# E. Building materials in Sennacherib's inscriptions (RINAP 3): agurru, kupru, ittû, pīlu, gaṣṣu

## 1. Method and sources
- Corpus: ORACC RINAP 3 (Grayson & Novotny 2012/2014), 261 texts (Q003475–Q004072 plus 1xxx), taken from the ORACC open-data JSON dump `rinap-rinap3.zip` (Wayback snapshot 2022-09-21; corpus generated 2022-07-20), which contains every lemmatised word with its citation form. The archived RINAP 3 Akkadian glossary (`cbd/akk/onebigfile.html`, same snapshot) gives the same counts. Translations are RINAP's, taken from the archived ORACC text pages (`web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/rinap3/Qxxxxxx/`, 2022–2025 snapshots) for every text with an attestation of agurru, kupru or pīlu (55 pages fetched; list at the end). Luckenbill 1924 (OIP 2, ISAC PDF) was used as a control. Text numbers are RINAP 3 numbers ("no. 17" = Q003491, the King Prism; nos. 22/23 = Chicago/Taylor prisms; nos. 39–50 bull colossi; 195–202 Assur bricks; 213 Tarbiṣu; 223 Bavian; 226–227 Jerwan). Line labels are ORACC's. Full tables of all 150 attestations (25 + 13 + 112) are in §7.
- Glossary counts (RINAP 3, whole corpus): **agurru [baked brick] 25** (written a-gur-ri, a-gur₂-ri, SIG₄.AL.UR₃.RA); **kupru [bitumen] 13** (always ESIR.UD.A); **pīlu [limestone] 112** (pi-i-li, {na₄}pi-i-li, pe-e-li, {na₄}pi-li…); **ittû/iṭṭû "bitumen": 0 (word absent from RINAP 3)**; **gaṣṣu "gypsum": 0 (absent)**. Related: libittu [mudbrick] 20 (SIG₄), tibku [course of bricks] 33, tamlīu [fill/terrace] 38, nalbanu/nalbattu [brick mould] 3, lābinu 3 (only in *lābin appi*), utūnu [kiln] 6 (all at Assur), kāru [quay] 12 (the "quay dock" and the Quay Gate — never a quay *built*), kuppu [cistern/spring] 11, būrtu [well] 8, mušēṣû 5 (only in the gate name "Mušlālu"), pitqu 43 (only of *cast* metal, "pitiq …"), abāru 1 (not "lead"; metal lead never occurs). A possible second bitumen word, *qīru*, occurs once as KI-i-ri (see §2.3).

## 2. agurru "baked brick" — the 25 attestations grouped

### 2.1 Glazed bricks decorating the South-West Palace (14 attestations, one formula)
Formula: *… ina agurri uqnî [ZU₂ = ṣurru "obsidian"] (u) uqnî ussīma sellum nēbeḫi u gimir pasqīšin* — no. 17 (King Prism, Q003491) vi 42: `i-na SIG₄.AL.UR₃.RA {na₄}ZU₂ {na₄}ZA.GIN₃` … RINAP (unit vi 37): "I decorated them with silver and copper knobbed nails. **I adorned the arches, friezes, and all of the copings with baked bricks (glazed in the color of) obsidian (and) lapis lazuli.**" Same in no. 15 vi 54 (`qe₂-[reb-ši-in u₂-šal-me i-na a-gur₂-ri]`), no. 16 vi 66 (`qe₂-reb-ši-in u₂-šal-me i-na a-gur₂-ri`), no. 39 line 37 (`… u₂-šal-me i-na a-gur-ri {na₄}ZU₂ {na₄}ZA.GIN₃ us-si-ma`), no. 41 4', no. 43 29, no. 44 47, no. 46 130 (`… [SIG₄].AL.UR₃.RA {na₄}ZU₂ {na₄}ZA.GIN₃ us-si-ma se-el-lum ne₂-be₂-hi u₃ gi-mir pa-as-qi₂-šu`), no. 49 28. Luckenbill OIP 2 p. 107 vi 42–44: "With burnt-brick, KA-stone, and lapis-lazuli, I adorned the walls, cornices and all of their copings." CAD A/1 162 (agurru e, "glazed") translates the same passage "I decorated their (the barakku rooms') corbels, friezes and all their …-s with red(?) and blue glazed bricks". → Decorative glazed brick on the upper parts of walls; nothing structural. (This is the textual counterpart of Viggiano's decorative use.)

### 2.2 The "bridge" opposite the Citadel Gate — *agurru* here means limestone slabs (7 attestations)
No. 4 (Rassam Cylinder, 702 BC) line 90: `i-na me₂-eh-ret KA₂.GAL MURUB₄ URU i-na a-gur₂-ri {na₄}pi-i-li pe-ṣe-e a-na me-ti-iq be-lu-ti-ia u₂-šak-bi-is ti-tur-ru` — RINAP: "I had a bridge constructed opposite the Citadel Gate (by packing down) paving stones of white limestone for my lordly procession(s)." Parallels no. 7 4', no. 8 16', no. 16 viii 1 (`i-na a-gur₂-ri {na₄}pi-i-li pe-ṣe-e`, unit vii 85: "I had a bridge constructed opposite the Citadel Gate with paving stones of white limestone for the passage of my lordly chariot"), no. 136 r i' 9'. Luckenbill read "a bridge (built) of burnt brick and white limestone" (OIP 2 p. 102 l. 90; p. 154 ll. 9–10), but CAD A/1 163 s.v. agurru mng. 2 "paving stone, tile (of stone), slab" cites exactly this line ("I had a ramp of slabs of white limestone built at the access to the inside gate of the city for my solemn processions, OIP 2 102:90") alongside Tiglath-pileser I's "ina agurri ša pīli peṣê … almi" and "ina agurri ša atbari … I laid slabs of basalt all around". The same verb *ušakbis* is used of the Jerwan aqueduct "(by packing down) white limestone" (no. 226 line 8). → Not baked brick.

### 2.3 Water channels of the Ḫusur under the city wall (2 attestations) — the one hydraulic use, with a possible *qīru* "bitumen"
No. 16 (Cylinder D, 696 BC) vii 81–84: `aš₂-šu₂ mu-ṣe-e {id₂}hu-su-ur qe₂-reb URU ma-lak A.MEŠ e-liš u₃ šap-liš / i-na SIG₄.AL.UR₃.RA KI-i-ri ma-ši-i / ti-tur-ri ab-ta-ni ša₂-pal-šu₂` (no. 8 15' restored from it). RINAP: "So that there would be outflow from the Ḫusur River in the city (and) the passage of water upstream and downstream, I built aqueducts beneath it (the city wall) with baked bricks, …" RINAP on-page note (no. 8 n. 9): "KI-i-ri '…': Read as either qí-i-ri or ki-i-ri, 'bitumen' and 'kiln (for lime and bitumen)' respectively. ma-ši-i '…': The meaning of this word is unknown … ti-tur-ri 'aqueducts': Following Frahm (Sanherib pp. 64, 83, and 86) and Bagg (Assyrische Wasserbauten pp. 196–198), titurru probably refers to aqueducts, and not to a bridge, in this passage." → Culverts/aqueduct-channels of baked brick, possibly with bitumen (*qīru*), where the Ḫusur passes the wall. This is the only baked-brick water-work Sennacherib claims at Nineveh.

