F_dalley_2013.txt — Stephanie Dalley, The Mystery of the Hanging Garden of Babylon: An Elusive World Wonder Traced (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013). xviii + 279 pp.; ISBN 978-0-19-966226-5 (hb); paperback 2015, ISBN 978-0-19-872884-9.

ACCESS STATUS: no lawful full-text copy exists online. The book is not open access (Oxford Academic/OSO has no record of it; ORA, CORE, Unpaywall, OpenAlex, HathiTrust and Internet Archive scholar have nothing); the Internet Archive holds a print-disabled/lending scan (identifier mysteryofhanging0000dall, 322 images, access-restricted) whose OCR can only be queried for short highlight fragments; Google Books (volume id 7HUZYru5UiIC) offers a limited preview whose search snippets carry page numbers. What follows is therefore NOT the full text but every fragment obtained, organised by chapter and page.

SOURCE CODES USED BELOW
  [GB p. N]   Google Books search-inside snippet; page number from the pg=PA<N> parameter of the preview link Google returned (reliable). Snippets are ~200-300 characters, sometimes with OCR spacing ('Tashmetu - sharrat').
  [IA]        Internet Archive full-text-search highlight from the OCR of the lending copy (https://be-api.us.archive.org/fts/v1/search?q=...&identifier=mysteryofhanging0000dall; same data via https://openlibrary.org/search/inside.json). The API returns no page numbers; where a page is given it was inferred (a) from a running head captured inside the fragment ('Conclusion 205', '64 Sennacherib's Great Invention') or (b) from overlap with a page-numbered Google snippet; otherwise the fragment is listed under 'unplaced'. OCR quirks: 'Bc'/'aD' = BC/AD; hyphenation artefacts ('trad- - itions'); doubled words at fragment joins.
  [IA-walk]   Longer continuous passage reconstructed by repeatedly querying the IA index for the last words of the previous fragment (each step yields ~50-100 new characters). Text is verbatim OCR, joined.
  Chapter page ranges come from the printed running heads captured in the OCR and from A. M. Bagg's review (BiOr 71, 2014, cols. 485-492), which cites the chapter spans; the OUP page (https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-mystery-of-the-hanging-garden-of-babylon-9780199662265, Wayback capture 2016) gives the table of contents.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS (OUP listing; printed running-head titles where they differ are given in brackets; page spans per Bagg 2014 and running heads)
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  Dedication; Frontispiece; Acknowledgements; List of Illustrations, plates and maps; Time-line; General Map   (pp. v-xviii)
  Introduction                                                         pp. 1-11
  1. Drawing a Blank in Babylon                                        pp. 13-27
  2. Classical Writers and their Testimony                             pp. 29-41
  3. Three Pictures, and Archimedes                                    pp. 45-59  (part-title/plates presumably at 43-44)
  4. Sennacherib's Great Invention                                     pp. 61-82
  5. Engineers and Waterworks [running head: Engineering for Water Management]   pp. 83-105
  6. Confusion of Names                                                pp. 107-126
  7. The Palace, the Queen and the Garden [running head: The Unrivalled Palace, the Queen and the Garden]   pp. 127-151
  8. Symbolism and Imitations [Bagg: Symbolism and Imitators]          pp. 153-178
  9. Defeat and Revival at Nineveh and Nimrud                          pp. 179-202
  Conclusion                                                           pp. 203-208
  Appendix: The Prism Inscription in translation                       pp. 209-213
  Notes                                                                pp. 215-244
  Bibliography                                                         pp. 245-268
  Index                                                                pp. 269-279
  Illustrations: c. 90 black-and-white figures (Fig. 1-c. 90) and 8 colour plates (Plates 1-13 referred to in the text); Google's preview indexes some as PP/RA pages (see end).

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A REVIEWER'S CHAPTER-BY-CHAPTER PRECIS (Ariel M. Bagg, Bibliotheca Orientalis 71, 2014, cols. 486-488 — full review in F_dalley_other.md). Given here because it supplies page-referenced summaries of each chapter's contents and several verbatim quotations (pp. 35, 39, 111, 202, 203, 204).
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The book begins with an Introduction (pp. 1–11) in which the author presents first herself and then a general overview of the World Wonders. In Chapter 1 (Drawing a Blank in Babylon, pp. 13–27) Dalley briefly describes the archaeological situation in Babylon and lists some of the proposed locations for the Hanging Garden. Nebuchadnezzar is indeed named as its builder, but only by Josephus (quoting from Berossus). Dalley stresses the negative evidence, namely that the other Classical authors do not mention the builder by name, that the Hanging Garden is not attested in indigenous Babylonian sources, and that Herodotus did not mention this World Wonder when speaking about Babylon. Chapter 2 (Classical Writers and their Testimony, pp. 29–41) is an overview of the main Greek and Latin sources, which are quoted in translation, following the respective editions. Diodorus Siculus (1st cent. BC), who quotes Ctesias (5th cent. BC), and Strabo (1st cent. BC/1st cent. AD) are two of the earliest authors to deal with the Hanging Garden. Dalley points out that, according to Diodorus, the water-raising mechanism was not visible and that Strabo explicitly mentions watering by means of Archimedean screws. Quoting Berossus, a priest of Marduk who lived in Babylon in the 3rd cent. BC, Josephus (1st cent. AD) attributed the Hanging Garden to Nebuchadnezzar. According to Dalley “Berossus himself may not have mentioned Nebuchadnezzar in connection with the garden, but rather that passage was probably added to his original text by one of the authors who quoted from him in the two centuries that separate Berossus from Josephus” (p. 35). Further Classical authors are Quintus Curtius Rufus (late 1st cent. AD) and Philo of Byzantium, who, according to Dalley, was not the Greek engineer of the 3rd cent. BC but a much later homonymous writer called the Paradoxographer (4th–5th cent. AD, p. 39). Dalley concludes that the Classical texts give a useful description of the Hanging Garden, which was located beside the king’s palace in a citadel, shaped as a Greek theatre, watered by screws, and inspired by a homesick queen. In Chapter 3 (Three Pictures, and Archimedes, pp. 45–59) Dalley presents on the one hand three — well-known — Assyrian wall reliefs from the palaces of Sargon in DūrŠarrukēn (fig. 11), and of Sennacherib (fig. 13) and Ashurbanipal (fig. 14) in Nineveh depicting gardens. On the other hand, she gives an overview of the sources which attribute the invention of the screw to Archimedes and questions the reliability of those sources. Dalley sees Sennacherib as the inventor of the Archimedean screw, a subject dealt with in Chapter 4 (Sennacherib’s Great Invention, pp. 61–82). She interprets two terms in a passage of Sennacherib’s inscriptions describing a new water-lifting device, gišmaḫḫu (treetrunks used as columns or beams) and alamittu (palm-tree), as the hollow cylinder and the helical surface of an Archimedean screw, respectively. The same components are mentioned in a previous passage of the same inscription among those objects which were made of bronze by means of an innovative casting method using clay moulds. She mentions also that replications of Sennacherib’s bronze screws were cast for the television programme Secrets of the Ancients. Chapter 5 (Engineering for Water Management, pp. 83–105) offers a description of Sennacherib’s hydraulic projects for the water-supply of Nineveh, the old city that was enlarged and converted into the new Assyrian capital. In Chapter 6 (Confusion of Names, pp. 107–126) Dalley tries to explain the confusion between Nineveh and Babylon in some Classical sources on the background of the cuneiform sources, alleging for instance that, in reshaping Nineveh, Sennacherib imitated Babylon (p. 111). She finds further evidence in the “Toledo tables” of the medieval astronomer Azarqiel (around 1070 AD), who gives geographical coordinates for different Babylons, one of them located in Assyria. BOEKBESPREKINGEN The construction of Sennacherib’s Southwest Palace in Nineveh, the so-called “Palace Without Rival”, which is described in detail in several royal inscriptions and which has partially been excavated, is the main subject of Chapter 7 (The Unrivalled Palace, the Queen and the Garden, pp. 127– 151). Dalley sees Tašmētu-šarrat, Sennacherib’s first wife, as the “Syrian Queen” of Diodorus’ account (“Median Queen” in Josephus), for whom the Hanging Garden was built, when the king dedicated a section of his palace to her. At the end of the chapter two reconstruction drawings of Sennacherib’s palace garden in Nineveh are shown and commented. Chapter 8 (Symbolism and Imitators, pp. 153–178) considers the Assyrian tradition of royal gardens with exotic flora initiated by Tiglath-Pileser I. According to Dalley, the “World Wonder created by Sennacherib” was imitated by famous kings like Hezekiah (8th cent. BC) and Herod the Great (1st cent. BC) and may have inspired the description of the garden of Alcinous in the Odyssey. Chapter 9 (Defeat and Revival, pp. 179–202) deals with Nineveh’s survival as a city after the conquest in 612 BC. The city was not completely destroyed and, although it suffered a severe decline, was still partially populated in Hellenistic and later times. Even if “the Hanging Garden itself was not necessarily still visible and visited”, the palaces and some of the wall plates depicting gardens “could still be visited at least in part” (p. 202). All the arguments of Dalley’s thesis are once more presented in the Conclusions (pp. 203– 208) beginning with the following asseveration: “This book has shown that the Hanging Garden was built at Nineveh, not Babylon, by Sennacherib, not Nebuchadnezzar or Semiramis” (p. 203). Furthermore, “the correct decipherment of a 7th-century BC Assyrian inscription gives a match with the crucial elements in descriptions of later Greek authors” (loc. cit.). The pertinent passages of the Assyrian inscription are presented in an Appendix (pp. 209–213). Notes to the chapters (pp. 215–244), a Bibliography (p. 245–268), and an Index (pp. 269–279) complete the book.

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FRAGMENTS BY CHAPTER AND PAGE
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FRONT MATTER (Google 'PR' = roman-numbered preliminary pages)
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[GB p. 10 (roman)] (query 'Tushhan'): Tushhan , modern Ziyaret Tepe . ( Reproduced by kind permission of T. Matney and J. Macginnis ) 9. The river at Khinnis . Looking upstream . 10. Looking downstream . ( Author's colour slides , 1967 ) 11. Large panel of sculpture on a
[GB p. 10 (roman)] (query 'Ziyaret Tepe'): Ziyaret Tepe . ( Reproduced by kind permission of T. Matney and J. Macginnis ) 9. The river at Khinnis . Looking upstream . 10. Looking downstream . ( Author's colour slides , 1967 ) 11. Large panel of sculpture on a rock face at
[GB p. 13 (roman)] (query 'Oriental Institute'): Oriental Institute Museum , University of Chicago ) 63 18 A group from the 270 engaged columns of mudbrick laid in a spiral pattern in a temple façade at Tell al - Rimah , NW Iraq , early second millennium BC . ( Reproduced from D
[GB p. 14 (roman)] (query 'Mithridates'): ( b ) Reconstruction drawing of the panel . ( Drawing by P. Arad , reproduced by kind permission of Tallay Ornan , from ' The Quintus Curtius Rufus Mithridates captured Nineveh Nero built Domus Aurea xiv List of Figures.
[GB p. 14 (roman)] (query 'Maltai'): Maltai . ( Reproduced from F. Thureau - Dangin , ' Les Sculptures rupestres de Maltai ' , Revue d'Assyriologie 21 ( 1924 ) , 187 ) 91 93 god-like semblance of a king', eds. J. Cheng and M. 30 ( a ) Large panel of sculpture on a rock
[GB p. 15 (roman)] (query 'Jerwan'): Jerwan aqueduct. (Crown ©, from Jacobsen and Lloyd, SennacheribVs Aqueduct at Jerwan (1935), frontispiece) (b) Perspective restoration drawing of the Jerwan aqueduct. (Jacobsen and Lloyd, SennacheribVs Aqueduct at Jerwan (1935), fig. 6)
[GB p. 15 (roman)] (query 'Aphrodisias'): Aphrodisias (b) Showing Ninos as a founding father of Aphrodisias. (© NYU-Aphrodisias Excavations, reproduced by kind permission of Bahadir Yildirim and R. R. R. Smith) 125 38 Sargon II with his son Sennacherib. (Botta and Flandin
[GB p. 16 (roman)] (query 'Judith'): Judith Dekel, reproduced by kind permission of D. Ussishkin, from The Conquest of Lachish by Sennacherib (1982), after WA 124911+124912) 44 Drawing showing the innovative triangular design for the sculpture of the siege when Sennacherib
[GB p. 16 (roman)] (query 'Lachish'): Lachish, south of Jerusalem, detail. (Drawing by Judith Dekel, reproduced by kind permission of D. Ussishkin, from The Conquest of Lachish by Sennacherib (1982), after WA 124911+124912) 44 Drawing showing the innovative triangular
[GB p. 17 (roman)] (query 'Milton'): Milton adapted Diodorus Siculus ' description of the Hanging Garden for his poetic depiction of the Garden of Eden . ( John Milton , Paradise Lost book 4 , illustration by G. van der Gucht , after Louis Cheron , edn . of 1720 ) 53
[GB p. 19 (roman)] (query 'Ammianus'): of Hermes from Nineveh Bahram II ( rock carvings ) Philo of Byzantium the Paradoxographer Ammianus Marcellinus floruit c.43 c.50 c.64-68 c.93 c.100 ( ? ) c.100 ( ? ) floruit 100 115-17 c.200 ruled 276-93 c.350 ? c.330-395 Time-line.
[GB p. 19 (roman)] (query 'Apollonios'): Apollonios altar inscription at Nineveh c.100-200 ? Tigranes of Armenia conquered Nineveh Diodorus Siculus floruit c.56-30 Rome defeated at battle of Carrhae ( Harran ) 53 c.31 Apollophanes strategos at Nineveh Herod built palaces in
[GB p. 19 (roman)] (query 'Nineveh'): Nineveh to Babylonians and allies Nebuchadnezzar II built palace in Babylon Fall of Babylon to Cyrus the Great Nakht ... Nineveh c.100-200 ? Tigranes of Armenia conquered Nineveh Diodorus Siculus floruit c.56-30 Rome defeated at
[GB p. 19 (roman)] (query 'Apollophanes'): Apollophanes strategos at Nineveh Herod built palaces in Palestine Antipater , poet , writing Strabo ruled 73-04 c.4 64 BC - after ad 24 AD Not all our power is gone - not all our. Quintus Curtius Rufus Mithridates captured Nineveh Nero
[GB p. 19 (roman)] (query 'Hermes'): Hermes from Nineveh Bahram II ( rock carvings ) Philo of Byzantium the Paradoxographer Ammianus Marcellinus floruit c.43 c.50 c.64-68 c.93 c.100 ( ? ) c.100 ( ? ) floruit 100 115-17 c.200 ruled 276-93 c.350 ? c.330-395 Time-line.

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Introduction   (pp. 1-12)
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[IA, p. 1 by running head 'Introduction 1' inside fragment] (query '"Drawing a Blank in Babylon"'): Time-line General Map Introduction 1. Drawing a Blank in Babylon Classical Writers and their Testimony

[IA, p. 1 by running head 'Introduction 1' inside fragment] (query '"Classical Writers and their Testimony"'): Introduction 1. Drawing a Blank in Babylon Classical Writers and their Testimony . Three Pictures, and Archimedes

[IA, p. 1 by running head 'Introduction 1' inside fragment] (query 'Introduction'): Plates List of Figures Time-line General Map Introduction 1. Drawing a Blank in Babylon Classical Writers

[IA, p. 1 by running head 'Introduction 1' inside fragment] (query 'Time-line'): Contents List of Colour Plates List of Figures Time-line General Map Introduction 1. Drawing a Blank in

[GB p. 2] (query 'half-shekel'): Hanging Garden was not mentioned in my studies. Many years later, as part of a weekend course on ancient gardens ... half-shekel each rather than 43 tons.2 The old translation was 'as easily as if they were half-shekel coins'. The

[IA, p. 2 by running head 'The Unrivalled Palace, the Queen and the Garden 2' inside fragment] (query '"the Queen and the Garden"'): Water Management . The Unrivalled Palace, the Queen and the Garden 2: 8) 4 5 6. Confusion of Names ik 8.

[IA, p. 2 by running head 'The Unrivalled Palace, the Queen and the Garden 2' inside fragment] (query 'queen'): for Water Management . The Unrivalled Palace, the Queen and the Garden 2: 8) 4 5 6. Confusion of Names ik

[IA, p. 2 by running head 'The Unrivalled Palace, the Queen and the Garden 2' inside fragment] (query '"Unrivalled Palace"'): . Engineering for Water Management . The Unrivalled Palace, the Queen and the Garden 2: 8) 4 5 6. Confusion

[IA, p. 2 by running head '2 Introduction' inside fragment] (query 'Introduction'): interpretation in this piece of research. 2 Introduction When I was an undergraduate studying Assyriology

[IA, p. 3 by running head 'Introduction 3' inside fragment] (query 'half-shekel'): translation was ‘as easily as if they were half-shekel coins’. The text / Introduction 3 f was also striking because

[IA, p. 4 by running head '4 Three Pictures, and Archimedes' inside fragment] (query '"Three Pictures"'): taal oe . ye} - a) steele i - yee ed ‘na! 4 Three Pictures, and Archimedes When the facts change, I change

[IA, p. 4 by running head '4 Engineering for Water Management' inside fragment] (query '"Engineering for Water Management"'): water to flow downhill. 3) ee 3i 4 Engineering for Water Management Consider Assyria, a cedar of Lebanon

[GB p. 5] (query 'obelisk'): Hanging Garden of Babylon , the walls of Babylon , and the Obelisk of Semiramis are by far the easternmost of the early candi- dates to be included in lists of seven World Wonders . All the others are easily accessible from the east

[GB p. 5] (query 'pyramids'): Hanging Garden of Babylon , the walls of Babylon , and the Obelisk of Semiramis are by far the easternmost of the early ... pyramids in Egypt and of the walls of Babylon without mention- ing or implying a group of seven . Those two

[IA, p. 5 by running head 'Introduction 5' inside fragment] (query 'Philo'): during the Byzantine period, was / Introduction 5 ¢ Philo of Byzantium ‘the Paradoxographer’. All of those

[IA, p. 5 by overlap with Google snippet p. 5] (query 'obelisk'): Garden of Babylon, the walls of Babylon, and the Obelisk of Semiramis are by far the easternmost of the

[IA, p. 5 by overlap with Google snippet p. 5] (query 'pyramids'): Herodotus had written with admiration of the pyramids in Egypt and of the walls of Babylon without mention-

[IA, p. 5 by overlap with Google snippet p. 5] (query 'walls of Babylon'): Great (604-562 Bc). The Hanging Garden of Babylon, the walls of Babylon, and the Obelisk of Semiramis

[IA, p. 6 by running head '6 Introduction' inside fragment] (query 'Alexandria'): join lists of wonders such as the Lighthouse of Alexandria and the Colossus of 6 Introduction Rhodes were

[IA, p. 6 by running head '6 Introduction' inside fragment] (query 'Colossus'): wonders such as the Lighthouse of Alexandria and the Colossus of 6 Introduction Rhodes were not yet created

[IA, p. 8 by running head '8 Introduction' inside fragment] (query 'Nabopolassar'): 4% 8 Introduction After the fall of Nineveh Nabopolassar also repaired the outer wall of Babylon, helped

[GB p. 9] (query 'wonder for all peoples'): wonder for all peoples”, I named it Unrivalled Palace.'22 Esarhaddon in the 7th century, expanding the use of the term, used it on at least six occasions: for his restoration of a temple to Ashur, for the temple of Marduk in Babylon

[GB p. 9] (query 'Sippar'): Sippar. All of these were spectacles. The Babylonian term corresponds closely to the Greek word theamata 'sights' first used for World Wonders, later changed to thaumata 'wonders'. In the expression used, 'wonder for all people' tabrâti

[IA, p. 9 by overlap with Google snippet p. 9] (query 'Esarhaddon'): all peoples”, I named it Unrivalled Palace.” Esarhaddon in the 7th century, expanding the use of the

[IA, p. 9 by running head 'Introduction 9' inside fragment] (query 'Sargon'): Introduction 9 wonder’.** A couple of decades later Sargon II, describing his new capital at Khorsabad, used

[IA, p. 9 by running head 'Symbolism and Imitators 9' inside fragment] (query '"Confusion of Names"'): Palace, the Queen and the Garden 2: 8) 4 5 6. Confusion of Names ik 8. Symbolism and Imitators 9 . Defeat

[IA, p. 9 by running head 'Symbolism and Imitators 9' inside fragment] (query '"Defeat and Revival"'): of Names ik 8. Symbolism and Imitators 9 . Defeat and Revival: Nineveh after 612 Bc Conclusion Appendix:

[IA, p. 9 by overlap with Google snippet p. 9] (query 'temple'): occasions: for his restoration of a temple to Ashur, for the temple of Marduk in Babylon, for his restoration

[IA, p. 9 by running head 'Symbolism and Imitators 9' inside fragment] (query '"Symbolism and Imitators"'): 2: 8) 4 5 6. Confusion of Names ik 8. Symbolism and Imitators 9 . Defeat and Revival: Nineveh after 612

[IA, p. 9 by overlap with Google snippet p. 9] (query '"Unrivalled Palace"'): be “a wonder for all peoples”, I named it Unrivalled Palace.” Esarhaddon in the 7th century, expanding

[IA, p. 9 by running head 'Symbolism and Imitators 9' inside fragment] (query '"Nineveh after 612"'): Symbolism and Imitators 9 . Defeat and Revival: Nineveh after 612 Bc Conclusion Appendix: The Section of Prism

[IA, p. 9 by overlap with Google snippet p. 9] (query 'Marduk'): restoration of a temple to Ashur, for the temple of Marduk in Babylon, for his restoration of the walls of

[IA, p. 9 by overlap with Google snippet p. 9] (query 'thaumata'): first used for World Wonders, later changed to thaumata ‘wonders’. In the expression used, ‘wonder for

[IA, p. 9 by overlap with Google snippet p. 9] (query 'theamata'): Babylonian term corresponds closely to the Greek word theamata ‘sights’ first used for World Wonders, later changed

[IA, p. 9 by overlap with Google snippet p. 9] (query 'Sippar'): Babylon, and for the great temple. of the sun-god in Sippar. All of these were spectacles. The Babylonian term


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1. Drawing a Blank in Babylon   (pp. 13-28)
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[IA-walk, p. 13 by overlap with Google snippet p. 13]: When a German team led by Robert Koldewey excavated in Babylon from 1898 to 1917, it made a thorough excavation of the citadel on which the royal palaces stood , along with the splendid processional way, the great temples, and the Ishtar Gate. Of course those archae- - ologists were keen to discover at least the site of the Hanging Garden , both out of interest and because further funding would follow from the resulting publicity. They treated Josephus’

[GB p. 13] (query 'Koldewey'): Koldewey excavated in Babylon from 1898 to 1917, it made a thorough excavation of the citadel on which the royal ... Hanging Garden, both out of interest and because further funding would follow from the resulting publicity. They

[GB p. 13] (query 'bitumen'): Hanging Garden, both out of interest and because further funding would follow from the resulting publicity. They ... bitumen to make the building waterproof. A roof-top garden might explain the use of those materials. But there was

[IA, p. 13 by overlap with Google snippet p. 13] (query 'Koldewey'): and his Shadow When a German team led by Robert Koldewey excavated in Babylon from 1898 to 1917, it made

[IA, p. 13 by overlap with Google snippet p. 13] (query 'Josephus'): follow from the resulting publicity. They treated Josephus’ information as correct, and expected to find

[IA, p. 13 by overlap with Google snippet p. 13] (query 'bitumen'): than sun-dried brick was used, along with much bitumen to make the building waterproof. A roof-top garden

[IA, p. 13 by overlap with Google snippet p. 13] (query 'roof'): much bitumen to make the building waterproof. A roof-top garden might explain the use of those materials

[IA, p. 13 by overlap with walked passage placed at p. 13] (query 'Ishtar'): splendid processional way, the great temples, and the Ishtar Gate. Of course those archae- ologists were keen

[IA-walk, p. 14 by overlap with Google snippet p. 14]: Realizing that the garden must have been located beside a river, as Strabo described, they proposed the area to the west of the main palace, where the massive structure known now as the Western Outwork lay, a narrow near-rectangular building which the excavators had assumed simply protected the palace against erosion when the river level rose with the spring floods. The disadvantages of Nagel’s idea, however , out- weighed its advantages, for there were several thick walls barring

[GB p. 14] (query 'Nagel'): Nagel, soon followed by Donald Wiseman, Professor of Assyriology at SOAS in London, made an alternative suggestion, going to the opposite extreme.2 Realizing that the garden must have been located beside a river, as Strabo described

[GB p. 14] (query 'Wiseman'): Wiseman, Professor of Assyriology at SOAS in London, made an alternative suggestion, going to the opposite extreme.2 Realizing that the garden must have been located beside a river, as Strabo described, they proposed the area to the

[GB p. 14] (query 'Western Outwork'): Western Outwork lay, a narrow near-rectangular building which the excavators had assumed simply protected the palace ... Western Outwork, and then flowed to the east of the Southern Palace, leaving the Western Outwork high RIVER

[IA, p. 14 by overlap with Google snippet p. 14] (query 'Western Outwork'): river was diverted just upstream from the Western Outwork, and then flowed to the east of the Southern

[IA, p. 14 by overlap with Google snippet p. 14] (query 'Southern Palace'): Outwork, and then flowed to the east of the Southern Palace, leaving the Western Outwork high 15 Drawing

[IA, p. 14 by overlap with Google snippet p. 14] (query 'Wiseman'): in 1979, Wolfram Nagel, soon followed by Donald Wiseman, Professor of Assyriology at SOAS in London, made

[IA, p. 14 by overlap with Google snippet p. 14] (query 'Nagel'): hot days and months. Much later, in 1979, Wolfram Nagel, soon followed by Donald Wiseman, Professor of Assyriology

[IA, p. 14 by running head '14 Drawing a Blank in Babylon' inside fragment] (query '"Drawing a Blank in Babylon"'): been watered, no sign of tree roots, 14 Drawing a Blank in Babylon and the building was much too far from

[IA, p. 15 by running head '15 Drawing a Blank in Babylon' inside fragment] (query 'Western Outwork'): Southern Palace, leaving the Western Outwork high 15 Drawing a Blank in Babylon "YIOMING U1o}s9 A 9Y} UI pue

[IA, p. 15 by running head '15 Drawing a Blank in Babylon' inside fragment] (query '"Drawing a Blank in Babylon"'): leaving the Western Outwork high 15 Drawing a Blank in Babylon "YIOMING U1o}s9 A 9Y} UI pue adeyed ay}

[IA, p. 16 by running head '16 Drawing a Blank in Babylon' inside fragment] (query '"Drawing a Blank in Babylon"'): (REM MOATINASIY 3H2IILS9) ANVTASWd o 16 Drawing a Blank in Babylon and dry. Any mechanisms set up to water

[GB p. 20] (query 'terraces'): Hanging Garden make it clear that the upper part was built upon artificial terraces of stone , like a Greek theatre , so that the trees planted there could not reach the water table with their roots , and had to be kept moist

[IA, p. 20 by overlap with Google snippet p. 20] (query 'Strabo'): roots, and had to be kept moist artificially, as Strabo, Diodorus Siculus, Q. Curtius Rufus and Philo of

[IA, p. 20 by overlap with Google snippet p. 20] (query 'pavilion'): their roots could not reach the water table. The pavilion in the centre top of the panel has a cavetto cornice

[IA-walk, p. 23 by overlap with Google snippet p. 23]: so it comes as a surprise to find that most of the Greek and Latin texts mentioning the garden do not name him as the builder. Diodorus Siculus said it was built ‘not by Semiramis but by a later Syrian king’ (‘Syrian’ ’ meant ‘Assyrian’ from at least the 7th century Bc onwards); and Quintus Curtius Rufus wrote, “Tradition affirms that a king of Assyria reigning in Babylon executed this work’. Strabo specified Babylon and the river Euphrates, but did not name the builder

[GB p. 23] (query 'Nebuchadnezzar'): Nebuchadnezzar the Hanging Garden is nowadays attributed, so it comes as a surprise to find that most of the Greek and Latin texts mentioning the garden do not name him as the builder. Diodorus Siculus said it was built 'not by

[IA, p. 23 by overlap with walked passage placed at p. 23] (query 'Euphrates'): work’. Strabo specified Babylon and the river Euphrates, but did not name the builder. The only ancient

[GB p. 26] (query 'Seleucia'): Hanging Garden we have to find rather more than just an attractive garden such as many kings would have enjoyed in ... Seleucia , when Hellenistic rule eventually settled down after the death of Alexander the Great and the ensuing

[IA, p. 26 by overlap with Google snippet p. 26] (query 'Antiochus'): followed the death of Alexander the Great subsided, Antiochus I (281-261) and his successors engaged in the

[IA, p. 26 by overlap with Google snippet p. 26] (query 'Seleucia'): exacerbated by the foundation of a new capital, Seleucia, when Hellenistic rule eventually settled down

[IA, p. 26 by overlap with Google snippet p. 26] (query 'Hellenistic'): foundation of a new capital, Seleucia, when Hellenistic rule eventually settled down after the death

[IA, p. 26 by overlap with Google snippet p. 26] (query 'Antiochus I'): followed the death of Alexander the Great subsided, Antiochus I (281-261) and his successors engaged in the traditional

[GB p. 27] (query 'Parthian'): Hanging Garden was famous for Greek and Roman writers, and when it had not been displaced from the listing by ... Parthian period perhaps a few years before 127 bc, written by the son of a top astrologer-scholar.29 Those libraries

[GB p. 27] (query 'solution'): Hanging Garden was famous for Greek and Roman writers, and when it had not been displaced from the listing by a ... solution, for there would be no mystery. This page intentionally left blank 2 Classical Writers and their Drawing a

[IA, p. 27 by running head 'Drawing a Blank in Babylon 27' inside fragment] (query 'Euphrates'): has overturned that view. Babylon lay on the Euphrates, ‘Drawing a Blank in Babylon 27 y whereas Seleucia

[IA, p. 27 by running head 'Drawing a Blank in Babylon 27' inside fragment] (query 'Seleucia'): Euphrates, ‘Drawing a Blank in Babylon 27 y whereas Seleucia lay on the Tigris, so the new capital had little

[IA, p. 27 by overlap with Google snippet p. 27] (query 'solution'): Nebuchadnezzar, there would be no need to search for a solution, for there would be no mystery. mis ee a. sta


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2. Classical Writers and their Testimony   (pp. 29-44)
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[GB p. 30] (query 'Diodorus'): Diodorus Siculus and Strabo. They lived when the Seleucid empire in Mesopotamia had given way to Parthian domination ... Hanging Garden Diodorus is now generally reckoned to have relied mainly on the writings of Cleitarchus who

[GB p. 30] (query 'Alexander'): Alexander the Great in the 4th century bc but died before him, leaving an account no longer extant but presumably ... Hanging Garden Diodorus is now generally reckoned to have relied mainly on the writings of Cleitarchus who wrote

[GB p. 30] (query 'Cleitarchus'): Hanging Garden Diodorus is now generally reckoned to have relied mainly on the writings of Cleitarchus who wrote a history, no longer extant, of Alexander the Great.2 Another possible influence on Diodorus' writing was that of his

[IA, p. 30 by overlap with Google snippet p. 30] (query 'Cleitarchus'): reckoned to have relied mainly on the writings of Cleitarchus who wrote a history, no longer extant, of Alexander

[IA, p. 30 by running head '30 Classical Writers and their Testimony' inside fragment] (query '"Classical Writers and their Testimony"'): often depicting a particular 30 Classical Writers and their Testimony building or monument, allowing the

[GB p. 31] (query 'lead'): Hanging Garden, as it is called, which was built, not by Semiramis, but by a later Syrian king to please one ... lead, to the end that the moisture from the soil might not penetrate beneath. On all this again earth had been piled

[IA, p. 31 by running head 'Classical Writers and their Testimony 31' inside fragment] (query '"Classical Writers and their Testimony"'): described in later chapters.* , Classical Writers and their Testimony 31 Diodorus Siculus, a contemporary

[GB p. 32] (query 'reed'): reed mats , but rather tells of the trunks of palm trees . Reed mats were often used between layers of mud brick to help bond a structure . Diodorus ' comparison of the whole garden with a theatre supplies the overall visual effect that

[IA, p. 32 by overlap with Google snippet p. 32] (query 'bitumen'): from those of Philo who does not mention lead, bitumen, or reed mats, but rather tells of the trunks of

[IA, p. 32 by running head '32 Classical Writers and their Testimony' inside fragment] (query '"Classical Writers and their Testimony"'): homesick queen but as a robust 32 Classical Writers and their Testimony builder, are described in Chapter

[GB p. 33] (query 'Strabo'): Strabo was an Anatolian from Pontus , a region bordering on the Black Sea , close to Armenia , although he spent ... Hanging Garden are called one of the Seven Wonders of the World . It ( the garden ) is quadrangular in shape , and

[IA, p. 33 by overlap with Google snippet p. 33] (query 'Appendix'): one of the seven Wonders of the ancient world. APPENDIX The Section of Prism Inscription Describing the

[IA, p. 33 by overlap with Google snippet p. 33] (query 'Appendix'): Romer, The Seven Wonders of the World (2000), appendix 230-1, contains some good insights; but on p.

