- 
fcribed, i. 109-116:, Monaco called alfo from "Hercules^ and 
by an antfctit writei* made a proof of Hercutes's paffage over 
the Alps here^ ii, 6* 

MONS SELEUCtTS 
A town in Gaule— what in France^ i. 26* 

MORAINB 
Sec MAREMIUM. 

MORGINNtJM 
A town in Gaule-^what in France,^ i. 26* 

MORNE 

ft •■ V 

-how it domed to ilgoify a hill in the French iiland^ of the 
Weft*Indic8| ii«'92» 

MUMMIES 
-the art of embaltning fhown in them^ not to be equalled 
now, ii. 143. the frefhnefs of the gilding on theni) ii. i43« 
the livelinefs of the colours oh their filk, il« 143. 



N^ 



fiTANTUA-TES 

A nation on the-Alp^^-rwhere fitnated^ i. 165-167- rcrolted 
from their Alpine brethren, '•^hov i. . 198. their capital in 
cohiibqBcn^e gf tfait revolt, i. 1961 

Vm.H. ' T NATIONS 



I 
\ 



\ • 



*tA 



I N D E X. 



\ 



NATIONS 

•their charaders fometimes remaia the fame for ages, and 
\vh}% ii. loo. this Exemplified in oue nation particularly, ii. 
1 00- 1 02. all have periods of gravity and vivacity at intervals^ 
ii. 140. 

NATURAL HISTORY 
*how little is known in it, ii. 142. how many ages it would 
probably take, to know all the properties of matter, ii. 142. 
this kind of knowledge, too, lofl frequently after it has been 
acquired, ii. 142-143. authors in natural hiilory, what ge*' 
nerally, ii. 155. what again, ii. 173. they peculiarly run 
oft«n away from common fenfe to what, i. 149. 

NENNIUS 
The Britifli hiilorian-— notices what particularly upon the Alps, 
ii. 29* 

NOIR 
Mount-^where fituated on the Alps, i. 283. 

NOIRE 
Tete-— confounded with the other by wh6m, i. 29q-29I# 

' NOVARIA 
A town in antient Italy— what in the modern, i. 298. 

NOVEM-CRARIS , 
A town in Gaule-»*what in France, i. 7. 



o. 



OBILONNA 
OBLIMUM 
A to\yn on the antient Alps-^what on the modeAi^ i. 92« 

OCELUM 
A town equally on the antient Alps— what on the modern, 
103. the limit of What land there, i. 25. 

OCTt>DURENSES 
In Frui7— irbo Aey were nrt, u soo, who they were» {. to/. 

OCTOOURUM 



INDEX, t69 

OCTODURUM 
OCTODURUS 
A town on tfae.antie&t Alps— what at the modern^ 1, 1641 i8a* 
186. 

OIL 
-Plioy*^ aflertion of its power to Calm im agitated fea, 2L 
144*145. of the divers in his time ufing it for that purpofe» 
ij. 144- 1 4 j. this fneered at very lately by all the pretenders 
to phyfical kpowledge, ii. 145. yet now proved in fa£t to be 
true, 1i. 145. the fame principle carried farther by conjec- 
ture, to explain what appearances on the fea's furfac^ 
ii. 145. 

OLIVES 
•none on the Alps in Hannibars ticne, 1. 236-23 7. V^by^ 
branch of the olive ufed as a iyro|;x)l of pe^ce among |he 
Greeks, i.ft39«a40« 

ORANGE 
A town in France^who built the famous arch of the Romans 
there, i.37-39. * x 

ORIENTAL 
Oranite — pillars of it, where in France, L 6o. rottiances, what 
io general, ii. i jo. 

ORSIERE 
ORZIERES 

A town now on the Alps — where fituatcd, 1.135. an imp9r- 

. tant town in the hiftory of HannibaUs courfe^ how, i. s^40« 

OSIRIS 
•——how, and on what principle, reprcfented in Egypt, i. 328^ 

P. 

PANCIROLLUS 
, The commentator 00 the Notttia^-correded,, ii, a;* 

PASSY 

A town on the Alps«r-a Roman one, 1 147* 

T a PSACK 



ftja IN D E X. 