### 2.4 Broken (1): no. 18 (BM 127845+) vii 14 `še-hi-ni-tu-šu₂ ša a-gur₂-ri [...]` — RINAP: "(As for) its …, which [...] baked bricks, I had (it) expertly made through the craft of [well-trained] master builder[s]" (in a building passage after the palace description; referent lost).

### 2.5 Outside Nineveh (8 attestations): Assur and Kilizu, "baked bricks from a pure kiln"
- No. 196 (Assur, Bīt-tikāti brick) 3: `ina a-gur₂-ri UDUN KU₃-ti eš-šiš u-še-piš-ma u-zaq-qir₆ hur-ša₂-niš` — "With baked bricks from a (ritually) pure kiln, I had the tikātu-house of the courtyard (where) the pedestals of the Igīgū gods (stand) in rows made anew and I raised (it) as high as a mountain." (= no. 197.)
- Nos. 199, 200, 201, 202 (Assur bricks): "With baked bricks from a (ritually) pure kiln, I had the Step Gate of the Palace in Baltil (Aššur) built anew [and raised it as high as a mountain]."
- No. 195 (Assur, Samītu brick) 5: `ina a-gur-ri NA₄.MEŠ ma-aʾ-diš u₂-si-im` — "greatly embellished the frieze of the battlemented parapet of Ešarra with baked bricks (and) stone" (CAD: "with glazed bricks").
- No. 219 (Kilizu brick) 3: "Sennacherib … had the outer wall of the city Kilīzu built with baked bricks (`i-na a-gur₂-ri u₂-še-piš`)."
Note: the Assur akītu-house, the Ešarra courtyard, the Step Gate and the princes' houses have *limestone* foundations (nos. 168–184, 205, §4.3); all-baked-brick construction there is confined to the bīt tikāti and the Step Gate.

## 3. kupru "bitumen" — all 13 attestations are one passage: the bedding under the palace-terrace extension
There is exactly one context. Two recensions:
- Early (nos. 2, 3 [Bellino, 702], 4 [Rassam, 702], 15 [Cyl. C, 697], 16 [Cyl. D, 696]): no. 3 line 49: `qe₂-reb ka-tim-ti a-sur-rak-ki-ša₂ šap-la-nu GI.MEŠ e-la-niš NA₄.MEŠ KUR-i dan-ni it-ti ESIR.UD.A ak-si-ma A.ŠA₃ ul-tu ma-a-me u₂-še-lam-ma na-ba-liš u₂-ter` — "In the hidden depths of its subterranean waters I bonded together, with bitumen, reeds below (and) strong mountain stone above, then I raised (that) area out of the water and converted (it) to dry land. I filled in and measured a terrace of 700 large aslu-cubits along (its) longer side …" (No. 1, the First Campaign Cylinder of 702, has the same act *without* bitumen: "I bonded together strong mountain stone sixty (nindanu) along (its) longer side (and) thirty-four (nindanu) along (its) shorter side, then I raised (that) area out of the water".)
- Later (no. 17 [King Prism, 694/693] v 88–vi 3; nos. 46, 49, 50): `i-na 1/2 IKU ma-lak A.MEŠ 4 {na₄}pi-i-li GAL.MEŠ / it-ti ESIR.UD.A ak-si-ma GI.MEŠ a-pe / u₃ ku-pe-e u₂-šat-ri-ṣa UGU-šu₂-un` — "In a one-half ikû (stretch) of the water's (natural) course, I bonded together, with bitumen, four large limestone (blocks) and spread marsh reeds and rushes over them. As an addition, I took a plot of land that was 340 cubits long (vi 1) (and) 289 cubits wide from the Ḫusur River and from the plain of the city (and) added (it) to the dimensions of the former terrace. In its (the terrace's) entirety, I raised its superstructure 190 courses of brick high." Luckenbill p. 105: "(I placed) four great blocks of limestone and covered (them) with bitumen; reeds of the cane-brake and rushes I spread over them."
- Bull-colossi version (nos. 39, 42, 43, 44): no. 43 line 15–16: `… šap-la-nu GI.MEŠ e-la-niš ESIR.UD.A it-ti {na₄}pi-i-li GAL.MEŠ dun-nu-niš ak-si` — "In its subterranean waters I very firmly bonded reeds below (and) bitumen above with large (blocks of) limestone."
Bitumen is therefore used **only** as the bonding/bedding of limestone blocks (and reeds) in the water-logged former bed of the Tebiltu, before the terrace extension was heaped up. It is never combined with *agurru*, never used for walls, quays, canals, the terrace body, the garden, or the wells. Note the sequence reeds–bitumen–stone (or stone-in-bitumen with reeds and rushes on top).

## 4. pīlu "limestone" — what it is used for (112 attestations)
4.1 **Palace terrace base**: "In order to prevent the foundation of the terrace from being weakened over the passage of time by cresting flood(s), I surrounded its base with large limestone (slabs and thereby) reinforced its base" (no. 17 vi 7–10 `tem-me-en tam-li-i la e-ne₂-ši … {na₄}pi-i-li GAL.MEŠ ki-su-u₂-šu [u₂-ša₂-as-hi-ra u₂-dan-ni-na šu-pu-uk-šu₂]`; nos. 1, 2, 3, 4 (`as-kup-pat {na₄}pi-i-li rab-ba-a-ti a-sur-ru-šu₂ u₂-ša₂-as-hi-ra u₂-dan-ni-na šu-pu-uk-šu₂` "I surrounded its damp course with large limestone slabs (and thereby) reinforced its base"), 15, 16, 18 ("In order to [prevent] its foundations fr[om being weakened by rain] and snow, [I had] its base [built] with [large] limest[one]"), 39, 42, 43, 44, 49, 138).
4.2 **Palace rooms**: "I surrounded their (the palace rooms') lower courses with slabs of breccia (and) alabaster, and large limestone slabs (and) made (them) an object of wonder" (no. 17 vii 41–43; nos. 1, 2, 15, 16, 39–46); bull colossi and sphinxes of white limestone from Balāṭāya and Tastiate (passim); "a palatial wing of limestone and cedar in the style of the land Ḫatti" (no. 22 vi 53; no. 34 64, 76, 82); horse troughs (no. 132); sphinxes for Tašmētu-šarrat's wing (no. 40).
4.3 **City walls**: inner wall: `ṣe-er {na₄}pi-i-li tem-me-en-šu₂ ad-di-ma 40 SIG₄ u₂-kab-bir` — "I laid the foundation of its great wall, Badnigalbilukurašušu, … upon limestone and made (it) 40 bricks thick. I raised its superstructure 180 courses of brick high" (no. 17 vii 65–68; nos. 8, 15, 16; no. 18 vii 1'–8': "made (it) 40 bricks thick, measured by [my] large brick mold … I enlarged its battlements to (a width of) 39 bricks, [then] I raised its superstructure up high, to its copings, to (a height of) 200 courses of brick, (each of) whose thickness was one-third of a cubit"). Outer wall: "I opened up a foundation pit for the outer wall, Badnigerimḫuluḫa, …, then I dug down forty-five nindanu and made (it) reach the water table. I bound together strong mountain stone in the water below and above I expertly carried out its construction with large limestone (blocks) up to its copings" (no. 17 viii 6–11 `… e-la-niš a-di pa-as₂-qi₂-šu₂ i-na {na₄}pi-i-li GAL.MEŠ u₂-nak-kil ši-pir-šu₂`; nos. 8, 15, 16, 18) — an all-stone outer wall, no bitumen, no baked brick.
4.4 **Aqueduct at Jerwan** (nos. 226, 227): `… UGU na-ah-li hu-du-du-ti ša {na₄}pi-i-li pe-ṣi-i u₂-šak-bi-is ti-tur-ru A.MEŠ šá-tu-nu u₂-še-ti-iq ṣe-ru-uš-šu₂` — "I had an aqueduct constructed (by packing down) white limestone over deep wadis (and thereby) enabled those waters to flow over it." Stone only.
4.5 **Assur**: akītu-house "With limestone, stone from the mountains, I laid its foundation … I completed it from its foundations to its crenellations with stone from the mountains and raised it as high as a mountain. I had two canals dug around each of its sides, and (then) I had it surrounded with a lush garden, an orchard with fruit, and placed a splendid plantation around it" (no. 168 30b–35; cf. 171–175: "from buildings for the living to tombs befitting the dead (made) from limestone, stone from the mountains, with which none of the kings of the past … had used"); Ešarra courtyard (169, 172), Step Gate (178), houses of the princes (181–184, 205) — foundations "with limestone, stone from the mountains".