[IA, p. 33 by overlap with Google snippet p. 33] (query 'Seven Wonders'): Recognized in ancient thiries i// one of the Seven Wonders of the World, the legendary Hanging Garden of

[IA, p. 33 by overlap with Google snippet p. 33] (query 'Seven Wonders'): famous Hanging Garden was located, one of the seven wonders of the ancient world, built by Nebuchadnezzar

[GB p. 34] (query 'Colossus'): Hanging Garden was built , because the two men were only a couple of centuries apart ( see Figure 10 ) . An ... ( Colossus ) of the Sun , and the huge labour of the steep pyramids , and the mighty tomb of Mausolus . He goes on to

[IA, p. 34 by overlap with Google snippet p. 34] (query 'Colossus'): and the Hanging Gardens, and the great statue (Colossus) of the Sun, and the huge labour of the steep

[IA, p. 34 by overlap with Google snippet p. 34] (query 'Mausolus'): of the steep pyramids, and the mighty tomb of Mausolus. He goes on to praise the statue of Artemis at

[IA, p. 34 by overlap with Google snippet p. 34] (query 'pyramids'): (Colossus) of the Sun, and the huge labour of the steep pyramids, and the mighty tomb of Mausolus. He goes on to

[GB p. 35] (query 'Daniel'): Hanging Garden of Babylon , and inserted the same text into two different compositions : Jewish Antiquities X.11 ... Daniel to the terrors of a lion's den ( Book of Daniel ) . His account has been given priority by several scholars

[IA, p. 35 by overlap with Google snippet p. 35] (query 'Daniel'): who subjected the pious Daniel to the terrors of a lion’s den (Book of Daniel). His account has been given

[GB p. 36] (query 'Josephus'): Josephus changed the motive , to show that God punished Babylon for its arrogance.22 Since the passage in Josephus concerning the Hanging Garden does nothing to tarnish the reputation of Nebuchadnezzar , but rather enhances it as an

[GB p. 37] (query 'Seleucus'): Hanging Garden can be eliminated. We can also set aside the mistaken view of the Seleucid kings' attitude to the ancient civilization they had inherited: that Seleucus I carried out 'a deliberate policy of degrading Babylon and its

[IA, p. 37 by overlap with Google snippet p. 37] (query 'Seleucus'): ancient civilization they had inherited: that Seleucus I carried out ‘a deliberate policy of degrading

[GB p. 38] (query 'Curtius'): Hanging Garden as one of the glories of Babylon. The analysis of the passage in Josephus allows the possibility that Nebuchadnezzar was not responsible for creating the Hanging Garden, and that Diodorus and Q. Curtius Rufus were correct

[GB p. 38] (query 'seven gates'): seven gates into the Underworld, where she then lies naked and dead until she is revived and returns to the world of ... Hanging Garden as one of the glories of Babylon. The analysis of the passage in Josephus allows the

[IA, p. 38 by overlap with Google snippet p. 38] (query 'seven gates'): garments and jewellery as she passes through the seven gates into the Underworld, where she then lies naked

[GB p. 39] (query 'Paradoxographer'): Paradoxographer of the 4th–5th century ad. A paradoxographer can be defined as writer of a 'semi-scientific study of the origins and causes of contem- porary wonderful happenings'.38 Rather than being an engineer, the latter Philo of

[IA-walk, p. 41 by content: closing paragraphs of ch. 2 (what the Classical writers agree on; northern vs southern Mesopotamian garden types); c. pp. 40-41]: We are hampered by being uncertain whether the gardens were still visible when they wrote, and whether they relied on written sources of information that had begun in the time of Alexander or at an earlier date. But we can say that they were describing a type of garden known from northern Mesopotamia , which was very differ- ent from the type characteristic of southern Mesopotamia, where Babylon lay. B

[IA-walk, p. 44 by overlap with Google snippet p. 44]: Prototypes for the later Hanging Garden in the city of Babylon were thus thought by some scholars to have been designed in Assyria , both at Khorsabad and Nineveh. The various writers who described the garden in Greek and Latin gave descriptions that are consistent in some important respects, but do not have close matches with each other in vocabulary and phrases that might arouse a suspicion of a common source. We are hampered by being uncertain whether the

[GB p. 44] (query 'Khorsabad'): Khorsabad is illustrated on a sculpture found in his palace , and shows some of those features . Prototypes for the later Hanging Garden in the city of Babylon were thus thought by some scholars to have been designed in Assyria , both

[IA, p. 44 by running head '44 Three Pictures, and Archimedes' inside fragment] (query '"Three Pictures"'): Assyrian armies were crossing through that 44 Three Pictures, and Archimedes Fig. 11 Drawing of a stone

[IA, p. 44 by overlap with Google snippet p. 44] (query 'Khorsabad AND Sargon AND garden'): scholars to have been designed in Assyria, both at Khorsabad and Nineveh. The various writers who described the


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3. Three Pictures, and Archimedes   (pp. 45-60)
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[IA, p. 45 by running head 'Three Pictures, and Archimedes 45' inside fragment] (query '"Three Pictures"'): southern Mesopotamia, where Babylon lay. B ‘Three Pictures, and Archimedes 45 Josephus among others described

[IA, p. 46 by running head '46 Three Pictures, and Archimedes' inside fragment] (query '"Three Pictures"'): to distribute the water.’ The terrain in 46 Three Pictures, and Archimedes pad et E ae Eas FRETRET yaa

[GB p. 51] (query 'Philo'): Hanging Garden as described by Philo, as Layard realized when he excavated the panels, commenting that it showed 'a hanging garden, supported upon columns...This representation of orna- mental gardens was highly curious.'9 The artist

[GB p. 51] (query 'arches'): Hanging Garden as described by Philo, as Layard realized when he excavated the panels, commenting that it ... arches supporting the aqueduct, mid-right. The arches resemble those found on the remains of the aqueduct at Jerwan

[IA, p. 51 by overlap with Google snippet p. 51] (query 'aqueduct'): supporting the aqueduct, mid-right. The arches resemble those found on the remains of the aqueduct at Jerwan

[GB p. 57] (query 'On Spirals'): On Spirals years after returning from Egypt, so it is unlikely that the practical application arose from his work on the theory and mathematical principles. 'It is not impossible that the machine is of a much older date, and that

[IA, p. 57 by overlap with Google snippet p. 57] (query 'On Spirals'): Egypt during his visit. He wrote his treatise On Spirals years after returning from Egypt, so it is unlikely

[IA, p. 57 by overlap with Google snippet p. 57] (query 'Egypt'): operation in Egypt during his visit. He wrote his treatise On Spirals years after returning from Egypt, so it

[IA-walk, p. 58 by content: ch. 3, section on Archimedes (Claude Perrault 1684); c. pp. 57-59]: The idea that Archimedes did not invent the screw is nothing new . As long ago as 1684 Claude Perrault wrote that he thought the screw machine was older than the lifetime of Archimedes .** The evidence of Archimedes’ own writings substantiates the view that his interests lay in the study of mathematics and its abstractions, not in workaday matters of hands-on construction. There are good reasons , therefore, to accept the judgement

[IA-walk, p. 58 by content: ch. 3, Archimedes as 'culture hero'; c. pp. 58-59]: There are good reasons, therefore, to accept the judgement of those several scholars who suggested that Archimedes did not invent the screw.”* Another way to approach the issue is to put Archimedes into the wider context of the Culture Hero . Later tradition, with its inexor- - able tendency to simplify, conflate , and invent ‘culture heroes’ from the past, may have considered Archimedes to be the sole inventor of the

[IA, p. 58 by overlap with walked passage placed at p. 58] (query 'screw'): invent the screw is nothing new. As long ago as 1684 Claude Perrault wrote that he thought the screw machine

[IA, p. 58 by overlap with walked passage placed at p. 58] (query 'Archimedes'): associate with it the name of Archimedes.’ The idea that Archimedes did not invent the screw is nothing

[IA, p. 58 by overlap with walked passage placed at p. 58] (query 'Archimedes'): was older than the lifetime of Archimedes.** The evidence of Archimedes’ own writings substantiates the

[IA, p. 58 by overlap with walked passage placed at p. 58] (query 'Perrault'): screw is nothing new. As long ago as 1684 Claude Perrault wrote that he thought the screw machine was older

[GB p. 59] (query 'bees'): bees that gather honey, which none among my ancestors had seen or brought down to the land of Suhu, and I established them in the gardens of the town Al-gabbari-bani. They now collect honey and wax there. I know how to separate honey


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4. Sennacherib's Great Invention   (pp. 61-82)
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[GB p. 62] (query 'Chicago prism'): Hanging Garden. As a result of understanding the crucial terms involved, and with the benefit of the duplicate ... Chicago prism of Sennacherib , giving. Fig. 16 Sennacherib in his chariot. This is one of few sculptures of the king

[IA, p. 62 by running head '62 Sennacherib’s Great Invention' inside fragment] (query '"Great Invention"'): line, the world-wide ‘web’, 62 Sennacherib’s Great Invention Fig. 16 Sennacherib in his chariot. This is

[IA, p. 62 by overlap with Google snippet p. 62] (query 'duplicate'): crucial terms involved, and with the benefit of the duplicate prism, a new translation can now be offered: Whereas

[IA-walk, p. 63 by overlap with Google snippet p. 63]: I raised the height of the surroundings of the palace, to be a Wonder for All Peoples. I gave it the name “Incomparable Palace’. A park imitating the Amanus mountains I laid out next to it , with all kinds of aromatic plants, orchard fruit trees, trees that enrich not only mountain country but also Chaldaea (Babylonia), as well as trees that bear wool, planted within it. There were few ways of raising water in the 7th century Bc, but one needs to

[IA-walk, p. 63 by content: ch. 4, quotation of the prism inscription; p. 63]: I made those pavilions look just right.° I raised the height of the surroundings of the palace, to be a Wonder

[GB p. 63] (query '689'): 689 bc . understand the principles ; they needed so much oil , wax ( iškuru ) and tallow ( nalbaš ṣēni ) for the work that they caused a shortage in their own countries - I , Sennacherib , leader of all princes , knowledgeable in all

[GB p. 63] (query 'clay moulds'): clay moulds as if by divine intelligence for ' cylinders ' ( gišmahhu - tall tree - trunks ) and ' screws ' ( alamittu - palm - trees ) , tree of riches ... In order to draw water up all day long , I had ropes , bronze wire and bronze

[GB p. 63] (query 'wool'): wool , planted within it . There were few ways of raising water in the 7th century BC , but one needs to distinguish between two types of action : lifting it up from far below ground through a well , and transferring it from one ground

[GB p. 63] (query 'trees that bear wool'): trees that bear wool , planted within it . There were few ways of raising water in the 7th century BC , but one needs to distinguish between two types of action : lifting it up from far below ground through a well , and transferring it

[IA, p. 63 by overlap with Google snippet p. 63] (query 'alamittu'): ‘cylinders’ (gismahhu—tall _ tree-trunks) and ‘screws’ (alamittu—palm-trees), tree of riches... * In order to draw

[IA, p. 63 by overlap with Google snippet p. 63] (query 'gismahhu'): as if by divine intelligence for ‘cylinders’ (gismahhu—tall _ tree-trunks) and ‘screws’ (alamittu—palm-trees)

[IA, p. 63 by overlap with Google snippet p. 63] (query 'bronze'): draw water up all day long, I had ropes, bronze wire and bronze chains made.° And instead of a shaduf I

[IA, p. 63 by overlap with Google snippet p. 63] (query 'moulds'): over doing that kind of work... I created clay moulds as if by divine intelligence for ‘cylinders’ (gismahhu—tall

[IA, p. 63 by overlap with Google snippet p. 63] (query 'moulds'): for copper and made it skilfully. I created clay moulds as if by divine intelligence for cylinders (gismahhu—tall

[IA, p. 63 by overlap with Google snippet p. 63] (query 'tree of riches'): tree-trunks) and ‘screws’ (alamittu—palm-trees), tree of riches... * In order to draw water up all day long

[IA, p. 63 by running head 'Sennacherib’s Great Invention 63' inside fragment] (query 'Chicago Prism'): Sennacherib’s Great Invention 63 Fig. 17 The Chicago prism of Sennacherib, giving a detailed account of

[IA, p. 63 by running head 'Sennacherib’s Great Invention 63' inside fragment] (query '"Great Invention"'): lack of skill and failure to ’ Sennacherib’s Great Invention 63 Fig. 17 The Chicago prism of Sennacherib

[IA, p. 63 by overlap with Google snippet p. 63] (query '689'): created his palace garden. Ht. 38 cm, 500 lines, 689 Bc. understand the principles; they needed so much

[IA, p. 63 by overlap with Google snippet p. 63] (query 'wool'): mountains and Chaldaea, as well as trees that bear wool, planted within it. 11. Col. vii lines 64-74. He

[IA-walk, p. 64 by running head '64 Sennacherib’s Great Invention' inside passage (page boundary; text before it is on p. 63)]: There were few ways of raising water in the 7th century BC, but one needs to distinguish between two types of action: : lifting it up from far below ground through a well, and transferring it from one ground 64 Sennacherib’s Great Invention level to another. For the latter type, in specifying ‘instead of a shaduf’, Sennacherib mentions the commonest piece of machinery for trans- ferring between ground levels. The shaduf consists of an

[GB p. 65] (query 'Luckenbill'): Luckenbill in sup- posing that Sennacherib had reverted to well - drawn water , hardly an innovation to boast of , and , besides , inappropriate for replacing shadufs . He offered no explanation for why a date palm was set over the

[GB p. 65] (query 'cistern'): cistern ' is also applicable — as well as ' waterhole ' , even ' fish - pond ' too : the word has a much wider semantic range than might be expected , and of course the translator chooses according to the supposed context . ' Cistern

[IA, p. 65 by overlap with Google snippet p. 65] (query 'cistern'): translator chooses according to the supposed context. “Cistern’ is a better choice than ‘wells’ because of the

[GB p. 66] (query 'alamittu'): alamittu still eluded Heidel . He thought that the words were to be understood literally as ' great tree ' and ' ( type of ) palm - tree ' , sup- posing that the castings were purely decorative , designed in some way to embellish

[GB p. 66] (query 'duplicate'): An Elusive World Wonder Traced Stephanie Dalley. The duplicate prism showed a sign , badly damaged on the first prism , clear enough to show that the ' great tree - trunk ' and the ' date- palm ' were made of copper or bronze , so they

[IA, p. 66 by overlap with Google snippet p. 66] (query 'Prism'): Invention The duplicate prism showed a sign, badly damaged on the first prism, clear enough to show that

[IA, p. 66 by overlap with Google snippet p. 66] (query 'Heidel'): copper objects gismahhu and alamittu still eluded Heidel. He thought that the words were to be understood

[IA, p. 66 by overlap with Google snippet p. 66] (query 'gismahhu'): understanding of meanings for the copper objects gismahhu and alamittu still eluded Heidel. He thought that

[IA, p. 66 by overlap with Google snippet p. 66] (query 'copper'): ‘great tree-trunk’ and the ‘date- palm’ were made of copper or bronze, so they were metal castings, and not

[IA, p. 66 by overlap with Google snippet p. 66] (query 'castings'): were made of copper or bronze, so they were metal castings, and not, therefore, living trees or timber from

[IA, p. 66 by overlap with Google snippet p. 66] (query 'castings'): and ‘(type of) palm-tree’, sup- posing that the castings were purely decorative, designed in some way to

[IA, p. 66 by running head '66 Sennacherib’s Great Invention' inside fragment] (query 'duplicate'): process. 66 Sennacherib’s Great Invention The duplicate prism showed a sign, badly damaged on the first

[GB p. 68] (query 'columns'): columns of mud brick laid in a spiral pattern in a temple façade at Tell al-Rimah, NW Iraq, early second millen- nium bc. Similar columns have been excavated on other temples in ancient Mesopotamian cities. If the wild, male palm tree

[IA, p. 68 by overlap with Google snippet p. 68] (query 'columns'): of Chicago) 63 18 A group from the 270 engaged columns of mudbrick laid in a spiral pattern in a temple

[IA, p. 68 by running head '68 Sennacherib’s Great Invention' inside fragment] (query 'sacred grove'): fruit, a temple was envisaged as a palm grove enclosing a sacred place. 68 Sennacherib’s Great Invention

[GB p. 69] (query 'Vitruvius'): Vitruvius, a Roman architect and engineer living in the time of Julius Caesar. He wrote that temples built in the Corinthian order were most suited to gentle goddesses, for the Corinthian column 'imitates the slight figure of a maiden

[IA, p. 69 by overlap with Google snippet p. 69] (query 'Vitruvius'): Classical column types called male and female by Vitruvius, a Roman architect and engineer living in the

[GB p. 72] (query 'Susa'): An Elusive World Wonder Traced Stephanie Dalley. were excavated in western Iran at Susa , and firmly dated , by ... Susa , dated 12th century BC from the royal inscription on it . Fig . 25 Brick - built drains in Sargon's palace. 72

[IA, p. 72 by overlap with Google snippet p. 72] (query 'Susa'): Invention Fig. 22 Barrier of cast bronze found at Susa, dated 12th century Bc from the royal inscription

[IA, p. 72 by overlap with Google snippet p. 72] (query 'Susa'): inscription on it. were excavated in western Iran at Susa, and firmly dated, by an inscription engraved on them

[GB p. 74] (query 'cast'): cast lions had weighed 17 tons, his son Sennach- erib outperformed him with cast lions weighing 43 tons.34 A characteristic feature of royal inscriptions at that time was the claim that the new ruler was even more successful than his

[GB p. 74] (query 'bronze'): bronze. It is much more likely that the mechanism was first manufac- tured in timber, a prototype modified and refined until casting a similar machine in bronze was envisaged as a daring and prestigious imitation of the original, wooden

[IA, p. 74 by overlap with Google snippet p. 74] (query 'cast'): Sargon II’s cast lions had weighed 17 tons, his son Sennach- erib outperformed him with cast lions weighing

[GB p. 75] (query 'Ayni'): Ayni , between Carchemish and Samsat , an area which had long been a part of the Assyrian empire . There a Roman inscription showed that Vespasian and Titus had constructed a screw , opus cochliae , comple- mented by a rock sculpture

[IA, p. 75 by overlap with Google snippet p. 75] (query 'Carchemish'): the upper Euphrates region, at Ayni, between Carchemish and Samsat, an area which had long been a part

[IA, p. 75 by overlap with Google snippet p. 75] (query 'Ayni'): Egypt) is known from the upper Euphrates region, at Ayni, between Carchemish and Samsat, an area which had

[GB p. 76] (query 'screw'): screw in the reign of Vespasian. The river-god reclines with a pot from which water flows. One possible reference to rotating a screw by foot in Egypt may be mentioned. From a Roman wall-painting we know that a screw set at quite a low

[IA, p. 76 by overlap with Google snippet p. 76] (query 'screw'): rotating a screw by foot in Egypt may be mentioned. From a Roman wall-painting we know that a screw set at

[IA, p. 76 by overlap with Google snippet p. 76] (query 'wall-painting'): foot in Egypt may be mentioned. From a Roman wall-painting we know that a screw set at quite a low angle

[GB p. 77] (query 'cogs'): cogs. The word for the wheel in Akkadian is well known to be mugerru; as for cogs, which are required to alter the direction of force from an awkward angle to one that maximizes strength, one would expect to recognize the word for teeth

[GB p. 77] (query 'astronomical'): astronomical, mech- anical and geographical section. Machines of similar complexity are not known from elsewhere for the next 1,000 years.44 The level of complexity in the machinery took everyone by surprise, and has shown that scholars

[IA, p. 77 by overlap with Google snippet p. 77] (query 'cogs'): mechanism with cogs. The word for the wheel in Akkadian is well known to be mugerru; as for cogs, which are

[IA, p. 77 by overlap with Google snippet p. 77] (query 'astronomical'): and inscriptions amounting to a manual with an astronomical, mech- anical and geographical section. Machines

[GB p. 78] (query 'shaduf'): Hanging Garden was shown , 45 various people wrote in with suggestions for the method of rotation , but all of ... shaduf , like the screw , is used to raise surface water from lower to higher ground , not to raise water to the

[GB p. 78] (query 'pulleys'): Hanging Garden was shown , 45 various people wrote in with suggestions for the method of rotation , but all of ... pulleys were retrieved from a deep Assyrian well , also at Nimrud.49 Thus there was no reason to invent anything for

[GB p. 78] (query 'water wheel'): Hanging Garden was shown , 45 various people wrote in with suggestions for the method of rotation , but all of ... water wheel , not only is the lack of the word for a wheel significant , but even more telling is the objection that

[GB p. 78] (query 'prism'): prism passage . 46 After the television documentary on the Hanging Garden was shown , 45 various people wrote in with suggestions for the method of rotation , but all of them involved cogs or pumps . However ingenious their proposals

[IA, p. 78 by overlap with Google snippet p. 78] (query 'Nimrud'): bas-relief found at Nimrud;** and pulleys were retrieved from a deep Assyrian well, also at Nimrud.*” Thus there

[IA, p. 78 by overlap with Google snippet p. 78] (query 'pulleys'): panel of stone bas-relief found at Nimrud;** and pulleys were retrieved from a deep Assyrian well, also

[IA, p. 78 by overlap with Google snippet p. 78] (query 'cogs'): the method of rotation, but all of them involved cogs or pumps. However ingenious their proposals, they

[IA, p. 78 by overlap with Google snippet p. 78] (query 'water wheel'): have existed at that time. In the case of the water wheel,*® not only is the lack of the word for a wheel

[GB p. 79] (query 'castings'): castings and the garden occurs . This is the incoherent sequence given in the relevant part of the text : quarrying of stone and making colossal sculptures ; casting of bronze by the new method to make ' cylinder and alamittu- palm

[IA, p. 79 by overlap with Google snippet p. 79] (query 'bronze'): of bronze by the new method to make ‘cylinder and alamittu- palm’ and pillars and colossal bronze sculptures;

[IA, p. 79 by overlap with Google snippet p. 79] (query 'castings'): disjointed nature of the text where mention of the castings and the garden occurs. This is the incoherent


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5. Engineering for Water Management (OUP TOC: 'Engineers and Waterworks')   (pp. 83-106)
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[IA, p. 84 by running head '84 Engineering for Water Management' inside fragment] (query '"Engineering for Water Management"'): that garden. I brought the rest of 84 Engineering for Water Management that water into the outskirts of the

[IA-walk, p. 85 by content: ch. 5, Sennacherib's canals/aqueduct traced and published in 1935 (Jacobsen & Lloyd); c. pp. 84-90]: Sennacherib undertook to replace the old palace, garden and canal on a more ambitious scale . When the canals, weir, tunnel, dam and bridge-style aqueduct with corbelled stone arches, all designed and constructed by Sennacherib’s engineers , were traced and published in 1935 , scholars in the field of Assyriology were amazed that such an extensive and well-planned scheme existed in the early 7th century Bc (see Plates 11-13). It was not then fashionable

[IA, p. 85 by overlap with walked passage placed at p. 85] (query 'dam'): ambitious scale. When the canals, weir, tunnel, dam and bridge-style aqueduct with corbelled stone arches

[IA, p. 85 by overlap with walked passage placed at p. 85] (query 'Semiramis AND canal'): Sennacherib undertook to replace the old palace, garden and canal on a more ambitious scale. When the canals, weir

[IA, p. 85 by running head 'Engineering for Water Management 85' inside fragment] (query '"Engineering for Water Management"'): and modern Mosul across the Tigris. Engineering for Water Management 85 main focus of study. Since then

[GB p. 86] (query 'mountain'): mountain - side to village Access shafts ringed by rubble Section showing qanat - channel with water , and access ... mountain to a settlement far beyond the mountain . Each tunnel was perforated at intervals with vertical shafts

[IA, p. 86 by overlap with Google snippet p. 86] (query 'qanat'): Access shafts ringed by rubble Section showing qanat-channel with water, and access shafts Open Village

[GB p. 89] (query 'Sargon'): Sargon used the word kirimāhu for the first time. As already dis- cussed in the context of Sennacherib's prism inscription, it referred to a landscape garden, set upon the high citadel alongside the palace. In Sargon's case the whole

[IA, p. 89 by overlap with Google snippet p. 89] (query 'kirimahu'): gushing of flood-water.”° Sargon used the word kirimahu for the first time. As already dis- cussed in

[GB p. 90] (query 'citadel'): citadel at Khorsa- bad, Sennacherib took over a citadel already high from the debris of more than 2,000 years of building. The South-West Palace of Sen- nacherib, built on top of the old citadel at Nineveh, stood beside its garden which

[GB p. 92] (query 'Kisiri'): Kisiri to Nineveh, to control the flow of the lower course of the Khosr. Designed to water orchards to the north of the citadel mound, it may have run from the Shallalat dam, which still survives today, and was a favourite picnic spot

[IA, p. 92 by overlap with Google snippet p. 92] (query 'Kisiri'): about 13.4 km long was cut from the village of Kisiri to Nineveh, to control the flow of the lower course

[IA, p. 92 by overlap with Google snippet p. 92] (query 'dam'): citadel mound, it may have run from the Shallalat dam, which still survives today, and was a favourite

[GB p. 93] (query 'Khinnis'): Khinnis in 1967. There the natural river comes out from a gorge and begins a steep descent in the direction of Nineveh. It is a place of great beauty, with marvellous views to the south-west across patches of meadowland bright with

[IA, p. 93 by overlap with Google snippet p. 93] (query 'Bavian'): better than the earlier canals. The author visited Bavian—Khinnis in 1967. There the natural river comes

[GB p. 97] (query 'flourished'): Hanging Garden, and from reports gathered in the vicinity, they would have become aware that the royal garden at Nineveh (whether or not it still flourished) was linked to a very impressive feat of engineering, greater than anything

[GB p. 102] (query 'olive'): olive oil from the olive trees he had planted , shows that his horticulture was not simply an extravagant prestige project , but benefited the people whom the gods , by choosing him for kingship , had entrusted with their welfare . 49

[IA, p. 102 by overlap with Google snippet p. 102] (query 'olive'): cotton plants he had introduced,” and used olive oil from the olive trees he had planted, shows that his horticulture


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6. Confusion of Names   (pp. 107-126)
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[IA-walk, p. 107 by content: ch. 6 opening paragraph ('muddle'); p. 107-108]: This seemed at first to be a question that defied a satisfactory answer, leaving only the feeble resort to a scarcely convincing explanation: : muddle. Greek authors, one might argue, were so far away from Mesopotamia that they confused both its cities and its rivers, and had no particular interest in distin- guishing between them. In the case of the cities this would be more plausible if the terrains of northern and southern Mesopotamia

[IA-walk, p. 107 by content: first sentence of ch. 6; p. 107]: How did Nineveh come to be known as Babylon ? This seemed at first to be a a question that defied a satisfactory

[IA, p. 107 by overlap with walked passage placed at p. 107] (query '"as Babylon"'): exceptional good one. How did Nineveh come to be known as Babylon? This seemed at first to be a question that defied

[IA-walk, p. 108 by content: opening of ch. 6 (after 'How did Nineveh come to be known as Babylon?', p. 107); c. p. 108]: In the case of the cities this would be more plausible if the terrains of northern and southern Mesopotamia were not so very different, , as would have been obvious to travellers , soldiers and administrators. Much better reasons can be suggested. There are many occasions on which the reader of a Classical text suspects that Babylon and Nineveh have been confused. For instance, Xenophon wrote of Babylon as the capital of the Assyrians.* The story of Sardanapalus

[IA-walk, p. 108 by content: ch. 6, Book of Judith / Tha'labi; immediately precedes the passage carrying running head 'Confusion of Names 109'; p. 108]: his readers would have been confused between Nineveh and Babylon , and between Sennacherib and Nebuchadnezzar, because at the time they were reading his account, , the Book of Judith was already in circulation . The Arab writer Tha’labi called Sennacherib ‘a king of the kings of Babylon’.’ One reason for confusion in Hebrew and Arab tradition is the result of military action: that both kings attacked Jerusalem, and so it was

[IA-walk, p. 108 by content: ch. 6; precedes the passage carrying running head 'Confusion of Names 109'; p. 108]: both kings attacked Jerusalem, and so it was easy for later tradition to merge the two events, which were a mere century apart. Although Sennacherib did not in fact sack Jerusalem in 701, for he managed to collect punitive tribute without the need to do so , he had besieged the city. It was Babylon in 689 that he sacked, so in later times people conflated the two events because they fitted the wicked reputation

[IA-walk, p. 108 by content: ch. 6; c. p. 108]: Sennacherib was evidently confused with Nebuchadnezzar in several late texts

[GB p. 108] (query 'archetype'): archetype of kingship. The concept exists outside time, independent of individual kings, but the name of a superlative example of the archetype could come to stand for the archetype itself. No doubt the much later Greek concept of ideal

[IA, p. 108 by overlap with walked passage placed at p. 108] (query 'Sardanapalus'): the capital of the Assyrians.* The story of Sardanapalus dying in the flames of Nineveh, told by Ctesias

[IA, p. 108 by overlap with walked passage placed at p. 108] (query 'Judith'): time they were reading his account, the Book of Judith was already in circulation. The Arab writer Tha’labi

[IA, p. 108 by overlap with walked passage placed at p. 108] (query 'Nineveh AND Babylon AND confusion'): readers would have been confused between Nineveh and Babylon, and between Sennacherib and Nebuchadnezzar

[IA, p. 108 by overlap with walked passage placed at p. 108] (query 'confused'): strands of information. Sennacherib was evidently confused with Nebuchadnezzar in sev- eral late texts. In

[IA, p. 108 by overlap with walked passage placed at p. 108] (query 'confused'): garden, both he and his readers would have been confused between Nineveh and Babylon, and between Sennacherib

[IA, p. 108 by running head '108 Confusion of Names' inside fragment] (query '"Confusion of Names"'): different cities. Each one of the mes 108 Confusion of Names was regarded as a concrete object, an item

[IA, p. 108 by overlap with walked passage placed at p. 108] (query 'Sennacherib AND gates'): confused between Nineveh and Babylon, and between Sennacherib and Nebuchadnezzar, because at the time they were

[IA, p. 108 by overlap with walked passage placed at p. 108] (query 'Tha’labi'): Judith was already in circulation. The Arab writer Tha’labi called Sennacherib ‘a king of the kings of Babylon’

[IA, p. 108 by overlap with walked passage placed at p. 108] (query '689'): so, he had besieged the city. It was Babylon in 689 that he sacked, so in later times people conflated

[IA, p. 108 by overlap with Google snippet p. 108] (query 'archetype'): superlative example of the archetype could come to stand for the archetype itself. No doubt the much later

[IA, p. 108 by overlap with Google snippet p. 108] (query 'archetype'): life. Each king was a manifest- ation of the archetype of kingship. The concept exists outside time,

[IA-walk, p. 109 by running head 'Confusion of Names 109' inside passage (page boundary; text before it is on p. 108)]: so in later times people conflated the two events because they fitted the wicked reputation of both kings. Also the name of Nebuchadnezzar was used by two pretenders in the time of Darius I presumably because they wished to associate themselves with an archetypal great king . Seleucid kings too deliberately associated themselves with him, promoting themselves Confusion of Names 109 7 with the promise of past glory restored . This reputation comes from the opposite

[IA, p. 110 by running head '110 Confusion of Names' inside fragment] (query 'Bab-ili'): shows that the city was understood to mean ‘gate (bab) of the 110 Confusion of Names ( a) PONY WN ene Fig

[IA, p. 110 by running head '110 Confusion of Names' inside fragment] (query '"Confusion of Names"'): understood to mean ‘gate (bab) of the 110 Confusion of Names ( a) PONY WN ene Fig. 33 (a-c) Decorative

[GB p. 111] (query 'city gates'): city gates were originally named along traditional lines of a kind that can be found in many of the world's great cities, such as Westgate, North- gate, Eastgate and Southgate; King's Gate, Great Gate and Little Gate. Babylon certainly

[IA, p. 111 by overlap with Google snippet p. 111] (query 'gate'): Westgate, North- gate, Eastgate and Southgate; King’s Gate, Great Gate and Little Gate. Babylon certainly

[IA, p. 111 by overlap with Google snippet p. 111] (query 'city gates'): in some ways of writing it, ‘of the gods’. The city gates were originally named along traditional lines

[GB p. 115] (query 'Ashur'): Ashur , who raised themselves to greater eminence by means of this association . The Babylonian language easily ... Ashur in his city Ashur.14 Enlil's consort was Sumerian Ninlil , whose name in Assyrian , Mullissu — itself an

[IA, p. 115 by overlap with Google snippet p. 115] (query 'Marduk AND Ashur'): £5 id attribute of other great gods, notably Marduk and Ashur, who raised themselves to greater eminence

[GB p. 116] (query 'Esagila'): . Orientalia New Series 64 , 474-7 . --2000 . ' The šatammus of Esagila in the Seleucid and Arsacid periods ' , eds . J. Marzahn and H. Neumann , Assyriologica et Semitica : Festschrift für Joachim Oelsner . Alter Orient und.