PEACB 

Symbols of— why branches of trees m the hand or on the head 
have been fndi^ among all nations and in all ages, i. ft37» 
ft40« 

PELINE 
A vale in the Alps fo called*— why, ti» m i. ; 

PERFIDY 

ft 

«*-»— not peculiar to Courts, but as general as Man, i. £59* 

' PENINE ' 
PENNINE 
Alps— how the name is really written by the Romans, , i. 493. 
why fo called, i. 336s Pennine Alps in Britain, i- 336-^337. ' 
why any particular Alps called Pennine in Britain or in 
' Italy, i. 339. what in Italy called once befides Pennine, 11. 
ko. See G6.EAT SAINT-BERNARD for the reft of theuf 
hiftory. 

P?NII^US 

A God Worshipped on the Pennine Alps—- whp be was Hot^ L 
330. who he was, 1.301*304. bis ftatue defcribed, i.3o4- 
307* his pillar, i. 307. his pedeftal, i, 307. his altar, i. 307. 
lie reprefeoted by tte mountaineers naked^, and why,J. 305- 
306. reprefented nearly naked by the Romans, i. 3o8-309« 

^ reprefented in other refpeAs, how, by the mountaineers, 1* 
306-307. how by the )^omahs, 1.308-309. how late thjp 
Worfhip of him* continued, 1. 308. he had the Roman Ju« 
piter fet up as a kind of rival to him, 1. 310-31 1, - but witli 
an apprehenfive modefly in the Romans, i. 512. at laft 
United to him, and called what, i. 312-313* worfhipped 
equally on the Graian Alps, i. 3i4-3iS- but derivatively from 
the Pennine, 1-315. when, i. 315-316. how, i. 316-321. 
he an oracular God on the Pennine, i. 324-326. when thi6 
oracle wa^ filenced and the ftatucrenioved, i. 326-327. why 
his name and the nam^ of his mountain is written at times 
Poeninus and Poenus, i. 329-333, 340*343. he made a fer 
male by two antient writers, i. 338. he did not give name 

to his Alps, but received his name from tHom^ i*35'* ^^^ 

temple^ 



INDEX. tfr 

ttoiplei where particularlj) i. 301. when bnilt, ii. 19, 20, 
^i. fill! vi^fible in its ruins, i. 303* what^ias been diicovered 
in thofc ruins, i. 303-3>i, 3»9-313» 34*f !!• 3I-37- the 
ilatue of. the God placed in this temple, ii, 19, 

PLINY 
The Elder— hit natural hiftory praifed, ii. 146. one aflertion 
in it, feemingly very extravagant, veiified by experience 
lately, ii. 144-145. f#me readings in hi^ work corrected, ii* 

'S3-IS4- 

PO 
The river pf Italy— what tribes of Gauls were fettled upon its 
banks in Hapnibal's time, ii. 99* why pointed at by Hanni* 
l^froipthetopof theAlps, ii.99i>ioot 

P<ENINE VALE 

m w hat called fQ, and why, ii. x4-< $, 

POLENTA 
See PUPDING, 

POLYBIUS ^ 

when he wrote, i. 4«. his me^fures of Hannibal's tnarcb| 
how formed by him, i. 16. his account of Hannibal cor* 
reded, i.83, 127-149, 1371 160, 168^170, 207, * 16, aa«, 

^32, 284, »89, ii. 45, 7S, i34-J35> x78-i79> »*9-*3^ >» 
acco\uit of Hannibal praifed^ i* 129, 207, ft 13, 91 J, ax6, 
fli8, 212, 226, 245, 266, ii. 90. his variation of language 
blamed, i. 243, 944, ii. 84* oppofed by Livy's unifonnity of 
language, ii. 84. his account of Hannibal very defective 
without Livy's, ii. 135. Polybius therefore not to be f(pt u^ 
above Liyy, for th^ a£ts of Hannibal, ii. ;69-i7i^ 

POMPEY 
-in what line he crofied the Aljps^ i. 120^x22^ 

POSCA^ 
i^wha^ 9mong the Ronaans, ii. i67-»x69« 

POTATOES 
-not firfi brought from America into Ireland by whoai u' 
f 4^-259. wh^ce brought into England Si^k '^ 448^49^ 

.T3 , now 






ft7^- 



INDEX; 



qow gro^ingon the Alps, ,i. 247, ap. yet a few years agi» 
. rcfufed to be eat at Naples, even in a famine, i. ^47, aco. 

an idle notion formerly in £nglaad| that they excited to what» 

J. 250^ ' 

POWNALL 
Mr.«— bis remarks on antiquities in Provence pr^ed, i. yi* cor<»^ 

reded| i. n, 37-39t 60, 87-88, 136, 269. 