## 5. The terrace, the palace platform, the city wall and the garden: what Sennacherib says they were made of
- **Palace terrace (tamlû)**: filled/heaped in **courses of brick** (tibku): 160 courses (no. 1 line 78 `2 UŠ 40 ti-ib-ki … tam-la-a u₂-mal-li-ma`; "Upon them, I filled in a terrace to a height of 160 courses of brick"), then "I added 20 courses of brick to the former (terrace) and (thus) I raised (it) to a (total) height of 180 courses of brick" (nos. 2–4, 138), 190 courses (nos. 15–17, 39, 42–46, 49), 200 courses "measured by my large brick mold" for the Nebi Yunus ekal māšarti (no. 34 line 62 `tam-la-a uš-mal-li 3 UŠ 20 ti-ib-ki i-na na-al-ban-ia`; nos. 22, 23). The bricks are the ones the deportees made: "I made them carry baskets (of earth) and they made bricks (`il-bi-nu SIG₄`)" (no. 17 v 54–56; nos. 1–4, 16, 42–44, 50) — SIG₄ = *libittu*, mudbrick. Foundation deposits "160 courses of brick within the terrace … deep down in its foundation" (nos. 2–4, 15, 138). Base ringed with large limestone slabs (§4.1); bedding of the riverbed extension: limestone blocks bonded with bitumen, reeds and rushes (§3). **No agurru, no kupru, no gaṣṣu in the terrace itself.**
- **City wall**: foundation on limestone, 40 (mud)bricks thick, 180/200 brick courses high (§4.3); outer wall of stone founded at the water table (§4.3); Ḫusur culverts of baked brick (+ *qīru*?) beneath it (§2.3); Bavian: "I had its (inner) wall and its outer wall, which had never been constructed before, built anew and I raised (them) as high as mountain(s)" (no. 223 line 5b).
- **Garden**: "I planted alongside it (the palace) a botanical garden (kirimāḫu), a replica of Mount Amanus, which has all kinds of aromatic plants (and) fruit trees, trees that are the mainstay of the mountains and Chaldea, [together with cotton trees] collected inside it" (no. 17 vii 53–57; nos. 1–4, 15, 16, 42, 43, 46, 138); "Beside the city, in a botanical garden (one) pānu (in size and) a garden (one) pānu (in size) for a game preserve …" (nos. 15, 16 viii). Water: "In order to be able to draw water by bucket every day, I had bronze wire chains and bronze cables made and, instead of poles, I had tree trunks and date palm(s) (of copper) placed over wells" (no. 17 vii 45–49; nos. 40, 43, 46; the Dalley "screw" passage, see RINAP n. 49). **No building material of any kind is given for the garden**; no terrace, vault, pier, brick or bitumen is associated with it.
- **Quays/canals**: *kāru* occurs only as "the quay dock" where the boats sank under the colossi and as the "Quay Gate"; canals are "dug" (ḫerû) and cut with iron picks through rock (Bavian, no. 223); the Jerwan crossing is limestone (§4.4). No baked-brick or bitumen lining is ever claimed.

## 6. Answer to the questions
1. *Does Sennacherib ever describe his palace terrace, the palace foundations, or the garden with baked brick or bitumen?* Bitumen: only for the foundation bedding in the old Tebiltu channel (limestone blocks bonded with bitumen, with reeds and rushes) — 13 attestations of one passage. Baked brick: never for the terrace or its foundations, never for the garden; at Nineveh only as glazed decoration of arches/friezes/copings and for the Ḫusur culverts under the wall (the "bridge" of *agurri pīli peṣê* being limestone slabs per CAD and RINAP).
2. *What were the terrace, platform and city wall made of?* Terrace and platform: brick courses (mudbrick made by deportees) heaped to 160→180→190 (SW Palace) and 200 (Nebi Yunus) courses, on a bedding of limestone + bitumen + reeds where it overlay the river bed, with a ring of large limestone slabs around the base. Inner wall: limestone foundation, 40 bricks thick, 180–200 courses high; outer wall: stone, founded at the water table.
3. *What did he build with baked brick and bitumen?* Nothing "in baked brick and bitumen" together. Baked brick: glazed wall decoration; Ḫusur culverts (with *qīru* "bitumen"? — reading uncertain, RINAP leaves it untranslated); at Assur the bīt tikāti and the Step Gate ("from a pure kiln"); Kilizu's outer wall. Bitumen: the terrace bedding only. Gypsum (gaṣṣu) and ittû never occur.

## 7. Bearing on Strabo 16.1.5 / Diodorus 2.10.5
- Strabo's "vaults on hollow cube-shaped piers of baked brick and asphalt" and Diodorus' "double layer of baked bricks bonded in gypsum, over a layer of reeds in bitumen, with lead sheets" describe the *ina kupri u agurri* construction idiom that Nebuchadnezzar (and Nabopolassar, Neriglissar, and Esarhaddon at Babylon) use in their own words for quays, walls and terraces (CAD A/1 161: "I built two reinforced quay walls of baked bricks laid in bitumen … between them I piled up a mass of baked bricks mountain high", Nbk.; "I raised the foundation of the terrace from ground-water level with kiln-fired bricks laid in bitumen", Esarh. Babylon). Sennacherib never uses that idiom for anything, and for his own terrace and garden he uses a different one (brick courses; limestone slabs; limestone-in-bitumen bedding). So the classical formula does discriminate at the level of *what the two kings say*: it matches Nebuchadnezzar's building vocabulary and does not match Sennacherib's.
- Two cautions. (i) Silence: Sennacherib does not describe the garden's substructure at all, so his texts cannot exclude a brick-and-bitumen vaulted platform beside the palace; they only show he did not advertise one, whereas he did advertise the bitumen bedding, the limestone facing and the brick courses of the terrace. (ii) The idiom is not unknown in Assyria: Adad-nārārī I and Aššur-bēl-kala repaired the Tigris quay wall at Assur "with baked bricks set in bitumen" (CAD A/1 161, AOB 1 72:27ff.; AKA 148 v 27), and Sennacherib's Ḫusur culverts may combine baked brick and *qīru*. But archaeologically (Viggiano 2025, file E_viggiano.md) Neo-Assyrian baked brick at Nineveh is facing, paving (with bitumen coating), drains and decoration, never mass masonry; and the one detail of Diodorus that resonates with Sennacherib — reeds laid in bitumen at the base — is in Sennacherib a bedding in a river bed under mudbrick, not a layer over vaulted galleries under a double course of baked brick in gypsum.
- Net: on the building-material description the classical tradition points to a Babylonian-style structure (as Koldewey's "Vaulted Building" and Nebuchadnezzar's inscriptions embody it) rather than to anything Sennacherib describes at Nineveh; the argument is one of idiom and probability, not proof, because the garden substructure at Nineveh is undescribed and unexcavated.