[GB p. 116] (query 'Song of Songs'): Song of Songs?', eds. M. Dietrich and I. Kottsieper, Und Mose schrieb dieses Lied auf, Festschrift for O. Loretz. Alter Orient und Altes Testament 250. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag, 587–91. Novak, M. 2004. 'Hilani und Lustgarten', ed. M

[GB p. 116] (query 'Nonsuch'): Nonsuch : sources and dating ' , Garden History 27 , 145-83 . Birot , M. 1974. Lettres de Yaqqim - Addu , gouverneur de Sagaratum . Archives Royales de Mari XIV . Paris : Paul Geuthner . Black , J. 1987. ' Nebuchadnessar II's cross

[IA, p. 116 by overlap with Google snippet p. 116] (query 'Esagila'): Orientalia New Series 64, 474-7. 2000. “The Satammus of Esagila in the Seleucid and Arsacid periods’, eds. J. Marzahn

[IA, p. 116 by overlap with Google snippet p. 116] (query 'Song of Songs'): ‘Love lyrics of Nabu and Tasmetu: an Assyrian Song of Songs?’ eds. M. Dietrich and I. Kottsieper, Und

[IA, p. 116 by overlap with Google snippet p. 116] (query 'Nonsuch'): Ugarit-Verlag, 153-218. Biddle, M. 1999. “The gardens of Nonsuch: sources and dating’, Garden History 27, 145-83

[IA-walk, p. 117 by content: ch. 6, lexical texts calling Borsippa 'Babylon the second'; c. p. 117]: It was an indigenous tradition dating from at least the 12th century Bc, and perhaps even earlier. The first inkling came from several lexical texts—the diction- aries of ancient Babylonia—dated to that time or earlier . In two of them the city of Borsippa, which lies quite close to Babylon on the Euphrates, was called ‘Babylon the second’ ’ or ‘another Babylon’. Also, a lexical text which listed gates, temples and quarters of Babylon city gave

[IA, p. 117 by overlap with walked passage placed at p. 117] (query 'Borsippa'): that time or earlier. In two of them the city of Borsippa, which lies quite close to Babylon on the Euphrates

[IA, p. 117 by overlap with walked passage placed at p. 117] (query '"called Babylon"'): cities in south- ern Mesopotamia could be called ‘Babylon’. It was an indigenous tradition dating from

[IA, p. 117 by overlap with walked passage placed at p. 117] (query '"called Babylon"'): quite close to Babylon on the Euphrates, was called ‘Babylon the second’ or ‘another Babylon’. Also, a lexical

[IA-walk, p. 118 by content: continues the lexical-text argument of ch. 6 (Borsippa/Eridu as 'Babylon'); c. pp. 117-118]: Also, a lexical text which listed gates, temples and quarters of Babylon city gave the information that the city of Eridu , located near the sea in the far south of the country, was likewise a ‘Babylon’ ’.** This phenomenon can be explained through a historical develop- ment . More than a millennium before Sennacherib lived, king Ham- murabi of Babylon conquered powerful rivals and became master of the lands from the Arabian Gulf to the borders of Assyria. He was

[GB p. 118] (query 'Eridu'): Eridu as the city which first received kingship from the gods, and another gives Ku'ara as the place to which kingship first descended from heaven. A third variant main- tained that Babylon itself was the first city with a king. Eridu

[GB p. 118] (query 'Ku'ara'): Ku'ara', and so on. In exchange the parent city might be called a 'Babylon'. This strategy for promoting Babylon and securing the goodwill of older cities is particularly clear if we look at variation in the Sumerian King-list. A

[IA, p. 118 by overlap with walked passage placed at p. 118] (query 'Eridu'): Babylon city gave the information that the city of Eridu, located near the sea in the far south of the country

[IA, p. 118 by running head '118 Confusion of Names' inside fragment] (query 'Eridu'): god of Kwara, a city near 118 Confusion of Names Eridu, in the deep south. This god was Asalluhi, a god

[IA, p. 118 by overlap with Google snippet p. 118] (query 'Eridu'): city, so that districts in Babylon were named ‘Eridu’, ‘Kwara’, and so on. In exchange the parent city

[IA, p. 118 by overlap with Google snippet p. 118] (query 'Eridu'): slanted towards a particular city. One version gives Eridu as the city which first received kingship from the

[IA, p. 118 by overlap with Google snippet p. 118] (query 'kingship'): first received kingship from the gods, and another gives Ku’ara as the place to which kingship first descended

[IA, p. 118 by overlap with walked passage placed at p. 118] (query 'lexical'): ‘Babylon the second’ or ‘another Babylon’. Also, a lexical text which listed gates, temples and quarters of

[IA-walk, p. 119 by overlap with Google snippet p. 119]: Such a figure is specific to the latitude on which the observations were originally taken , and it is demonstrably not that of Babylon but somewhere in Assyria , in the vicinity of Nineveh. The records showed that three sets of observations attrib- uted to Old Babylon, ‘Other/Second , ‘Other/Second Babylon’, and ‘New Babylon’ ’ respectively, were made on different latitudes. 36.06 degrees for ‘Old Babylon’ suits Nimrud, 33.04, 32.32 and 32 , 33.04, 32.32 and 32.04 for “Other/Second

[GB p. 119] (query 'Borsippa'): An Elusive World Wonder Traced Stephanie Dalley. those other great cities : Borsippa , Eridu , Ku'ara , and Kullab ... Borsippa respectively , 31.18 and 30.56 for ' New Babylon ' suit Uruk and Ur respectively . 27 Cuneiform sources

[GB p. 119] (query 'longest day'): longest day of the year , claiming it came from ' Old Babylon ' . Such a figure is specific to the latitude on which the observations were originally taken , and it is demonstrably not that of Babylon but somewhere in Assyria , in the

[IA, p. 119 by overlap with Google snippet p. 119] (query '"Old Babylon"'): longest day of the year, claiming it came from ‘Old Babylon’. Such a figure is specific to the latitude on

[IA, p. 119 by overlap with walked passage placed at p. 119] (query '"Old Babylon"'): that three sets of observations attrib- uted to Old Babylon, ‘Other/Second Babylon’, and ‘New Babylon’ respectively

[IA, p. 119 by overlap with walked passage placed at p. 119] (query '"Old Babylon"'): made on different latitudes. 36.06 degrees for ‘Old Babylon’ suits Nimrud, 33.04, 32.32 and 32.04 for “Other/Second

[IA, p. 119 by running head 'Confusion of Names 119' inside fragment] (query 'Borsippa'): Confusion of Names 119 7 those other great cities: Borsippa, Eridu, Ku’ara, and Kullab-Uruk. The declaration

[IA, p. 119 by overlap with Google snippet p. 119] (query 'Borsippa'): “Other/Second Babylon’ suit Sippar, Babylon and Borsippa respectively, 31.18 and 30.56 for ‘New Babylon’

[IA, p. 119 by overlap with Google snippet p. 119] (query 'latitude'): ‘Old Babylon’. Such a figure is specific to the latitude on which the observations were originally taken

[IA, p. 119 by overlap with walked passage placed at p. 119] (query 'New Babylon'): to Old Babylon, ‘Other/Second Babylon’, and ‘New Babylon’ respectively, were made on different latitudes

[IA, p. 119 by overlap with Google snippet p. 119] (query 'New Babylon'): Borsippa respectively, 31.18 and 30.56 for ‘New Babylon’ suit Uruk and Ur respectively.*” Cuneiform sources

[IA, p. 119 by overlap with walked passage placed at p. 119] (query 'Second Babylon'): observations attrib- uted to Old Babylon, ‘Other/Second Babylon’, and ‘New Babylon’ respectively, were made

[IA, p. 119 by overlap with Google snippet p. 119] (query 'longest day'): Middle Ages, giving a standard figure for the longest day of the year, claiming it came from ‘Old Babylon’

[IA, p. 119 by overlap with Google snippet p. 119] (query 'Uruk'): great cities: Borsippa, Eridu, Ku’ara, and Kullab-Uruk. The declaration spoken by Marduk in the Epic of

[IA, p. 119 by overlap with Google snippet p. 119] (query 'Kullab'): other great cities: Borsippa, Eridu, Ku’ara, and Kullab-Uruk. The declaration spoken by Marduk in the Epic

[IA-walk, p. 120 by overlap with Google snippet p. 120]: Ninus founded on the Euphrates (not the Tigris) the city to which he gave his own name , Nineveh.” It was the confusion of naming Nineveh as a Babylon that caused the confusion between the two rivers. Why should more than one queen be called a Semiramis, in addition to her own name? The answer to the question lies , as with confusion in naming kings , in the concept of the archetype, , repre- sented by that Sumerian word me. Queenship, like kingship, was

[GB p. 120] (query 'Ninus'): Hanging Garden in the 2nd century bc and the Toledo tables of the 11th centuryad was a huge one, and one could argue ... Ninus founded on the Euphrates (not the Tigris) the city to which he gave his own name, Nineveh.29 It was the

[GB p. 120] (query 'Zeus'): Hanging Garden in the 2nd century bc and the Toledo tables of the 11th centuryad was a huge one, and one could ... Zeus and the Hanging Garden (he does not actually name the city), and Quintus Curtius Rufus wrote that Se- miramis

[IA, p. 120 by overlap with Google snippet p. 120] (query 'Ninus'): described above, just as Diodorus Siculus wrote that Ninus founded on the Euphrates (not the Tigris) the city

[IA, p. 120 by overlap with Google snippet p. 120] (query 'Toledo'): the Hanging Garden in the 2nd century sc and the Toledo tables of the 11th century ap was a huge one, and

[IA, p. 120 by overlap with walked passage placed at p. 120] (query 'Sumerian word me'): concept of the archetype, repre- sented by that Sumerian word me. Queenship, like kingship, was a concept

[IA, p. 120 by overlap with walked passage placed at p. 120] (query 'archetype'): confusion in naming kings, in the concept of the archetype, repre- sented by that Sumerian word me. Queenship

[GB p. 121] (query 'Adad-nirari'): Adad-nirari III, because she was the most powerful woman in the world of that time. You would know that she in ... Adad-nirari, king of Assyria, son of Shamshi-Adad king of Assyria (and of) Sammu-ramat, the palace woman of Shamshi

[GB p. 121] (query 'Sammu-ramat'): Sammu-ramat, daughter-in-law of Shalmaneser III, wife of Shamshi- Adad V, and mother of Adad-nirari III, because she was the most powerful woman in the world of that time. You would know that she in person, contrary to the custom of

[GB p. 121] (query 'Shamshi-Adad'): Shamshi- Adad V, and mother of Adad-nirari III, because she was the most powerful woman in the world of that time ... Shamshi-Adad king of Assyria (and of) Sammu-ramat, the palace woman of Shamshi-Adad king of Assyria, mother of

[GB p. 121] (query 'Assyria'): Assyria, son of Shamshi-Adad king of Assyria (and of) Sammu-ramat, the palace woman of Shamshi-Adad king of Assyria, mother of Adad-nirari, strong king, king of Assyria, daughter-in- law of Shalmaneser, king of the four quarters. When

[IA, p. 121 by overlap with Google snippet p. 121] (query 'Assyria'): stone of Adad-nirari, king of Assyria, son of Shamshi-Adad king of Assyria (and of) Sammu-ramat, the palace

[IA, p. 121 by overlap with Google snippet p. 121] (query 'Assyria'): Shamshi-Adad king of Assyria, mother of Adad-nirari, strong king, king of Assyria, daughter-in- law of

[IA, p. 121 by overlap with Google snippet p. 121] (query 'Assyria'): universe, king of Assyria, mother of Adad-nirari, king of the universe, king of Assyria, daughter-in-law

[IA, p. 121 by overlap with Google snippet p. 121] (query 'Assyria AND Syria'): king of Assyria, son of Shamshi-Adad king of Assyria (and of) Sammu-ramat, the palace woman of Shamshi-Adad

[IA, p. 121 by overlap with Google snippet p. 121] (query 'Sammu-ramat'): the 8th century Bc you would have known about Sammu-ramat, daughter-in-law of Shalmaneser III, wife of

[IA, p. 121 by overlap with Google snippet p. 121] (query 'Sammu-ramat'): son of Shamshi-Adad king of Assyria (and of) Sammu-ramat, the palace woman of Shamshi-Adad king of Assyria

[GB p. 122] (query 'Nabu'): Nabu, composed by the governor of Nimrud (ancient Calah).33 The text was written on a pair of life-size statues of divine attendants which were found in their original positions in the temple of Nabu: To the god Nabu, heroic, exalted

[IA, p. 122 by overlap with Google snippet p. 122] (query 'Calah'): Nabu, composed by the governor of Nimrud (ancient Calah).** The text was written on a pair of life-size

[IA, p. 122 by overlap with Google snippet p. 122] (query 'Nabu'): their original positions in the temple of Nabu: To the god Nabu, heroic, exalted son of Esagil, wise, splendid

[IA, p. 122 by overlap with Google snippet p. 122] (query 'Nabu'): dedicatory inscription for a new temple to the god Nabu, composed by the governor of Nimrud (ancient Calah)

[GB p. 124] (query 'Esarhaddon'): Esarhaddon , who ruled vast territories including Babylonia . The introduction to the inscription puts her at the ... Hanging Garden , as it is called , which was built , not by Semiramis , but by a later Syrian king ... ' His

[GB p. 124] (query 'Naqia'): Naqia was closely associated with Nineveh because her husband built two palaces there and made the city his capital ... Hanging Garden , as it is called , which was built , not by Semiramis , but by a later Syrian king ... ' His

[IA, p. 124 by overlap with Google snippet p. 124] (query 'Semiramis'): was built, not by Semiramis, but by a later Syrian king...’ His account that ‘Semiramis’ alongside a Ninus

[IA, p. 124 by overlap with Google snippet p. 124] (query 'Naqia'): landscape to create new versions for local tradition. Naqia was closely associated with Nineveh because her

[IA-walk, p. 125 by content: ch. 6, Semiramis as archetype ('me'); follows 'Ninus founded on the Euphrates'; c. pp. 124-126]: Queenship, like kingship, was a concept represented by insignia, an ordinance sent to mankind from heaven . The name of a very famous example of a historical queen came to be identified with the archetype, and could be used for later famous queens, as we have seen for Nebuchadnezzar. An accretion of legends is attached to the name ‘Semiramis’ in Greek texts, and the use of the name for more than

[IA-walk, p. 126 by overlap with Google snippet p. 126]: a strong case can be made for Sennacherib's distinctive reforms to make Nineveh into a city that superseded the original Babylon, showing the trad- - itions on which he drew in order to make the new regime acceptable. Taking each one of the confusions, it is possible to explain why Sennacherib was mistaken for Nebuchadnezzar , why Nineveh became known as a Babylon , why the Euphrates was mistaken for the Tigris, and why Semiramis was

[GB p. 126] (query 'Semiramis'): Semiramis'.50 Whether Stratonice and Antiochus played a role in the revival of Nimrud and Nineveh is not known. But ... Hanging Garden was built. But a strong case can be made for Sennacherib's distinctive reforms to make Nineveh


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7. The Unrivalled Palace, the Queen and the Garden (OUP TOC: 'The Palace, the Queen and the Garden')   (pp. 127-152)
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[IA-walk, p. 128 by content: ch. 7 opening on Sargon's Khorsabad palace and garden and his death in 704 BC; c. pp. 127-129]: the epithet revealing his ambition to reach a pinnacle of fame as a brilliant builder. Although the palace is described in texts as an ideal building , and the garden is shown finished and mature, neither was likely to have been completed before Sargon’s unexpected death in 704 Bc, so we may envisage the king and his son sharing the excitement of planning and constructing a whole new city while standing amid the

[IA, p. 128 by overlap with walked passage placed at p. 128] (query '"Unrivalled Palace"'): “Sargon’s Fort’, and called his new palace “Unrivalled Palace’, the epithet revealing his ambition to reach

[GB p. 129] (query 'pebble mosaic'): An Elusive World Wonder Traced Stephanie Dalley. 8. Pebble mosaic floor from the courtyard of an Assyrian provincial palace preserved at Tushhan, modern Ziyaret Tepe. Similar designs are carved on palace thresholds of limestone. 9. The

[IA, p. 129 by overlap with Google snippet p. 129] (query 'Tushhan'): of an Assyrian provincial palace preserved at Tushhan, modern Ziyaret Tepe. Similar designs are carved

[IA-walk, p. 131 by overlap with Google snippet p. 131]: Taking each one of the confusions, it is possible to explain why Sennacherib was mistaken for Nebuchadnezzar , why Nineveh became known as a Babylon, why the Euphrates was mistaken for the Tigris, and why Semiramis was credited with building Babylon and the Hanging Garden. The Unrivalled Palace, the Queen and the Garden Fig. 38 Sargon II with his son Sennacherib . In Sargon’s official letters too we find references to the energy he devoted to metalwork when planning

[IA-walk, p. 131 by content: ch. 7, description of the South-West Palace (c. 242 m wide); c. pp. 130-132]: revealed that the Assyrians knew it as the Unrivalled Palace, named exactly as the new palace which Sennacherib’s father Sargon had built at Khorsabad. Together with its garden Sennacherib declared it ‘a wonder for all peoples’. Only a small proportion has been uncovered , but the original whole probably measured around 242 m wide and about twice as much in length, with an eastern extension adding perhaps another 100 m.’* On two sides the palace lay

[GB p. 131] (query 'Kuyunjik'): Fig. 40 Aerial photo of Nineveh taken in 1932, showing the citadel mound Kuyunjik and the bed of the river Khosr winding beside it. Fig. 42 Pattern carved on a stone threshold slab from. The Palace, the Queen and the Garden 131.

[IA, p. 131 by overlap with walked passage placed at p. 131] (query 'Sargon'): of Bahadir Yildirim and R. R. R. Smith) 125 38 Sargon II with his son Sennacherib. (Botta and Flandin

[IA, p. 131 by overlap with Google snippet p. 131] (query 'South-West Palace'): Pattern carved on a stone threshold slab from the South-West Palace. (BM, Original Drawing I 53. ©Trustees

[IA, p. 131 by overlap with Google snippet p. 131] (query 'Kuyunjik'): Nineveh taken in 1932, showing the citadel mound Kuyunjik and the bed of the river Khosr winding beside

[IA, p. 131 by overlap with Google snippet p. 131] (query '"the Queen and the Garden"'): Hanging Garden. The Unrivalled Palace, the Queen and the Garden And blest is he, who tir’d with his affairs

[IA, p. 131 by overlap with Google snippet p. 131] (query '"the Queen and the Garden"'): watched them heating.* 128 The Palace, the Queen and the Garden Fig. 38 Sargon II with his son Sennacherib

[IA, p. 131 by overlap with Google snippet p. 131] (query '"the Queen and the Garden"'): stone panels had long been The Palace, the Queen and the Garden 129 fashionable. But Sargon’s panels were

[IA, p. 131 by overlap with Google snippet p. 131] (query '"the Queen and the Garden"'): in public inscriptions. 130 The Palace, the Queen and the Garden Early in his own reign Sennacherib embarked

[IA, p. 131 by overlap with Google snippet p. 131] (query '"Unrivalled Palace"'): building Babylon and the Hanging Garden. The Unrivalled Palace, the Queen and the Garden And blest is he

[GB p. 139] (query 'stone'): stone , beautiful and pleasing to behold , and with the ability to prevent plagues infecting a person ... 23 The ... stone , girimhilibû - stone , engisu - stone , alabaster , sabu - stone , haltu - stone , trimmings from the steps

[GB p. 145] (query 'Tashmetu-sharrat'): Tashmetu - sharrat , mother of his favoured eldest son Ashur - nadin - shumi who became king of Babylon . Following a North Syrian custom , Sennacherib broke with the normal Assyrian tradition of near - anonymity for queens and

[GB p. 145] (query 'Tashmetu-sharrat'): Tashmetu - sharrat , mother of his favoured eldest son Ashur - nadin - shumi who became king of Babylon . Following ... Hanging Garden was built for ' a Syrian Queen ' , or the ' Median queen ' in the account given by Josephus

[GB p. 145] (query 'Carchemish'): Carchemish had recorded his dedication of a building , perhaps the queen's private apartments , to his wife : ' for ... Hanging Garden was built for ' a Syrian Queen ' , or the ' Median queen ' in the account given by Josephus

[IA, p. 145 by overlap with Google snippet p. 145] (query 'Tashmetu-sharrat'): palace was lovingly dedicated to his first wife Tashmetu-sharrat, mother of his favoured eldest son Ashur-nadin-shumi

[IA, p. 145 by overlap with Google snippet p. 145] (query 'Median'): Garden was built for ‘a Syrian Queen’, or the ‘Median queen’ in the account given by Josephus. Sennacherib’s

[IA, p. 145 by overlap with Google snippet p. 145] (query 'Ashur-nadin-shumi'): Tashmetu-sharrat, mother of his favoured eldest son Ashur-nadin-shumi who became king of Babylon. Following a North

[IA, p. 145 by overlap with Google snippet p. 145] (query 'queen'): Hanging Garden was built for ‘a Syrian Queen’, or the ‘Median queen’ in the account given by Josephus. Sennacherib’s

[IA, p. 145 by overlap with Google snippet p. 145] (query 'wife'): queen’s private apartments, to his wife: ‘for Anas my beloved wife’;*” and around the same time the Urartian

[IA, p. 145 by overlap with Google snippet p. 145] (query 'Syrian Queen'): claim that the Hanging Garden was built for ‘a Syrian Queen’, or the ‘Median queen’ in the account given

[IA, p. 145 by overlap with Google snippet p. 145] (query 'Carchemish'): adjacent to Assyria. In the 9th century a king of Carchemish had recorded his dedication of a building, perhaps

[GB p. 147] (query 'Amanus'): Amanus mountains I laid out next to it, with all kinds of aromatic plants ... Like his father Sargon, who had created an artificial landscape for his entire new citadel at Khorsabad, Sennacherib raised the ground level, in order to

[IA, p. 147 by overlap with Google snippet p. 147] (query 'kirimahu'): the name “Incomparable Palace’. A high garden (kirimahu) imitating the Amanus mountains I laid out next

[IA, p. 147 by overlap with Google snippet p. 147] (query 'Amanus'): Palace’. A high garden (kirimahu) imitating the Amanus mountains I laid out next to it, with all kinds

[GB p. 148] (query 'orchard'): orchard fruit which is not found in my land and filled the orchards of Assyria.43 The drawing shown as the Frontispiece, made by the late Terry Ball who had worked as reconstruction artist for English Heritage, made careful use of as

[IA-walk, p. 150 by overlap with Google snippet p. 150]: I would now suggest that the façade facing the garden had an open aspect with columns rather than the single arched doorway shown in the reconstruction. The columns would have stood on bases in the form of striding lions, as shown on the panel adjacent to Ashurbanipal’s garden sculpture, which may repre- - sent the portico entrance giving immediate access to the garden. Was the colossal outlay of labour and materials, luxury and extravagance

[IA-walk, p. 150 by overlap with Google snippet p. 150]: Was the colossal outlay of labour and materials, luxury and extravagance , ruinous to the economy of Assyria ? There is no definite evidence to suggest that this was so. Virtually all the labour was newly imported from conquered lands; many of the basic materials such as stone, mud brick, straw and reeds were local; ; timbers came through tribute as well as trade, although much was local , for tree-planting and timber management

[GB p. 150] (query 'Ashurbanipal garden sculpture'): Ashurbanipal's garden sculpture, which may repre- sent the portico entrance giving immediate access to the garden. Was the colossal outlay of labour and materials, luxury and extravagance, ruinous to the economy of Assyria? There is no

[GB p. 150] (query 'portico'): portico entrance into a wing of the main palace, I would now suggest that the façade facing the garden had an open aspect with columns rather than the single arched doorway shown in the reconstruction. The columns would have stood on


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8. Symbolism and Imitators (OUP TOC: 'Symbolism and Imitations')   (pp. 153-178)
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[IA, p. 154 by running head '154 Symbolism and Imitators' inside fragment] (query '"Symbolism and Imitators"'): architecture were integrated into a 154 Symbolism and Imitators harmonious whole, rus in urbe, a rural

[IA, p. 155 by running head 'Symbolism and Imitators 155' inside fragment] (query '"Symbolism and Imitators"'): just like an ever-green meadow.’ The , “Symbolism and Imitators 155 XY Fig.51 Fish-man as sage, sculpture

[IA-walk, p. 156 by content: ch. 8 (Symbolism and Imitators), Garden of Eden / Genesis rivers; c. pp. 155-158]: so we may doubt that inspiration for it as a World Wonder in the 7th century Bc was taken from the biblical idea of the Garden of Eden. However , if the story in Genesis was composed before Sennacherib designed his garden (which is a most contentious issue !),'° one could imagine that the one river flowing out from Eden to branch into four rivers as the biblical account describes: ‘And a river went out of Eden to water the garden, and from

[IA, p. 156 by running head '156 Symbolism and Imitators' inside fragment] (query '"Symbolism and Imitators"'): them special protection. This feature 156 Symbolism and Imitators can be seen in the Original Drawing IV

[IA, p. 159 by running head 'Symbolism and Imitators 159' inside fragment] (query 'Milton'): the Garden of Eden was famously promoted by John Milton. Writing Paradise : “Symbolism and Imitators 159

[GB p. 161] (query 'aromatic'): Hanging Garden was still a subject of interest to Greek and Roman authors. For perfuming temples and the statues ... aromatic breath—no halitosis in heaven! As a symbol of the king's personal authority the royal stela set up in the

[GB p. 162] (query 'vine'): vine whose leaves and stems are artistically arranged and naturalistically carved. This frag- ment leads us to believe that there was once a panel showing rare plants, for the vine does not flourish in the vicinity of Nineveh. By

[IA, p. 162 by overlap with Google snippet p. 162] (query 'vine'): for the vine does not flourish in the vicinity of Nineveh. By juxtaposing a lion with a vine, the sculptor

[IA, p. 162 by overlap with Google snippet p. 162] (query 'vine'): the fragment showing a lion recumbent beneath a vine whose leaves and stems are artistically arranged

[GB p. 163] (query 'Gossypium'): Gossypium arboreum which is indigenous to India and Pakistan and was cultivated at a very early date in the Indus ... Gossypium arboreum, and Gossypium herbaceum, the cotton-bearing tree. Symbolism and Imitators 163.

[GB p. 163] (query 'cotton'): Cotton was planted, and traces of cotton textile have been analysed in the tomb of Sargon's queen Atalya, confirming Sennacherib's claim to have made cloth from it.23 The plant was probably a tree-like form Gossypium arboreum which is

[IA, p. 163 by overlap with Google snippet p. 163] (query 'Gossypium'): Trustees of the British Museum) 163 Gossypium arboreum, and Gossypium herbaceum, the cotton-bearing tree

[IA, p. 163 by overlap with Google snippet p. 163] (query 'Gossypium'): Gpnsaypowen: haideeenevr Fig. 54 Gossypium arboreum, and Gossypium herbaceum, the cotton-bearing tree

[IA, p. 163 by overlap with Google snippet p. 163] (query 'cotton'): been successful in the long term. Cotton was planted, and traces of cotton textile have been analysed in

[IA, p. 163 by overlap with Google snippet p. 163] (query 'cotton'): Gossypium arboreum, and Gossypium herbaceum, the cotton-bearing tree and its shrub form. (J. F. Royle,

[GB p. 170] (query 'Tashmetu'): Tashmetu who pledge their love in a garden, describ- ing their ecstasy with metaphors of fruit, birdsong and ... Hanging Garden was constructed at Nineveh, outdoor drinking parties in Assyria were occasions for conversation and

[GB p. 170] (query 'Solomon'): Solomon in Rudyard Kipling's story The Butterfly that Stamped) and conspiratorial courtiers (like Ahasuerus in the ... Hanging Garden was constructed at Nineveh, outdoor drinking parties in Assyria were occasions for conversation

[IA, p. 170 by overlap with Google snippet p. 170] (query 'Solomon'): among the butterflies from quarrelsome wives (like Solomon in Rudyard Kipling’s story The Butterfly that Stamped)

[GB p. 172] (query 'North Palace'): North Palace at Nineveh ; second , a garden as a scene for activity , as in the Original Drawing IV 77 of Sennacherib's panel showing sports and the pillared walkway ; also as a place for leisure the panel showing Ashurbanipal drinking

[GB p. 172] (query 'Theophrastus'): Theophrastus bequeathed his garden to the Peripetus school which had the Lyceum as its centre . 46 Only a few damaged and fragmentary bas - reliefs from the South- West and North palaces at Nineveh bear witness to the importance of the

[IA, p. 172 by overlap with Google snippet p. 172] (query 'panel'): Sennacherib’s panel showing sports and the pillared walkway; also as a place for leisure the panel showing

[IA, p. 172 by overlap with Google snippet p. 172] (query 'Theophrastus'): places for serious discussion and learning; and Theophrastus bequeathed his garden to the Peripetus school

[GB p. 174] (query 'Tell el-Amarna'): Tell el - Amarna shows a lion lying under a vine . 47 All three styles show a tendency to idealize , whether trees , people or animals , showing them as perfect forms in a timeless environment . In sculpture it was possible to show

[IA, p. 174 by overlap with Google snippet p. 174] (query 'Amarna'): wall-painting beside a palace garden at Tell el-Amarna shows a lion lying under a vine.*” All three styles

[IA, p. 174 by overlap with Google snippet p. 174] (query 'vine'): garden at Tell el-Amarna shows a lion lying under a vine.*” All three styles show a tendency to idealize

[GB p. 175] (query 'Alcinous'): Alcinous in the Odyssey may owe its inspiration to Sennacherib's garden;51 the great Church Father Gregory of Nazianz actually associated them, and it has been noticed that they had the same dimensions, about 120 m x 120 m.52 Whether

[GB p. 175] (query 'Homer'): Homer's' composition: whether a single author completed the entire work which soon became canonical, or whether revisions and additions continued to be made to a core narrative over quite a long period of time. The unitarians propose an

[IA, p. 175 by overlap with Google snippet p. 175] (query 'Alcinous'): in antiquity. The description of the garden of Alcinous in the Odyssey may owe its inspiration to Sennacherib’s

[GB p. 177] (query 'pavilion'): pavilion . A further likely imitation was set in the heart of Rome : the Domus Aurea . Built by Nero ( AD 37-68 ) ... Hanging Garden was in circulation , likewise the descriptions of Strabo and Diodorus Siculus , and Josephus

[IA, p. 177 by overlap with Google snippet p. 177] (query 'Nero'): in the heart of Rome: the Domus Aurea. Built by Nero (ap 37-68) with its centre on the Oppian hill, a

[IA, p. 177 by overlap with Google snippet p. 177] (query 'Domus Aurea'): imitation was set in the heart of Rome: the Domus Aurea. Built by Nero (ap 37-68) with its centre on

[IA, p. 177 by running head 'Symbolism and Imitators 177' inside fragment] (query 'Pharos'): ‘was as strong and as extensive a building as the Pharos of Alexandria’. y “Symbolism and Imitators 177

[IA, p. 178 by running head '178 Symbolism and Imitators' inside fragment] (query 'Conclusion'): where it had been. 178 Symbolism and Imitators In conclusion, the Assyrian tradition of a landscape garden


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9. Defeat and Revival (OUP TOC: 'Defeat and Revival at Nineveh and Nimrud')   (pp. 179-202)
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[IA, p. 180 by running head '180 Defeat and Revival' inside fragment] (query '"Defeat and Revival"'): material used for writing: inorganic 180 Defeat and Revival z ¥ cd a oe PSG Je Fig. 61 View of Nebi Yunus

[GB p. 182] (query 'Sardanapalus'): Sardanapalus ' as an effete monarch drenched in perfumes and drained by sexual excesses , he wrote : ' Because he was a man of this character , not only did he end his own life in a disgraceful manner , but he caused the total

[IA, p. 182 by overlap with Google snippet p. 182] (query 'Sardanapalus'): recently; having described the last Assyrian king ‘Sardanapalus’ as an effete monarch drenched in perfumes and

[IA, p. 182 by running head '182 Defeat and Revival' inside fragment] (query '"Defeat and Revival"'): urta temple and ziggurat on horizon. 182 Defeat and Revival clay, which survives only for cuneiform writing

[GB p. 183] (query 'Xenophon'): Xenophon when he marched through the area two centuries later . Quoting Xenophon's Anabasis as proof , Layard wrote in 1853 : The first ascertained date from which our enquiry must commence , is the destruction of Nineveh by the

[GB p. 183] (query 'Cyaxares'): Cyaxares King of Persia and Media , and Nabopolassar , king of Babylon ... It must , I think , be readily admitted that all the monuments hitherto discovered in Assyria are to be attributed to a period preceding the Persian conquest

[IA, p. 183 by overlap with Google snippet p. 183] (query 'Xenophon'): supported by the eye-witness observations recorded by Xenophon when he marched through the area two centuries

[IA, p. 183 by overlap with Google snippet p. 183] (query 'Anabasis'): area two centuries later.? Quoting Xenophon’s Anabasis as proof, Layard wrote in 1853: The first ascertained

[IA, p. 183 by overlap with Google snippet p. 183] (query 'Cyaxares'): destruction of Nineveh by the combined armies of Cyaxares King of Persia and Media, and Nabopolassar, king

[IA, p. 183 by running head 'Defeat and Revival 183' inside fragment] (query '"Defeat and Revival"'): mischievously transposing events and inventing Defeat and Revival 183 salacious details.* His account transposes

[GB p. 185] (query 'Lucian'): Lucian (c. ad 115–180) put into the mouth of the ferryman from the Underworld, visiting the upper world to report on the brevity of life and achievement: Well, as for Nineveh, skipper, it was wiped out long ago. There isn't a trace of

[IA, p. 185 by overlap with Google snippet p. 185] (query 'Lucian'): belongs to the hyperbole of triumph."® Similarly Lucian (c. ap 115-180) put into the mouth of the ferryman

[IA, p. 187 by running head 'Defeat and Revival 187' inside fragment] (query 'Rassam'): Layard’s successor as excavator at Nineveh, Hormuzd Rassam, did not publish Defeat and Revival 187 Fig. 64

[GB p. 189] (query 'Nabopolassar'): Nabopolassar honoured the city after its capture by receiving tribute there, presum- ably in a palace. He would not have done so if nothing but smoking ruins and dusty rubble had remained, with danger from collapsing roof-beams. At the

[GB p. 191] (query 'Pasargadae'): Pasargadae, in which the Persian kings imported foreign styles along with foreign craftsmen, the new rulers had no tradition of civic architecture to impose upon conquered cities, unlike the Greeks whose theatres, stoas and gymnasia

[IA, p. 191 by overlap with Google snippet p. 191] (query 'Pasargadae'): the two ceremonial centres at Persepolis and Pasargadae, in which the Persian kings imported foreign

[IA, p. 191 by overlap with Google snippet p. 191] (query 'Persepolis'): Nineveh. Apart from the two ceremonial centres at Persepolis and Pasargadae, in which the Persian kings imported

[GB p. 192] (query 'Mespila'): the three great royal cities of Assyria—Nineveh, Nimrud and Khorsabad—were located, he spoke of deserted cities named Larissa and Mespila. Larissa was a common Greek word for any citadel but Mespila is found neither 192 Defeat and Revival.

[GB p. 192] (query 'Larissa'): Larissa and Mespila. Larissa was a common Greek word for any citadel but Mespila is found neither 192 Defeat and Revival.