PROCOPIUS 

-his intimation of the Carthaginians being ooly fugitives 

fron:i the arms of Jofhua, fqemingly confirmed by a Cartha« 
ginia© mcdal^ ii, 3773t8« 

PROVISIONS •'^ 

For Haiioibal^ army— what b (olids probaibly, ii. i65-»i66* 
what in liquids, ii. j6^-;6,8,* 

PTOLEMY 

•——his Geography corrc£ted, i. 107, 129, i30« 

PUBLICANI 
A town on the antient, Alps — where on the modern, i. 92. 

PUDDING 
•——the charafterizing food of thq Romans originally,, ii. i66* 
the foo4 of the Carthaginians too, ii. x 66- 167. how the 
Roman pudding was made, ii. 167. this is ftill the breakfaft 
of the Italians, ii. 167. how made by the Italians, ii. i67» 
■ called what by the Romans formerly, what by the Italians, 
now, Ji, 167. how much the Roman name is ftill retailed ' 
vith v^iations, where, ii. i67. 

PULS 
Sec PUDPING, 



K 



RAME 
A town in Gauk— ^what in France, i. 23. 

RAVINE 
•ir^-— a Ifrench word imported among us by whom, and the tfl^f 

. oiiiC vee have anfweriug wh?t in Greeks i. 27a* 

ilHONR 



1 N D E X» *^^ 

RHONE 

where |{annibal crofled it, 1. 1-12. why there^ i, 13-16. 
roads acrofs it formerly, i. 5-6. roads along it, i. 6-8. aa 
liland in it, i. 10. other iilands, i. xo-ii. a valley along it^ 
where, i. 158-159. 

RIVAZ 
Dc, a Vallaifan writer concerning the Alps pf Great St. Ber- 
nard -* correded, ii. 19, 22-23* 

ROAD 

That ftopt Hannibal — Sec SAINT-REMY. 

ROCHE BLANCHE, " 
this rock, in General MelviU's account of Hannibal^s 
courfc, can have no relation to the Whitq Rock cf PolyVius, 
1.269*272. 

ROMANS 
alnaqft all our knowledge of ^v hat derived from them, u 
5. their roads our directors, hov<' far, to the roads before, i. 
5. their great road acrofs the fouth of France, i, 5. another 
road of theirs there, i. 6. others along, the Rhone, i. 6-8. * 
when the great road was made, i* 9. the diilances on it, i. 16. 
thefe ufed by whom to meafure the diftances on the other 
road, i. 16. Romans as well acquainted as ourfelves, with the 
principles of the ftream running to the fame height with the 
fountain, i. 57. why then they built their lofty aquedu6ls, i, 
57. had a kind Of modern hofpital, where, i. 66. their minds 
(eem to have mounted with their arms , over tlie nations 
around, i. 108. their felfiih interpofitions between contend- 
ing nations, ii. if^.. their grafping condu^, ii. 188-189. their 
feekiilg occafions continually for quarrels, ii. 189-190. their 
infolenee of ipirit, ii. 190-191. th^ir vindiifilivenefs, ii. 19;- 
192. 

ROMANSH 
ROMAN 

* 

Language *— what fo called in the Vallais now, i. 359-360. 

ROQjyTEMAURE 

la Franc© -» Hannibal did not crois the Rhpne there, i. u. 
, • T 4 -* SAINT. 



6ATNT-BERNARD 
^— v^ho he was and when he lived, that gavfe his n&me to 
the Alps of Little and Great St. Bernard, 1 326-3*8. 

SAINT-BRANCHIER 

A town on the Alps— its pofitipn, it 224* »3S-a36. its con* 
iie3cion wif h the cpurfe of Hannibal, i. 223-230. 

S AINT^OOTH ARp 

A* pafs over the Alps rr leading to what part of Itsily, i. 292. 

feldom block^ci'vptp^oni, i^ i^i* eveapaflablein.cbaiiev 

i. 384. 

S^INT^MAURICE 

A town in the Vallais — why fo called, \. 163^ what called by 

the carher and later Romans, i. 163. ^n extraordinary avet 

nue there, i. i6iti^2. when fornned, i. i6z* hpiy the town 

lies upon this, i. 163. remain^ of the Romans at it, i« 184^ 

Ihe traditionary and probable fipene of.\yhat niartyrdom, i^ 

163-164. 