## 8. Appendix — full attestation tables (generated from the ORACC JSON; translation = RINAP sentence containing the word; "html not fetched" = text page not retrieved)

### Table: agurru — all 25 attestations in RINAP 3

| RINAP 3 no. (Q) | line | written form (norm.) | line transliteration (ORACC) | RINAP translation (sentence) | context |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 004 (Q003478) | 90 | a-gur₂-ri (agurrī) | i-na me₂-eh-ret KA₂.GAL MURUB₄ URU i-na a-gur₂-ri {na₄}pi-i-li pe-ṣe-e a-na me-ti-iq be-lu-ti-ia u₂-šak-bi-is ti-tur-ru | I had a bridge constructed opposite the Citadel Gate (by packing down) paving stones of white limestone for my lordly procession (s). | bridge/causeway opposite the Citadel Gate (with white limestone) |
| 007 (Q003481) | 4' | a-⸢gur₂⸣-[ri (agurrī) | [i-na me₂-eh-ret KA₂.GAL] ⸢MURUB₄⸣ URU i-na a-⸢gur₂⸣-[ri {na₄}pi-i-li pe-ṣe-e a-na me-ti-iq {giš}GIGIR be-lu-ti-ia u₂-še-piš ti-tur-ru] | [I had a bridge constructed opposite] the Citadel [Gate] with paving ston [es of white limestone for the passage of my lordly chariot]. | bridge/causeway opposite the Citadel Gate (with white limestone) |
| 008 (Q003482) | 15' | SIG₄.AL.UR₃.RA (agurri) | [aš₂-šu₂ mu-ṣe-e {id₂}hu-su-ur qe₂-reb URU ma-lak A.MEŠ e-liš u₃ šap-liš i-na SIG₄.AL.UR₃.RA KI-i-ri ma-ši-i] ti-tur-ri ab-ta-ni ša₂-pal-šu₂ | [So that there would be outflow from the Ḫusur River in the city (and) the passage of water upstream and downstream], I built aqueducts beneath it (the city wall) [with baked bricks,...]. | water channels/culverts for the Ḫusur through the city wall |
| 008 (Q003482) | 16' | a-gur₂-ri (agurrī) | [ina me₂-eh-ret KA₂.GAL MURUB₄ URU i-na a-gur₂-ri {na₄}pi-i-li pe-ṣe-e a-na me-ti-iq {giš}GIGIR be-lu-ti-ia] u₂-še-piš ti-tur-ru | I had a bridge constructed [opposite the Citadel Gate with paving stones of white limestone for the passage of my lordly chariot]. | bridge/causeway opposite the Citadel Gate (with white limestone) |
| 015 (Q003489) | vi 54 | a-gur₂-ri] (agurrī) | qe₂-[reb-ši-in u₂-šal-me i-na a-gur₂-ri] | I adorned the arches], friez [es, and all of the copings with baked bricks] (vi 55) (glazed in the color of) obsidian (and) [lapis lazuli]. | glazed baked bricks decorating arches, friezes, copings of SW Palace |
| 016 (Q003490) | vi 66 | a-gur₂-ri (agurrī) | qe₂-reb-ši-in u₂-šal-me i-na a-gur₂-ri | I adorned the arches, friezes, and all of the copings with baked bricks (glazed in the color of) obsidian (and) lapis lazuli. | glazed baked bricks decorating arches, friezes, copings of SW Palace |
| 016 (Q003490) | vii 83 | SIG₄.AL.UR₃.RA (agurri) | i-na SIG₄.AL.UR₃.RA KI-i-ri ma-ši-i | So that there would be outflow from the Ḫusur River in the city (and) the passage of water upstream and downstream, I built aqueducts beneath it (the city wall) with baked bricks,... | water channels/culverts for the Ḫusur through the city wall |
| 016 (Q003490) | viii 1 | a-gur₂-ri (agurrī) | i-na a-gur₂-ri {na₄}pi-i-li pe-ṣe-e | I had a bridge constructed opposite the Citadel Gate with paving stones of white limestone for the passage of my lordly chariot. | bridge/causeway opposite the Citadel Gate (with white limestone) |
| 017 (Q003491) | vi 42 | SIG₄.AL.UR₃.RA (agurrī) | i-na SIG₄.AL.UR₃.RA {na₄}ZU₂ {na₄}ZA.GIN₃ | I adorned the arches, friezes, and all of the copings with baked bricks (glazed in the color of) obsidian (and) lapis lazuli. | glazed baked bricks decorating arches, friezes, copings of SW Palace |
| 018 (Q003492) | vii 14 | a-gur₂-ri (agurrī) | še-hi-ni-tu-šu₂ ša a-gur₂-ri [...] | its..., which [...] baked bricks, (vii 15) I had (it) expertly made through the craft of [well-trained] master builder [s]. | unclear (Nineveh, broken) |
| 039 (Q003513) | 37 | a-gur-ri (agurrī) | u₃ URUDU qe₂-reb-šin ⸢u₂⸣-šal-me i-na a-gur-ri {na₄}ZU₂ {na₄}ZA.GIN₃ us-si-ma | I adorned [the ar] ches, friezes, and all of the copings with baked bricks (glazed in the color of) obsidian (and) lapis lazuli. | glazed baked bricks decorating arches, friezes, copings of SW Palace |
| 041 (Q003515) | 4' | SIG₄.AL.UR₃.RA (agurrī) | u₂-šal-me i-na SIG₄.AL.UR₃.RA | I adorned the arches, friezes, and all of their copings with baked bricks (glazed in the color of) obsidian (and) lapis lazuli. | glazed baked bricks decorating arches, friezes, copings of SW Palace |
| 043 (Q003517) | 29 | SIG₄.AL.UR₃.RA (agurrī) | u₃ URUDU qe₂-reb-šin u₂-šal-me i-na SIG₄.AL.UR₃.RA {na₄}ZU₂ {na₄}ZA.GIN₃ us-si-ma | I adorned the arches, friezes, and all of their copings with baked bricks (glazed in the color of) obsidian (and) lapis lazuli. | glazed baked bricks decorating arches, friezes, copings of SW Palace |