[IA, p. 193 by running head 'Defeat and Revival 193' inside fragment] (query 'Mespila'): and Mespila. Larissa was a common Defeat and Revival 193 Greek word for any citadel but Mespila is found

[GB p. 194] (query 'Persica'): Persica, preserved only in fragments, seems to mix historical fact with legend. Xenophon understood that part of Assyria belonged to Media, for which no other evidence can be found. His view belongs to a scheme for world history in

[IA, p. 194 by overlap with Google snippet p. 194] (query 'Persica'): historical background, may explain why Ctesias’ Persica, preserved only in fragments, seems to mix historical

[IA, p. 195 by running head 'Defeat and Revival 195' inside fragment] (query 'Median'): which was popular at that time. Since the supposed Median empire had been , y Defeat and Revival 195 the

[GB p. 196] (query 'strategos'): strategos / archon at Nineveh perhaps implies that the city was refounded as a polis during the Seleucid period ... Hanging Garden.82 He probably went to Hierapolis — Castabala in Cilicia , a significant location because not far

[IA, p. 196 by running head '196 Defeat and Revival' inside fragment] (query 'Sibitti'): beside an Assyrian cuneiform dedication to the Sibitti-gods, “The 196 Defeat and Revival Seven’, which

[IA-walk, p. 200 by overlap with Google snippet p. 200]: Exactly how long the South-West Palace, or a part of it, remained accessible to visitors is uncertain. At Taq-i Bustan in north- - western Iran a rock sculpture shows the Sassanian king Khusrau II (aD 591-628) hunting boar in marshes (see Figure 70).°° It bears a very strong resemblance to Sennacherib’s sculpture in the South- West Palace showing his campaign against Babylonians in the marshes of southern Babylonia: : the background of reeds in which

[GB p. 200] (query 'Adiabene'): Adiabene sprang up and became a strong power based in its capital Arbela, and the description of Nineveh as 'a great city of Adiabene', given by Ammianus Marcellinus, cannot be doubted. The deity Issar-Bel/ Sharbel worshipped there in

[GB p. 200] (query 'Issar-Bel'): Issar-Bel/ Sharbel worshipped there in the 4th century AD has been identified as an Assyrian form of Ishtar with the honorific title Bel attached.97 Exactly how long the South-West Palace, or a part of it, remained accessible to

[GB p. 200] (query 'Sharbel'): Sharbel worshipped there in the 4th century AD has been identified as an Assyrian form of Ishtar with the honorific title Bel attached.97 Exactly how long the South-West Palace, or a part of it, remained accessible to visitors is

[IA, p. 200 by overlap with Google snippet p. 200] (query 'Ammianus'): Nineveh as ‘a great city of Adiabene’, given by Ammianus Marcellinus, cannot be doubted. The deity Issar-Bel/

[IA, p. 200 by overlap with Google snippet p. 200] (query 'Adiabene'): destruction. During the Roman period a new kingdom named Adiabene sprang up and became a strong power based in its

[IA, p. 200 by overlap with Google snippet p. 200] (query 'Adiabene'): the description of Nineveh as ‘a great city of Adiabene’, given by Ammianus Marcellinus, cannot be doubted

[IA, p. 200 by overlap with Google snippet p. 200] (query 'Issar-Bel'): Ammianus Marcellinus, cannot be doubted. The deity Issar-Bel/ Sharbel worshipped there in the 4th century ap

[IA, p. 200 by overlap with Google snippet p. 200] (query 'Sharbel'): Marcellinus, cannot be doubted. The deity Issar-Bel/ Sharbel worshipped there in the 4th century ap has been

[GB p. 202] (query 'conclusion'): conclusion, the Hanging Garden itself was not necessarily still visible and visited as a marvel in Hellenistic and later times, but the palaces with some of their sculptured panels portraying the garden could still be visited, at least

[IA, p. 202 by overlap with Google snippet p. 202] (query 'Conclusion'): texts too, sometimes tell a different story. In conclusion, the Hanging Garden itself was not necessarily


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Conclusion   (pp. 203-208)
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[IA-walk, p. 203 by overlap with Google snippet p. 203]: The analysis of the passage in Josephus allows the possibility that Nebuchadnezzar was not responsible for creating the Hanging Garden, and that Diodorus and Q. Curtius Rufus were correct when they stated that the Hanging Garden was built at Nineveh, not Babylon, by Sennacherib , not Nebuchadnezzar or Semiramis . At long last specific evidence has come to light to reveal the solution to a complex question. The correct decipherment of a 7th-century Bc

[IA-walk, p. 203 by overlap with Google snippet p. 203]: The correct decipherment of a 7th-century Bc Assyrian inscription gives a match with the crucial elements in descriptions of later Greek authors . Sennacherib’s palace garden fulfils the criteria for a World Wonder: : the whole project is magnifi- cent in conception, spectacular in engineering , and brilliant in artis- try, , from the start at Khinnis through the aqueduct at Jerwan, into the citadel

[GB p. 203] (query 'decipherment'): Hanging Garden was built at Nineveh, not Babylon, by Sennacherib, not Nebuchadnezzar or Semiramis. At long last specific evidence has come to light to reveal the solution to a complex question. The correct decipherment of a 7th-century

[IA-walk, p. 204 by overlap with Google snippet p. 204]: All the arguments to be found in this book stem from the better understanding of an original Assyrian text . The sculptured stone panel from the palace of Ashurbanipal at Nineveh , now in the British Museum, displays other elements from those later descriptions . The drawing made of another panel, now known as Original Drawing IV 77, displays yet another extraordinary feature in accord with the Greek authors (see Figure 13).> With this core of evidence, other apparent

[IA-walk, p. 204 by overlap with Google snippet p. 204]: But the famous Hanging Garden was said by Q. Curtius Rufus to have been so well built that it flourished for many centuries, and since Babylon was continuously occupied into the Islamic period, scholars could take his words at face value: Although lapse of time gradually undermines and destroys, not only works made by the hand of man, but also those of Nature herself, this huge structure , although worked upon by the roots

[IA-walk, p. 204 by overlap with Google snippet p. 204]: Nineveh was ever known as ‘Babylon’, nor that Sennacherib was called ‘Nebuchad- nezzar’. Nineveh was supposed to have been utterly destroyed in 612 Bc; if that were the case , the palace garden of Sennacherib would have been abandoned and neglected long before it had a chance to enter into Greek tradition. But the famous Hanging Garden was said by Q. Curtius Rufus

[IA-walk, p. 204 by overlap with Google snippet p. 204]: Above all, the whole complex of palace, garden and watering system are self-evidently brilliant enough to qualify as a marvel, as Sennacherib himself described them. Several scenarios could be called up to explain the survival of knowledge and interest for eleven centuries, from around 700 Bc Conclusion

[GB p. 204] (query 'Sennacherib'): Sennacherib's garden was a forerunner to the real Hanging Garden built by Nebuchad- nezzar in Babylon a century and a half later. All the arguments to be found in this book stem from the better understanding of an original Assyrian text

[GB p. 204] (query 'eleven centuries'): Hanging Garden was said by Q. Curtius Rufus to have been so well built that it flourished for many centuries, and since ... eleven centuries, from around 700 bc when Sennacherib built the garden and wrote his prism text, 204 Conclusion.

[IA, p. 204 by overlap with walked passage placed at p. 204] (query '"as Babylon"'): reason to think that Nineveh was ever known as ‘Babylon’, nor that Sennacherib was called ‘Nebuchad-

[IA, p. 204 by overlap with walked passage placed at p. 204] (query '"as Babylon"'): other than Babylon proper could also be known as ‘Babylon’. Above all, the whole complex of palace, garden

[IA-walk, p. 205 by running head 'Conclusion 205' inside passage (page boundary; text before it is on p. 204)]: Several scenarios could be called up to explain the survival of knowledge and interest for eleven centuries , from around 700 Bc Conclusion 205 when Sennacherib built the garden and wrote his prism text, to c. AD 400 when Philo wrote his description. . Supposing the garden was wrecked completely in 612 Bc, the bronze screws melted down and their emplacements smashed , one might posit that all the details of construction and appearance

[IA-walk, p. 205 by overlap with Google snippet p. 205]: one might posit that all the details of construction and appearance became known to Alexander’s men in 331 Bc by local knowledge at Jerwan and Gaugamela, but with legends already proliferating over whether an Assyrian king, or Semiramis, or Nebuchadnezzar , was the builder. Later, during the Seleucid and early Parthian periods when Nineveh was once again a great city and governed by a stratégos, the appearance of the garden was still

[GB p. 205] (query 'melted'): melted down and their emplacements smashed, one might posit that all the details of construction and appearance ... Hanging Garden was no longer tended, one might have expected some mention of the fact that it only survived in

[GB p. 205] (query 'guides'): guides would have been needed to explain that water was raised invisibly by screws from the aqueduct to the top of ... Hanging Garden was no longer tended, one might have expected some mention of the fact that it only survived in

[IA, p. 205 by running head 'Conclusion 205' inside fragment] (query 'eleven centuries'): the survival of knowledge and interest for eleven centuries, from around 700 Bc Conclusion 205 when Sennacherib

[IA, p. 205 by overlap with Google snippet p. 205] (query 'melted'): wrecked completely in 612 Bc, the bronze screws melted down and their emplacements smashed, one might

[IA, p. 205 by overlap with Google snippet p. 205] (query 'guides'): However, it is still a problem that knowledgeable guides would have been needed to explain that water was


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Appendix: The Prism Inscription in translation   (pp. 209-214)
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[GB p. 209] (query 'Heidel'): Heidel , col . v.53 - viii.13 , pp . 152-70 , with updating . The form of the record as a clay prism indicates that the text was hidden from view , intended for posterity . Heidel's prism was found in the west wall of the city of

[GB p. 209] (query 'Baghdad'): Baghdad , the other in Chicago : A. Heidel , " The octagonal Sennacherib Prism in the Iraq Museum ' , Sumer 9 ( 1953 ) , 152-70 , which dates to 694 BC , and D. D. Luckenbill , The Annals of Sennacherib ( 1924 ) , dated 689 BC . The

[IA, p. 209 by overlap with Google snippet p. 209] (query 'Frahm'): Luckenbill, The Annals of Sennacherib (1924), 99; E. Frahm, Einleitung in die Sanherib-Inschriften (1997),

[IA, p. 209 by overlap with Google snippet p. 209] (query 'Prism'): clay prism indicates that the text was hidden from view, intended for posterity. Heidel’s prism was found

[IA, p. 209 by overlap with Google snippet p. 209] (query 'Prism'): Iraq Museum prism, dated 694 Bc published by A. Heidel, “The octagonal Sennacherib Prism in the Iraq

[IA, p. 209 by overlap with Google snippet p. 209] (query 'Heidel'): extant, one in Baghdad, the other in Chicago: A. Heidel, ‘The octagonal Sennacherib Prism in the Iraq Museum’

[IA, p. 209 by overlap with Google snippet p. 209] (query 'Chicago Prism'): in the Iraq Museum’, Sumer 9 (1953), 117-88; Chicago Prism dated 689 sc published by D. D. Luckenbill,

[IA, p. 209 by overlap with Google snippet p. 209] (query 'Octagonal'): Baghdad, the other in Chicago: A. Heidel, ‘The octagonal Sennacherib Prism in the Iraq Museum’, Sumer 9

[IA, p. 209 by overlap with Google snippet p. 209] (query 'Octagonal'): prism, dated 694 Bc published by A. Heidel, “The octagonal Sennacherib Prism in the Iraq Museum’, Sumer 9

[IA, p. 209 by overlap with Google snippet p. 209] (query 'Octagonal'): 120-1, col. vi lines 47-53; A. Heidel, ‘The octagonal Sennacherib Prism in the Iraq Museum’, Sumer 9

[IA, p. 209 by overlap with Google snippet p. 209] (query 'Octagonal'): Rhein: Philipp von Zabern. Heidel, A. 1953. “The octagonal Sennacherib prism in the Iraq Museum’, Sumer 9

[IA, p. 209 by overlap with Google snippet p. 209] (query '689'): Luckenbill, The Annals of Sennacherib (1924), dated 689 sc. The author’s translation and notes here follow

[IA, p. 209 by overlap with Google snippet p. 209] (query '689'): Museum’, Sumer 9 (1953), 117-88; Chicago Prism dated 689 sc published by D. D. Luckenbill, The Annals of Sennacherib

[IA, p. 209 by overlap with Google snippet p. 209] (query 'Baghdad'): Palace and Garden Two versions are extant, one in Baghdad, the other in Chicago: A. Heidel, ‘The octagonal

[GB p. 213] (query 'Shibaniba'): Shibaniba : ' Good fortune from the gods of grain and herd is dependable there ' Gate to the district Halahhu : ' Brings in the fruits of the mountains ' Total 7 city gates to the East that face South and East ; I pronounced their names

[IA, p. 213 by overlap with Google snippet p. 213] (query 'Shibaniba'): ramp: ‘Gets rid of taboo flesh’ Gate to the town Shibaniba: “Good fortune from the gods of grain and herd

[IA, p. 213 by overlap with Google snippet p. 213] (query 'Halahhu'): herd is dependable there’ Gate to the district Halahhu: ‘Brings in the fruits of the mountains’ Total


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Notes   (pp. 215-244)
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[GB p. 216] (query 'Cyrus'): Cyrus ' , Acta Iranica 1 ( 1974 ) , 29–44 . 19. Schaudig , Die Inschriften Nabonids von Babylon ( 2001 ) , 554 . 20. R. Sack , Images of Nebuchadnezzar ( 2nd edn . 2004 ) , 67 . 21. H. Tadmor , The Inscriptions of Tiglath - Pileser III

[GB p. 218] (query 'Ctesias'): Ctesias the passage on the Hanging Garden given in Diodorus II.10 ; certainty is not possible . For an evaluation of Ctesias ' work according to which he switched characters and events deliberately , see Chapter 6 with n . 5 . 3. K

[GB p. 219] (query 'Berossus'): Berossus ( 1978 ) , 27 . 20. Van der Spek , ' Berossus as Babylonian chronicler and Greek historian ' , eds . Van der Spek et al . , Studies in Ancient Near Eastern World View and Society ( 2008 ) , 300-2 . 21. Genesis 11 : 1–9 . 22

[GB p. 219] (query 'Finkel'): Finkel , eds . Clayton and Price , Seven Wonders ( 1988 ) , in which translations of the two works are given from two different scholars , making it appear as if there were two different Greek texts . 17. Finkel , ' The Hanging Gardens

[GB p. 219] (query 'Nabonidus'): Nabonidus show that Berossus used that text too , see W. Gallagher , ' The Istanbul stela of Nabonidus ' , Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes 86 , Festschrift for H. Hirsch ( 1996 ) , 119–26 . 26. Van der Spek , ' The

[IA, p. 219 by overlap with Google snippet p. 219] (query 'Berossus'): (1988). Burstein, Babyloniaca of Berossus (1978), 27. Van der Spek, “Berossus as Babylonian chronicler and

[IA, p. 219 by overlap with Google snippet p. 219] (query 'Bichler'): Clayton and Price, Seven Wonders (1988), 45-6; by R. Bichler and R. Rollinger, ‘Die Hangenden Garten zu Ninive:

[IA, p. 219 by overlap with Google snippet p. 219] (query 'Finkel'): The duplication by Josephus was not realized by Finkel, eds. Clayton and Price, Seven Wonders (1988),

[IA, p. 219 by overlap with Google snippet p. 219] (query 'Finkel'): appear as if there were two different Greek texts. Finkel, “The Hanging Gardens of Babylon’, eds. Clayton

[GB p. 229] (query 'Abydenus'): Abydenus in the Chronicle of Eusebius . 44. Apsu refers to the fresh water beneath the earth in which the god Ea lived , and which he controlled . 45. Luckenbill , Annals of Sennacherib ( 1924 ) , 74-5 , lines 74-81 . 46. Xenophon

[GB p. 229] (query 'Eusebius'): Eusebius . 44. Apsu refers to the fresh water beneath the earth in which the god Ea lived , and which he controlled . 45. Luckenbill , Annals of Sennacherib ( 1924 ) , 74-5 , lines 74-81 . 46. Xenophon , Oeconomicus , ed . S. Pomeroy

[IA, p. 229 by overlap with Google snippet p. 229] (query 'Abydenus'): Berossus (1978), 27: a quotation attributed to Abydenus in the Chronicle of Eusebius. Apsu refers to the

[IA, p. 229 by overlap with Google snippet p. 229] (query 'Eusebius'): quotation attributed to Abydenus in the Chronicle of Eusebius. Apsu refers to the fresh water beneath the earth

[GB p. 231] (query 'Zakutu'): Zakutu in Sargonid Politics ( 1999 ) , and Dalley , ' The Greek Novel Ninus and Semiramis ' , ed . T. Whitmarsh ... Zakutu ( 1999 ) , 44–7 . 44. S. Parpola , Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars , State Arch- ives of

[GB p. 231] (query 'Melville'): Melville , The Role of Naqi'a - Zakutu ( 1999 ) , 44–7 . 44. S. Parpola , Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars , State Arch- ives of Assyria X ( 1993 ) , no . 348 . 45. Melville , The Role of Naqia / Zakutu ( 1999 ) , appendix

[IA, p. 231 by overlap with Google snippet p. 231] (query 'Zakutu'): 11-22. See also S. C. Melville, The Role of Naqia/Zakutu in Sargonid Politics (1999), and Dalley, ‘The Greek

[IA, p. 231 by overlap with Google snippet p. 231] (query 'Melville'): State Arch- ives of Assyria X (1993), no. 348. Melville, The Role of Nagia/Zakutu (1999), appendix A,

[GB p. 239] (query 'Rassam'): Rassam , Asshur and the Land of Nimrod ( 1897 ) , 35 . 29. Rassam , Asshur and the Land of Nimrod ( 1897 ) , 223. See also S. Simpson , Christians at Nineveh in late antiquity ' , Iraq 67 ( 2005 ) , 285 with references . 30. T. Madhloum

[GB p. 239] (query 'Christians'): Christians at Nineveh in late antiquity ' , Iraq 67 ( 2005 ) , 285 with references . 30. T. Madhloum , ' Nineveh : the 1967-1968 campaign ' , Sumer 24 ( 1968 ) , English section , 50 . 31. Discrepancy and contradictory indications

[GB p. 239] (query 'Jonah'): An Elusive World Wonder Traced Stephanie Dalley. 19. The Book of Jonah is currently dated no later than the late 5th or early 4th century BC . See e.g. J. A. Soggin , Introduction to the Old Testament ( 1976 ) , 358-9 . 20. S. Dalley

[IA, p. 239 by overlap with Google snippet p. 239] (query 'Rassam'): 590-5, and note there. Rassam, Asshur and the Land of Nimrod (1897), 35. Rassam, Asshur and the Land of

[IA, p. 239 by overlap with Google snippet p. 239] (query 'Rassam'): 151-6. CONCLUSION . Rassam, Asshur and the Land of Nimrod (1897), 33. 2. Rassam, Asshur and the Land

[IA, p. 239 by overlap with Google snippet p. 239] (query 'Jonah'): ae) 40. 41. Notes to pp. 185-189 239 The Book of Jonah is currently dated no later than the late 5th or

[IA, p. 239 by overlap with Google snippet p. 239] (query 'Bellino'): Asshur and the Land of Nimrod (1897), 352-5. . Bellino cylinder, see D. D. Luckenbill, The Annals of Sennacherib

[IA, p. 239 by overlap with Google snippet p. 239] (query 'Rassam Cylinder'): (1994), 66-7. . Rassam, Asshur and the Land of Nimrod (1897), 352-5. . Bellino cylinder, see D. D. Luckenbill

[IA, p. 239 by overlap with Google snippet p. 239] (query 'Christians'): of Nimrod (1897), 223. See also S. Simpson, “Christians at Nineveh in late antiquity’, Iraq 67 (2005)

[IA, p. 239 by overlap with Google snippet p. 239] (query 'Christians'): Domus Aurea. Milan: Electa. Simpson, S. 2005. ‘Christians at Nineveh in late antiquity’, Iraq 67, 285-94

[GB p. 240] (query 'Elam'): Elam around 600 BC is pointed out by Potts , Archaeology of Elam ( 1999 ) , 306. Lindsay Allen has suggested that ' Medes ' changed its meaning to something like ' barbarian horsemen ' in Greek sources ( forthcoming ) . 49. Mallowan

[IA, p. 240 by overlap with Google snippet p. 240] (query 'Elam'): between Media and Elam around 600 Bc is pointed out by Potts, Archaeology of Elam (1999), 306. Lindsay

[GB p. 242] (query 'Sibitti'): Sibitti at Khorsabaď , Sumer 13 ( 1957 ) , 219–21 . 80. Reade , ' Greco - Parthian Nineveh ' , Iraq 60 ( 1998 ) , 68 . 81. Capdetrey , Le Pouvoir séleucide ( 2007 ) , 288-9 . 82. For the debate over the veracity of such claims , see R


----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bibliography   (pp. 245-268)
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[GB p. 246] (query 'Iraq Museum'): Iraq Museum 1975–76 . Baghdad . Battini , L. 1999. ' Réflexions sur les noms des portes urbaines en Mesopota- mie ' , Isimu 2 , 31–46 . Baynham , E. 1998. Alexander the Great : The Unique History of Quintus Curtius . Ann Arbor

[IA, p. 246 by overlap with Google snippet p. 246] (query 'Curtius'): s.v. Curtius Rufus; and E. Baynham, Alexander the Great: The Unique History of Quintus Curtius (1998)

[IA, p. 246 by overlap with Google snippet p. 246] (query 'Baghdad'): F. 1976. Treasures of the Iraq Museum 1975-76. Baghdad. Battini, L. 1999. ‘Réflexions sur les noms des

[IA, p. 248 by running head '248 Bibliography' inside fragment] (query 'Baghdad'): Deutsches Archaologisches In- stitut Abteilung Baghdad. 248 Bibliography Botta, P.-E. and Flandin, E.

[IA, p. 253 by running head 'Bibliography 253' inside fragment] (query 'akitu'): forschung Beiheft 26. Bibliography 253 2000. “Die akitu-Hauser von Ninive’, Nouvelles assyriologiques bréves

[GB p. 258] (query 'Chicago'): Chicago : Chicago University Press . Löw , I. 1924. Die Flora der Juden , vol 2. Vienna and Leipzig : R. Löwit . Luckenbill , D. D. 1924. The Annals of Sennacherib . Oriental Institute Publi- cations 2. Chicago : Chicago University

[IA, p. 259 by running head 'Bibliography 259' inside fragment] (query 'Chicago'): Sennacherib. Oriental Institute Publi- cations 2. Chicago: Chicago University Press. _ Bibliography 259 Luraghi

[GB p. 260] (query 'Hellenistic'): Hellenistic philosophy ' , ed . A. Erskine , A Companion to the Hellenistic World . Oxford : Blackwell , 464–76 . Moorey , P. R. S. 1982. Ur of the Chaldees ' . London : Book Club Associates ; see also Woolley , Excavations at Ur : A

[IA, p. 260 by running head '260 Bibliography' inside fragment] (query 'Milton'): 103=5: 260 Bibliography Milton, John. Paradise Lost. The Poetical Works of John Milton, see Valentine, The

[IA, p. 260 by overlap with Google snippet p. 260] (query 'Hellenistic'): institutions of Hellenistic philosophy’, ed. A. Erskine, A Companion to the Hellenistic World (2003), 471

[IA, p. 260 by overlap with Google snippet p. 260] (query 'Hellenistic'): institutions of Hellenistic philosophy’, ed. A. Erskine, A Companion to the Hellenistic World. Oxford:

[GB p. 262] (query 'Kalhu'): Kalhu ' . Potts , D. T. 1990. ' Some horned buildings in Iran , Mesopotamia and Arabia ' , Revue d'Assyriologie 84 , 33-40 . -1999 . ' GIŠ.mes.magan.na ( Dalbergia sissoo Roxb . ) at Tell Abraq ' , Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 10

[GB p. 262] (query 'Nahum'): Nahum and the Greek tradition on Nineveh's fall ' , Journal of Hebrew Scriptures 6 ( online journal ) . Place , V. 1867. Ninive et l'Assyrie , vol . 2. Paris . Plutarch . Life of Marcellus . Polinger Foster , K. 2004. The Hanging

[IA, p. 262 by overlap with Google snippet p. 262] (query 'Foster'): 2. Paris. Plutarch. Life of Marcellus. Polinger Foster, K. 2004. ‘The Hanging Gardens of Nineveh’, Iraq

[IA, p. 262 by overlap with Google snippet p. 262] (query 'Nahum'): Halzi gate’, Iraq 67, 295-316. Pinker, A. 2006. ‘Nahum and the Greek tradition on Nineveh’s fall’, Journal


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Index   (pp. 269-279)
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[GB p. 269] (query 'Antipater of Sidon'): Antipater of Sidon, 218 n.13 Antipater of Thessalonica, 6, 34, 177, 196-7 Anu (sky-god), 157 Anunnaki gods of the Underworld, 157 Aphrodisias-Nineveh-on-Meander, Turkey, 3, 125, 126 Aphrodite of Cnidos (goddess), 140 apiculture, 5, 59

[GB p. 269] (query 'Ashur-nadin-shumi'): Ashur-nadin-shumi, king, 145 Ashurbanipal, king, see also palaces and Babylon, 7-8 demolition/depopulation of Susa, 185 and Ishtar of Nineveh, 116 and Naqia, 123 and queen, 171 sculptured panels, 43, 49, 51, 52, 149-50, 159-62, 166, 171

[GB p. 269] (query 'Antiochus'): Antiochus III, king, 38 Antiochus IV, king, 196 Antipater of Sidon, 218 n.13 Antipater of Thessalonica, 6, 34, 177, 196-7 Anu (sky-god), 157 Anunnaki gods of the Underworld, 157 Aphrodisias-Nineveh-on-Meander, Turkey, 3, 125, 126

[IA, p. 269 by overlap with Google snippet p. 269] (query 'Antipater'): king, 38 Antiochus IV, king, 196 Antipater of Sidon, 218 n.13 Antipater of Thessalonica, 6, 34, 177, 196-7

[IA, p. 269 by overlap with Google snippet p. 269] (query 'Ashur-nadin-shumi'): 115-17, 121, 156, 168 Ashur-nadin-shumi, king, 145 Ashurbanipal, king, see also palaces and Babylon, 7-8

[IA, p. 269 by overlap with Google snippet p. 269] (query 'Antiochus'): mechanism, 77 Antiochus I, king, 27, 37, 124, 125, 126 Antiochus III, king, 38 Antiochus IV, king, 196

[IA, p. 269 by overlap with Google snippet p. 269] (query 'Semiramis AND Naqia'): demolition/depopulation of Susa, 185 and Ishtar of Nineveh, 116 and Naqia, 123 and queen, 171 sculptured panels, 43, 49

[IA, p. 269 by overlap with Google snippet p. 269] (query 'apiculture'): 125, 126 Aphrodite of Cnidos (goddess), 140 apiculture, 5, 59 Apollo (god), 169, 195 Apollonius (son

[GB p. 270] (query 'Herodotus'): Hanging Garden , 13-14 , 16 , 18-20 , 107-8 , 203 , 207 and Herodotus , 98 high standard of cultural / civic life maintained , 191 location problems , 119–20 and Nineveh , 109 , 111–13 , 117 , 126 Processional Way , 45 sack by

[GB p. 270] (query 'akitu'): Hanging Garden , 13-14 , 16 , 18-20 , 107-8 , 203 , 207 and Herodotus , 98 high standard of cultural / civic life ... Akitu - Chronicle , 116 Bahram II , king , 200 Balața ( site in N.Iraq ) , 241 n.68 Ball , Terry ( illustrator )

[GB p. 270] (query 'New Year'): New Year , 23 ' gate of gods ' , 119 gods of , 118–19 and the Hanging Garden , 13-14 , 16 , 18-20 , 107-8 , 203 , 207 and Herodotus , 98 high standard of cultural / civic life maintained , 191 location problems , 119–20 and Nineveh

[GB p. 270] (query 'Browne'): Hanging Garden , 13-14 , 16 , 18-20 , 107-8 , 203 , 207 and Herodotus , 98 high standard of cultural / civic ... Browne , Sir Thomas , 19 būrtu ( well , cistern ) , 65 Butterfly that Stamped , The ( Kipling ) , 170 Caicus river

[IA, p. 270 by overlap with Google snippet p. 270] (query 'burtu'): 134, 225 n.42, 232 ied, Browne, Sir Thomas, 19 burtu (well, cistern), 65 Butterfly that Stamped, The

[IA, p. 270 by overlap with Google snippet p. 270] (query 'cistern'): 232 ied, Browne, Sir Thomas, 19 burtu (well, cistern), 65 Butterfly that Stamped, The (Kipling), 170

[IA, p. 270 by overlap with Google snippet p. 270] (query 'Kipling'): (well, cistern), 65 Butterfly that Stamped, The (Kipling), 170 Index Caicus river (in Turkey), 176 Calah

[GB p. 271] (query 'Callimachus'): Callimachus of Cyrene , 4 , 35 Callisthenes , 30 Calpurnius Piso L. , 34 camera lucida , 49 Campbell Thompson ... Hanging Garden , 20 , 23 , 30–3 , 38 , 43 , 145 , 159 , 160 , 173 , 177 and Nineveh , 182 , 193 obelisk of Semiramis

[IA, p. 271 by overlap with Google snippet p. 271] (query 'Semiramis'): Nineveh, 182, 193 obelisk of Semiramis, 4 and Nagia, 124 and Semiramis, 109, 120, 123 and water machines

[IA, p. 271 by overlap with Google snippet p. 271] (query 'obelisk'): 145, 159, 160, 173, 177 and Nineveh, 182, 193 obelisk of Semiramis, 4 and Nagia, 124 and Semiramis, 109

[IA, p. 271 by overlap with Google snippet p. 271] (query 'Callimachus'): see Nimrud Calceolaria darwinii (plant), 165 Callimachus of Cyrene, 4, 35 Callisthenes, 30 Calpurnius

[GB p. 272] (query 'Antipater'): Hanging garden , 107 introduction , 1 , 3 location confusion , 120 , 126 and Mari ( city ) , 85 tributaries , 45 Eupolinos ... Antipater of Thessalonica , 196–7 and Babylon , 13–14 , 16 , 18–20 , 107–8 , 203 , 207 building of , 107

[GB p. 272] (query 'Ezida'): Hanging garden , 107 introduction , 1 , 3 location confusion , 120 , 126 and Mari ( city ) , 85 tributaries , 45 Eupolinos ( engineer ) , 87 Eutyche ( goddess ) , 198 , 199 Evelyn , John , 156 Ezekiel , 158 , 207 Ezida ( temple in

[GB p. 272] (query 'Halahhu'): Hanging garden , 107 introduction , 1 , 3 location confusion , 120 , 126 and Mari ( city ) , 85 tributaries ... Halahhu ( district ) , 241 n.69 Halicarnassus see Bodrum Halzi ( gate , district ) , 185 , 241 n.69 Hammurabi , king

[IA, p. 272 by overlap with Google snippet p. 272] (query 'Ezida'): (goddess), 198, 199 Evelyn, John, 156 Ezekiel, 158, 207 Ezida (temple in Borsippa), 124 Faideh (village), 92,

[IA, p. 272 by overlap with Google snippet p. 272] (query 'Evelyn'): Eupolinos (engineer), 87 Eutyche (goddess), 198, 199 Evelyn, John, 156 Ezekiel, 158, 207 Ezida (temple in Borsippa)

[IA, p. 272 by overlap with Google snippet p. 272] (query 'Halahhu'): 22, 197 Hajar mountains (Abu Dhabi /Oman), 86 Halahhu (district), 241 n.69 Halicarnassus see Bodrum Halzi

[GB p. 274] (query 'Kipling'): Kipling , Rudyard , 170 kirimāhu ( high garden ) , 79–80 , 89 , 129 , 244 n.5 Kisiri canal , 92 kiššatu ( world , totality ) , 6–7 , 136 Koldewey , Robert ( archaeologist ) , 13–14 Kouyunjik citadel ( Nineveh ) , 90 , 113 , 186 , 197

[GB p. 274] (query 'Mausoleum'): Mausoleum ( in Turkey ) , 5 , 34 Mausolus , king , 6 Media , Median empire , 98,194–5 , 240 n.48 ' Median queen ' , 145 Mediterranean Sea , 148 Membidj ( city - site in Syria ) , 241 n.68 Memphis ( city - site in Egypt ) , 119 Menua

[IA, p. 274 by overlap with Google snippet p. 274] (query 'Median'): 34 Mausolus, king, 6 Media, Median empire, 98,194—5, 240 n.48 “Median queen’, 145 Mediterranean Sea

[IA, p. 274 by overlap with Google snippet p. 274] (query 'Kisiri'): kirimahu (high garden), 79-80, 89, 129, 244 n.5 Kisiri canal, 92 kissatu (world, totality), 6-7, 136 Koldewey

[IA, p. 274 by overlap with Google snippet p. 274] (query 'Mausolus'): Marxist theory, 55 Mausoleum (in Turkey), 5, 34 Mausolus, king, 6 Media, Median empire, 98,194—5, 240 n

[GB p. 275] (query 'Negoub'): Hanging Garden , 20 , 23 , 203-5 , 207 inscriptions of , 10 , 13 , 21 , 27 introduction , 1 , 5 , 7–9 , 10 and ... Negoub tunnel , 48 , 87 , 100 , Colour Plate 2 Nemetti - Enlil ( wall ) , 7 Nergal ( god ) , 160 , 169–70 Nero

[GB p. 275] (query 'Nitocris'): Hanging Garden , 20 , 23 , 203-5 , 207 inscriptions of , 10 , 13 , 21 , 27 introduction , 1 , 5 , 7–9 , 10 and ... Nitocris , queen , 99 , 107 , 120 Nonsuch Palace ( in England ) , 208 obelisk of Semiramis , 5 Oedipus , 20 Olympia

[GB p. 275] (query 'Nebi Yunus'): Nebi Yunus ( Nineveh ) , 90 , 180 , 197 Nebuchadnezzar the Great , 24 , 25 , see also palaces and Babylon , 199–200 and the Book of Daniel , 26 confused with Sennacherib , 107-9 , 126 and the Hanging Garden , 20 , 23 , 203-5 , 207

[GB p. 275] (query 'Ninos'): Hanging Garden , 20 , 23 , 203-5 , 207 inscriptions of , 10 , 13 , 21 , 27 introduction , 1 , 5 , 7–9 , 10 and ... Ninos , 125 , 126 Ninos and Semiramis ( novel ) , 193 Ninue / Ninus / Nineve see Nineveh Ninurta ( god ) , 170 Ninus

[IA, p. 275 by overlap with Google snippet p. 275] (query 'Ninus'): Semiramis (novel), 193 Ninue/Ninus/Nineve see Nineveh Ninurta (god), 170 Ninus (husband of Semiramis), 120

[IA, p. 275 by overlap with Google snippet p. 275] (query 'Nitocris'): 114-15 Nisibin (city-site in Turkey), 241 n.68 Nitocris, queen, 99, 107, 120 Nonsuch Palace (in England)

[IA, p. 275 by overlap with Google snippet p. 275] (query 'obelisk'): 99, 107, 120 Nonsuch Palace (in England), 208 obelisk of Semiramis, 5 Oedipus, 20 276 Olympia, 5, 169

[IA, p. 275 by overlap with Google snippet p. 275] (query 'Ninos'): Ninlil (goddess), 80, 115, see also Mylitta Ninos, 125, 126 Ninos and Semiramis (novel), 193 Ninue/Ninus/Nineve

[IA, p. 275 by overlap with Google snippet p. 275] (query 'Olympia'): England), 208 obelisk of Semiramis, 5 Oedipus, 20 276 Olympia, 5, 169 Oman, 86-7, 163 On Spirals (Archimedes)

[IA, p. 275 by overlap with Google snippet p. 275] (query 'Nonsuch'): Turkey), 241 n.68 Nitocris, queen, 99, 107, 120 Nonsuch Palace (in England), 208 obelisk of Semiramis,

[GB p. 276] (query 'opus cochliae'): opus cochliae ( screw ) , 75 , 76 Original Drawing IV 69 , 162–3 Original Drawing IV 77 , 49–52 , 50 , 144 , 148-50 , 154 , 156 , 162 , 168–9 , 168 , 172 , 176 , 204 palgu ( ditch ) , 86 palaces at Babylon , Southern palace of

[GB p. 276] (query 'Posidonius'): Posidonius , 56 Praxiteles , 140 Principles of Geology ( Lyell ) , 183 prism inscription , 63 , 61–66 , 171 , 174–5 , 189 , 209-13 , Colour Plate 3 Processional Way , 45 Prometheus , 58 pulleys , 78 Pygmalion , king , 140 pyramids , 5

[GB p. 276] (query 'Pergamum'): Pergamum Great Altar , 176 Peripetus school , 172 Perrault , Claude , 57 Persepolis , 191 , 202 Persica ( Ctesias ) , 194 Pharos lighthouse , 5 , 176 Phidias , 5 Philo of Byzantium ( the Paradoxographer ) , 5–6 , 20 , 32–3 , 39-41 , 51

[GB p. 276] (query 'Onesicritus'): Onesicritus , 30 opus cochliae ( screw ) , 75 , 76 Original Drawing IV 69 , 162–3 Original Drawing IV 77 , 49–52 , 50 , 144 , 148-50 , 154 , 156 , 162 , 168–9 , 168 , 172 , 176 , 204 palgu ( ditch ) , 86 palaces at Babylon , Southern

[IA, p. 276 by overlap with Google snippet p. 276] (query 'Onesicritus'): Oman, 86-7, 163 On Spirals (Archimedes), 57, 59 Onesicritus, 30 opus cochliae (screw), 75, 76 Original Drawing

[IA, p. 276 by overlap with Google snippet p. 276] (query 'Perrault'): Pergamum Great Altar, 176 Peripetus school, 172 Perrault, Claude, 57 Persepolis, 191, 202 Persica (Ctesias)

[IA, p. 276 by overlap with Google snippet p. 276] (query 'Posidonius'): 126 portable hearth, 143 porticos, 52, 141, 176 Posidonius, 56 Praxiteles, 140 Principles of Geology (Lyell)

[IA, p. 276 by overlap with Google snippet p. 276] (query 'Original Drawing'): opus cochliae (screw), 75, 76 Original Drawing IV 69, 162-3 Original Drawing IV 77, 49-52, 50, 144, 148-50

[IA, p. 276 by overlap with Google snippet p. 276] (query 'pulleys'): Colour Plate 3 Processional Way, 45 Prometheus, 58 pulleys, 78 Pygmalion, king, 140 pyramids, 5 Pythagoras

[IA, p. 276 by overlap with Google snippet p. 276] (query 'Persica'): 172 Perrault, Claude, 57 Persepolis, 191, 202 Persica (Ctesias), 194 Pharos lighthouse, 5, 176 Phidias

[IA, p. 276 by overlap with Google snippet p. 276] (query 'Pergamum'): paradise’ (Browne), 19 pensiles horti, 220 n.33 Pergamum Great Altar, 176 Peripetus school, 172 Perrault

[IA, p. 276 by overlap with Google snippet p. 276] (query 'Pharos'): 57 Persepolis, 191, 202 Persica (Ctesias), 194 Pharos lighthouse, 5, 176 Phidias, 5 Philo of Byzantium

[IA, p. 276 by overlap with Google snippet p. 276] (query 'pyramids'): Prometheus, 58 pulleys, 78 Pygmalion, king, 140 pyramids, 5 Pythagoras, 58 qanat (water channel), 85-8

[GB p. 278] (query 'Tell Halaf'): Tell Halaf palace , 141 Tell Leilan ( city - site in Syria ) , 67 , 68 temple of the Seven Gods ( Khorsabad ) , 196 Terpander ( musician ) , 58 terraces , terracing , 35 , 221 n.12 Tha'labi ( Arab writer ) , 108 Thasos , 190 theamata

[GB p. 278] (query 'Tell Gomel'): Tell Gomel ( village in N.Iraq ) , 97 Tell Halaf palace , 141 Tell Leilan ( city - site in Syria ) , 67 , 68 temple of the Seven Gods ( Khorsabad ) , 196 Terpander ( musician ) , 58 terraces , terracing , 35 , 221 n.12 Tha'labi ( Arab

[GB p. 278] (query 'Vespasian'): , see also Kullab Ut - napishtim ( hero ) , 57–8 Varro , Marcus Terentius , 4 Versailles ( palace & garden in France ) , 208 Vespasian , Emperor , 75 Vitruvius , 57 , 69-70 Vogelsang , Willem ( historian 278 Index T U V.