SAINT-PETERS 

JV to^n on the Alps — where, }u 9^36, 283, 289. ita coonexioil 

with thf co\irie of Hannibal, i. 283^ 286^ 289^ iu ysdley, H^ 

111* 

. S^INT.RjpMV 

A village on the Alps -r- where, ii. 121. how ^ipoii^d to &qv^5|^ 
\i, 121. how guarded. from thetn^ ii. 122* Hannibal's funkea 
road how near to this village, ii. 121-12^. in whsit manner 
the road wa? funk, ii. i22-i2 j. fropi wha^ cavife, it. 12 J-X27« 
how long before Hannibal canie up to it» ii. izj-.i^i* how 
much thi$ difpirited his qien, ii. )28-.i3P. ^w eplieded Han* 
jiibal was, ii. 130* he ordered ^em to wheel round th^ 
chafn^i ii. 1307131. their atteippt to do fo baffled^ how, ii. 
131-134. forced tp ftay there for the night, ii. 135-138. next 
inbrni^g theyjbcgin to mfdce a pevir rpad^^ ii. y 9. cut down 
trees, what aqd wher^, ii. 1^0^ jj^i^ with then) ma)Le a great 
fire, ii. 140. then applied what> ii. I40-^I. and opened the 
rocks, ii. 141. what fort of rocks thefe were and are. ii. i6i'*. 
»6a. Ii6w eafily fplit, ii. i6»- 163. haw eafily bestt,up i^tp rub- 

,' *'" " ■ '■ ' ■' ' ■■■ ' "■ '■■" bifli 



\Attk for wliat, ii. 163. how the rpad was completedi ii. ij^jr 
'7S« 1 7 7- 1 78* t^>8 ftil) rentains ju(| as it wa$ l^ft b^ Hanhit 
txilfit. 179.; 82. 

SATNT SJMON 

lifonf. de his accpiiot of Hannibal's courfe correAed/ i^ 

i»-i4, st8.a9. 4i,4S» 83r84» 84-85, 86, 139-149, i7<^i7/f 
«37-*3?»H8-asi>38s. ' 

SALASSI 

^ natibn on and under the Alps -r where fituated op the Alps 
in Hannibal's days, 'h^^%* where in C^far-s, i. 233«wher4 
inLivy's and Strabo's, i-34S>« 35^*3$7> ii* i8;^-»88. their 
fowns on the northern Alps in Hannibal'Si i. f3S*^3^> MS* 
on the fputhem, i.345, ii- 1949 aii, 921-224. th^ir bypo^ 
crify to Hannibal, J. 235-236, 240, 242, fuccefsf ul over him, 
|. 242-255. their burft <rf treachery, i* 259-274. their defeat ill 
ft, i. 275-278. their cowardlinefe afterwards, i. 287. their deri- 
vation from what part of Ganle, ii. 1 1 r 1 2. how they came itttq 
Italy, i. 376. where they fettled in Italy, i. 376, ii. 97. how 
fhey fettled back upoi^ the Alps, ii. T2. Strabo's s#ertion of 
their poifeffing the fummit of the Alps, reconciled with CaPr. 

. far*8 of another nation polTeffing t^eip, ii. 26-27. their tranf* 
^6tions with the Infubres and the Romans detailed, to throw 
light upon Hannib4*s Wftory, ii, t^2''i92. how feverely pu* 
nifhed by the Romans at laft; though unwittingly, fdr their 
freaclieiy to Hannibal, it. 190.192. 

SALLUST 
a reading in fome^fragraeats of his corrected, i. 12a. 

SALLVVII 

SAJ4SSI, 

SALT 

thp ^ant of it compelled what nation to fubmit to the 

"Sioaiam, ii. 186* ^ ' - 

SANTONUS 

^^*he name of a r^yefia Caule -r-how it ougj^ ta'be prb& 

^ounqfl, i. 2;4, 

SAVOTf 



s. 



«7* INDEX. 

SAVOY 
SAVOYARDS 
■ what w/ called formerly, i. iii. what a^flually called, i. 
III. what antient tribes of the * Alps the prefent Savoyards 

reprefent, ii. ic. ' , 

SAUSSURE 

ModC -^— his publiflied travels on the Alps praifed, 1.235. 

correaed, i, 148-145, 293-294, 344-34S> ^j- 4^49* S3> 59- 
tOf 64. his maps' corre<Eled, i. 235. one praifed, i, 236. 