| 044 (Q003518) | 47 | SIG₄.AL.UR₃.RA (agurrī) | [i-na SIG₄.AL.UR₃.RA {na₄}ZU₂ {na₄}ZA.GIN₃ us-si]-ma se-el-lum ne₂-be₂-hi u₃ gi-mir pa-as-qi₂-ši-in [aš₂-šu₂ šip-ri E₂.GAL]-⸢ia⸣ | [So that the construction of] my [palace might be carried out correctly, at that time, the god Aššur and the goddess Ištar, who l] ove my priestly service (and) who selected me (lit. “who called my name”), re [vealed to me a source of trunks of cedar, which since distant days grew thick] as they stood in seclusion [in the Sirāra mountain range]. | glazed bricks for palace decoration (broken context) |
| 046 (Q003520) | 130 | [SIG₄].AL.UR₃.RA (agurrī) | kas-pi u₃ URUDU qe₂-reb-šin ⸢u₂-šal⸣-[me i]-na [SIG₄].AL.UR₃.RA {na₄}ZU₂ {na₄}ZA.GIN₃ us-si-ma se-el-lum ne₂-be₂-hi u₃ gi-mir pa-as-qi₂-šu aš₂-šu₂ šip-ri E₂.GAL-ia | So that the construction of my palace might be carried out correctly and that my handiwork be com [pleted], a [t] that time, the god Aššur and the goddess Ištar, who love my priestly service (and) who selected me (lit. “who called my name”), revealed to me a source of trunks of cedar, which since distant days [grew t] all [and] very thick as they stood in seclusion in the Sirāra mountain range. | glazed bricks for palace decoration (broken context) |
| 049 (Q003523) | 28 | SIG₄.AL.UR₃.RA (agurrī) | [i-na SIG₄.AL.UR₃.RA {na₄}ZU₂ {na₄}ZA.GIN₃ us-si-ma se-el-lum ne₂-be₂-hi u₃ gi]-⸢mir⸣ pa-as₂-[qi₂]-⸢šin aš₂-šu⸣ [šip-ri E₂.GAL-ia] | So that [the construction of my palace...] | glazed bricks for palace decoration (broken context) |
| 136 (Q003941) | r i' 9' | a-⸢gur₂⸣-[ri (agurrī) | ina me₂-eh-ret ⸢KA₂.GAL⸣ MURUB₄ URU ina a-⸢gur₂⸣-[ri {na₄}pi-i-li pe-ṣe-e] | (r i' 9') I had [a bridge] con [structed] opposite the Citadel Gate with paving ston [es of white limestone] for the passage of my lordly chariot. | bridge/causeway opposite the Citadel Gate (with white limestone) |
| 195 (Q004000) | 5 | a-gur-ri (agurrī) | ina a-gur-ri NA₄.MEŠ ma-aʾ-diš u₂-si-im | For (the god) Aššur, the father of the gods, his lord: Sennacherib, king of Assyria, the one who fashioned image (s) of (the god) Aššur and the great gods, greatly embellished the frieze of the battlemented parapet of Ešarra with baked bricks (and) stone. | glazed baked bricks decorating arches, friezes, copings of SW Palace |
| 196 (Q004001) | 3 | a-gur₂-ri (agurrī) | ina a-gur₂-ri UDUN KU₃-ti eš-šiš u-še-piš-ma u-zaq-qir₆ hur-ša₂-niš | Sennacherib, king of the world, king of Assyria, the one who fashioned image (s) of (the god) Aššur and the great gods, I: With baked bricks from a (ritually) pure kiln, I had the tikātu - house of the courtyard (where) the pedestals of the Igīgū gods (stand) in rows made anew and I raised (it) as high as a mountain. | Aššur: bīt-tikāti of Ešarra courtyard |
| 197 (Q004002) | 2 | a-gur₂-ri] (agurrī) | E₂ ti-ka-⸢a-ti ša₂⸣ KISAL sa-ad-ru man-⸢za⸣-[az {d}i₂-gi₃-gi₃ ina a-gur₂-ri] | Sennacherib, king of Assyria, the one who fashioned image (s) of (the god) Aššur [and the great gods, I: With baked bricks] from a (ritually) pure kiln, I had the tikātu - house of the courtyard (where) the pedest [als of the Igīgū gods] (stand) in rows, made anew and I [raised (it) as high as a mountain]. | Aššur: bīt-tikāti of Ešarra courtyard |
| 199 (Q004004) | 3 | a-gur₂-⸢ri⸣ (agurrī) | ina a-gur₂-⸢ri⸣ UDUN KU₃-ti ⸢eš⸣-šiš u₂-še-⸢piš⸣ | Sennacherib, king of the world, king of Assyria, the one who fashioned image (s) of (the god) Aš [šur] and the great gods, I: With baked bricks from a (ritually) pure kiln, I had the Step Gate of the Palace in Baltil (Aššur) built anew. | Aššur: Step Gate (mušlālu) of the palace |
| 200 (Q004005) | 3 | a-gur₂-ri] (agurrī) | [ina a-gur₂-ri] UDUN KU₃-ti eš-⸢šiš ab⸣-[ni-ma] | [Sennach] erib, king of the world, king of Assyria, the one who fashioned image (s) of [(the god) Aššur and the great god] s: [With baked bricks] from a (ritually) pure kiln, I [built] the Step Gate of the Palace [in Baltil (Aššur)] anew [and I] raised (it) as high as a mountain. | Aššur: Step Gate (mušlālu) of the palace |
| 201 (Q004006) | 3 | a-gur₂-ri (agurrī) | ⸢ina a-gur₂-ri UDUN KU₃-ti eš-šiš u₂⸣-[še-piš-ma] | Sennacherib, king of the world, king of Assyria, the one who fashi [oned image (s) of (the god) Aššur] and the great gods: With baked bricks from a (ritually) pure kiln, I [had] the Step Gate [of the Palace in Baltil (Aššur) built] anew [and I] rai [sed (it) as high as a mountain]. | Aššur: Step Gate (mušlālu) of the palace |
| 202 (Q004007) | 3 | a-gur₂-ri (agurrī) | ina a-gur₂-ri [UDUN] ⸢KU₃⸣-tim u₂-zaq-qi-ir hur-ša₂-niš | Sennacherib, king of the world, king of Assyria, the one who fashioned image (s) of (the god) Aššur and the great gods, I: With baked bricks from a (ritually) pure [kiln], I raised the Step Gate of the Palace in Baltil (Aššur) as high as a mountain. | Aššur: Step Gate (mušlālu) of the palace |
| 219 (Q004024) | 3 | a-gur₂-ri (agurrī) | i-na a-gur₂-ri u₂-še-piš | Sennacherib, king of the world, king of Assyria, had the outer wall of the city Kilīzu built with baked bricks. | Kilizu: outer city wall |