[IA, p. 278 by overlap with Google snippet p. 278] (query 'Tha’labi'): (musician), 58 terraces, terracing, 35, 221 n.12 Tha’labi (Arab writer), 108 Thasos, 190 theamata (sights)

[IA, p. 278 by overlap with Google snippet p. 278] (query 'theamata'): 221 n.12 Tha’labi (Arab writer), 108 Thasos, 190 theamata (sights), 9 thaumata (wonders), 9 theatre, 31

[IA, p. 278 by overlap with Google snippet p. 278] (query 'Versailles'): Ut-napishtim (hero), 57-8 Varro, Marcus Terentius, 4 Versailles (palace & garden in France), 208 Vespasian, Emperor


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WALKED PASSAGES WITHOUT A PAGE ANCHOR (chapter attributed from content in square brackets)
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UNPLACED IA FRAGMENTS (no page number; grouped by the search term that produced them; alphabetical by term). Each is a verbatim OCR highlight of ~100-130 characters; the {{{ }}} match markers have been removed.
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## '"as Babylon"'
   - tradition established in Nippur, any great city such as Babylon, and eventually Nineveh and Nimrud, could lay

## '"Classical Writers and their Testimony"'
   - mentees: aietlg tp r ae = eS - = ~ & Classical Writers and their Testimony What more agreeable entertainment

## '"Confusion of Names"'
   - aa) =" vy =; ¥ so @ é wea ry aes oF ee ee Confusion of Names ... Assyria, a country remarkable for the

## '"Defeat and Revival"'
   - spreading out widely into distant lands. 2 0 Defeat and Revival Nineveh after 612 Bc A ruin—yet what ruin

## '"Drawing a Blank in Babylon"'
   - legend of the Hanging Garden of Babylon. Drawing a Blank in Babylon Beware lest you lose the substance by

## '"Engineering for Water Management"'
   - . Sennacherib’s Great Invention . Engineering for Water Management . The Unrivalled Palace, the Queen
   - inscription known to us that describes engineering for water management at length is Senna- cherib’s Bavian

## '"Great Invention"'
   - Three Pictures, and Archimedes . Sennacherib’s Great Invention . Engineering for Water Management . The Unrivalled
   - sap : hy a 7 at ¢ :* 4. — e Sennacherib’s Great Invention Sennacherib the great king, strong king, king

## '"Nineveh after 612"'
   - into distant lands. 2 0 Defeat and Revival Nineveh after 612 Bc A ruin—yet what ruin! from its mass Walls
   - of carpet design’, Iran 29, 117-35. 1993. ‘Nineveh after 612 BC’, Altorientalische Forschungen 20, 134-47

## '"Symbolism and Imitators"'
   - eset ware 165 =, ee aete vig aie Ddaesiie Symbolism and Imitators God Almightie first Planted a Garden. And

## '"Three Pictures"'
   - Babylon Classical Writers and their Testimony . Three Pictures, and Archimedes . Sennacherib’s Great Invention

## '612'
   - Imitators 9 . Defeat and Revival: Nineveh after 612 Bc Conclusion Appendix: The Section of Prism Inscription
   - c.660 Fall of Nineveh to Babylonians and allies 612 Nebuchadnezzar II built palace in Babylon before
   - distant lands. 2 0 Defeat and Revival Nineveh after 612 Bc A ruin—yet what ruin! from its mass Walls, palaces
   - times has been the utter destruction of Nineveh in 612 Bc, total abandonment of one of the ancient world’s
   - Nineveh, however, around the time of its sack in 612 Bc, there was a hugely significant change in material

## 'Adiabene'
   - Iscrizioni (2004), 43, no. 67. J. Reade, ‘More about Adiabene’, Iraq 63 (2001), 191-2, assumes a literate Greek
   - Syria 63, 107-34. Jewish Encyclopaedia 1938 s.v. ‘Adiabene’. London: Shapiro, Vallentine. Josephus. Jewish
   - Babylon’, Iraq 62, 195-217. 2001. “More about Adiabene’, Iraq 63, 187-200. — 2002. ‘Shiru Maliktha and

## 'akitu'
   - celebrated, as is stated laconically in the Babylonian Akitu-Chronicle: For [8] years during (the reign of) Se[nnacherib]
   - (Marduk) stayed in Baltil (Ashur city) and the akitu-festival did not take place.”° Instead, the ritual
   - associated with the building in Nineveh of an __ akitu-house, a temple of the New Year festival, for Ishtar
   - Near East, Orient 45 (2010), 3-33. E. Frahm, ‘Die akitu-Hauser von Ninive’, Nouvelles assyriologiques bréves

## 'alamittu'
   - whether the ‘alamittu-palm- tree’ could be understood as a screw. On discovering that the alamittu tree had
   - great posts (gi§mahhu) and cross- bars of wood (alamittu), 12 fierce lion-colossi together with 12 mighty
   - over the supposed wells, nor why the rare word alamittu was used rather than the common word gisimmaru
   - shadufs I let... beams (gismahhu) and the date palm (alamittu)? stand over the wells (burtu).!° (VII.45-9) In

## 'Alcinous'
   - possibility of influence from 7th-century Assyria. Alcinous’ palace and garden are both described using terms
   - were the beauties with which the gods had adorned Alcinous’ home.” Bronze-clad thresholds, brazen palace
   - 198, 199 alamittu (male date-palm), 65-7, 69, 79 Alcinous’ palace, 175-6 Alexander the Great, 5, 22, 26-7
   - Prussia, 208 Gallienus, Emperor, 197 Garden of Alcinous (Odyssey), 175 Garden of Eden, 158-9, 207 garden

## 'Alexandria'
   - the World from his seat in the great library of Alexandria in Egypt. Whether he had a list of seven is uncertain
   - lighthouse known as the Pharos in the harbour at Alexandria; the Aegean island of Rhodes had its Colossus
   - Eratosthenes, who had become head of the Library at Alexandria. Although Strabo referred specifically to seven
   - city founded on the Tigris. Nor was it renamed Alexandria, as one might have expected from it being the

## 'altar'
   - Byzantium the Engineer floruit c.200 Apollonios altar inscription at Nineveh c.100-200? Tigranes of Armenia
   - pavilion, and an artificial-looking hill with an altar on top; the ground is planted with trees. The sculpture
   - feature that can be interpreted either as an outdoor altar, or as a stand on which a lamp would have been placed
   - until modern times. The ‘roughly carved limestone altar’ erected in one of its courts; “a considerable succession
   - Sargon’s panel the artificial hill topped by an altar is a metaphor in miniature for the mountain on which

## 'Amanus'
   - Sennacherib (see Figure 11). A high garden imitating the Amanus mountains in which are planted all the aromatic
   - terrain as they extended the empire into Cilicia. The Amanus range lies from north to south, forming a natural
   - for all people; creating a garden to be like the Amanus mountains, planting it with exotic plants. Thus
   - Sargon. A high garden (kirimahu) in the image of the Amanus mountains in which all the aromatic plants of northern

## 'Amanus AND garden AND Nineveh AND Sennacherib'
   - inscriptions of Sargon and Sennacherib. In the context of his palace and garden at Nineveh, built ‘through
   - Layard, whose popular book Nineveh and its Remains was published in 1850, and Nineveh and Babylon appeared
   - discussion on how to reconstruct the garden at Nineveh, and to Andrew Lacey for a draft drawing; also to

## 'Amarna'
   - of Akhenaten when not only the city he built at Amarna, but also Thebes and probably Memphis too, were
   - (city), 4-5, 191 Amanus mountains, 44, 129, 140, 147 Amarna (city), 119 ambassu (game park), 79, 244 n.5 Ammianus
   - Tell Basmusian (city-site in N.Iraq), 67 Tell el-Amarna (city-site in Egypt), 174 Tell Gomel (village in

## 'Ammianus'
   - Philo of Byzantium the Paradoxographer c.350? Ammianus Marcellinus c.330-395 Not all our power is gone—not
   - historians, Tacitus in the lst century ap and Ammianus Marcellinus in the 4th;”° and he decided that
   - decline in 612 sc and the Sassanian period, when Ammianus Marcellinus referred to events of aD 359 and when
   - Diodorus Siculus and Tacitus,®* and much later to Ammianus Marcellinus.®° As Ninue it was known in the Aramaic

## 'Anabasis'
   - March of Xenophon’s Ten Thousand 401 Xenophon’s Anabasis written c.370-367 Alexander at battle of Gaugamela
   - abandoned in 612, for they dug with Xenophon’s Anabasis in hand.*? When one reads Mallowan’s quite detailed
   - its testimony seems to be cancelled out by the Anabasis of Xenophon. He described how the battle of Cunaxa
   - century AD,’° echoes some of the motifs in the Anabasis, in particular about Armenians, crossing rivers

## 'Antiochus'
   - wife to his son Antiochus I ‘Soter’. Her own name is publicly joined with that of Antiochus on the cylinder
   - (1867-70), pl. 48) 114 36 Cylinder inscription of Antiochus and Stratonice. (BM 36277, © Trustees of the British
   - Alexander, in Babylon Seleucus I and his son Antiochus with queen Stratonice, keen to integrate themselves

## 'Antiochus I'
   - she was then transferred as wife to his son Antiochus I ‘Soter’. Her own name is publicly joined with
   - ICAANE 2008 (2010), 29-38. See e.g. W. Horowitz, ‘Antiochus I, Esagil and a celebration of the ritual for the
   - Oxford University Press. Horowitz, W. 1991. ‘Antiochus I, Esagil and a celebration of the ritual for the
   - 192-3 Antigone, 20 Antikythera mechanism, 77 Antiochus I, king, 27, 37, 124, 125, 126 Antiochus III, king

## 'Antipater'
   - Herod built palaces in Palestine ruled 73-04 c.4 Antipater, poet, writing Strabo 64 Bc-after aD 24 AD Quintus
   - Garden, most of them, Diodorus Siculus, Strabo, Antipater, Josephus and Quintus Curtius Rufus, were con-
   - in several of the Greek lists—those given by Antipater, Strabo, Philo of Byzantium, and a few Roman and
   - (see Figure 10). An epigram written in Greek by Antipater of Thessalonica, prob- ably soon after 11 Bc,

## 'Aphrodisias'
   - founders of Aphrodisias (b) Showing Ninos as a founding father of Aphrodisias. (© NYU-Aphrodisias Excavations
   - adversities, written by Chariton who came from Aphrodisias, a fine city on the Meander river in south-western
   - with Gordis, labelled as legendary founders of Aphrodisias-Nineveh-on-Meander, SW Turkey, from the Late
   - 37 (b) Showing Ninos as a founding father of Aphrodisias—Nineveh. Ht. 98 cm, length 229 cm. 126 Confusion
   - Nineveh is not known. But Roman citizens at Aphrodisias on the Meander had ‘Ninos and Semiramis’ sculpted

## 'Apollophanes'
   - Rome defeated at battle of Carrhae (Harran) 53 Apollophanes strategos at Nineveh c.31 Herod built palaces
   - the temple of Nabu recording a dedication by Apollophanes son of Asklepiades on behalf of Apollonius,
   - 169, 195 Apollonius (son of Demetrius), 195-6 Apollophanes (son of Asklepiades), 195 Apsu, 154, 229 n.44

## 'Appendix'
   - Defeat and Revival: Nineveh after 612 Bc Conclusion Appendix: The Section of Prism Inscription Describing the
   - Library of History, 11.11.5. . See the invaluable Appendix in P. Clayton and M. Price, The Seven Wonders
   - The complete text is given in translation in the Appendix. . Perhaps for rotation. The cog may not yet have

## 'aqueduct'
   - restoration drawing of the Jerwan aqueduct. (Jacobsen and Lloyd, Sennacherib’s Aqueduct at Jerwan (1935), fig. 6)
   - word for an aqueduct is used. Oates’s ‘elevated sources’ avoids translating as ‘aqueduct’ which is the
   - Jacobsen and Lloyd, Sennacherib’s Aqueduct (1935), 28-30. The word for ‘aqueduct’ and ‘causeway’ is the same

## 'Aramaic'
   - in its earliest usage was formed from a common Aramaic root meaning ‘abundance’."’ It was understood in
   - Ammianus Marcellinus.®° As Ninue it was known in the Aramaic stories of Ahigar and Ashurbanipal and Shamash-shum-ukin
   - name of the god in their own names written in Aramaic script.'°? Worshippers of the Assyrian goddess
   - perpetuated traditional beliefs through the medium of Aramaic. It is possible that Nineveh remained impoverished
   - simpler alphabetic, linear script used for the Aramaic language. . Laterculi Alexandrini: Pap Berolinensis

## 'Arbela'
   - Nimrud. Sennacherib made a similar construction at Arbela, probably also to bring river water to an appropriate
   - rivers which (flow) from Mt. Hani, a mountain above Arbela, (and) the water of the tributaries that are to
   - canal and caused its flow to go straight through Arbela, residence of Ishtar, the exalted lady.'® As discussed
   - the 9th century, and the similar tunnel made for Arbela by Sennacherib in the early 7th, it is likely that
   - world. Although the battlefield was called after Arbela, a neighbouring city,*° we know that the river

## 'archetype'
   - ‘the power of Enlil’. In this way we see the archetype put into use. Any other city which hoped to add

## 'Archimedes'
   - E. J. Dijksterhuis, Archimedes (1956), 22-3. See e.g. D. L. Simms, ‘Archimedes the engineer’, History
   - Writers and their Testimony . Three Pictures, and Archimedes . Sennacherib’s Great Invention . Engineering

## 'Armenian'
   - lifetime he would have been stimulated by the Armenian withdrawal from Syria in 69 Bc, the shocking defeat

## 'arsenal'
   - ramp gate \@ \ \ 3 = ‘e 8 = ‘S) desert gate Qa arsenal gate Shamash gate | | —=x i | | | 1 } Halzi gate
   - ) and of Tayma come in through it Gate of the Arsenal: ‘Stocks everything’ Gate of the handuri:° ‘The

## 'Ashur-nadin-shumi'
   - Asalluhi (god), 118 Ashur (god), 9, 114-16, 202 Ashur (temple of), 9, 202 Ashur (city), 9, 71, 75, 115-17
   - the temple of the Assyrian national god Ashur in his city Ashur.’* Enlil’s consort was Sumerian Ninlil
   - in the revised text. Presumably Ashur city took that role when Ashur was the hero-god, and Nineveh when

## 'Ashurnasirpal'
   - of Assyrian tradition. In the 9th century Bc Ashurnasirpal II (883-859 Bc) had constructed this type of
   - ‘joyful palace, the palace full of wisdom’ that Ashurnasirpal built at that time was the marvellous North-West
   - was an Elamite king of the 14th century sc.® Ashurnasirpal II in the 9th century Bc used a construction
   - qanat-type of tunnel with shafts made for Nimrud by Ashurnasirpal in the 9th century, and the similar tunnel made
   - two centuries earlier, the 9th-century king Ashurnasirpal II (or a later improver) had put sluice-gates

## 'Assurnasirpal'
   - panels in that group date from the time of Assurnasirpal II, in the 9th century; see J. N. Postgate and
   - Sculptures in the British Museum: Reign of Assurnasirpal, 885-860 BC (1914), plate XXI with caption:
   - Sculptures in the British Museum, Reign of Assurnasirpal, 885-860 BC. London: British Museum. Burkert

## 'Assyria'
   - universe, king of Assyria, daughter-in-law of Sargon king of the universe king of Assyria, mother of Esarhaddon
   - unparal- leled in Assyria, precedents are found from other countries adjacent to Assyria. In the 9th century

## 'Assyria AND Syria'
   - freshly excavated by archaeologists working in Iraq and Syria, or languish in the great museums and collections
   - water down from the mountains on the approach to Assyria and the border with Media.*° While describing Babylon
   - in the neigh- bourhood of the approaches to Assyria and on the direct route to Media. Note that the text
   - an even more extenuated kingdom than that of Assyria and Babylonia. By analogy we may suggest that ‘gate

## 'astronomical'
   - ancient observations taken from Mesopota- mian astronomical data, supposedly still available in the Middle

## 'Athens'
   - took place at Olympia, Delphi and then spread to Athens and Nemea. Particular gods were the patrons: Apollo
   - to figures on the frieze of the Par- thenon in Athens, as well as to earlier Assyrian ones. If some access
   - International Conference on Ancient Greek Technology, Athens (2006), 557-64. . Details are given by Lewis, Surveying
   - International Conference on Ancient Greek Technology. Athens, 557-64. Asmussen, J. P. 1975. Manichaean Literature:

## 'Ayni'
   - (1925), 267) Sketch of an eroded rock sculpture at Ayni on the upper Euphrates, reign of Vespasian. (Author’s
   - Invention Fig. 24 Sketch of an eroded rock sculpture at Ayni on the upper Euphrates, set beside a Latin inscription
   - (goddess), 58 Attalus II, king, 176 authorship, 57-8 Ayni (site in Turkey), 75, 76 Azargqiel (astronomer)

## 'Bab-ili'
   - which he had created as his dwelling. ‘Indeed, Bab-ili (“gate of gods”) is your home too! Sing for joy
   - By analogy we may suggest that ‘gate of gods’ bab-ili was an epithet for certain cities in Babylonia
   - Shamash, Adad, Enlil, Mullissu, Anu, Ishtar, Ea, Bélet-ili, Ashur and Ninurta.® As at Babylon, the naming implied
   - Ea: Ea made his voice heard, he addressed Belet-ili, the Mistress of the Gods: ‘You are the Mistress

## 'Babylon of Assyria'
   - himself of the title “Date palm of Assyria’ instead of the normal ‘king of Assyria’? and Ashurbanipal addressed

## 'Bagg'
   - author) 1 ies) \o Sketch map (Author, after A. M. Bagg, Assyrische Wasserbauten (2000), pl. 1a) East India
   - Reallexikon der Assyriologie 5 (1976-80), s.v. Kalhu. A. Bagg, Assyrische Wasserbauten, Baghdader Forschungen
   - Journal of Cuneiform Studies 5 (1951), 29-30; A. Bagg, Assyrische Wasserbauten (2000), 225-6. . M. O.
   - 6. . Some of them are extensively discussed by Bagg, Assyrische Wasserbau- ten (2000), 147-54. . Bull
   - (1954), 528-32 also described the aqueduct. . See Bagg, Assyrische Wasserbauten (2000), 207-24. . J. E

## 'Baghdad'
   - with external spiral staircase at Samarra, near Baghdad. (K. Groeber, Paldastina, Arabien und Syrien: Baukunst
   - with external spiral staircase at Samarra, near Baghdad. Ashur. In an exceptional passage he boasted about

## 'Bavian'
   - for water management at length is Senna- cherib’s Bavian Inscription. It was chiselled into a rock face
   - project, 16 in a later phase. The long but damaged Bavian inscription, engraved into the rock high up overlooking
   - modern village Tell Gomel which lies just south of Bavian on that river. In the words of Layard, one of the
   - travellers to describe the area: The rock-sculptures of Bavian are the most important that have yet been discovered

## 'Bellino'
   - palace garden, Ch. 4. . Ina similar passage in the Bellino cylinder the erosion of royal tombs by the uncontrolled

## 'beloved'
   - silver, and I made Nebuchadnezzar, my eldest son, beloved of my heart, carry soil mixed with wine, oil and
   - in the world, the exalted metropolis, the city beloved of Ishtar, in which all the ceremonies of gods
   - emanating from its patron goddess Ishtar, ‘the city beloved of Ishtar in which all the ceremonies of gods and
   - who has the power to depopulate and resettle, beloved of Enlil lord of lords, whose might has no rival
   - .a palace befitting royalty for Esarhaddon my beloved son... *° Here, then, we have a group of material

## 'Berossos'
   - 333-42. Verbrugghe, G. and Wickerstam, J. 1996. Berossos and Manetho, introduced and translated: Native

## 'Berossus'
   - quoting Berossus, the priest of Marduk who lived in Babylon under the early Seleucid kings. Berossus was
   - recent research on the writings attributed to Berossus. Berossus himself may not have mentioned Nebuchadnezzar
   - 200, maintained that Berossus’ own words were conveyed by Josephus, and that Berossus was especially offended
   - c.370-367 Alexander at battle of Gaugamela 331 Berossus floruit c.290 Stratonice became queen of Seleucus

## 'Bibliography'
   - Julian Reade. It will be clear not least from the bibliography that much of this book could not have been written
   - Inscription Describing the Palace and Garden Notes Bibliography Index 107 127 153 179 203 209 219 245 269 List
   - Assyriologique Internationale 2005 (2008), 3-15, and bibliography in note on p. 3. See especially the inscription
   - Babylon (1853), 594-5. See J. Malek, Topographical Bibliography, vol. 7, s.v. ‘Nineveh’, a fragmentary stone
   - handuri may mean a projecting spur of a wall. Bibliography Restricted to works quoted in footnotes, and

## 'Bichler'
   - deliberate transposition according to the work of R. Bichler, ‘Ktesias “korrigiert” Herodot: Zur literarischen
   - Diodorus Siculus, Library of History, I1.23.4. . R. Bichler, ‘Ktesias “korrigiert” Herodot: Zur literarischen
   - Ancient World. Malibu: Paul Getty Museum, 61-84. Bichler, R. 2004. “Ktesias “korrigiert” Herodot: Zur literarischen

## 'bit hilani'
   - (Layard, Discoveries (1853), 462) Plan of the bit hilani, a palace with pillared portico at Tell Halaf
   - would be the portico which is a feature of the bit hilani, a type of residential building with a pillared
   - constructed ‘a building with a pillared portico’ (bit hilani) like a North Syrian palace, opposite the gates
   - perfect the touch of my hands. In building a bit hilani type of palace, Sennacherib once again followed
   - Vorplale vo Tor x [we Wie tus Fig. 46 Plan of the bit hilani, a palace with pillared portico at Tell Halaf

## 'bitumen'
   - first a layer of reeds laid in great quantities of bitumen, over this two courses of baked brick bonded by
   - for they were constructed of baked brick and bitumen—they (the foundations) and the vaults and the arches
   - of conduits, sturdily built in terracotta and bitumen, helped to distribute the water.’ The terrain in

## 'Borsippa'
   - city gates of Babylon; and the main temple in Borsippa. Finally, Nabonidus used it at least twice: for
   - temple of the god Nabu in the neighbouring city of Borsippa, encouraging a renaissance of indigenous traditions

## 'bronze'
   - every day, I had ropes, ‘cables’ of bronze and ‘chains’ of bronze made, and instead of shadufs I let.
   - then would Senna- cherib’s bronze-smiths have cast one full-size in bronze. Excitement in Assyria over
   - sculptures of stone or bronze, or for columns of timber that would have been overlaid with bronze. The statues

## 'Browne'
   - Antiquities of Selborne (2nd edn. 1813). 12. Thomas Browne, On the Garden of Cyrus, written in the 1650s.
   - Kunst- und Bauwerke der Antike. Munich: C. H. Beck. Browne, Thomas. The Garden of Cyrus. Budge, E. A. W. 1914
   - (scholar), 40 bronze, 72, 127, 134, 225 n.42, 232 ied, Browne, Sir Thomas, 19 burtu (well, cistern), 65 Butterfly
   - pavilions, 63, 69, 142-3, 170, 172 ‘pensile paradise’ (Browne), 19 pensiles horti, 220 n.33 Pergamum Great Altar

## 'burtu'
   - the date palm (alamittu)? stand over the wells (burtu).!° (VII.45-9) In discarding Luckenbill’s incorrect
   - for both. Another ambiguity comes from the word burtu to which both Luckenbill and Laessge had given the

## 'Calah'
   - close association between Calah (Nimrud) and Babylon, suggesting that Calah too may have been another
   - eastern bank of the Tigris, first to Nimrud, ancient Calah, then to Khorsabad, ancient Dur-Sharrukin, and lastly
   - benevolence is good, dweller in Ezida, which is within Calah, great lord, his lord: For the life of Adad-nirari
   - woman his lady, Bel-tarsi-iluma the governor of Calah...had (this statue) made and dedicated for his lengthy

## 'Callimachus'
   - ..” Around the same time a scholar known as Callimachus of Cyrene (305-240 sc) wrote A Collection of
   - Seleucid kings. Berossus was con- temporary with Callimachus of Cyrene, who, as we saw in the Intro- duction
   - of Sights in Lands throughout the World, A (Callimachus), 4 Colosseum (in Rome), 4, 177 Colossus of Rhodes

## 'Carchemish'
   - queen Tariria.*° The dedicatory inscriptions of Carchemish and Urartu may have passed into oblivion as those
   - camera lucida, 49 Campbell Thompson, Reginald, 188 Carchemish (city-site in Turkey / Syria), 145 Cassius (mountain)

## 'cast'
   - alongside cow-colossi cast in copper coated with electrum, and cow-colossi cast with tin, to make very
   - throne-base at Nimrud. (Author’s colour slide, 1962) Cast bronze panel showing Sennacherib’s widow Nagia,
   - und Griifte von Assur (1953), tomb 45) Barrier of cast bronze found at Susa. (Louvre, author’s photo) (a)
   - king. Some lines were taken to mean that he had cast coins early in the 7th century Bc, several centuries

## 'castings'
   - at 125-130 kg.*® This demonstrates that large castings were made successfully long before the lifetime
   - the beautifully made ceramic moulds of Chinese castings were imitated in Assyria. But news of the casting

## 'cedar'
   - Underworld.’ Ideally cedar trees clothed mountains—‘On the face of the mountain the cedar proffers its abundance’
   - two rock faces in the Wadi Brisa, a ravine in the cedar mountains of Lebanon (see Figure 8 a, b).'® This
   - to it as a place where he had cut down gigantic cedar trees for his temple doors—implying that he was
   - solid tree-trunk with the type of timber, such as cedar, added to qualify it. In the prism inscription the
   - bronze sculptures; details of metal sheathing on cedar pillars, inlay on wooden pillars, bas-reliefs around

## 'Chicago'
   - 62 17 The Chicago prism of Sennacherib. (© Oriental Institute Museum, University of Chicago) 63 18 A group
   - Jerwan. Oriental Institute Publications 24. Chicago: Chicago University Press. James, S. 1986. ‘Evidence
   - Khorsabad Part II: The Citadel and the Town. Chicago: Chicago University Press. Low, I. 1924. Die Flora
   - Mesopotamia: Portrait of a Dead Civilization. Chicago: Chicago University Press. Orchard, J. J. 1978. ‘Some

## 'Chicago Prism'
   - century Bc. (Author’s colour slide, 1962) . The Chicago prism of Sennacherib Museum no. A11255. (© Oriental
   - The Trustees of the British Museum) 62 17 The Chicago prism of Sennacherib. (© Oriental Institute Museum
   - Zab river to Nimrud, ancient Calah. 3. The Chicago prism of Sennacherib, giving a detailed account of

## 'Christians'
   - of the New Year in Babylon. But for Jews and Christians he was the wicked, cruel emperor who had destroyed

## 'cistern'
   - meaning ‘well’: we now know that the meaning ‘cistern’ is also applicable—as well as ‘waterhole’, even
   - Figures 29, 30, Plate 11). A square, rock-cut cistern with statues of lions on opposing sides allows
   - outdoor fountain as we have seen at Khinnis, a cistern with lion-heads protruding from the sides is designed

## 'city gates'
   - inscription, but with no mention of a garden); the city gates of Babylon; and the main temple in Borsippa.
   - One approach is to compare the naming of the city gates in the two cities. The earliest writing of the
   - footsteps of his father, for Sargon had named his city gates at Khorsabad after the chief deities: Shamash
   - plan of the citadel of Babylon showing names of city gates. clear. This would have made it appropriate for

## 'Cleitarchus'
   - (region in Turkey), 33, 44, 197 Clayton, Peter, 26 Cleitarchus, 30 cogs, 77-8, 223 n.5 coinage, 2, 74, 238 n

## 'cogs'
   - but neither word is there. To the objection that cogs are known only from much later times—the chance
   - 33, 44, 197 Clayton, Peter, 26 Cleitarchus, 30 cogs, 77-8, 223 n.5 coinage, 2, 74, 238 n.11 Collection

## 'colonnade'
   - Jericho, isometric re construction drawing showing colonnade overlooking garden with flowing water, artificial
   - of the garden would have dried up, leaving the colonnade with its heavy roofing carrying dead trees. Even

## 'Colossus'
   - deserves its place alongside the Pyramids and the Colossus of Rhodes as one of the most astonishing technical
   - Alexandria; the Aegean island of Rhodes had its Colossus, a gigantic bronze-cast man whose huge legs spanned
   - claimed to have seen Babylon by poetic licence. The Colossus at Rhodes which he also says he saw, existed for

## 'columns'
   - Study of Iraq) 68 19 Spiral-patterned engaged columns of mudbrick in a temple facade at Tell Leilan in
   - from a limestone cylinder seal showing spiral columns around the temple of the sun-god. (From D. McCown
   - made charming by the shade of many lofty trees. Columns of stone were set up to sustain the whole work

## 'Commagene'
   - four quarters. When Ushpilulume king of Kummuh (Commagene) incited Adad-nirari king of Assyria, and Sammu-ramat

## 'Conclusion'
   - 9 . Defeat and Revival: Nineveh after 612 Bc Conclusion Appendix: The Section of Prism Inscription Describing
   - Elizabeth Romer came to an even more negative conclusion, writing in 1988 that ‘of all the Seven Wonders
   - water pours out from the mouths of the lions. In conclusion, Sennacherib’s own inscriptions show that his

## 'confused'
   - into the lion’s den. Some of the later traditions confused him either with the Assyrian king Sen- nacherib
   - ‘Euphrates’ named instead of the Tigris, and ‘Semiramis’ confused with other queens and with ‘Nitocris’. For each
   - words of the Book of Judith the two kings are confused: ‘It was the twelfth year of Nebuchadnezzar who

## 'copper'
   - the pure treasury. See its wall, which is like a copper band, Survey its battlements, which nobody else
   - shaduf I set up the ‘cylinders’ and ‘screws’ of ‘copper’ over cisterns. I made those pavilions look just
   - be abundant flow of water of the buckets, I had copper cables(?) and pails made, and in place of the (mud-brick)
   - meaning which should fit the context of casting copper or bronze. If one skins a sheep, one detaches the

## 'cotton'
   - 125 Gossypium arboreum (cotton), 164, Colour Plate 16 Gossypium herbaceum (cotton), 164 grafting, 220 n
   - slavery, based upon questionable analogies with cotton and sugar plantations in the New World, and with
   - palace. His claim that people made cloth from the cotton plants he had introduced,” and used olive oil from

## 'Ctesias'
   - quoting from a lost account written by the Greek Ctesias who had supposedly served as a doctor at the Persian
   - Sardanapalus dying in the flames of Nineveh, told by Ctesias, is generally reckoned to have taken some details
   - now be identified as one of several events which Ctesias deliberately and mischievously transposed. Another
   - that the campaigns later ascribed to Semiramis by Ctesias and others may have had some link, however tenuous
   - spectacular account of the fall of Nineveh was given by Ctesias a couple of centuries after the event. His words

## 'Cunaxa'
   - Anabasis of Xenophon. He described how the battle of Cunaxa in Babylonia in 401 Bc led to the death of Cyrus
   - vital battle took place—only elsewhere is it called Cunaxa. The Median Wall that he described cannot be located
   - Western Outwork, 14, 15, 16, 45 Babylonia battle of Cunaxa in, 192 canal-entwined landscape of, 103 confusion
   - 186, 193-4, 200, 218 n.2 culture heroes, 55-9 Cunaxa, battle of, 192 ay cuneiform script deciphering