SCEPTICISM 
In hi/iorical points — how pufiied tb an extreme of abfurd ky 
at prefent; li. 217. this given to the mind, not as a power^ 
but as a check, ii. 218. the life of the mind lies in beiicTing, 

IX. lid. 

SCHOLARS 

•-— more apt to (hew their learning than exert their under- 
' ilandings, i. 5^ frequently think as little as who, if j. moft-ri- 
diculons at times, when they (liew their leamipj^ mod, how, 
i. 938-239. their learning a heavy me^ requiring what, i. 333. 
learning is like its antient type the owl, why, ii. 1 5. learntdg 
loves to take a microfcope into its hands, why, ii« 84. 

SEDUNI 
An Alpine nation -* where fituated on the Alps in Hannibal's 
and in Caefar's days^, i. 165, 167, 168^ their capiul what af- 
terwards, i. 196-197. revolted from their Alpine brethren, 
wfaen,^ 1.198. oppofed Hannibal, i. 203-2^43. their capital 
then, i. 223-225. how far their polTeilions reached up the 
Borthern Alps, i, 232. fubdued by whom from what point 
to what, ii. 13. but recover their dominions, ii. 13-14. then 
their capital, where, ii. 26.' are faid by Caefar to poffefs the 
. fummit, while Strabo fays another nation pofleiled it, how 
reconcikably, ii. 26«27« 

SEGUSIQ 
A town at the, antient Alps -— what at the modern, l> 23, 345* 

SEGUStERO 
A town in Gaule — what in France, i. 2*2. / 

SELEUeUS 
Sec MONS. 

SENOiVES 



INDEX. «7y 

SENONES 
A nation of Gauls in Itsdy -^ when they came into Italy, i. 379: 
in what wars they engaged before Hannibal came, ii, 99. 

SEQUANA 
The name of a river in Gaule how it fliould be pronounced, 
i.34. 

SERVIUS 

— — what kind of commentator on VirgiJ he is, i. 308. 

SHEALINGS 
In the Scotch Highlands — the fame as what on the Alps, ii. 41. 

SILIUS ITALICUS 
— poflelTcd Virgirs farm, where, and Tully's hoi^fe, where, 
i. 138. his account of Hannibal's courfe ufed, 1.38. even in 
preference to Livy's, i.151, praifed, ii. 138. ccnfured, il. 

SIMLER 
A defcribcr of the Vallais and Alps — his defcription written, 
when, i. 17, correacd, i. 87-88, 200, 253, 299, 3^5, ii, 35 
124- 1^5. , 

SIMPLOK 
A pafs over the Alps — leading into what part of Italy, 1. 29a. 
what called by fome writers, i. 292-293. 

SKETCH 
Of a tour through Switecrland -- corrcfted, 11. 122. 

SKINCOMAGUS 
A town on the antient Alps ^ what on the modem, i. 2c. 
^ when and by whom the name was impofed, i. 25, 

SMOLLET 
Dr. — — his publiflied travels correaed, i. 1 18. 

SOMERSETSHIRE 
-"-i— the provincial pronunciation of the letter S in this county, 
fingular only for one reafon, i. 184, the fame proiiunciatioa 
obtained among the Britons, 4. 184. obtained alfo among the 

Romans, 1,184. and obtains among the Italians at prefent 
>. 184. , ' . 

STABATIO 

A town in Gaulc ^ what in France, i. 27. 

STEAM 



STEAM 

^ho wildly propofes to fend a fhip by it with what veto* 
city, ii. 143. who madly pretend^ to ^at the waters of thf 
iDci&an by it into what, ii. 143-144. ^ 

* ^ STONE-HENGE 

what the ftoocs coimpo^ng it are, ii. x63ti64« 

STRABO 
wheir hfe rcaRy wrote, i. 14-1 5., his roads' aerofs the finith 
of France^ i. 14^1 5. .which way overthe Alps he carries Han*? 
nibal, i zjy 3S3'*364* readings in the beil edition of hi$ 
work correded, i. »5''z6; he htmfeif correded, i. io8>^34r 
13^ 362.364. one readifig h^ his work attempted' raihly ta 
/be altered by fomcj i. 33^. a traofpoiition or h'l^ Words t&e<9 
* cefary in another phcci i. 3630364^ be las^ wroi^d P<dy<» 

fcwi »^ 3^4r ' 