### Table: kupru — all 13 attestations in RINAP 3

| RINAP 3 no. (Q) | line | written form (norm.) | line transliteration (ORACC) | RINAP translation (sentence) | context |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 002 (Q003476) | 49 | ESIR.UD.A (kupri) | [qe₂-reb ka-tim-ti a-sur-rak-ki-ša₂ šap-la-nu GI.MEŠ e-la-niš NA₄.MEŠ KUR-i dan-ni it-ti ESIR.UD.A ak-si-ma A.ŠA₃ ul-tu ma-a-me u₂-še-lam-ma na-ba-liš u₂-ter] | [In the hidden depths of its subterranean waters I bonded together, with bitumen, reeds below (and) strong mountain stone above, then I raised (that) area out of the water and converted (it) to dry land. | foundation/substructure in former Tebiltu bed under palace terrace extension |
| 003 (Q003477) | 49 | ESIR.UD.A (kupri) | qe₂-reb ka-tim-ti a-sur-rak-ki-ša₂ šap-la-nu GI.MEŠ e-la-niš NA₄.MEŠ KUR-i dan-ni it-ti ESIR.UD.A ak-si-ma A.ŠA₃ ul-tu ma-a-me u₂-še-lam-ma na-ba-liš u₂-ter | In the hidden depths of its subterranean waters I bonded together, with bitumen, reeds below (and) strong mountain stone above, then I raised (that) area out of the water and converted (it) to dry land. | foundation/substructure in former Tebiltu bed under palace terrace extension |
| 004 (Q003478) | 76 | ESIR.UD.A (kupri) | qe₂-reb ka-tim-ti a-sur-rak-ku šap-la-a-nu GI.MEŠ e-la-niš NA₄ KUR-i dan-ni it-ti ESIR.UD.A ak-si-ma A.ŠA₃ ul-tu ma-a-me u₂-še-lam-ma na-ba-liš u₂-ter | In the hidden depths of (its) subterranean waters I bonded together, with bitumen, reeds below (and) strong mountain stone above, then I raised (that) area out of the water and converted (it) to dry land. | foundation/substructure in former Tebiltu bed under palace terrace extension |
| 015 (Q003489) | vi 6 | ESIR.UD.A (kupri) | it-ti ESIR.UD.A ak-si-ma A.ŠA₃ ⸢ul-tu⸣ [ma-a-me] | In the hidden depths of its subterranean waters I bonded together, with bitumen, reeds below (and) strong mountain stone above, then I raised (that) area out of [the water and co] nverted (it) [to dry land]. | foundation/substructure in former Tebiltu bed under palace terrace extension |
| 016 (Q003490) | vi 21 | ESIR.UD.A (kupri) | it-ti ESIR.UD.A ak-si-ma 3 ME 40 ina 1.KUŠ₃ UŠ | In the hidden depths of its subterranean waters I bonded together, with bitumen, reeds below (and) strong mountain stone above, then [I raised] a plot of land that was 340 cubits long (and) 288 cubits wide out [of the Ḫusur River and] converted (it) to dry land. | foundation/substructure in former Tebiltu bed under palace terrace extension |
| 017 (Q003491) | v 89 | ESIR.UD.A (kupri) | it-ti ESIR.UD.A ak-si-ma GI.MEŠ a-pe | In a one-half ikû (stretch) of the water’s (natural) course, I bonded together, with bitumen, four large limestone (blocks) and spread marsh reeds and rushes over them. | foundation/substructure in former Tebiltu bed under palace terrace extension |
| 039 (Q003513) | 21 | ESIR.[UD].A (kupri) | GI.MEŠ e-la-niš ESIR.[UD].A ⸢it-ti⸣ | In [its] subterranean wat [ers] I [very firmly] bonded reeds below (and) bi [tum] en above with large (blocks of) limestone. I raised a plot of land that was 340 cubits lo [ng] (and) 289 cubits wide out of the water and converted (it) into an empty lot. I added (it) to the dimensions of the former terrace (and) thereby enlarged the entire terrace to 700 large cubits along (its) longer side and 440 cubits along (its) … |  |
| 042 (Q003516) | 22 | ⸢ESIR⸣.UD.A (kupri) | ma-lak-ša₂ uš-te-[eš-na-a u₂-še-šir mu-ṣu-ša₂ qe₂]-reb a-sur-rak-ki-ša₂ [šap-la-nu] ⸢GI⸣.MEŠ ⸢e⸣-[la-niš] ⸢ESIR⸣.UD.A | [I] n its subterranean waters [I very firmly bond] ed reeds [below (and) bit] umen a [bove] with [large (blocks of) limestone]. I raised a plot of land that was 340 cubits [long (and) 2] 89 cubits wide out of the water [and converted (it) to dry land]. I made [the area] larger than before, [added (it)] to the form [er] dimensions of the palace, [and] raised its superstructure [190 courses of brick high]. |  |
| 043 (Q003517) | 15 | ESIR.UD.A (kupri) | ša {id₂}te-bil-ti ma-lak-ša₂ uš-te-eš-na-a u₂-še-šir mu-ṣu-ša₂ qe₂-reb a-sur-rak-ki-ša₂ šap-la-nu GI.MEŠ e-la-niš ESIR.UD.A | In its subterranean waters I very firmly bonded reeds below (and) bitumen above with large (blocks of) limestone. | foundation/substructure in former Tebiltu bed under palace terrace extension |
| 044 (Q003518) | 38 | ESIR.UD.A (kupri) | [e-la-niš ESIR.UD.A it-ti {na₄}pi-i-li GAL.MEŠ dun]-nu-<niš> ak-si 5 ME 54 i-na 1.KUŠ₃ GID₂.DA 2 ME 89 [ina 1.KUŠ₃ DAGAL | In the hidden depths of its subterranean waters I very firmly bonded reeds [be] low (and) [bitumen above with large (blocks of) limestone. | foundation/substructure in former Tebiltu bed under palace terrace extension |
| 046 (Q003520) | 119 | ESIR.UD.A (kupri) | 4 {na₄}pi-i-li GAL.MEŠ it-ti ESIR.UD.A ak]-⸢si⸣-ma GI.MEŠ a-⸢pe⸣ [u₃ ku-pe-e u₂-šat-ri-ṣa UGU-šu₂-un] | [In a one-half ikû (stretch) of the water’s (natural) course, I bon] ded [together with bitumen four large limestone (blocks)] and [spread] marsh reeds [and rushes over them. |  |
| 049 (Q003523) | 14 | ESIR.UD.A (kupri) | [mu-ṣu-ša₂ i-na] 1/2 IKU [ma-lak] ⸢A⸣.MEŠ 4 {na₄}pi-i-[li] GAL.MEŠ it-ti ESIR.UD.A ak-⸢si⸣-[ma GI.MEŠ a-pe] | [In] a one-half ikû (stretch) of the water’s (natural) [course], I bonded together with bitumen four large limest [one] (blocks) [and] spread [marsh reeds and rush] es over them. | foundation/substructure in former Tebiltu bed under palace terrace extension |
| 050 (Q003524) | 14 | ESIR.UD.A (kupri) | [mu-ṣu-ša₂ i-na 1/2 IKU ma-lak A.MEŠ 4 {na₄}pi-i-li GAL.MEŠ it-ti ESIR.UD.A ak]-⸢si⸣-ma GI.MEŠ ⸢a⸣-pe | [In a one-half ikû (stretch) of the water’s (natural) course, I bonded to] gether [with bitumen four large limestone (blocks)] and [spread] marsh reeds [and rushes over them. | foundation/substructure in former Tebiltu bed under palace terrace extension |