## 'Curtius'
   - poet, writing Strabo 64 Bc-after aD 24 AD Quintus Curtius Rufus floruit c.43 Mithridates captured Nineveh
   - Siculus, Strabo, Antipater, Josephus and Quintus Curtius Rufus, were con- temporary with Roman rulers from
   - artificially, as Strabo, Diodorus Siculus, Q. Curtius Rufus and Philo of Byzantium describe them. Thus

## 'cylinder'
   - container, as ‘log’ with the meaning ‘cylinder’.'* Since the cylinder is one of the two component parts of
   - 209-13 ‘cut and paste’, 143-4 cylinder of Nebuchadnezzar II, 21 cylinder of Antiochus and Stratonice,
   - permission of the New Yorker. © The Cartoon Bank) Cylinder seal impressions showing ziggurats (a) From Tell
   - Eye/Duncan McCoshan, from issue no. 879, p. 18) Barrel cylinder of Nebuchadnezzar II. (AM 1939-432. Reproduced
   - Study of Iraq) (a) Impression from a limestone cylinder seal showing spiral columns around the temple

## 'Cyropaedia'
   - view that the Anabasis shares with Xeno- phon’s Cyropaedia some of the character of a novel.”* At that time
   - Festschrift for K.-H. Deller (1988), 129. . Xenophon, Cyropaedia books II and VI. . J. Macginnis, ‘Ctesias and
   - Merodach Baladan, 46, 46 cylinder seals, 71, 190 Cyropaedia (Xenophon), 193 Cyrus the Great, king, 8, 14

## 'Cyrus'
   - rides through it... When Lysander came to him (Cyrus)... Cyrus had personally shown him the par- adeisos at
   - 155-209; M. Waters, ‘Cyrus and the Achaemenids’, Iran 42 (2004), 155-209; D. T. Potts, ‘Cyrus the Great and
   - Cyropaedia (Xenophon), 193 Cyrus the Great, king, 8, 14, 23, 190-1, 216 n.4 Cyrus the Pretender, 192 Dahshur
   - palace in Babylon before 562 Fall of Babylon to Cyrus the Great 539 Nakht-hor’s journey through Assyria
   - reinstated an inscription of Ashurbanipal.’’ Even Cyrus the Great, a foreigner who conquered Babylon, issued

## 'dam'
   - Halahhu y AR PROVINCE Be aS SHALLALAT DAM 9 Shibaniba R. TIGRIS @> DAM ql Nineveh Halzi PROVINCE MOSUL Kisiri
   - garden at Nineveh two generations after planting, dam- aged stone bas-relief from walls inside the palace
   - the Gomel river, where water is channelled into a dam and flows out alongside the river but at an ever

## 'Daniel'
   - Dahshur, 169 Dalbergia sissoo (plant), 163 Daniel, 23, 35 Daniel, Book of, 26 Darius’ canal (Iran), 87 Darius
   - Jerusalem, caused the Babylonian Captivity, and sent Daniel into the lion’s den. Some of the later traditions
   - when they refer to Babylon. Nor does the Book of Daniel mention it; Nebuchadnezzar went up on to the roof
   - 1924 the first attempt at a translation, made by Daniel Luckenbill in Chicago, was published: In times

## 'Dijksterhuis'
   - Hellenistic Literature (2007), 157-8. E. J. Dijksterhuis, Archimedes (1956), 22-3. See e.g. D. L. Simms
   - engineer’, History of Technology 17 (1995), 45-111. Dijksterhuis, Archimedes (1956), 21-2; B. Gille, ‘Machines’
   - Studies III. Helsinki: Helsinki University Press. Dijksterhuis, E. J. 1956. Archimedes. Copenhagen: Munksgaard

## 'Diodorus'
   - (Layard, Discoveries (1853), 350) 155 Milton adapted Diodorus Siculus’ description of the Hanging Garden for
   - 100-200? Tigranes of Armenia conquered Nineveh 90 Diodorus Siculus floruit c.56-30 Rome defeated at battle
   - known only from its title and some fragments, but Diodorus Siculus, writing in the following century, mentioned
   - or described the Hanging Garden, most of them, Diodorus Siculus, Strabo, Antipater, Josephus and Quintus
   - had to be kept moist artificially, as Strabo, Diodorus Siculus, Q. Curtius Rufus and Philo of Byzantium

## 'Domus Aurea'
   - Mithridates captured Nineveh c.50 Nero built Domus Aurea c.64-68 Josephus wrote C93 Deiogenes sculptor
   - Winter Palace and garden in Judaea, and Nero’s Domus Aurea in Rome, were probably both inspired by the Hanging
   - so many of Sennacherib’s design features. The Domus Aurea was soon replaced by other buildings; the lake
   - great emperors of later time: Nero with his Domus Aurea, the Sun-king Louis XIV of France with Versailles

## 'Eden'
   - Garden for his poetic depiction of the Garden of Eden. (John Milton, Paradise Lost book 4, illustration
   - gardens of the blessed in heaven, or the garden of Eden, but this cannot be claimed from firm evidence.
   - Crete. Unfortunately a comparison with biblical Eden stubbornly persists. The Sumerian myth Enki and
   - East. Later it acquired a meaning as the Garden of Eden, where the first humans lived in contact with God
   - extension, as the abode of the blessed. The word ‘eden’ in its earliest usage was formed from a common

## 'Egypt'
   - screws found in Egypt by Archimedes were there before the latter reached the Nile. In Egypt the screw is
   - map showing locations in which Arshama, satrap of Egypt under Darius II, owned estates, c.425 Bc. (Author)
   - his seat in the great library of Alexandria in Egypt. Whether he had a list of seven is uncertain because
   - easily accessible from the east Mediterranean. Egypt claimed the great pyramid and the lighthouse known

## 'Elam'
   - consort in celebration of his victories in Egypt and Elam; and third, a garden as a place for displaying particular
   - Untash-GAL. See e.g. D. T. Potts, The Archaeology of Elam (1999), 222-30. . See S. Dalley, “Water management
   - v. ‘Ninive’, 425b, and Potts, The Archaeology of Elam (1999), 301. J. Alvarez-Mon, The Arjan Tomb, Acta
   - Epigraphy 10, 129-33. —— 1999. The Archaeology of Elam. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2005. “Cyrus

## 'Ephesus'
   - words: ‘the seven sights, the temple of Artemis in Ephesus, (...gap...:) the Pyramids... (gap)... the fu-
   - Halicarnassus (modern Bodrum), and the Artemisium of Ephesus with its extraor- dinary statue of Diana—Artemis
   - He goes on to praise the statue of Artemis at Ephesus. If the right man is identified,’* he would indeed
   - indeed have had occasion to visit Rhodes, Ephesus, and Mausolus’ monument at Halicarnassus, so taking in
   - Artaxerxes I, king, 23 Artemis see Diana Artemisium of Ephesus, 5 Asalluhi (god), 118 Ashur (god), 9, 114-16,

## 'Epic of Creation'
   - (city-site in Turkey), 34 Epic of Creation, 116, 118-9, 153-4, 209 Epic of Gilgamesh, 8, 57-8, 157 Epicurus
   - supreme act of kingship. This passage from the Epic of Gilgamesh shows it was worthy of a great hero,
   - urban life from the god Ea to Mesopotamia. In the Epic of Gilgamesh the man who built a boat and survived
   - to as seven counsellors in the prologue to the Epic of Gilgamesh, and as seven sages in magical texts
   - bestowed on Marduk when he had built Babylon in the Epic of Creation was ‘Gilimma who established the cosmic

## 'Erbil'
   - F. Safar, ‘Sennacherib’s project for supplying Erbil with water’, Sumer 3 (1947), 23-5; J. Laessoe, “The
   - History, XVIII. 7.1. Strabo XVI. 1.1. e.g. Arba’il as Erbil, Kar-Mullissi as Keremleis, Shusharra as Shemshara
   - F. 1947. “Sennacherib’s project for supplying Erbil with water’, Sumer 3, 25=5% 1957. ‘The temple of

## 'Eridu'
   - had associated his kingship with the oldest city, Eridu, by holding his coronation ceremony there. Either

## 'Esarhaddon'
   - mother of Esarhaddon king of the world, king of Assyria . . .a palace befitting royalty for Esarhaddon my beloved
   - city, and when eventually peace was restored, Esarhaddon (680-669 Bc), followed by his son Ashurbanipal
   - rather than coincidence. About fifty years after Esarhaddon, when power had passed from Assyria to Babylon
   - later—Nadqia the wife of Sennacherib, mother of Esarhaddon, and grandmother of Ashurbanipal and Shamash-shum-ukin

## 'Euphrates'
   - an eroded rock sculpture at Ayni on the upper Euphrates, reign of Vespasian. (Author’s drawing, after
   - alluvial mud of the mighty rivers Tigris and Euphrates arose two of the earliest great powers in the
   - there had been a change in the course of the Euphrates. The phenomenon is thought by some to have been

## 'Evelyn'
   - encapsulated life-giving and warding off death. As John Evelyn expressed it, writing of the effect of landscape
   - Sophistic (2004), 23-52. CEP ERY, . Translated by John Evelyn, 1673. . Sargon uses the word bronze perhaps meaning

## 'Ezekiel'
   - made using M. Greenberg, Ezekiel 21-37 (1997), 635-9, and P. M. Joyce, Ezekiel: A Commentary (2007), 185
   - . Nahum ch. 3, supported by Ezekiel 31: 3-18. See e.g. P. Joyce, Ezekiel: A Commentary (2007), 185-6
   - sent forth to all the (other) trees of the field. Ezekiel 31: 3-4! More than 2,000 years of accumulated expertise
   - esis sought to locate on earth. On the other hand Ezekiel must have had Sennacherib’s palace garden in mind
   - Eden that were in the garden of God envied him’. Ezekiel began to prophesy nineteen years after the fall

## 'Ezida'
   - compassionate, whose benevolence is good, dweller in Ezida, which is within Calah, great lord, his lord: For
   - recording rebuilding work on the great temple Ezida dedicated to the god Nabu—Nagia had also been involved

## 'Faida'
   - joined a huge canal located near the village of Faida, then possibly joining up with the Bandwai canal

## 'Finkel'
   - seemed insuperable to many scholars. When Irving Finkel wrote his chapter for Peter Clayton’s book The
   - Brodersen, Die Sieben Weltwunder (1996), 51; I. Finkel, “The Hang- ing Gardens of Babylon’, eds. Clayton
   - Hanging Gardens of Babylon’, Iraq 62 (2000), 199. Finkel, eds. Clayton and Price (1988). Burstein, Babyloniaca

## 'Foster'
   - drawn by his son William Reade. 6. K. Polinger Foster, “The Hanging Gardens of Nineveh’, Iraq 66 (2004)

## 'Frahm'
   - are given by Frahm, Einleitung in die Sanherib- Inschriften (1997), 267-8, nos. 6-11. . Frahm, Einleitung
   - History, Culture, Religion (2000), 548. See E. Frahm, “Wer den Halbschekel nicht ehrt—nochmals zu Sanheribs
   - erub, Baghdader Forschungen 16 (1994), 207-9; and Frahm, Einleitung in die Sanherib-Inschriften (1997),
   - J. Reade, Assyrian Sculpture (1983), fig. 104. Frahm, Einleitung (1997), 151-4, updated the edition on

## 'gate'
   - after deities: Ishtar Gate, Marduk Gate, Zababa Gate, Shamash Gate and Adad Gate. Those names are related
   - Names 113 \ ramp gate \@ \ \ 3 = ‘e 8 = ‘S) desert gate Qa arsenal gate Shamash gate | | —=x i | | | 1
   - certainly had a King’s Gate, an East Gate and a Great Gate in early times. Almost as common are gates named
   - through it: London gate, Damascus gate, and so on. Babylon had its Akus Gate, leading to the town Akusum

## 'Gate of the Gods'
   - Illustrations of the Botany and Other Branches of the Natural History of the Himalayan Mountains and of the Flora
   - Illustrations of the Botany and Other Branches of the Natural We : / List of Colour Plates History of the Himalayan
   - permission of the Sherardian Library of Plant Taxonomy, One of the Bodleian Libraries of the University
   - hammock, of the rigging of a ship, and of dried grapes.'* Some of the Greek descriptions of the Hanging

## 'gates AND named'
   - antiquity. The walls of Babylon, with their great gates and cunning access through them from the citadel to
   - imitating Babylon, Sennacherib rebuilt the city walls and named its new gates after the great gods, yet mostly
   - time Ashur and Ishtar who love my priesthood and named my name revealed to me the place where gigantic
   - the courtyard but stretching close up to the gates, and with a hedge running down on either side, lies

## 'Gilgamesh'
   - Geography (Strabo), 33 Gilgamesh, 8, 22, 24-5, 157 Gilgamesh Epic, 27 Gilgamesh, hero-king, 118 ginindanakku
   - down, and fighting a lion,'? as Gilgamesh had done with Enkidu: Gilgamesh was cutting down the trees; Enkidu
   - Archimedes floruit c.287-212 Latest known copy of Gilgamesh Epic Gry, Philo of Byzantium the Engineer floruit
   - the character and achievements of the legendary Gilgamesh whose epic deed as a builder is recorded in this
   - act of kingship. This passage from the Epic of Gilgamesh shows it was worthy of a great hero, linked to

## 'gismahhu'
   - bronze made, and instead of shadufs I let... beams (gismahhu) and the date palm (alamittu)? stand over the
   - very specific reason for the choice of words. gismahhu and alamittu are not a matching pair of items—the
   - above a water supply. An understanding of the gismahhu—literally ‘tall tree-trunks’— and alamittu-palm-trees

## 'Gomel'
   - takes its name from the river Gomel and from the modern village Tell Gomel which lies just south of Bavian
   - on the right bank of the Gomel, a brawling moun- tain torrent. The Gomel or Gomela may, perhaps, be
   - Water Management 93 mountains at Khinnis, on the Gomel river, where water is channelled into a dam and
   - higher level, skirting a mountain to leave the Gomel river and cross a different river at Jerwan, collecting
   - (date-palm), 69 gismahhu (cylinder, tree-trunk), 65-6 Gomel river, 93, 97 Gordis (hero), 125 Gossypium arboreum

## 'Gossypium'
   - RMN (Musée du Louvre)/Franck Raux) Gossypium arboreum, and Gossypium herbaceum. (J. F. Royle, Illustrations
   - W. 31 cm. 16. Gossypium arboreum, and 17. Statue of Heracles Epitrapezios Gossypium herbaceum, the cotton-
   - 97 Gordis (hero), 125 Gossypium arboreum (cotton), 164, Colour Plate 16 Gossypium herbaceum (cotton), 164

## 'guides'
   - Text Commentaries: Origins of Inter- pretation. Guides to the Mesopotamian Textual Record vol. 5. Miinster:

## 'Hadrian'
   - the passes of the mountains. The Roman emperor Hadrian was to imitate him by carving his own rock inscriptions
   - and on Roman imperial coins including those of Hadrian and Gallienus—evidence that some kind of legacy
   - 175, 205 Gudea of Lagash, 82 Habur river, 85 Hadrian, Emperor, 22, 197 Hajar mountains (Abu Dhabi /Oman)

## 'Halahhu'
   - for Water Management bi Talmusa KHINNIS G Kisiri Halahhu y AR PROVINCE Be aS SHALLALAT DAM 9 Shibaniba R
   - and it was presumably the provincial capital of Halahhu district during the Achaemenid period when Arshama
   - Egypt, 1: Letters (1986), 114, but reading as Halahhu, a district NE of Nineveh, rather than Halsu—the

## 'half-shekel'
   - as easy as if the figures had weighed a mere half-shekel each rather than 43 tons.” The old translation
   - clay and poured bronze into it, as in making half-shekel pieces,’ and finished their construction. (Prism
   - clay and poured bronze into it, as in making half-shekel pieces’ were thought to be evidence that coinage

## 'Hatra'
   - Teixidor, J. 1967. ‘The kingdom of Adiabene and Hatra’, Berytus 17, 1-11. 1987. ‘Parthian officials in

## 'Heidel'
   - dupli- cate of the prism was published by Alexander Heidel, who realized that the word iskuru was not a verb
   - seni which Luckenbill translated as ‘sheepskins’; Heidel translated ‘wool’, despite its unsuit- ability
   - translation and notes here follow the Akkadian text of Heidel, col. v.53-viii.13, pp. 152-70, with updating.

## 'Hellenistic'
   - lamentation into the Hellenistic period, see T. Boiy, Late Achaemenid and Hellenistic Babylon (2004), 100
   - and Hellenistic Babylon. Leuven: Peeters. 2007. ‘Assyriology and the history of the hellenistic period’

## 'Heracles'
   - (Assyriologist), 65-6 Henry VIII, king, 208 Heracles (god), 69-70 Heracles Epitrapezios (statue), 197, Colour
   - Libraries of the University of Oxford) Statue of Heracles Epitrapezios (BM GR 1881-7-1. © The Trustees of
   - 64-68 Josephus wrote C93 Deiogenes sculptor of Heracles’ statue at Nineveh c.100 (?) Deiogenes graffito
   - identity by naming a mythological founder, such as Heracles or Aeneas, or an eponymous one such as Ninus or
   - figure’, is suited to mighty gods such as Mars and Heracles. He compared the fluting on Ionic columns with

## 'Herod'
   - after BM 118914) 173 The third winter palace of Herod the Great at Jericho, isometric reconstruction drawing
   - (E. Netzer, The Palaces of the Hasmoneans and Herod the Great (2001), fig. 77, reproduced by kind permission
   - (Harran) 53 Apollophanes strategos at Nineveh c.31 Herod built palaces in Palestine ruled 73-04 c.4 Antipater
   - from the citadel to the river, were described by Herod- otus in detail. Although they are included in several
   - on a spectacular scale, is the winter palace of Herod the Great (c.73-04 Bc) at Jericho. Here not only

## 'Herodotus'
   - did Herodotus not mention the Hanging Gardens of Babylon?’, eds. P. Derow and R. Parker, Herodotus and
   - “Why did Herodotus not mention the Hanging Gardens?’, eds. P. Derow and R. Parker, Herodotus and his World
   - epidemics of reality. Several centuries earlier, Herodotus had written with admiration of the pyramids in
   - the great god Bel-Marduk, famously described by Herodotus. The idea obviated the need to find a site on
   - referring to the garden. Chief among them is Herodotus, writing in the time of Artaxerxes I (464-424

## 'Hezekiah'
   - engineering of the so-called Siloam tunnel dug by Hezekiah, Sennacherib’s contemporary in Jerusalem, may
   - bull slabs from quarries to Nineveh on sledges.°° Hezekiah wrote: ... [when the tunnel] was chipped through
   - name, which would imply that she was related to Hezekiah in Jerusalem. See Melville, The Role of Naqia/Zakutu
   - 177 Herodotus, 5-6, 18, 23-4, 26, 98-9, 103, 120 Hezekiah, king, 174-5, 234 n.41 Hierapolis - Castabala

## 'Homer'
   - eines Ratsels?’, ed. R. Rollinger, Von Sumer bis Homer, Festschrift fiir Manfred Schretter (2005), 172-98
   - Brodersen, Die Sieben Weltwunder (1996), 93 and 50. Homer, Odyssey book VII, translation of E. V. Rieu (1946)
   - eines Ratsels?’, ed. R. Rollinger, Von Sumer bis Homer, Festschrift flr Manfred Schretter, Alter Orient
   - Ancient Water Technology. Leiden: Brill, 35-8. Homer. Iliad. Odyssey. Hope-Simpson, R. 1998. ‘The Mycenaean

## 'homesick'
   - attributing the garden to her, not as a wilting, homesick queen but as a robust 32 Classical Writers and
   - abroad, crossing the Euphrates from the West, homesick for her native land. As far as Syria and Cilicia
   - walkway which had trees planted on its roof. A homesick queen inspired the design. S+yourrme? a “ogee”

## 'Introduction'
   - independent introduction may sometimes appear to be a claim for primary invention. An introduction wrongly
   - rainfall zones and rivers around Mesopotamia Introduction aoa of From the water and alluvial mud of the
   - different interpretation, avoiding the anachronistic introduction of coinage, was more likely. The king was describing

## 'Iraq Museum'
   - School of Archaeology in Iraq in 1993; the late Rosemary Nicholson for the Museum of Garden History in Lambeth;
   - Chicago prism of Sennacherib Museum no. A11255. (© Oriental Institute Museum, University of Chicago) 4.
   - the British Museum) 62 17 The Chicago prism of Sennacherib. (© Oriental Institute Museum, University
   - 1966’, Iraq 29 (1967), pl. xxxii.b, by kind permission of the British Institute for the Study of Iraq) 68
   - (Original Drawing IV 69 British Museum. © The Trustees of the British Museum) 163 Gossypium arboreum, and

## 'Ishtar'
   - emanating from its patron goddess Ishtar, ‘the city beloved of Ishtar in which all the ceremonies of gods
   - A hymn of Ashurbanipal to Ishtar of Nineveh makes the equation of Ishtar with Anshar clear: ‘Just like
   - Isan k6y (site in N.Iraq), 241 n.68 Ishtar Gate, Babylon, 13 Ishtar (goddess), 69, 115-17, 132, 163, 165
   - symbolism is explicit in the Babylonian myth Descent of Ishtar to the Underworld, one of the best-known and longest-lasting

## 'Ishtar of Nineveh'
   - pl. 38) Map of Nineveh made by Felix Jones in 1852. (F. Jones, ‘Topography of Nineveh’, Journal of the
   - addressed Ishtar of Nineveh in the opening line of a hymn: ‘Oh palm tree, powerful one of Nineveh!’’? These
   - on many facets of the history and archaeology of Nineveh done by other scholars, especially Julian Reade
   - Collon) (b) A. H. Layard, Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon (1853), 539; BM WA 89311. Cartoon
   - show rivers, canals and roads to the north-east of Nineveh. (Author’s drawing, adapted from T. Jacobsen

## 'Issar-Bel'
   - Marduk as Bél ‘Lord’ at the city Ashur, and Ishtar of Nineveh to take the place of Marduk as Bél ‘Lord’
   - iskuru (wax), 65 issakku (steward farmer), 102 Issar-Bel/Sharbel (deity), 200 itqu (fleece), 65 Izki (town
   - ziggurat at Babylon, the temple tower of the great god Bel-Marduk, famously described by Herodotus. The idea
   - the reign of) Esar[{haddon]—20 years altogether—Bel (Marduk) stayed in Baltil (Ashur city) and the akitu-festival

## 'Jacobsen'
   - which T. Jacobsen, in Sennacherib’s Aqueduct at Jerwan (1935), 36-40, based his translation. Jacobsen and
   - of Nineveh. (Author’s drawing, adapted from T. Jacobsen and S. Lloyd, Sennacherib’s Aqueduct at Jerwan
   - Aerial view of the Jerwan aqueduct. (Crown ©, from Jacobsen and Lloyd, Sennacherib’s Aqueduct at Jerwan (1935)
   - Perspective restoration drawing of the Jerwan aqueduct. (Jacobsen and Lloyd, Sennacherib’s Aqueduct at Jerwan (1935)
   - where the canal led off, front and side views. (Jacobsen and Lloyd, Sennacherib’s Aqueduct at Jerwan (1935)

## 'Jericho'
   - The third winter palace of Herod the Great at Jericho, isometric reconstruction drawing. (E. Netzer,
   - winter palace of Herod the Great (c.73-04 Bc) at Jericho. Here not only was there a pillared portico overlooking
   - of palaces on an extravagant scale, not only at Jericho, but also in Jerusalem, Caesarea and Herodium,
   - The third winter palace of Herod the Great at Jericho, isometric re construction drawing showing colonnade
   - horticulture. From Jerusalem to Perga- mum, from Jericho to Rome, one finds traces of the influence that

## 'Jerwan'
   - view of the Jerwan aqueduct. (Crown ©, from Jacobsen and Lloyd, Sennacherib’s Aqueduct at Jerwan (1935),
   - drawing of the Jerwan aqueduct. (Jacobsen and Lloyd, Sennacherib’s Aqueduct at Jerwan (1935), fig. 6)
   - colour slide, 1967) . Ruins of the stone aqueduct at Jerwan. (Author’s colour slide, 1967) . The sculptured
   - Jacobsen and S. Lloyd, Sennacherib’s Aqueduct at Jerwan (1935), fig. 9) Drawing of a great rock sculpture
   - (Jacobsen and Lloyd, Sennacherib’s Aqueduct at Jerwan (1935), fig. 12) (b and c) Reconstruction drawings

## 'Jonah'
   - more than a hundred and twenty thousand persons?’ Jonah 4: 11 An accepted truth until recent times has been
   - wretchedness. And they did return, as the biblical prophet Jonah made clear in his vain appeal to God, begging him
   - is vehemently proclaimed by the biblical prophet Jonah, whose Hebrew book was probably composed at that
   - Egypt; as Nineveh to the authors of the Book of Jonah; and as ‘Ninus, the time-honoured capital of Assyria’

## 'Josephus'
   - separate Berossus from Josephus; and it is that secondary author from whom Josephus quotes.”° The possibility
   - X.11 (Josephus), 35 Jonah, Book of, 185, 192, 239 n.19 Jones, Felix (cartographer), 84 Josephus, 13, 20
   - captured Nineveh c.50 Nero built Domus Aurea c.64-68 Josephus wrote C93 Deiogenes sculptor of Heracles’ statue
   - of them, Diodorus Siculus, Strabo, Antipater, Josephus and Quintus Curtius Rufus, were con- temporary

## 'Judith'
   - Lachish, south of Jerusalem, detail. (Drawing by Judith Dekel, reproduced by kind permission of D. Ussishkin
   - when Sennacherib captured Lachish. (Drawing by Judith Dekel, reproduced by kind permission of D. Ussishkin
   - late texts. In the opening words of the Book of Judith the two kings are confused: ‘It was the twelfth
   - capital of Assyria’ to the biblical Greek story of Judith. The Assyrian name of Nimrud as Calah is also preserved

## 'Kalhu'
   - 58. P. Fiorina, ‘Italian excavations at Nimrud-Kalhu: chronological and stratigraphical problems’, eds
   - Fiorina, P. 2008. ‘Italian excavations at Nimrud-Kalhu: chronological and stratigraphical problems’, eds

## 'Khinnis'
   - Keremleis (town-site in N.Iraq), 241 n.68 Khinnis, see Bavian — Khinnis Khorsabad (city, Dur-Sharrukin) bridge
   - of T. Matney and J. Macginnis) . The river at Khinnis. Looking upstream. . Looking downstream. (Author’s
   - 1967) . Large panel of sculpture on a rock face at Khinnis. (Author’s colour slide, 1967) . Ruins of the stone
   - (a) Large panel of sculpture on a rock face at Khinnis. (Author’s colour slide, 1967) (b) Reconstruction
   - block that stood between the canal and a weir at Khinnis. (Drawing by P. Arad, reproduced by kind permission

## 'Khorsabad'
   - bas-relief, found in the palace of Sargon at Khorsabad (P.-E. Botta and E. Flandin, Monument de Ninive
   - photo) (a) Reconstruction drawing of ziggurat at Khorsabad with an external spiral staircase. (V. Place,
   - 205) Brick-built drains in Sargon’s palace at Khorsabad. (V. Place, Ninive et l’Assyrie (1867), pl. 38)
   - 112-13 35 Drawing from a sculpture panel from Khorsabad showing models of cities carried as tribute. (Place
   - drawn from a panel found in Sargon’s palace at Khorsabad. (Botta and Flandin, Monument de Ninive, 1 (1849)

## 'Khorsabad AND Sargon AND garden'
   - royal inscriptions of Sargon and Sennacherib. In the context of his palace and garden at Nineveh, built ‘through
   - Section of Prism Inscription Describing the Palace and Garden Notes Bibliography Index 107 127 153 179 203
   - Semiramis floruit 805 Sennacherib built SW Palace and garden at Nineveh c.700 Ashurbanipal showed garden on
   - the famous garden because Herod’s Winter Palace and garden in Judaea, and Nero’s Domus Aurea in Rome, were

## 'Khosr'
   - 123 rebuilding of, 144 and the river Khosr, 90, 91, see also Khosr as royal city, 3, 192 sketch-plan of
   - the Tigris itself lies far below the citadel. The Khosr was a tributary that brought mountain water swiftly
   - prolific are the waters from the tributary river Khosr and the streams that feed into it that they caused
   - off by a band of water, perhaps representing the Khosr river, and a row of men marching. A substantial
   - at the bottom of the garden, and into the river Khosr at the foot of the citadel wall. By the late 8th

## 'kingship'
   - Among them was kingship. The Sumerian King-list, beginning with the words ‘When kingship descended from
   - the city wall reflects the Mesopotamian ideal of kingship in the character and achievements of the legendary
   - Babylonians wall-building was a supreme act of kingship. This passage from the Epic of Gilgamesh shows
   - back into the Nile valley. After inheriting the kingship from his father he established control over Syria

## 'Kipling'
   - Jerusalem, 175 King’s Road of the Running Race, 168 Kipling, Rudyard, 170 kirimahu (high garden), 79-80, 89

## 'kirimahu'
   - compiled.” Luckenbill’s translation ‘park’ for kirimahu led to the suggestion that the garden was in fact
   - ambassu, which Sennacherib did not use. He selected kirimahu, a rare literary word derived from Sumerian, which
   - city and called it Fort of Sargon. A high garden (kirimahu) in the image of the Amanus mountains in which

## 'Kisiri'
   - Engineering for Water Management bi Talmusa KHINNIS G Kisiri Halahhu y AR PROVINCE Be aS SHALLALAT DAM 9 Shibaniba
   - TIGRIS @> DAM ql Nineveh Halzi PROVINCE MOSUL Kisiri Ancient name ++ Canal . . S.A . . <A Major river
   - out around 705-703 Bc, and is often known as the Kisiri canal. In a second phase another canal was constructed

## 'Koldewey'
   - court of Nebuchadnezzar’s palace in Babylon. (R. Koldewey, Die K6énigsburgen van Babylon, 1 (1931), Abb
   - to supply the supposed trees (see Figure 3). As Koldewey well knew, the suggestion of a roof-top garden
   - Wonders of the Ancient World (1988), 44. But R. Koldewey, Das wiedererstehende Babylon (1914), 95 and Boiy
   - Iron Ages’, Near Eastern Archaeology 72, 190-202. Koldewey, R. 1914. Das wiedererstehende Babylon. Leipzig:

## 'Kuhrt'
   - Borger, Inschriften Asarhaddons (1956), §86. A. Kuhrt and S. Sherwin-White, ‘Aspects of Seleucid royal
   - continuity?’, Eretz-Israel 27 (2003), 25-8. A. Kuhrt, ‘The Assyrian heartland in the Achaemenid period’
   - Aramaic Documents, 1: Letters (1986), A6.9, and see Kuhrt, ‘The Assyrian heartland in the Achaemenid period’
   - Macdonald Insti- tute and London: NABU Publications. Kuhrt, A. 1995. ‘The Assyrian heartland in the Achaemenid

## 'Kullab'
   - districts in the heart of Babylon city. Another is Kullab, the name of a part of Uruk, ruled by the legendary
   - képos, 220 n 33 Kwara (city-site in S.Iraq), 117-19 Kullab-Uruk (city-site in S.Iraq), 118-19 Lacey, Andrew
   - Uruk (city-site in S.Iraq), 27, 80, 118, see also Kullab Ut-napishtim (hero), 57-8 Varro, Marcus Terentius

## 'Lachish'
   - Museum) Sennacherib presiding over the capture of Lachish, south of Jerusalem, detail. (Drawing by Judith
   - permission of D. Ussishkin, from The Conquest of Lachish by Sennacherib (1982), after WA 124911+124912)
   - sculpture of the siege when Sennacherib captured Lachish. (Drawing by Judith Dekel, reproduced by kind permission
   - permission of D. Ussishkin, from The Conquest of Lachish (1982), after WA 124906+124907) Demonic gods who
   - 43 Sennacherib presiding over the capture of Lachish, south of Jerusalem, detail. His face was chiselled

## 'latitude'
   - Nineveh nor for Babylon. Promising though these latitude-linked observations are, the 120 Confusion of
   - arid- ity is banished. Normally a garden on the latitude of Nineveh would lose its greenery during the
   - not have produced good fruit at such a northern latitude. But the importance of that tree far outweighed

## 'Layard'
   - Figures 63 Layard excavated at Nineveh by tunnelling to reach the Assyrian buildings. (Layard, Discoveries
   - 149 Nineveh and Babylon (Layard), 183, 186 Nineveh and its Remains (Layard), 183 Ninlil (goddess), 80
   - kind permission of Dominique Collon) (b) A. H. Layard, Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon
   - drawn from damaged stone panels of bas-relief. (Layard, Discoveries (1853), 232, now Original Drawing
   - guarded palace entrances, windows, and air-shafts. (Layard, Discoveries (1853), 462) Plan of the bit hilani

## 'Lebanon'
   - of Oxford) Two rock sculptures at Wadi Brisa, Lebanon, showing Nebuchadnezzar II (a) killing a lion,
   - Wadi Brisa, a ravine in the cedar mountains of Lebanon (see Figure 8 a, b).'® This was the region where
   - aS 7 Fig. 8a Two rock sculptures at Wadi Brisa, Lebanon showing Nebuchad- nezzar II killing a lion, and
   - Water Management Consider Assyria, a cedar of Lebanon, Of beautiful branches, a shading wood, and of
   - considered to have been planted by the gods: ‘the Lebanon, exuberant forest of Marduk, the fragrance of which

## 'lexical'
   - water-raising device would be found in one of the great lexical lists of cuneiform tradition. Those lists are forerunners
   - to that city were replicated in Babylon. From a lexical text and from variants of a king-list, as well
   - Nimrud and its Remains (1966), vol. 1, 124. The lexical list HAR-ra = hubullu, tablet VI, ed. B. Landsberger

## 'library'
   - impose this same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available
   - Scarre. The staff and the facilities of the Sackler Library in Oxford were invaluable. Christopher Dalley,
   - (Reproduced by kind permission of the Sherardian Library of Plant Taxonomy, One of the Bodleian Libraries

## 'Lucian'
   - long it will be just as hard to find as Nineveh.'” Lucian was relaying a stereotype based ultimately on the
   - Hellenic Studies 111 (1991), 71-86. J. Lightfoot, Lucian, On the Syrian Goddess (2003), 351-2. B. Yildirim
   - Diodorus Siculus, Library of History, 11.28.7. Lucian, Charon, 23. For the survival of the lamentation
   - edn. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Lightfoot, J. 2003. Lucian, On the Syrian Goddess. Oxford: Oxford University

## 'Luckenbill'
   - first attempt at a translation, made by Daniel Luckenbill in Chicago, was published: In times past, when
   - beams/bars’ with the date palm, but he followed Luckenbill in sup- posing that‘Sennacherib had reverted
   - ambiguity comes from the word burtu to which both Luckenbill and Laessge had given the meaning ‘well’: we
   - ambiguity in the wording is nalbas seni which Luckenbill translated as ‘sheepskins’; Heidel translated
   - his ancestors. Incidentally, the words which Luckenbill translated as ‘I built a form of clay and poured