STtTREl^EY 
Pr. — ;— th^ firftbegtnrWr of dcHviag the Wfii ftbm'tie Woei 
mmSs'f ii. 1 5.b. bii derivatioti- of a word mdi'ely Bt^crfli^oii^ 
tiie Pheenician latigiiage, ii. 156. his account of the-mimijlcrg 
in which the flones of Aimry v(ttt 4e^oy^ by the UihabiU 
afdt^, ii. 156^157, 

SUSA 
the antient arch there, by whom bdilc, and for wltati if 
115-1 j6. f:onfo\ind(d with wh^t by U«P^^ u ^ i6<ti x 7, 

SWISS ^ 
SWITZE?is 
why fa called now, i. 159.. what called in the days of Cae^ 
far, i. 1 59. what in the days of Polybius^ i. ^5^ yihf Swiff 
f^Switzer, i. 184. 

i 

TANET 
€futj&€ of ■— whence fo^called, i. 79^ 

YAURINI 
A nation iii the Alpiffe end of lyil^r- ■!-' vhwe^ 1, 3^jv ^ht orfi 

ginal 



^ 



1^ 



INDEX 4f% 

giUal inhabitants of the fouthern AlpSf ii. t^-tj* lent their 
own name once to th^ Pennine Alps, and tp ^e QqA F^^ 
* nus there, ii. zo^^bdued on the Al[^ by whom, before 
Hannibal came, i. 232-233, ii. 12-1^^ .fiibdued by whom ia 
the plains Wfore he came, ii. 99. re-fubdued in the plaii% 
before he came, ii.'to8.i09. in a revolt againft, their Ufi fub* 
duers when he came, ii. io8i09« their dominions pow ex- 
tended probably, how far, ii. 227. Hapnibal endeavonted 
from whence, to draw theni off from their revolt, ii. 228* 
229. but in vaid, why, ii. 229. he march^ to reduce tli^a% 
eiiters their country, and reduces them, ii* 229-231* 

TAURI>ip^UM AUGUSTA 
TAURINI 
TAURINUM 
A town in antient Italy — what in the modern, i. ^3, 34j;.ie* 
duced by whom before Hannibal c^me, ii. 99-100. ^^oatied ' 
on tlie ground of the prefent town, ii. lOO. 

TEGNA 
A town in Gaule — what in France, i. 13 1« 

TEUTOBOCCHUS 

Ring of the Teutones — where aad when bis remains wtxt 
pretended to be found in France, i. 36. where he really 
fought with Marius, i. 36. whither he was carried after thjr 

' battle, i«36. what the ^ifcovcred remains a&ually wfic^ 

i. 36. 

TRAVELLFNQ 

hfx)v ilowly pycfu^ forQaerly ,ia compvifon with modem 

travi^lling, ii..x6. yi^t ]|ow much niore hardily, i. 382* ^bea 

created villages and enlarged towns^ how, ii. z6-t7. 

TREES 
what-generally on the Alps, ii. 141. 

TRICASTINI 
A nation of Gaule -7- where fituated in France at Hannib^rf 
coming, 1.219-130, 133, 137-138. how much fafthcr they 
extended in the prior days of whom, i. 370-37 1. 

TRICORII 



I 



«8o INDEX.* 

TRICORII 
'AnationofGaule —where iituated in France at Hannibarf 
- comings i. 134-133. 

TURECIONICUM 
'A town in Gayle— what m France, !• 26. 

TURIN 
*~— this town the immediate objedt of Hannibars eouHe 
from the Rhone into Italy, i. 19, so, 23, 90, 344, 345, 346^ 
347> 348» 3S3» 3S4> 3S7» "-QS-Q^i »»6. a road to it an- 
tiently, from whence, ii. 226. a road at prefent, ii..2a6. 
this a principal road, ever fiuce what period prior to Han- 
nibal, ii. 226.227. *^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ equally with what, and 
why, to be at the foot of the Alps, ii.227. Hannibal bc- 
fieges, llorms, and takes it, ii. 229-230. 

TYROL 
■ ' this way over the Alps excellent for chaifes,. i. 384, 

TZEUDY 
See VALSORET. 



V. 