### Table: pīlu — all 112 attestations in RINAP 3

| RINAP 3 no. (Q) | line | written form (norm.) | line transliteration (ORACC) | RINAP translation (sentence) | context |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 001 (Q003475) | 77 | {na₄}pi-i-li (pīli) | ⸢la-ba-riš u₄-me⸣ i-na ILLU kiš-ša₂-ti te-me-en-šu la e-ne₂-ši as-kup-pat {na₄}pi-i-li rab-ba-a-ti a-sur-ru-šu₂ u₂-ša₂-as-hi-ra u₂-dan-<ni>-na šu-pu-uk-šu₂ | In order to prevent its foundation from being weakened over the passage of time by cresting flood (s), I surrounded its damp course with large limestone slabs (and thereby) reinforced its base. | limestone slabs around base/lower courses of palace terrace or rooms |
| 001 (Q003475) | 86 | {na₄}pi-i-li (pīli) | as-kup-pat {na₄}pi-i-li rab-ba-a-ti da-ad₂-me na-ki-ri ki-šit-ti ŠU.II-ia qe₂-reb-ši-in es-si-⸢ha⸣ a-sur-ru-ši-in u₂-ša₂-as-hi-ra a-na tab-ra-a-ti u₂-ša₂-lik | I engraved on large limestone slabs (images of) the enemy settlements that I had conquered. | limestone slabs around base/lower courses of palace terrace or rooms |
| 002 (Q003476) | 52 | {na₄}pi-i-li (pīli) | [la-ba-riš UD.MEŠ i-na ILLU kiš-ša₂-ti] ⸢tem-me⸣-en-šu₂ la ⸢e⸣-[ne₂-še as-kup-pat {na₄}pi-i-li rab-ba-a-ti a-sur-ru-šu u₂-ša₂-as-hi-ra u₂-dan-nin šu-pu-uk-šu₂] | In order to prevent its foundation [from being weakened over the passage of time by cresting flood (s), I surrounded its damp course with large limestone slabs (and thereby) reinforced its base]. | foundation/substructure in former Tebiltu bed under palace terrace extension |
| 002 (Q003476) | 63 | {na₄}pi-i-li (pīli) | [as-kup-pat {na₄}pi-i-li rab-ba-a-ti da-ad₂-me na-ki]-⸢ri⸣ ki-šit-⸢ti⸣ [ŠU.II]-⸢ia⸣ qe₂-reb-ši-in e-si-ha a-sur-ru-ši-in u₂-ša₂-as-hi-ra a-na tab-⸢ra⸣-[a-ti u₂-ša₂-lik] | I engraved on [large limestone slabs (images of) the ene] my [settlements] that [I] had conquered. | limestone slabs around base/lower courses of palace terrace or rooms |
| 003 (Q003477) | 52 | {na₄}pi-i-li (pīli) | la-ba-riš UD.MEŠ i-na ILLU kiš-ša₂-ti tem-me-en-šu₂ la e-ne₂-še as-kup-pat {na₄}pi-i-li rab-ba-a-ti a-sur-ru-šu u₂-ša₂-as-hi-ra u₂-dan-nin šu-pu-uk-šu₂ | In order to prevent its foundation from being weakened over the passage of time by cresting flood (s), I surrounded its damp course with large limestone slabs (and thereby) reinforced its base. | foundation/substructure in former Tebiltu bed under palace terrace extension |
| 004 (Q003478) | 80 | {na₄}pi-i-li (pīli) | la-ba-riš u₄-me ina ILLU kiš-ša₂-ti tem-me-en-šu₂ la e-ne₂-še as-kup-pat {na₄}pi-i-li rab-ba-a-ti ki-is-su-u₂-šu u₂-ša₂-as-hi-ra u₂-dan-ni-na šu-pu-uk-šu | In order to prevent its foundation from being weakened over the passage of time by cresting flood (s), I surrounded its base with large limestone slabs (and thereby) reinforced its base. | foundation/substructure in former Tebiltu bed under palace terrace extension |
| 004 (Q003478) | 90 | {na₄}pi-i-li (pīli) | i-na me₂-eh-ret KA₂.GAL MURUB₄ URU i-na a-gur₂-ri {na₄}pi-i-li pe-ṣe-e a-na me-ti-iq be-lu-ti-ia u₂-šak-bi-is ti-tur-ru | I had a bridge constructed opposite the Citadel Gate (by packing down) paving stones of white limestone for my lordly procession (s). | bridge/causeway opposite the Citadel Gate (with white limestone) |
| 007 (Q003481) | 4' | {na₄}pi-i-li (pīli) | [i-na me₂-eh-ret KA₂.GAL] ⸢MURUB₄⸣ URU i-na a-⸢gur₂⸣-[ri {na₄}pi-i-li pe-ṣe-e a-na me-ti-iq {giš}GIGIR be-lu-ti-ia u₂-še-piš ti-tur-ru] | [I had a bridge constructed opposite] the Citadel [Gate] with paving ston [es of white limestone for the passage of my lordly chariot]. | bridge/causeway opposite the Citadel Gate (with white limestone) |
| 008 (Q003482) | 11' | {na₄}pi-i-li (pīli) | [ša BAD₃-šu₂ GAL-i bad₃-ni₂-gal-bi-lu₂-kur₂-ra-šu₂-šu₂ du-u₂-ru ša nam-ri-ru-šu₂ na-ki-ri sah-pu ṣe-er {na₄}pi-i-li tem-me-en-šu₂ ad-di-ma 40 SIG₄ u₂-kab-bir i-na 1 ME 80 ti]-⸢ib⸣-ki ul-la-a re-še₂₀-e-šu₂ | [I laid the foundation of its great wall, Badnigalbilukurašušu, (which means) “Wall Whose Brilliance Overwhelms Enemies,” upon limestone and made (it) 40 bricks thick]. | city wall founded on limestone, 40 bricks thick |
| 008 (Q003482) | 13' | {na₄}pi-i-li (pīli) | [qe₂-reb ma-a-me šap-la-a-nu NA₄ KUR-i dan-nu ak-si-ma e-la-niš a-di pa-as₂-qi₂-šu₂ ina {na₄}pi-i-li GAL.MEŠ] u₂-nak-⸢kil⸣ ši-pir-šu₂ | [I bound together strong mountain stone in the water below and above] I expertly carried out its construction [with large limestone (blocks) up to its copings]. | glazed baked bricks decorating arches, friezes, copings of SW Palace |
| 008 (Q003482) | 16' | {na₄}pi-i-li (pīli) | [ina me₂-eh-ret KA₂.GAL MURUB₄ URU i-na a-gur₂-ri {na₄}pi-i-li pe-ṣe-e a-na me-ti-iq {giš}GIGIR be-lu-ti-ia] u₂-še-piš ti-tur-ru | I had a bridge constructed [opposite the Citadel Gate with paving stones of white limestone for the passage of my lordly chariot]. | bridge/causeway opposite the Citadel Gate (with white limestone) |
| 015 (Q003489) | v 55 | {na₄}pi-i-li (pīli) | ⸢UDU.MEŠ šad-di⸣ {d}LAMMA ša {na₄}pi-i-li pe-ṣe-e | [They quarri] ed mountain sheep colossi of white limestone [in the city T] astiate, which is across the Tigris River, to be their (the palatial halls’) gatekeepers. | stone colossi/sculpture of white limestone |
| 015 (Q003489) | vi 23 | {na₄}pi-i-li (pīli) | ša {na₄}pi-i-li [pe-ṣe-e] | So that the construction of my palace might be carried out correctly and that my handiwork be completed, at that time, [the god Aš] šur and the goddess Ištar revealed [to me the pres] ence of [white] limestone in the city Balāṭāya. | glazed bricks for palace decoration (broken context) |
| 015 (Q003489) | vi 30 | {⸢na₄⸣}pi-i-li (pīli) | {⸢na₄⸣}pi-i-li rab-bu-ti ⸢ki⸣-su-u₂-šu | In order to prevent the foundation of the terrace from being weakened over the passage of time by cresting flood (s), (vi 30) I surrounded its base with large limestone (slabs and thereby) reinforced its base. | limestone slabs around base/lower courses of palace terrace or rooms |