## 'Mallowan'
   - photograph. See Mallowan, Nimrud and its Remains, vol. 2 (1966), 443-50, esp. plate on p. 447. Mallowan, Nimrud
   - city’; 299-300; vol. 2, 602. Mallowan, Nimrud and its Remains, 1, 298. Mallowan, Nimrud and its Remains,
   - Forschungen 24 (2007), 18 and 21, BM 118906; M. E. L. Mallowan, Nimrud and its Remains (1966), vol. 1, 124. The
   - Early First Millennium BC II (1996), 226-7. M. Mallowan, Nimrud and its Remains, vol. 1 (1966), 260. The
   - assyriologiques bréves et utilitaires 55 (1994). Mallowan, Nimrud and its Remains, vol. 2 (1966), 480; J

## 'Maltai'
   - sculpture at Maltai. (Reproduced from F. Thureau-Dangin, ‘Les Sculptures rupestres de Maltai’, Revue d’Assyriologie
   - processions of gods, the best pre- served being at Maltai and Khinnis (see Figures 29, 30, 32, and Plates
   - ‘northern system’, a channel may have begun at Maltai, and perhaps joined a huge canal located near the
   - devoted Fig. 29 Drawing of a great rock sculpture at Maltai, showing Sennacherib in the assembly of gods. 94
   - overlooking the headwaters both at Bavian and at Maltai (and perhaps elsewhere), but also offerings were

## 'Marduk'
   - place of Marduk as Bél ‘Lord’ at the city Ashur, and Ishtar of Nineveh to take the place of Marduk as Bél
   - inscriptions bee-keeping, 5, 59 Bel-Marduk temple tower, 18 Berossus (priest of Marduk), 23, 35-8, 100, 219 n.31
   - (founder of Manichaeism), 161 Marduk (god), 9, 27, 115-17, 122, 154, 206 Marduk-apla-iddina II, king see Merodach
   - Babylon, the temple tower of the great god Bel-Marduk, famously described by Herodotus. The idea obviated

## 'Marduk AND Ashur'
   - road alongside it, wall-panels of Sennacherib and Ashur- banipal had been re-used.** Campbell-Thompson
   - Near East (1994), 30-2. See e.g. A. R. George, ‘Marduk and the cult of the gods of Nippur at Babylon’, Orientalia
   - ‘The bricks of E-sagil’, Iraq 57, 173-97. 1997. ‘Marduk and the cult of the gods of Nippur at Babylon’, Orienta-

## 'Mausolus'
   - Pyramids... (gap)... the fu- nerary monument of Mausolus in Halicarnassus...(gap)...” Around the same time
   - Introduction Rhodes were not yet created, and King Mausolus was not yet born. In the various lists known from
   - have had occasion to visit Rhodes, Ephesus, and Mausolus’ monument at Halicarnassus, so taking in three

## 'Medes'
   - her eye on the great and expanding power of the Medes and the many cities, including Nineveh itself, which
   - were able to survive the disasters of conquests by Medes, Baby- lonians and Persians. During the Achaemenid
   - sure that Nineveh was utterly destroyed when the Medes and Babylonians sacked the city. The plain reading
   - implicitly included Elamites when they referred to ‘Medes’, emphasizing Cyrus’ family connection with the
   - Mespila and Larissa are said to have belonged to the Medes before they were conquered in circumstances which

## 'Median'
   - emphasizing Cyrus’ family connection with the Median royal line.** As at Nineveh, so at nearby Nimrud
   - took place—only elsewhere is it called Cunaxa. The Median Wall that he described cannot be located in the

## 'Melville'
   - Appropriations in Antiquity (2005), 11-22. See also S. C. Melville, The Role of Naqia/Zakutu in Sargonid Politics
   - Assyria XIII (1998), nos. 61, 76, 77; and see Melville, The Role of Naqi‘a-Zakutu (1999), 44-7. S. Parpola
   - Diodorus Siculus, Library of History, 11.8.8. See Melville, The Role of Nagia/Zakutu (1999), figs. 1 and
   - she was related to Hezekiah in Jerusalem. See Melville, The Role of Naqia/Zakutu (1999), 14 n. 10, quoting

## 'Mespila'
   - the Assyrian cities by their known names. Both Mespila and Larissa are said to have belonged to the Medes
   - invasion of, 97-8 and Rome, 177 and Xenophon, 192 Mespila (city), 192-3 metaphors, 62 Method of Mechanical

## 'Milton'
   - memoir, in The Poetical Works of John Milton (1896), 17. John Milton, Paradise Lost IV.137-42, quoted from
   - Nimrud. (Layard, Discoveries (1853), 350) 155 Milton adapted Diodorus Siculus’ description of the Hanging
   - his poetic depiction of the Garden of Eden. (John Milton, Paradise Lost book 4, illustration by G. van der

## 'Mithridates'
   - aD 24 AD Quintus Curtius Rufus floruit c.43 Mithridates captured Nineveh c.50 Nero built Domus Aurea
   - which Strabo recounted,** and yet another by Mithridates around AD 50, mentioned by Tacitus.”° Layard
   - (Archimedes), 56 Milton, John (poet), 158-9, 160, 207 Mithridates, king, 186 Morgan, Lewis (scholar), 208 mosaic

## 'Mosul'
   - showing the walls, the two citadels, and modern Mosul across the Tigris. Engineering for Water Management
   - Shibaniba R. TIGRIS @> DAM ql Nineveh Halzi PROVINCE MOSUL Kisiri Ancient name ++ Canal . . S.A . . <A Major
   - has been suggested as the early form of the name Mosul on the other side of the Tigris, opposite Nineveh
   - Lewis (scholar), 208 mosaic, 139, Colour Plate 8 Mosul (city in N.Iraq), 241 n.63 mugerru (wheel), 77 Mullissu

## 'moulds'
   - outside surface, with a gap in between the two moulds which were linked by means of carefully placed
   - no suggestion that the beautifully made ceramic moulds of Chinese castings were imitated in Assyria. But

## 'Nabonidus'
   - attributed to the city wall in his time. When Nabonidus, who ruled Babylon half a century later, repaired
   - Babylon; and the main temple in Borsippa. Finally, Nabonidus used it at least twice: for the walls of Babylon
   - because both had attacked Jerusalem, or with Nabonidus the last king of Babylon, distorting the facts
   - last kings of Assyria recorded by the mother of Nabonidus, who evidently had not supported their factions
   - distraught at the damage done to the wonderful city. Nabonidus later recorded his predecessor’s reaction to the

## 'Nabopolassar'
   - when power had passed from Assyria to Babylon, Nabopolassar, who founded the new dynasty in Babylon, wrote
   - Babylonians threw off their yoke. At that time I, Nabopolassar . .. —Imgur-Enlil the great wall of Baby- lon
   - depositing a building inscription in it. Although Nabopolassar did not use the expression ‘wonder of all peoples’
   - building work. In the words of his proud father Nabopolassar, ‘I had builders’ baskets made of gold and silver

## 'Nabu'
   - Mesopotamian god Nabu.”” The rather vaguely recorded evidence for repairs to the temple of Nabu scarcely helps
   - W. Hutchinson, ‘The excavations on the temple of Nabu at Nineveh’, Archaeologia 79 (1929), pl. 62, with
   - of Marduk there, as well as the temple of the god Nabu in the neighbouring city of Borsippa, encouraging

## 'Nagel'
   - Robert Koldeweys 1899-1917 (2005), 111-27. 2. W. Nagel, “Wo lagen die “Hangende Garten” in Babylon?’, Mitteilungen
   - Barbarism to Civilization. Chicago: Charles H. Kerr. Nagel, W. 1978. ‘Wo lagen die “Hangende Garten” in Babylon
   - 124, 168-70, 195 (temple of), 122-3, 188, 190 Nagel, Wolfram, 14 Nahum (biblical prophet), 182 nalbas

## 'Nagia'
   - 1962) Cast bronze panel showing Sennacherib’s widow Nagia, from Hilleh near Babylon. (Louvre, AO 20185, reproduced
   - Stratonice. Like the original Sammu-ramat and like Nagia, Stratonice was the wife of a king, Seleucus I,
   - the great temple Ezida dedicated to the god Nabu—Nagia had also been involved in refur- bishment there
   - Sennacherib’s two successive queens, Tashmetu- sharrat and Nagia. How much Sennacherib himself was the genius behind
   - Assyria X (1993), no. 348. Melville, The Role of Nagia/Zakutu (1999), appendix A, lists the sources. 232

## 'Nahum'
   - of biblical text. The biblical account given by Nahum described the fall of Nineveh in apocalyptic terms
   - Babylonians sacked the city. The plain reading of Nahum was apparently supported by the eye-witness observations
   - Histoire des idées linguistiques (1992), 251-70. . Nahum ch. 3, supported by Ezekiel 31: 3-18. See e.g. P
   - (temple of), 122-3, 188, 190 Nagel, Wolfram, 14 Nahum (biblical prophet), 182 nalbas séni (clothing of

## 'Naqia'
   - became kings of Assyria and Babylonia respectively. Naqia recorded her own building of a new palace at Nineveh
   - conflate the two great queens, two great builders. Naqia would be the wife of the later Assyrian king to
   - different purposes. Sennacherib’s second official wife Naqia, however, would have taken over from Tashmetu-sharrat
   - the west, but probably not from the Amanus area.* Naqia was one of the queens who conformed to the archetype

## 'Nearchus'
   - Pompeius Trogus, Books 11-12 (1997), 268, quoting Nearchus apud Arrian 6.24.2-3, and Strabo, 15.1.5. C 686

## 'Nebi Yunus'
   - kind permission of Dvora Netzer) 177 View of Nebi Yunus, the second citadel mound at Nineveh. (Groeber
   - Kouyunjik on which the great palaces were found, and Nebi Yunus (see Figure 34b). It joins the river Tigris on
   - and Revival z ¥ cd a oe PSG Je Fig. 61 View of Nebi Yunus, the second citadel mound at Nineveh. % x62 View
   - comes from the second citadel mound of Nineveh, Nebi Yunus, which faces Kouyunjik (the other citadel mound)
   - Continuity of Empire (2003), 157-67. Kouyunjik and Nebi Yunus are the names of the two citadel mounds at Nineveh

## 'Nebuchadnezzar'
   - style of palace decoration, 109, 110 Nebuchadnezzar II see Nebuchadnezzar the Great Negoub tunnel, 48, 87
   - Southern palace of Nebuchadnezzar, 13, 15, 16, 45, 109, 110 Summer palace of Nebuchadnezzar, Colour Plate
   - including the parts played by Semiramis and Nebuchadnezzar, Dalley shows why this Garden deserves its
   - (2000), pl. 1a) East India House inscription of Nebuchadnezzar I, (BM 129397. © The Trustees of the British
   - from issue no. 879, p. 18) Barrel cylinder of Nebuchadnezzar II. (AM 1939-432. Reproduced by kind permission

## 'Negoub'
   - at Babylon. (Author’s colour slide, 1967) . The Negoub tunnel, made in the 9th century Bc. (Author’s colour
   - it debouched into the Tigris through the famous Negoub tunnel in which the flow could be regulated by
   - largely comparable to the qanat for his tunnel at Negoub, tunnelling through intransigent conglomerate rock
   - improver) had put sluice-gates into the rock-cut Negoub tunnel, but they were almost certainly operated
   - Hellenistic’;*° and fine pottery beakers 2. The Negoub tunnel, made in the gth century BC, part of an

## 'Nero'
   - Rufus floruit c.43 Mithridates captured Nineveh c.50 Nero built Domus Aurea c.64-68 Josephus wrote C93 Deiogenes
   - temporary with Roman rulers from Julius Caesar to Nero, and all except the last wrote in Greek. During
   - 37/8, exactly contemporary with the Roman emperor Nero, wrote a brief passage about the Hanging Garden
   - local rule of a stratégos. Most likely, therefore, Nero had the World Wonder of ‘Babylon’ specifically in

## 'New Year Festival'
   - ancient robe for celebrating the festival of the New Year in Babylon. But for Jews and Christians he was
   - that records the building of his temple of the New Year festival in the city of ,__Sennacherib’s Great
   - Following the sack of Babylon by Sennacherib, the New Year festival was not celebrated, as is stated laconically
   - Nineveh of an __ akitu-house, a temple of the New Year festival, for Ishtar of Nineveh in her city.”*
   - supersede Babylon. With his new version recited at the New Year festival in Nineveh, and with that adaptation

## 'Nile'
   - driving the Egyptians out of Syria and back into the Nile valley. After inheriting the kingship from his father
   - Archimedes were there before the latter reached the Nile. In Egypt the screw is ideal for raising water over
   - over the banks of canals or branches of the Nile delta into the fields lying alongside, and they are
   - Ancient East (Childe), 55 New Year Festival 23, 116-7 Nile, 56 Nimrud (city, ancient Calah), 9, 121, 122, 1269192

## 'Nimrud'
   - portable hearth at Nimrud. (Drawing by Marion Cox, after D. Oates and J. Oates, Nimrud: An Imperial City
   - Mallowan, Nimrud and its Remains, vol. 2 (1966), 443-50, esp. plate on p. 447. Mallowan, Nimrud and its
   - Mallowan, Nimrud and its Remains, vol. 2 (1966), 480; J. E. Curtis, ‘Glass inlays and Nimrud ivories’
   - J. V. Kinnier Wilson, The Nimrud Wine Lists, Cuneiform Texts from Nimrud I (1972), no. 4: rev. 14°(

## 'Nineveh AND Babylon AND confusion'
   - in Nippur, any great city such as Babylon, and eventually Nineveh and Nimrud, could lay claim to be the
   - whose popular book Nineveh and its Remains was published in 1850, and Nineveh and Babylon appeared in
   - 1850. Nineveh and its Remains. London: John Murray. 1853. Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon
   - 83-4, 84, 150 ziggurat, 149 Nineveh and Babylon (Layard), 183, 186 Nineveh and its Remains (Layard), 183

## 'Ninos'
   - as legendary founders of Aphrodisias (b) Showing Ninos as a founding father of Aphrodisias. (© NYU-Aphrodisias
   - from a surviving prologue, to have begun with Ninos and Semiramis, bender characters whose part in this
   - javelin at a leopard, and nearby was her husband Ninos, in the act of thrusting his spear into a lion at
   - Ht. 99 cm, length 235 cm. Fig. 37 (b) Showing Ninos as a founding father of Aphrodisias—Nineveh. Ht

## 'Ninus'
   - Heracles or Aeneas, or an eponymous one such as Ninus or Alexander, in Babylon Seleucus I and his son
   - credited with leading campaigns with her husband ‘Ninus’, and with building works in Babylon, among them
   - written in Greek, the history of empires began with Ninus and Semiramis, and it was Semiramis who conquered

## 'Nitocris'
   - whole countryside. The later of the two queens, ‘Nitocris’,... having her eye on the great and expanding
   - ‘Semiramis’ confused with other queens and with ‘Nitocris’. For each of them an explanation can be given
   - to Nineveh when he described the changes that ‘Nitocris’ made to turn a straight watercourse into a winding

## 'Nonsuch'
   - of Prussia with Sans Souci, and Henry VIII with Nonsuch (‘unrivalled’), all great builders of palaces who

## 'novel'
   - Cyropaedia some of the character of a novel.”* At that time the novel was gaining popularity—a new form of
   - suspicion of a common source such as a folktale or novel, and partly because all the other six World Wonders
   - dated between the Ist century Bc and ap 50,”° his novel would have been available to Josephus, and it contains
   - with longing for her home and family.” Thus that novel, or a similar one, is a possible s source of inspiration
   - thunderstorm respectively. The extant fragment B of the novel Ninos and Semiramis, preserved on a papyrus dating

## 'Oates'
   - millennium sc. (Reproduced from C. Postgate, D. Oates and J. Oates, The Excavations at Tell Al-Rimah: The Pottery
   - Nimrud. (Drawing by Marion Cox, after D. Oates and J. Oates, Nimrud: An Imperial City Revealed (2001)
   - and in dictionaries. Oates: ‘bends and spirals’, Johnstone ‘in a screw’. Oates: ‘the twists of these
   - centuries BC, ARAM 13-14 (2001-2), 443-60; D. Oates and J. Oates, Nimrud: An Assyrian Imperial City Revealed
   - Eastern Archaeology 72 (2009), 190-202. . D. Oates and J. Oates, Nimrud: An Assyrian Imperial City Revealed

## 'obelisk'
   - writing in the following century, mentioned an obelisk installed in Babylonia by Semiramis ‘beside the
   - writers who listed seven sights included Semiramis’ obelisk, an omission which indicates that the listing was

## 'Oleson'
   - Tongues, 38, quoted by J. P. Oleson, eds. J. W. Humphrey, J. P. Oleson and A. N. Sherwood, Greek and
   - construction. (Reproduced by kind permission of John Oleson) . The wooden screws set up over cisterns. (Reproduced
   - (Reproduced by kind permission of John Oleson) . Pebble mosaic floor at Tushhan, modern Ziyaret Tepe. (Reproduced
   - ‘Machines in Greek and Roman technology’, ed. J. P. Oleson, Oxford Handbook of Engineering and Technology
   - Roman Near East 31 BC-AD 337 (1993), 82-3. J. P. Oleson, Greek and Roman Mechanical Water-Lifting Devices:

## 'olive'
   - different kinds, almonds, dates, ebony, rosewood, olive, oak, tamarisk, walnut, terebinth and ash, fir,
   - invented pottery; that Athena had planted the first olive and invented weaving. The people of the island of
   - Iraq is not an environment suitable for growing olive trees, Sennach- erib claimed to have grown them
   - glossy burden, the sweet fig and the luxuriant olive. Their fruit never fails nor runs short, winter

## 'Olympia'
   - ture in an area where honey is still famous); Olympia on mainland Greece claimed the statue of Zeus crafted
   - have begun in ~ Greece, linked to the fame of Olympia and the Olympic Games, where recognizable civic
   - centuries Bc com- petitive sports took place at Olympia, Delphi and then spread to Athens and Nemea. Particular

## 'On Spirals'
   - its inventor because of his mathematical work On Spirals, and because of the well-established tendency
   - Oedipus, 20 276 Olympia, 5, 169 Oman, 86-7, 163 On Spirals (Archimedes), 57, 59 Onesicritus, 30 opus cochliae

## 'Onesicritus'
   - hindsight. Strabo extracted material from one Onesicritus who had also cam- paigned with Alexander. Diodorus

## 'Original Drawing'
   - bas-relief. (Layard, Discoveries (1853), 232, now Original Drawing IV 77) 50 14 Part of the garden at Nineveh
   - threshold slab from the South-West Palace. (BM, Original Drawing I 53. ©Trustees of the British Museum) Sennacherib
   - pomegranates, and locusts in the South-West Palace. (Original Drawing IV 69, from WAA 124799. © The Trustees of
   - vases of flowers into the South-West Palace. (Original Drawing IV 69 British Museum. © The Trustees of the

## 'panel'
   - articulated. The right hand panel cannot be directly related to the edge of the main panel, so part of the scene
   - Drawing IV 77, nor on the surviving panel of Ashurbanipal. The panel of bas-relief installed by Ashurbanipal
   - substantial amount of the top of the panel is broken away. The adjacent panel shows the palace with pillars
   - downstream. (Author’s colour slides, 1967) . Large panel of sculpture on a rock face at Khinnis. (Author’s

## 'Paradise'
   - Bremmer, ‘Paradise: from Persia, via Greece, into the Septuagint’, ed. G. Luttikhuizen, Paradise Interpreted
   - 1999. ‘Paradise: from Persia, via Greece, into the Septuagint’, ed. G. P. Luttikhuizen, Paradise Interpreted
   - Luttikhuizen, G. P., ed. 1999. Paradise Interpreted: Representations of Biblical Paradise in Judaism and Christianity
   - depiction of the Garden of Eden. (John Milton, Paradise Lost book 4, illustration by G. van der Gucht
   - Selbourne in Hampshire.'’ Sir Thomas Browne’s ‘pensile paradise’ was pre- ferred for its poetic alliteration derived

## 'Parthian'
   - maintained without a break to Parthian times. Several Roman helmets of Parthian or Sassanian date were found
   - techniques in Seleucid and Parthian Iran, and their place in the “Parthian” cultural milieu: some preliminary
   - (Milton), 158-9, 160, 207 Parthian empire, 27, 30, 33, 41, 177, 186-8, 187, 195 Parthian lintel, 187, 187 Pasargadae
   - buildings. (Layard, Discoveries (1853), 345) 184 64 Parthian lintel found in the South-West Palace at Nineveh
   - statues. (Author’s drawing, after Reade, “Greco-Parthian Nineveh’, Iraq 60 (1998), 71 figs. 5 and 6, WA

## 'Pasargadae'
   - When Cyrus II built his ceremonial capital at Pasargadae around 545 BC, it was the palace architecture
   - at Nineveh before embarking upon the design of Pasargadae, with its composite creatures dominating the
   - As- syrian art and architecture, manifest at Pasargadae and at Persepolis, and for the amazement of scouts
   - source for the sculptures of the audience hall, Pasargadae’, Iran 10 (1972), 146-8; M. Roaf, Reallexikon

## 'pavilion'
   - 11) It shows a lake with a boat, a boat-house or pavilion, and an artificial-looking hill with an altar
   - of the main building. On the left side of the pavilion an extension to the building with a path leading
   - partly matching those on the right side of the pavilion; lower down, the lines of trees slant, implying
   - it is correct to interpret the left part of the pavilion as showing by rabattement the side that in fact

## 'Pergamum'
   - inspiration. There is an obvious comparison at Pergamum with the Great Altar which is surrounded on three

## 'Persepolis'
   - original models’.°’ Likewise when Darius built Persepolis around 515 Bc, nearly a century after the fall
   - and architecture, manifest at Pasargadae and at Persepolis, and for the amazement of scouts in Alexander’s
   - Reallexikon der Assyriologie, vol. 10 (2004), s.v. ‘Persepolis’; see also Layard, Nineveh and its Remains, vol
   - Reallexikon der Assyriologie, vol. 10, s.v. ‘Persepolis’. Robertson, D. S. 1969 (reprint). Greek and

## 'Pharos'
   - the great pyramid and the lighthouse known as the Pharos in the harbour at Alexandria; the Aegean island

## 'Philo'
   - 187, 205, 206, 220 n.42 Philo Judaeus, 76 Phoenician History (Herennius Philo of Byblos), 58 pillars,
   - 287-212 Latest known copy of Gilgamesh Epic Gry, Philo of Byzantium the Engineer floruit c.200 Apollonios
   - Nineveh c.200 Bahram II (rock carvings) ruled 276-93 Philo of Byzantium the Paradoxographer c.350? Ammianus
   - the Greek lists—those given by Antipater, Strabo, Philo of Byzantium, and a few Roman and Christian writers

## 'pillared'
   - planting. (Author’s drawing, from WAA 124939) 52 15 Pillared facade, probably depicting part of Sennacherib’s
   - (1853), 462) Plan of the bit hilani, a palace with pillared portico at Tell Halaf in N. Syria. (Drawn by Felix
   - and seems to describe the ones planted above the pillared walkway. Curtius barely mentions the means of
   - In particular the trees planted on top of the pillared walkway would have had to be replaced on a regular
   - set side by side—and the top terrace supported a pillared walkway which had trees planted on its roof. A

## 'Pliny'
   - his information.”* Much later the Roman writer Pliny the Elder described the city, again without referring
   - see also alamittu Plato, 108, 172 Pleiades, 6 Pliny the Elder, 26 Plutarch, 26, 55-6 Polycrates, 87

## 'portico'
   - Plan of the bit hilani, a palace with pillared portico at Tell Halaf in N. Syria. (Drawn by Felix Langenegger
   - single plane surface.’ If so, it would be the portico which is a feature of the bit hilani, a type of
   - of residential building with a pillared portico that the Assyrians adopted from Syria.'* Maybe the stela
   - going to cast the gateway column-bases for the portico of the hilani-palace?”’ I have asked Ashur-shumu-ke’in
   - and I constructed ‘a building with a pillared portico’ (bit hilani) like a North Syrian palace, opposite

## 'Posidonius'
   - with a trifling amount of labour. He was quoting Posidonius (c.135-50 Bc) in the context of mines in Spain
   - Siculus, Library of History 1.34.2 and (quoting Posidonius of Apamea) V.37.3. Gutzwiller, A Guide to Hellenistic

## 'Prism'
   - was damaged on the prism available to Luckenbill, but well-preserved on the prism edited by Heidel, just
   - after 612 Bc Conclusion Appendix: The Section of Prism Inscription Describing the Palace and Garden Notes

## 'pulleys'
   - of the river; and partly by means of wells with pulleys within buildings and their courtyards. An enormous

## 'pyramids'
   - why this Garden deserves its place alongside the Pyramids and the Colossus of Rhodes as one of the most
   - temple of Artemis in Ephesus, (...gap...:) the Pyramids... (gap)... the fu- nerary monument of Mausolus

## 'qanat'
   - 15 (1955), 297-397, Sheet 1) Diagram to show a qanat: aerial view and side section. (Author’s drawing)
   - Village pool with gardens Fig. 27 Diagram to show a qanat: aerial view and side section. been developed in
   - expansion in the size of settlements (see Figure 27). Qanat refers to the system of collecting water that seeps
   - Oman, a town which still bears that name.” The qanat system was eventually adopted by the Achaemenid

## 'quay'
   - to this bank; they sank some large ships at the quay crossing, and exhausted their labour force, they
   - ‘The god Ea who controls my spring’ Gate of the quay: ‘Lets in the products of human habitations’ Gate

## 'queen'
   - meant “queen, official consort’ at that period because the word normally translated as ‘queen’ was reserved
   - of Original Drawing IV 77. 168 Ashurbanipal and queen with trophies. (Author’s drawing, after BM 124920)
   - Gaugamela 331 Berossus floruit c.290 Stratonice became queen of Seleucus I c.290 Archimedes floruit c.287-212

## 'Rassam'
   - the great god perfected in me unrivalled kingship Rassam Cylinder inscription 1-4 To make his new palace
   - below the surface in one of the palaces at Nineveh Rassam found a fine statue of Heracles Epitrapezios ‘(sitting)

## 'Rassam Cylinder'
   - great god perfected in me unrivalled kingship Rassam Cylinder inscription 1-4 To make his new palace and

## 'Reade'
   - Nineveh done by other scholars, especially Julian Reade. It will be clear not least from the bibliography
   - for three small statues. (Author’s drawing, after Reade, “Greco-Parthian Nineveh’, Iraq 60 (1998), 71 figs
   - his 65th Birthday (2008), 306 and n. 47. J. E. Reade, “Alexander the Great and the Hanging Gardens’,
   - Hanging Gardens, and may even have added to them’. 5. Reade, “Alexander the Great and the Hanging Gardens’,
   - 62 (2000), 213 fig. 11, drawn by his son William Reade. 6. K. Polinger Foster, “The Hanging Gardens of

## 'renamed'
   - not renamed Seleucia—that name was given to a new city founded on the Tigris. Nor was it renamed Alexandria
   - have been aware of that, and is likely to have renamed the gates as a deliberate act to match his capital

## 'Rollinger'
   - and R. Rollinger, ‘Die Hangenden Garten zu Ninive: Die Lésung eines Ratsels?’, ed. R. Rollinger, Von Sumer
   - (written in linear alphabetic script). See R. Rollinger, “The terms “Assyria” and “Syria” Again’, Journal
   - Assyrian heartland in the period 612-539 BC’, ed. R. Rollinger, Continuity of Empire (2003), 157-67. Kouyunjik
   - Acta Iranica 49 (2010), 166-7 and 177 ia, WH R. Rollinger, ‘Der Stammbaum des achaimenidischen K6nigshauses’
   - heartland’, eds. G. Lanfranchi, M. Roaf and R. Rollinger, Continuity of Empire? (2003), 157-67. R. Da Riva

## 'roof'
   - Figure 3). As Koldewey well knew, the suggestion of a roof-top garden did not agree with the descriptions of
   - In that part of the building suggested for the roof garden were stored administrative records of unbaked
   - ’ Such a function would be impractical beneath a roof garden, from which leakages of water might from
   - tablets to puddles of mud. Nevertheless, the idea of a roof garden that would give a bird’s eye view of the

## 'Russell'
   - Norma Franklin, Liz Frood, Joyce Reynolds, John Russell, Sue Sherratt, Grahame Soffe, Arie van der Kooij
   - 16. 17. 18. Notes to pp. 134-144 233 See J. M. Russell, Sennacherib’s Palace Without Rival at Nineveh
   - 1-22. Their function was not established. . J. M. Russell, “Sennacherib’s Palace Without Rival Revisited’
   - Imperial City Revealed (2003), plate 12c. . See J. M. Russell, The Writing on the Wall: Studies in the Architectural
   - Israel in its Near Eastern Context (2006), 155-70. Russell, The Writing on the Wall (1999), 180. Pointed out

## 'sacked'
   - did building work there, but later besieged and sacked the city, and when eventually peace was restored
   - derived from two biblical texts: as the conqueror who sacked the temple in Jerusalem (2 Kings 24 and 2 Chron
   - own sons, and the damage done to Babylon when he sacked it. Ashurbanipal celebrated the genius of his grand-
   - have lived on... No other land seems to have been sacked and pillaged so completely as was Assyria ...the

## 'sacred grove'
   - 3, some temples were designed to represent a sacred grove. The god Nergal had the epithet “King Poplar’
   - Lamia Al-Gailani for the Kufa Gallery in Westbourne Grove, London, in 1998 (in aid of Help the Children of
   - a name for a district of Babylon, was the most sacred area which encompassed the great temple and ziggurat
   - the Manichaean religion and inspired much of its sacred literature, was born in Babylon in ap 216, at a

## 'Sammu-ramat'
   - in Iraq), 74, 75 Sammu-ramat (daughter-in-law of Shalmaneser III), 121-4 Sammu-ramat (Semiramis in Greek
   - Time-line Almost all dates are approximate. BC Sammu-ramat, the first Semiramis floruit 805 Sennacherib
   - (Commagene) incited Adad-nirari king of Assyria, and Sammu-ramat the palace woman, to cross the Euphra- tes, I

## 'Sardanapalus'
   - and that this mound is said to be the work of Sardanapalus, who had been king in Nineveh.” Another capture
   - (son of Artemidorus) see Heracles Epitrapezios Sardanapalus, king, 109, 182 Sargon II, king and Anshar,

## 'Sardis'
   - Cyrus had personally shown him the par- adeisos at Sardis. When Lysander had expressed amazement at the beauty

## 'Sargon'
   - panel carved in bas-relief, found in the palace of Sargon at Khorsabad (P.-E. Botta and E. Flandin, Monument
   - partial rebuilding were carried out frequently. Sargon II (721-705 Bc) repaired and strengthened both
   - Assyria including the one at Khorsabad made by Sargon I], father of Sennacherib (see Figure 11). A high

## 'screw'
   - programme showed that the screw raises water far more efficiently than a shaduf. The screw, which raises water
   - of hands and feet in the operation of a screw: Compare the screw, the water-lifting device. There are some
   - 119, 170, 174, 176, 195 Egyptian screw 56-7, see also Archimedean screw Ekur (temple in Nippur, S.Iraq)

## 'Second Babylon'
   - suits Nimrud, 33.04, 32.32 and 32.04 for “Other/Second Babylon’ suit Sippar, Babylon and Borsippa respectively

## 'Seleucia'
   - might have been expected. Babylon was not renamed Seleucia—that name was given to a new city founded on the
   - Colour Plates 5-7 sékiru (water engineers), 81 Seleucia (city-site in Iraq), 37 Seleucid empire, 26-7
   - river Khosr, 90 location confusion, 120, 126 and Seleucia, 27, 37 tributaries, 47-8 Titus, Emperor, 75 ‘Toledo

## 'Seleucid'
   - not have served a Seleucid king, since the title continued in use as the Seleucid empire fragmented.
   - in Babylonia, and would have been known to the Seleucid kings from their study of neo-Babylonian inscriptions
   - of 522-521 Bc in Babylon, or much later in the Seleucid period.? But this is only guesswork based on historical
   - Mesopotamia under the benevo- lent protection of the Seleucid kings, or during Roman times, would not have been
   - themselves ‘Nebuchadnez- zar. When eventually Seleucid kings ingratiated themselves with the Babylonians

## 'Seleucus'
   - Berossus floruit c.290 Stratonice became queen of Seleucus I c.290 Archimedes floruit c.287-212 Latest known
   - eponymous one such as Ninus or Alexander, in Babylon Seleucus I and his son Antiochus with queen Stratonice
   - like Nagia, Stratonice was the wife of a king, Seleucus I, and continued her rise to fame when she was
   - the Seleucid period, whether around 300 Bc under Seleucus I or under one of his successors.°° Under Seleucid

## 'Semiramis'
   - history of empires began with Ninus and Semiramis, and it was Semiramis who conquered the first world empire
   - 199, 202 Seleucus I, king, 37, 124 Semiramis canal, 87 Semiramis (queen), 4, 5, 26, 31-2, 98-9, 107,
   - around the Garden, including the parts played by Semiramis and Nebuchadnezzar, Dalley shows why this Garden

## 'Semiramis AND canal'
   - the history of empires began with Ninus and Semiramis, and it was Semiramis who conquered the first world
   - grandson)—perhaps the ‘bronze likeness of Ninus and Semiramis and their officers’ which Diodorus says graced the

## 'Sennacherib AND gates'
   - lands tales based essentially on the deeds of Sennacherib and his family. Postscript In the summer of 2012
   - text was inscribed on horse-troughs made by Sennacherib and found at Nineveh: Horse-troughs of white limestone
   - botanical identifications difficult. Whether Sennacherib and his advisers were aware of those Egyptian collections
   - garden at Nimrud, it is not extant; but Sargon, Sennacherib and Ashurbanipal in the late 8th and early 7th

## 'Seven Wonders'
   - wrote his chapter for Peter Clayton’s book The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World in 1988, he began his contribution
   - famed far and wide as one of the celebrated Seven Wonders of the World, have never been conclusively identified
   - conclusion, writing in 1988 that ‘of all the Seven Wonders, they are the one that everyone first names

## 'shaduf'
   - phrase ‘instead of a shaduf’ implies that the new mechanism does the same job as a shaduf. Besides, to bring
   - and 260) Drawing showing a man raising water by shaduf (Author’s drawing, after R. D. Barnett et al.,
   - the possi- bility of a water wheel or any type of shaduf, both of which are highly visible (see Figure 9)
   - but Fig.9 Drawing showing a man raising water by shaduf, from a bas-relief found in Sennacherib’s South-West
   - collection of winter rain-water, and partly from shaduf-raised water. An elaborate system of conduits,