VACHERIE 
A place on Aie fouthern Alps— where, ii. x2o. how cold the 
air is at it, ii. z 20-12 x» 

VAL DE «AGNES 
A valley in the Alps-— how conne6led with the courfe of Hah* 
^;iiibal over the Alps, i. 252-299. how happy in itfelf, i. 276* 

VALENtiA 
A town in Gaule— what in France, i. 9. who built a trophy 
and two temples at it, 1. 37-39* 

VALLAIS 
what country, j. 158-159, 161-162. by whom inhabited 
'originally, and at prefent, to the Wicft and to the caft, i. 
359-361. thofe to th^ eaft have now fubdued thofe to the 
wefty i. 361* thofe to the weft what called originally, ii. 8-9. 

what 



INDEX. 4«i 

what the whole country was called ordinarily by the Ro- 
mans, ii. lo, 15, 23. what occafionally, ii. 14-15. 

VALLEE D»ENTREMONT 
A Tallcy in the Alps— where, u.,i 1 1. 

VALPELINE 
A Glaclere on the Alps — turned off Hannibal's courfe to 
the right, 1.282. 

VALSORET 
Another Glaciere — did' the fame, i. 282-283. 

; VANCIANIS 

A town in Gaulc; — what in France, i. 7, 2 1* 

VAPINCUM . 
A town in Gaule^*— what in France, L 22^3. 

VARRO ' - 

Terentius— the final conqueror of the Salaffi, ii. 1 90L his "ad* 
vance to Great St* Bernard, ii. 190. his donation of a lievr 
pillar to what deities there^ ii. r90. i* 310. his artful imd bar- 
barous condudt to the Salalll, ii.190-192. ' 

VEGETATION 
«— all prevented by the cold on what mountain of the Alps, 
&. 42. that mountain as naked as what, ii. 42. the burning 
effe^ of cold upon the ground, li. 42. where on the northern 
fide of that mountain this effed begins to be petceivbd, iL 
43. where it begins to be compleated, it. 43. where on the 
" Ibuthern fide vegetation begins to revive^ ii. 11 9- 120. where, 
to be completed, ii. 121. a difference of how many miles oa 
the two fides, in vegetation, ii. 121. 

VERAGRI 
A nation on the Alps — w^hcre»i>/ fituated, i. 350-351. whert 
s^ftually fituated^ i. 165, 167. 

VERGELLiE 
A town in antient Italy— >wbat in the modenii i* 298, 345, ii. 
226. 



y 



I 



vu 



«te 



1 N ii E Jfc 



. VIA AtJRELlA 
A Romdit tK^ad— *Ac beft way from Gaule info My, why, U 
383. MjKT no longer travelled, i. 3834 

VINEGAR 

•— ^ applied by Hatioibal to foftcn the rodct for fplitting, ii« 
140-1 4i« riot iihpoffible for vinegar to have fuch a power, 
ii. 141. our ignorance of the powers of matter. Very great, 
ii. 142-143. the antient^ at times appear to know them more 
than we know them, ii. 143-145. vinegar ufed with fire for 
Iplitting flints in the mine^ of Spain formerly, ii. 146. for 
fplitting rocks, geiierally among th^ antients, ii. 146- 1 4^ • t 
pearl diflblved in vinegar by iir'hom, ii* 147'- 148. by whom 
beddes, ii. 148^x49. by whom elie, ii. 149*2^ whgr we 
know of no vinegar at prdent^ that can diiTolve pearls, ii« 
f SPw Wt Hanntbat's vinegar was n^t to difledve the rocks, 
ii. i$t. much lefs was it what fome have idmoft iiippofed it, 

• & t$t* fplitting rocks with wood^res common formerly, 
and ufed now, it«iji-i^. what the flints were probably 
which were fplit with £re^^d vinegar, ii. 151-154. on thefe 
a»d all €in£s has vinegar no effect by itielf, ii. i 52-1 54. but 
probably has, when uied witl^ fire, ii. 154. the efficaqrof 
vinegar, when fo ufed, how ^mch believed by the antients, 
ii. 154-155. healed vihegar a(^lied fuccefsfuUy^ for what 
purpofe, in a violent fit of what diforder; ii. 1 50. the trial 
oi this recommended, ii. 1 50* rocks ff^it with fke and what« 
in Sritaim ii« i55-i$7« tbpp t^e oldefl mode of fpiitting 
them, ii. 1 58. what fort of rocks H^Qtt)al (plit with fire 
and vinegar, ii. 158-1^1. thefe rocks lay in plates, how, 
u. i6i-i6a« eafily fplit with fire,^ vinegar, and pick-axes, 
ii. 162-163. ealily beaten into rubbifh to (lope away the de« 
fcent, n. 163. whence and how Hannibal had a quantity of 
^negar jpor the woik, ii. 164^ 169. the hi&oricai certainly 
of his ufing vinegar, ii. 169-173. 

VITRICIUM 

A town in antient Italy — what in the modem, i. 95, 298, 346* 
ko w conne^ed with Hannibal's courfe, ii. 2 1 x-a 1 5. 

VIZ 



VIZ 

a Latin word in our language^ how and by what xfMnt 
contca£ted irom nfidelicet^ i. 1 84. 

■UMBiENNUM 
A town in Gaule^what in France, i. 8. 

UNIVERSAL HISTORY 
Antlcnt— correfied, L 83-84, 33a-333, ii. i9i» 

*VOCO^Tn / 

A nation in Gaulc'^wbere lituated in France, i. 130-132, 133^ 
238. 

VOGESUS 
TheNnitme 0^ a mountain in Gaulc--how to be pronounced, 
1.34. 

VtJLGAfe 
The— -liaVe the (ble prerogative of giving local names, ii. 19$* 
furprifitig how they could ever agree to exert this, in fixuig 
which of tM^o equal and uniting rivers ihail be the deno* 
xninator of both, Ii. i95-^i96. yet they do agfe^, ii. 196. 
one age of the vulgar indeed recals at times the names fixed 
by a former age, ii* 196. thuj defpotical over names, why, ii* 
196. and thus whimfical ill changing thefn, why^ jL 196, 198* 

URSPLiS 
A towh in Gaule«^what in l^rance, i. 8* 

W. 

^ WATKINS 
Mr.**>^hi8 attempt in his lately publiHied travels to carry Han-^ 
nibal by what line oyer the Al^Sj i. zoo. but feeble and 
frivolous in itfelf, i. loo. and tnade only from what author^ 
enlarged into greater folly, i. too. ^ . 

^ WATSpN 
Lord Biihop of Landiiff— 4dliide8 to (olybius for an incident^ 
which is only in Cafaubon's tranflation, i. 237* a remark of 
his in contfadidiion to Pliny, unwarily fophifiical, ii. i^i^ 

Vot.IL • y ■ ^ WEEKS 



J 



*B4 tN.p'^X 

:. we£ks 

.4«^'...,.' 

the univcrfal meafure of time to man, ever fince the 
creation, 3nd from the reft of God i'a creating \ipon the 
fcventh day, ii. 197, ^is fliewn from a very antient ^uthor^ 
ii. IQ7- 

WINE 
excluded from the camp by whomj ii, 166. 

WIVES ' 
at what town on the continent, thole govern their huf- 
bands, and the huibands are happy under their government, 
J. 200. 20 1, this example recommended tq Britiili huibandsj^ 
and fropn what, \. ftoi* 

WORDS 

II ." ■ . not indecent, in all languages current among the people^ 
j^et never rcgiftered in any diiSlionary, M^hy, ii. 93 • 

WRIGHT 

Mrt-r-hi? publilhed travels corrected, i, i jo^ 

r 

• ■ -Y. 

\ . . '; . 

YEW-TREE 
common upon tne Alps, ii. 141. the wood of it former^ 
imported into England from the Alps, in large quaptiti?S| 
fpr Qi^r bows, ii* 41. 



I 

\ 



f t.-N'. :i ^ 



Lately pJbUJbedf 

In one large Volume, Royal OdavO| 

Elegantly printed on a Superfine wove Paperi 

Price los, 6d. in boards. 



THE 



\* 



ORIGIN 



Q F 



ARIANISM 



DISCLOSED, 






Bt JOHN WHITAKER; B. D. 

• • •' 

ReAorofRuanLanyborne, Cornwall. 






x^ 



^printed for John Stockdale. 



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> 



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PRIVATE . LIFE 



or 



MARY QUEEN of SCOTS. 



pt^mm^mmmitm 



By JOHN WHITAKER; B. D- * 



Rcdor of RtUn ]yia^born#> Cornwalli 



■X'R'' 



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I 

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NOV 17 1959