## 'Sharbel'
   - (wax), 65 issakku (steward farmer), 102 Issar-Bel/Sharbel (deity), 200 itqu (fleece), 65 Izki (town in Oman)

## 'Shibaniba'
   - Kisiri Halahhu y AR PROVINCE Be aS SHALLALAT DAM 9 Shibaniba R. TIGRIS @> DAM ql Nineveh Halzi PROVINCE MOSUL
   - inscription at Bavian: Above the towns Dur-Ishtar, Shibaniba and Sulu I saw streams and enlarged their narrow

## 'Sibitti'
   - and nations.'® The war-mongering group of gods Sibitti whose very name means ‘Seven’ was identified with
   - Iscrizioni (2004), 41, no. 65. F. Safar, ‘The temple of Sibitti at Khorsabad’, Sumer 13 (1957), 219-21. Reade,
   - with water’, Sumer 3, 25=5% 1957. ‘The temple of Sibitti at Khorsabad’, Sumer 13, 219-21. Sagona, A. and
   - king, 121 Shemshara (site in N.Iraq), 241 n.68 Sibitti gods, 6, 195-6 Siebold, Philipp Franz von (plant

## 'silk'
   - Also known as Ibn al-Zarqallu. Dade 28. 29. 30. Silk o2: BS: 34. SY 36. Sie 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44

## 'Simms'
   - Dijksterhuis, Archimedes (1956), 22-3. See e.g. D. L. Simms, ‘Archimedes the engineer’, History of Technology

## 'Sippar'
   - 32.32 and 32.04 for “Other/Second Babylon’ suit Sippar, Babylon and Borsippa respectively, 31.18 and 30
   - fouilles: ouvrage défensif de Nabuchodonosor au nord de Sippar’, Northern Akkad Project Reports 2 (1989), 23-70
   - ‘Nebuchadnessar II’s cross-country wall north of Sippar: Babylonian textual evidence’. Northern Akkad Project
   - Pouvrage défensif de Nabuchodonosor au nord de Sippar’, Northern Akkad Project Reports 2, 23-70. George

## 'sluice'
   - several mountain streams, by judicious use of canals, sluice-gates, dams and aqueducts, the Ninevites could
   - tunnel in which the flow could be regulated by sluice-gates (see Plate 2). Maintenance was facilitated
   - prayers, and prospered the work of my hands. The sluice- gate of that canal opens without a spade or a
   - shovel and lets the waters of abundance flow: its sluice gate is not opened by the labour of man’s hands
   - automatic mech- anism for opening and closing sluice-gates. We do not have any detailed information

## 'solution'
   - and art history play their part in finding the solution to this puzzle through persistent research. Inscriptions
   - late an- tiquity. This offers an unsatisfactory solution to the problem, partly because the various Classical
   - bronze replicating Senna- cherib’s work, did the solution become plain thanks to a discussion with the bronze-caster

## 'Song of Songs'
   - The Literature of Ancient Sumer (2004), 330-3. ‘Song of the Pickaxe’, see R. J. Clifford, Creation Accounts

## 'South-West Palace'
   - Nineveh, in the south-west part of the citadel mound, and so was called the South-West Palace by the first
   - facade, probably depicting part of Sennacherib’s South-West Palace. (Detail from WA 124938. © The Trustees
   - (1849), 12) 128 39 Plan of part of Sennacherib’s South-West Palace at Nineveh. (A. Paterson Assyrian Sculptures:
   - cakes, grapes, pomegranates, and locusts in the South-West Palace. (Original Drawing IV 69, from WAA 124799

## 'Southern Palace'
   - Plan showing the location of Nebuchadnezzar’s Southern Palace on the citadel of Babylon (From D. J. Wiseman
   - interpreting a complex of rooms within the Southern Palace, where the walls were especially thick, and
   - showing the walls of the Western Outwork or the Southern Palace enclosing the garden at too great a height
   - for the Western Out- work, to protect the Southern Palace from erosion. (See Figure 3) The city was almost

## 'Stevenson'
   - Fragments. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Stevenson, D. W. W. 1992. ‘A proposal for the irrigation

## 'Strabo'
   - Palestine ruled 73-04 c.4 Antipater, poet, writing Strabo 64 Bc-after aD 24 AD Quintus Curtius Rufus floruit
   - Hanging Garden, most of them, Diodorus Siculus, Strabo, Antipater, Josephus and Quintus Curtius Rufus
   - several of the Greek lists—those given by Antipater, Strabo, Philo of Byzantium, and a few Roman and Christian

## 'Stratonice'
   - archetypal ‘Semiramis’ is Stratonice. Like the original Sammu-ramat and like Nagia, Stratonice was the wife of
   - 114 36 Cylinder inscription of Antiochus and Stratonice. (BM 36277, © Trustees of the British Museum)
   - battle of Gaugamela 331 Berossus floruit c.290 Stratonice became queen of Seleucus I c.290 Archimedes floruit
   - Babylon Seleucus I and his son Antiochus with queen Stratonice, keen to integrate themselves into the prestigious
   - Fig. 36 Cylinder inscription of Antiochus and Stratonice recording the restoration of the temple of Nabu

## 'Sumerian word me'
   - chiefly from mythology. In Sumerian myths the Sumerian word me repre- sented the timeless notions of powers

## 'Summer Palace'
   - Colour Plates . View from Nebuchadnezzar’s Summer Palace at Babylon. (Author’s colour slide, 1967) .
   - of Nebuchadnezzar, 13, 15, 16, 45, 109, 110 Summer palace of Nebuchadnezzar, Colour Plate 1 style of palace

## 'Susa'
   - (1953), tomb 45) Barrier of cast bronze found at Susa. (Louvre, author’s photo) (a) Reconstruction drawing
   - be taken literally. For instance the Elamites of Susa in Iran turned the great city of Ur into mounds
   - flourishing soon afterwards. Similarly the Elamite capital Susa, comprehensively looted, demolished and depopulated

## 'Syria'
   - “Assyria” and “Syria” Again’, Journal of Near Eastern Studies 65 (2006), 283-7. . That ‘Syria’ could also
   - (city-site in Syria), 189, 239 n.41 Dur-Sharrukin see Khorsabad Dura Europus (city-site in Syria), 198 Duranki
   - mudbrick in a temple facade at Tell Leilan in NE Syria. (Author’s drawing, after H. Weiss, Biblical Archaeologist
   - palace with pillared portico at Tell Halaf in N. Syria. (Drawn by Felix Langenegger c.1911, published by
   - excavated by archaeologists working in Iraq and Syria, or languish in the great museums and collections

## 'Tarbisu'
   - palace he built for the crown prince in the town Tarbisu close to Nineveh. This was part of a competitive
   - beside the Tigris and bringing water to the town Tarbisu north of Nineveh. This was built some time after
   - the country’ Gate of the god Nergal of the town Tarbisu: ‘Erra, slaughterer of my enemies’ Gate of Sin:
   - 9 see also South-West Palace of Sennacherib at Tarbisu, 9, 92 at Tell Halaf, 141, see also bit hilani
   - Taq-i Bustan (rock sculptures in Iran), 200, 201 Tarbisu (town-site in N.Iraq)), 9, 92 Tarsus (city-site

## 'Tashmetu-sharrat'
   - the basement of the British Museum: And for Tashmetu-sharrat the palace woman, my beloved wife, whose features
   - new one, the North Palace, presumably when Tashmetu- sharrat was supplanted by Nagqia who ensured that
   - Naqia, however, would have taken over from Tashmetu-sharrat as possessor of the garden, so the legend
   - in the garden!’.. . ‘Tashmetu, whose thighs are gazelle in the plain, Tashmetu whose ankles are apple

## 'temple'
   - E-sangil, temple of Marduk Ziqqurrat, or temple-tower, of Babylon Temple of Ishhara Temple of Ninurta
   - Ninurta Temple of Ishtar, Lady of Akkad Temple of the Mother Goddess Temple of Naba Temple of Ashratum SANK
   - and worked to restore the temple of Marduk there, as well as the temple of the god Nabu in the neighbouring
   - palace and a total lack of any mention of a temple or temple tower. The proponent of a reconstruction with

## 'thaumata'
   - writer), 108 Thasos, 190 theamata (sights), 9 thaumata (wonders), 9 theatre, 31, 41, 148, 155, 173 Thebes

## 'theamata'
   - admiration, and corresponds to the earlier Greek theamata. This correspondence between Babylonian and Greek

## 'Theophrastus'
   - bring back botanical information collected by Theophrastus,”° inspir- ing the study of a wider range of
   - more general educational environment. Plato, Theophrastus and Epicurus are all said to have used their
   - 141-50. 36. See P. M. Fraser, “The world of Theophrastus’, ed. S. Hornblower, Greek Historiography (1994)
   - brauns, 129-40. Fraser, P. M. 1994. “The world of Theophrastus’, ed. S. Hornblower, Greek Historiography. Oxford:

## 'thighs'
   - you pleasure in the garden!’.. . ‘Tashmetu, whose thighs are gazelle in the plain, Tashmetu whose ankles

## 'throne room'
   - horse-riders brandishing spears. By ~ contrast the throne-room of Nebuchadnezzar at Babylon has a static, heraldic
   - the Garden 135 Passing through into the great throne-room, one viewed the mag- nificent sculptured panels
   - of the great benefits of Assyrian rule. The throne-room sculptures show seven different campaigns successfully
   - public and presti- gious location such as a throne-room, using passages from more detailed inscriptions
   - re-used bas-relief panels ‘that once graced the Throne-Room’.”° Almost a thousand years intervene between

## 'Tigranes'
   - Apollonios altar inscription at Nineveh c.100-200? Tigranes of Armenia conquered Nineveh 90 Diodorus Siculus
   - Nineveh.” Another capture took place around 90 sc by Tigranes of Armenia which Strabo recounted,** and yet another
   - 83-4, 147, 166 Tiglath-Pileser III, king, 8, 128 Tigranes, king, 186 Tigris river introduction, 1, 3 joining

## 'Time-line'
   - Royal Museums of Art and History, Brussels) 201 Time-line Almost all dates are approximate. BC Sammu-ramat

## 'Toledo'
   - incorporated much older information into the “Toledo tables’. His text referred explicitly to ancient
   - Seleucia, 27, 37 tributaries, 47-8 Titus, Emperor, 75 ‘Toledo tables’, 119-20 Tower of Babel, 36 Trajan, Emperor

## 'Trajan'
   - Palace at Nineveh c.100 (?) Plutarch floruit 100 Trajan made Mesopotamia a province 115-17 Statue of Hermes
   - Tiberius (42 Bc—ap 30) and impressions of a coin of Trajan (Ap 98-117) on gold leaves, also found in the tombs
   - 75 ‘Toledo tables’, 119-20 Tower of Babel, 36 Trajan, Emperor, 199 trees, see plants, planting Tropic

## 'travellers'
   - 31, and could be visited with relative ease by travellers from the Greek and Roman world whose writers
   - ‘modern’ marvels as worth a visit for enterprising travellers. Some of the later lists have fewer or more than
   - rhetorical stereotypes and the tall tales of travellers? A thorough training in rhetoric allowed Hellenistic
   - romantic view held by 19th- and 20th-century travellers for whom camels, donkeys and shepherds with their
   - words of Layard, one of the earliest European travellers to describe the area: The rock-sculptures of

## 'tree of riches'
   - surface painted with Phoenician-style sphinxes, or a tree-of- life, or a winged figure. The transparency of
   - by the genies who purified or pollinated the ‘tree of life’ in Assyrian palaces.’ Fir-cones were used
   - tree-trunks) and screws (alamittu—date palms), tree of riches; twelve fierce lion-colossi together with

## 'Tushhan'
   - permission of John Oleson) . Pebble mosaic floor at Tushhan, modern Ziyaret Tepe. (Reproduced by kind permission

## 'Ulhu'
   - (1947), 23-5; J. Laessoe, “The irrigation system at Ulhu, 8th century BC’, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 5
   - 137-206. Laessge, J. 1951. ‘The irrigation system at Ulhu, 8th century BC’, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 5

## 'Urartu'
   - accompanied him on his successful eighth campaign against Urartu, a triumph culminating in the sack of a wealthy
   - *° The dedicatory inscriptions of Carchemish and Urartu may have passed into oblivion as those countries
   - late eighth and seventh centuries BC: Assyria and Urartu, eds. A. Cilingiroglu and G. Darbyshire, Anatolian
   - Mediterranean Sea Ur, 18, 67, 98, 185 Ur-Nammu, king, 80 Urartu, Urartians, 87, 129 Uruk (city-site in S.Iraq)

## 'Uruk'
   - name of a part of Uruk, ruled by the legendary hero-king Gilgamesh. In the case of Uruk, we know for certain
   - builder is recorded in this way: He had the wall of Uruk built, the Sheepfold Of holiest Eanna, the pure
   - libraries with archives in the southern city of Uruk.”* Among the tablets from those late libraries comes
   - a garden attached to a temple of the sky- god of Uruk, built by the Ur-Nammu who founded a great dynasty

## 'Vaults'
   - Thus the terraces which were actually elevated on vaults above the ground appeared as if suspended from
   - side is 4 plethra in length. It consists of arched vaults which are set, one over the next, on a chequer-board
   - brick and bitumen—they (the foundations) and the vaults and the arches. The ascent to the uppermost terrace

## 'Versailles'
   - Aurea, the Sun-king Louis XIV of France with Versailles, Frederick the Great of Prussia with Sans Souci

## 'vine'
   - fragment, great care has been taken to show the vine twining around a tree; the daisy- shaped flowers
   - fragment showing lions with flowers growing beneath a vine, from an internal wall in the North Palace of Ashurbanipal

## 'Vitruvius'
   - that neither Strabo nor Philo of Byzantium nor Vitruvius, who all three mention or describe it, associate
   - ram’s horns in Greek architecture. But it fits Vitruvius’ description of gender in 70 Sennacherib’s Great
   - shara Archives, vol. 2 (1992), 54 and map 2. Vitruvius, De Architectura book IV, c. 1, 6-7. T. Howard-Carter
   - Egypt. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Vitruvius. De Architectura. Vogelsang, W. 1992. The Rise

## 'WAA 124939'
   - generations after planting. (Author’s drawing, from WAA 124939) 52 15 Pillared facade, probably depicting part
   - South-West Palace. (Original Drawing IV 69, from WAA 124799. © The Trustees of the British Museum) (b)
   - PARE ov ihe ad i ha ¢ — ie ‘ Perak Ieucots aia 1x waa ——— fenethees pied ra gein Mile t : ; nl " i i grees
   - Palace of Sennacherib (1998), plates 223-5. . BM 124939. See R. D. Barnett, Sculptures from the North Palace
   - North Palace of Ashur- banipal (1976), pl. 23, BM 124939. . The dimensions are comparable to those of Windsor

## 'walkway'
   - to describe the ones planted above the pillared walkway. Curtius barely mentions the means of irrigation
   - particular the trees planted on top of the pillared walkway would have had to be replaced on a regular basis
   - side—and the top terrace supported a pillared walkway which had trees planted on its roof. A homesick
   - a room in the South-West Palace. The pillared walkway surmounted by trees is shown top right. Original
   - garden. The trees growing on a roof over a pillared walkway form an astonishing feature of the design which

## 'wall-painting'
   - The subject may have been taken from Egypt: a wall-painting beside a palace garden at Tell el-Amarna shows

## 'walls of Babylon'
   - with a concentration on the city of Babylon. The inner wall of Babylon was explicitly a wonder under an
   - Wonders of the World, the legendary Hanging Garden of Babylon and its location have long been steeped in mystery
   - ere Pee + i THESMYSTERY OFTHE HANGING GARDEN OF BABYLON YIAIUIN Je uapies sovyed S qiayoeuuss jo surlmelp
   - UOTINAJSUODIY THE MYSTERY OF THE Hanging Garden of BABYLON AN ELUSIVE WORLD WONDER RAGED SEE uel AL EY OXFORD

## 'water wheel'
   - visible. This eliminates the possi- bility of a water wheel or any type of shaduf, both of which are highly
   - An Assyrian sculpture shows shadufs, but no water wheel is ever depicted or mentioned in Assyrian texts
   - flat alluvium. As far as we know neither the water wheel nor any kind of chamber pump was yet in use.

## 'Western Outwork'
   - garden in Babylon, showing the walls of the Western Outwork or the Southern Palace enclosing the garden
   - education/ scholarship, 27 Index walls of, 5-11, 30 Western Outwork, 14, 15, 16, 45 Babylonia battle of Cunaxa

## 'widow'
   - 1962) Cast bronze panel showing Sennacherib’s widow Nagia, from Hilleh near Babylon. (Louvre, AO 20185
   - Sammu-ramat. 15. Cast bronze panel showing Sennacherib’s widow Nagqia with her son or grandson, from Hilleh near
   - for eating, birds did not yet eat the malt that a widow would spread out on her roof, no pigeon tucked its

## 'wife'
   - personal religious fervour, or whether he loved his wife. Our knowledge of the king is far more restricted
   - and he built the ‘Hanging Gardens’; because his wife, who came from Media, longed for her mountain homeland
   - with all kinds of trees. He did this because his wife, who had been raised in Media, longed for mountainous
   - undertook this mighty task, induced by love for his wife, who from longing for the woods and groves prevailed

## 'Wikander'
   - of Greek and Roman Technology (2008), 341; O. Wikander, ‘Gadgets and scientific instruments’, same vol
   - (1992), 35-46. . J. P. Oleson, ‘Irrigation’, ed. O. Wikander, Handbook of Ancient Water Technology (2000),
   - the Persians see e.g. T. Hodge, ‘Qanats’, ed. O. Wikander, Handbook of Ancient Water Technology (2000),
   - Archaeology in Iraq. Hodge, T. 2000. ‘Qanats’, ed. O. Wikander, Handbook of Ancient Water Technology. Leiden:
   - Toronto University Press. 2000. ‘Irrigation’, ed. O. Wikander, Handbook of Ancient Water Tech- nology. Leiden:

## 'Wiseman'
   - Southern Palace on the citadel of Babylon (From D. J. Wiseman, ‘Mesopotamian gardens’, Anatolian Studies 33 (1983)
   - Deutsch-Orient Gesellschaft 110 (1978), 19-28; D. J. Wiseman ‘Mesopotamian gardens’, Anatolian Studies 33 (1983)
   - World. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 337-66. Wiseman, D. J. 1983. ‘Mesopotamian gardens’, Anatolian
   - windows, 142, 142 Windsor Castle (England), 232 n.12 Wiseman, Donald (assyriologist), 14 Woolley, Leonard (archaeologist)

## 'wool'
   - Luckenbill translated as ‘sheepskins’; Heidel translated ‘wool’, despite its unsuit- ability in the context. The

## 'World Wonder'
   - all the known material about this enigmatic World Wonder. Placing the Garden within a tradition of royal
   - OF THE Hanging Garden of BABYLON AN ELUSIVE WORLD WONDER RAGED SEE uel AL EY OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
   - positive, and I omitted mention of the famous World Wonder. At the end of the lecture, a lady in the audience
   - that she had come expecting to hear about the World Wonder-garden, so I sheepishly exculpated myself by
   - texts they unearthed. To uncover the site of the World Wonder would have given a great impetus to their work

## 'Xenophon'
   - conflicted with reality. In a fictional conversation Xenophon com- posed this dialogue: Critobulus: Do you really
   - usage simply meant a garden, and in Greek (by Xenophon among others) could be applied to various royal
   - period preceding the Persian conquest ... When Xenophon passed over the remains of Nineveh, its very name

## 'Zakutu'
   - 61, 76, 77; and see Melville, The Role of Naqi‘a-Zakutu (1999), 44-7. S. Parpola, Letters from Assyrian
   - X (1993), no. 348. Melville, The Role of Nagia/Zakutu (1999), appendix A, lists the sources. 232 46.
   - History, 11.8.8. See Melville, The Role of Nagia/Zakutu (1999), figs. 1 and 2. E. Leichty, The Royal Inscriptions
   - Hezekiah in Jerusalem. See Melville, The Role of Naqia/Zakutu (1999), 14 n. 10, quoting M. Weinfeld. K.-H. Deller

## 'ziggurat'
   - author’s photo) (a) Reconstruction drawing of ziggurat at Khorsabad with an external spiral staircase
   - royal palace, and placing it on the stages of the ziggurat at Babylon, the temple tower of the great god
   - made by Leonard Woolley, excavating the great ziggurat at Ur in southern Iraq, when he found holes at
   - planted trees upon the terraced stages of the ziggurat and then watered them (hauling water uncere- moniously
   - to show plants dangling from the terraces of a ziggurat, like a fancifully decorated wedding cake made


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GOOGLE 'PP' AND 'RA' PAGE REFERENCES (Google's physical-page numbering for pages without a printed number or for plates/illustration pages; PP<n> is the n-th scanned page, RA = pages in an unnumbered range). Listed for completeness.
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[GB PP20] (query 'Layard'): (Layard, Discoveries (1853), 350) 52 Milton adapted Diodorus Siculus' description of the Hanging Garden for his poetic depiction of the Garden of Eden. (John Milton, Paradise Lost book 4, illustration by G. van der Gucht, after Louis
[GB PP24] (query 'Trajan'): Trajan made Mesopotamia a province Statue of Hermes from Nineveh Bahram II ( rock carvings ) Philo of Byzantium the Paradoxographer Ammianus Marcellinus floruit c . 43 c . 50 c . 64-68 c . 93 с . 100 ( ? ) с . 100 ( ? ) floruit 100 115
[GB PP30] (query 'Artemis'): Hanging Garden of Babylon has been extremely frustrating . The idea of seven wonderful places in the known world ... Artemis in Ephesus , ( ... gap ... ) the Pyramids ... ( gap ) the funerary monument of Mausolus in Halicarnassus
[GB PP32] (query 'apiculture'): Hanging Garden of Babylon, the walls of Babylon, and the Obelisk of Semiramis are by far the easternmost of ... apiculture in an area where honey is still famous); Olympia on mainland Greece claimed the statue of Zeus crafted by
[GB PP32] (query 'Pharos'): Hanging Garden of Babylon, the walls of Babylon, and the Obelisk of Semiramis are by far the easternmost of the ... Pharos in the harbour at Alexandria; the Aegean island of Rhodes had its Colossus, a gigantic bronze-cast man whose
[GB PP43] (query 'Southern Palace'): SOUTHERN PALACE LIBILHEGAL CANAL PARKLAND MUSEUM NORTHERN PALACE RAMP ( ESTLICHE AUSFALLVOR WERK ) RESERVOIR ? ISTAR GATE EMAH VAULTED BUILDINGS 0 100m Fig . 3 Plan showing the location of Nebuchadnezzar's Southern Palace on the citadel
[GB PP52] (query 'Jerusalem'): Jerusalem, by causing the fall of Babylon to the foreigner Cyrus. To Nebuchadnezzar the Hanging Garden is nowadays attributed, so it comes as a surprise to find that most of the Greek and Latin texts mentioning the garden do not name
[GB PP65] (query 'vaults'): Hanging Garden are called one of the Seven Wonders of the World. It (the garden) is quadrangular in shape, and each side is 4 plethra in length. It consists of arched vaults which are set, one over the next, on a chequer-board of cube
[GB PP66] (query 'epigram'): epigram written in Greek by Antipater of Thessalonica , probably soon after 11 BC , is of particular interest.12 I have seen the walls of rock - like Babylon that chariots can run upon , and the Zeus on the Alpheus ; and the Hanging
[GB PP66] (query 'Ephesus'): Ephesus . If the right man is identified , 13 he would indeed have had occasion to visit Rhodes , Ephesus , and Mausolus ' monument at Halicarnassus , so taking in three World Wonders on his way to visit his patron , L. Calpurnius Piso
[GB PP69] (query 'Domus Aurea'): An Elusive World Wonder Traced Stephanie Dalley. Nero's Domus Aurea in Rome , were probably both inspired by the Hanging Garden , as discussed in Chapter 8 . The theme of homesickness to which Josephus ' text refers is emphatically not
[GB PP74] (query 'roots'): roots of trees above the (normal) tilled earth, forming a roof.43 Four stone columns are set beneath, so that the entire space through the carved pillars is beneath the (artificial) ground. Palm trees lie in place on top of the pillars
[GB PP94] (query 'Archimedes'): Archimedes himself became acquainted with it in Egypt. It is also striking that neither Strabo nor Philo of Byzantium nor Vitruvius, who all three mention or describe it, associate with it the name of Archimedes.'22 The idea that Archimedes
[GB PP100] (query 'Wonder for All Peoples'): Wonder for All Peoples . I gave it the name ' Incomparable Palace ' . A high garden ( kirimāhu ) imitating the Amanus mountains I laid out next to it , with all kinds of aromatic plants , orchard fruit trees , trees that enrich not only
[GB PP100] (query 'Incomparable Palace'): Incomparable Palace ' . A high garden ( kirimāhu ) imitating the Amanus mountains I laid out next to it , with all kinds of aromatic plants , orchard fruit trees , trees that enrich not only mountain country but also Chaldaea
[GB PP122] (query 'Sumerian'): Sumerian , which can be understood to mean ' high garden ' , according to its setting high up on the citadel , or metaphorically ' great garden ' in the sense of important rather than large . Sargon was the first to coin the word for
[GB PP139] (query 'Faida'): , and far more ambitious phase, referred to as the 'northern system', a channel may have begun at Maltai, and perhaps joined a huge canal located near the village of Faida, then possibly joining up with the Bandwai canal , eventually.
[GB PP140] (query 'Tarbisu'): Tarbisu north of Nineveh . This was built some time after 694 , following the building of a new city wall and ditch around Nineveh in c.696 . The fourth system , created around 688 , is the one best known because of the work of Jacobsen
[GB PP148] (query 'Bavian'): Bavian : Above the towns Dur - Ishtar , Shibaniba and Sulu I saw streams and enlarged their narrow sources I cut through difficult places with pickaxes and directed their outflow I strengthened their channels , heaping up their banks to
[GB PP153] (query 'Medes'): Medes, Babylonians and Persians. During the Achaemenid period, around the time when Herodotus was writing, the great satrap Arshama owned estates near to Nineveh and collected revenue from them. 51 There continued to be a great
[GB PP157] (query 'confused'): confused with Nebuchadnezzar in several late texts. In the opening words of the Book of Judith the two kings are confused: 'It was the twelfth year of Nebuchadnezzar who reigned over the Assyrians in the great city of Nineveh.' When
[GB PP167] (query 'Ishtar'): Ishtar , ' the city beloved of Ishtar in which all the ceremonies of gods and goddesses take place , the eternal base , the everlasting foundation whose plan was drawn in the writing of the firmament at the beginning of time ' . Any
[GB PP168] (query 'Marduk'): Marduk , making appropriate changes in the early genealogy of the primeval gods . At the culmination of the epic in its Babylonian version Marduk supervised the building of Babylon by the gods ; but with Babylon out of the question and
[GB PP169] (query 'lexical'): lexical texts - the dictionaries of ancient Babylonia - dated to that time or earlier . In two of them the city of Borsippa , which lies quite close to Babylon on the Euphrates , was called ' Babylon the second ' or ' another Babylon
[GB PP170] (query 'kingship'): kingship bestowed by the gods, securing legitimacy for the current ruler, so each version of the list was slanted towards a particular city. One version gives Eridu as the city which first received kingship from the gods, and another
[GB PP171] (query 'Uruk'): Uruk , ruled by the legendary hero - king Gilgamesh . In the case of Uruk , we know for certain that cultic rituals appropriate to that city were replicated in Babylon . From a lexical text and from variants of a king - list , as well
[GB PP171] (query 'Kullab'): Kullab , the name of a part of Uruk , ruled by the legendary hero - king Gilgamesh . In the case of Uruk , we know for certain that cultic rituals appropriate to that city were replicated in Babylon . From a lexical text and from
[GB PP172] (query 'Old Babylon'): Old Babylon ' . Such a figure is specific to the latitude on which the observations were originally taken , and it ... Hanging Garden in the 2nd century BC and the Toledo tables of the 11th century AD was a huge one , and one could
[GB PP172] (query 'latitude'): latitude on which the observations were originally taken , and it is demonstrably not that of Babylon but somewhere ... Hanging Garden in the 2nd century BC and the Toledo tables of the 11th century AD was a huge one , and one
[GB PP172] (query 'Toledo tables'): Toledo tables ' . His text referred explicitly to ancient observations taken from Mesopotamian astronomical data ... Hanging Garden in the 2nd century BC and the Toledo tables of the 11th century AD was a huge one , and one could
[GB PP179] (query 'Stratonice'): An Elusive World Wonder Traced Stephanie Dalley. Another archetypal ' Semiramis ' is Stratonice . Like the original Sammu - ramat and like Naqia , Stratonice was the wife of a king , Seleucus I , and continued her rise to fame when she
[GB PP190] (query 'Khosr'): KHOSR Possible location of Hanging Garden Temple of Nabu CONTENT TY 14 13 12 3 Area of Sennacherib's E building СОМОЛИТ 21 SENNACHEMB N BRICK PAVEMENTS CEL Area of south - west palace of Sennacherib RIVER KHOSR RIVER TIGRIS Fig . 41
[GB PP221] (query 'Ezekiel'): Ezekiel began to prophesy nineteen years after the fall of Nineveh , when the fame of the Hanging Garden was widespread . His words show that Sennacherib's creation was regarded as an illustration of excess power , outdoing heaven so as
[GB PP222] (query 'Eden'): Hanging Garden and the biblical Garden of Eden . Sennacherib's palace garden sits firmly within an Assyrian tradition that can be traced back at least to the 9th century BC , so we may doubt that inspiration for it as a World Wonder in
[GB PP236] (query 'Olympia'): Olympia and the Olympic Games , where recognizable civic architecture helps to show how popular sporting contests were . Around the 8th and 7th centuries BC competitive sports took place at Olympia , Delphi and then spread to Athens and
[GB PP238] (query 'Hezekiah'): Hezekiah's tribute ) ; from Luristan , and local Assyrian musicians.45 Like the plants , the music was international , reflecting the king's far - reaching influence and his appreciation of the skills of his subjects . Thus the
[GB PP239] (query 'Ashurbanipal'): Ashurbanipal in the late 8th and early 7th century certainly did. Three different styles can be identified: first a garden as a landscape without people as in Sargon's garden at Khorsabad, and Ashurbanipal's panel from the North Palace
[GB PP245] (query 'Herod'): Herod the Great ( c.73-04 BC ) at Jericho . Here not only was there a pillared portico overlooking the garden , with a great view beyond across the Wadi Qelt , but also the highly visible viaduct , the artificial hill on which a smaller
[GB PP245] (query 'Jericho'): Jericho . Here not only was there a pillared portico overlooking the garden , with a great view beyond across the Wadi Qelt , but also the highly visible viaduct , the artificial hill on which a smaller palace was built ; and the semi
[GB PP265] (query 'Cunaxa'): Cunaxa in Babylonia in 401 BC led to the death of Cyrus the Pretender and the consequent retreat northwards of his Greek soldiers . Those remnants of '10 , 000 men ' marched through hostile territory that had once been the heartland of
[GB PP270] (query 'altar'): altar , had been added beside an Assyrian cuneiform dedication to the Sibitti - gods , ' The Seven ' , which had been inscribed in the 9th century BC , and never erased.78 The altar , 0.68 m high , 1.03 long and 0.74 wide , imitates a
[GB PP293] (query 'copper'): copper into them over and over again; I made the castings of them as perfectly as if they had only weighed half a shekel each. Two of the copper bull-colossi were then coated with electrum. I installed alabaster bull-colossi
[GB PP293] (query 'Chaldaea'): Chaldaea, as well as trees that bear wool, planted within it. 11. Col. vii lines 64–74. He extended the residential area of Nineveh and built huge outer and inner fortification walls. The section has asyndeton, which is a mark of
[GB RA1] (query 'Perrault'): 'pensile paradise' (Browne), 19 pensiles horti, 220 n.33 Pergamum Great Altar, 176 Peripetus school, 172 Perrault, Claude, 57 Persepolis, 191, 202 Persica (Ctesias), 194 Pharos lighthouse, 5, 176 Phidias, 5 Philo of Byzantium (the.
[GB RA1] (query 'Tigranes'): Tigranes , king , 186 Tigris river introduction , 1 , 3 joining to the river Khosr , 90 location confusion , 120 , 126 and Seleucia , 27 , 37 tributaries , 47-8 Titus , Emperor , 75 ' Toledo tables ' , 119-20 Tower of Babel , 36 Trajan
[GB RA1] (query 'Heracles'): Heracles (god), 69–70 Heracles Epitrapezios (statue), 197, Colour Plate 17 Herennius Philo of Byblos, 58 Hermes (statue), 198, 198 Herod the Great, king, 36, 176, 177 Herodotus, 5–6, 18, 23–4, 26, 98–9, 103, 120 Hezekiah, king, 174–5
[GB RA1] (query 'Tha'labi'): An Elusive World Wonder Traced Stephanie Dalley. Tha'labi (Arab writer), 108 Thasos, 190 theamata (sights), 9 thaumata (wonders), 9 theatre, 31, 41,148, 155, 173 Thebes (city-site in Egypt), 119 Theophrastus, 167, 172 throne, throne-base
[GB RA1] (query 'Byzantium'): Byzantium), 39 Hanging Garden and Antipater of Thessalonica, 196–7 and Babylon, 13–14, 16, 18–20, 107–8, 203, 207 building of, 107 construction of, 170 Diodorus' description of, 159 evaluation of classical sources, 29–43, 45–6
[GB RA1] (query 'Versailles'): Versailles (palace & garden in France), 208 Vespasian, Emperor, 75 Vitruvius, 57, 69–70 Vogelsang, Willem (historian) ... Hanging Garden attraction, 154 raising of, 59, 61–83, 76, 205–6, see also Archimedean screw, cerd, saqia
[GB RA3] (query 'Mallowan'): . Mallowan, Nimrud and its Remains, vol. 1 (1966), 260. The statues are in the British Museum, BM 118888 (Ht.1.78) and 118889. See Reade, Assyrian Sculpture (1983), fig. 43 for a photograph. 35. See Mallowan , Nimrud and its Remains , vol.
[GB RA5] (query 'Wikander'): Wikander , Handbook of Ancient Water Technology ( 2000 ) , 35–8 ; J. P. Oleson , ' Irrigation ' , in the same volume , 196 ; M. J. T. Lewis , Surveying Instruments of Greece and Rome ( 2001 ) , 18 . 7. See e.g. H. Goblot , Les Qanats : Une.

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STATISTICS: 236 page-numbered Google snippets (unique), 39 IA walked passages, 1306 IA fragments (unique, not contained in walks), of which 323 placed on a page and 983 unplaced.