| 015 (Q003489) | vii 3 | {na₄}pi-i-li (pīli) | {na₄}pi-i-li pe-ṣe-[e] ⸢SI.GAR a-ṣe-e⸣ | Moreover, [I made] twelve mountain sheep [colossi of cast bright urudû - copper, which are splendid] in form (and) [perfect in shape], (vii 1) two moun [tain] sheep [colossi of alabaster], (and) seventy-two mountain sheep [colossi and sphinxes of] whit [e] limestone suitable for holding the door bolt (s) for leaving and entering. | stone colossi/sculpture of white limestone |
| 015 (Q003489) | vii 6 | {⸢na₄⸣}pi-i-⸢li⸣ (pīli) | u₃ KUN₄.MEŠ {⸢na₄⸣}pi-i-⸢li⸣ [GAL.MEŠ] | I engraved on slabs of breccia (and) [alabaster], and on [large] limestone slabs (images of) the enemy settlements that [I] had conquered. | limestone slabs around base/lower courses of palace terrace or rooms |
| 015 (Q003489) | vii 23 | pi-i-[li (pīli) | ṣe-er pi-i-[li tem-me-en-šu₂ ad-di-ma 40 SIG₄ u₂-kab-bir] | [I laid the foundation of] its [great] wall, [Badnigalbilukurašušu], (which means) “Wall [Whose Brilliance Overwhelms Enemies],” upon limesto [ne and made (it) 40 bricks thick. I raised its superstructure] 180 [courses of brick high]. | city wall founded on limestone, 40 bricks thick |
| 015 (Q003489) | vii 28' | {na₄}pi-i-li (pīli) | e-⸢la⸣-niš ⸢a-di pa⸣-as₂-qi₂-šu ⸢i-na⸣ {na₄}pi-i-li GAL.MEŠ | I bound together strong mountain stone in the water below and above I expertly carried out its construction with large limestone (blocks) up to its copings. | glazed baked bricks decorating arches, friezes, copings of SW Palace |
| 016 (Q003490) | v 79 | {na₄}pi-i-li (pīli) | UDU.MEŠ šad-di {d}LAMMA ša {na₄}pi-i-li | They quarried mountain sheep colossi of white limestone in the city Tastiate, which is across the Tigris River, to be their (the palatial halls’) gatekeepers. | stone colossi/sculpture of white limestone |
| 016 (Q003490) | vi 42 | {na₄}pi-i-li (pīli) | ša {na₄}pi-i-li pe-ṣe-e | So that the construction of my palace might be carried out correctly and that my handiwork be completed, at that time, the god Aššur and the goddess Ištar [rev] ealed to me the presence of white limestone [in] the city Balāṭāya. | glazed bricks for palace decoration (broken context) |
| 016 (Q003490) | vi 51 | {na₄}pi-i-li (pīli) | {na₄}pi-i-li ⸢GAL⸣.MEŠ ki-su-u₂-šu | In order to prevent the foundation of the terrace from being weakened over the passage [of time b] y cresting flood (s), I surro [und] ed its base with large limestone (slabs and thereby) reinforced its base. | limestone slabs around base/lower courses of palace terrace or rooms |
| 016 (Q003490) | vii 9 | {na₄}pi-i-li (pīli) | u₃ AB₂.ZA.ZA-a-te {na₄}pi-i-li pe-ṣe-e | Moreover, I [made] twelve mountain sheep colossi of cast bright urudû - copper, which are splendid in form (and) perfect in shape, two mountain sheep colossi of alabaster, (and) seventy-two mountain sheep colossi and sphinxes of white limestone suitable for holding the door bolt (s) for leaving and entering. | stone colossi/sculpture of white limestone |
| 016 (Q003490) | vii 13 | {na₄}pi-i-li (pīli) | u₃ KUN₄.MEŠ {na₄}pi-i-li GAL.MEŠ | [I engrav] ed on slabs of br [ec] cia (and) alabaster, and on large limestone slabs (images of) the enemy settlements that I had conquered. | limestone slabs around base/lower courses of palace terrace or rooms |
| 016 (Q003490) | vii 31 | {na₄}pi-i-li (pīli) | na-ki-ri sah-pu ṣe-er {na₄}pi-i-li | I laid the foundation of its great wall, Badnigalbilukurašušu, (which means) “Wall Whose Brilliance Overwhelms Enemies,” upon limestone and made (it) 40 bricks thick. | city wall founded on limestone, 40 bricks thick |
| 016 (Q003490) | vii 75 | {na₄}pi-i-li (pīli) | a-di pa-as₂-qi₂-šu₂ ina {na₄}pi-i-li GAL.MEŠ | I bound together strong mountain stone in the water below and above I expertly carried out its construction with large limestone (blocks) up to its copings. | glazed baked bricks decorating arches, friezes, copings of SW Palace |
| 016 (Q003490) | viii 1 | {na₄}pi-i-li (pīli) | i-na a-gur₂-ri {na₄}pi-i-li pe-ṣe-e | I had a bridge constructed opposite the Citadel Gate with paving stones of white limestone for the passage of my lordly chariot. | bridge/causeway opposite the Citadel Gate (with white limestone) |
| 017 (Q003491) | v 64 | {na₄}pi-i-li (pīli) | {d}ALAD.{d}LAMMA.MEŠ ša {na₄}pi-i-li pe-ṣe-e | They quarried bull colossi of white limestone in the city Tastiate, which is across the Tigris River, to be their (the palatial halls’) gatekeepers. | stone colossi/sculpture of white limestone |
| 017 (Q003491) | v 88 | {na₄}pi-i-li (pīlī) | i-na 1/2 IKU ma-lak A.MEŠ 4 {na₄}pi-i-li GAL.MEŠ | In a one-half ikû (stretch) of the water’s (natural) course, I bonded together, with bitumen, four large limestone (blocks) and spread marsh reeds and rushes over them. | foundation/substructure in former Tebiltu bed under palace terrace extension |
| 017 (Q003491) | vi 9 | {na₄}pi-i-li (pīlī) | {na₄}pi-i-li GAL.MEŠ ki-su-u₂-šu | In order to prevent the foundation of the terrace from being weakened over the passage of time by cresting flood (s), (vi 10) I surrounded its base with large limestone (slabs and thereby) reinforced its base. | limestone slabs around base/lower courses of palace terrace or rooms |
| 017 (Q003491) | vi 63 | {na₄}pi-i-lu (pīlu) | ki-i ṭe₃-em DINGIR-ma {na₄}pi-i-lu pe-ṣu-u | Near Nineveh, in the territory of the city Balāṭāya, by divine will, white limestone was discovered in abundance, then I created bull colossi and (other) statues with limbs of alabaster that are sculpted from a single stone, (whose) proportions are perfect, (and) who stand high on their own pedestals; sphinxes of alabaster (vi 70) whose features are exquisite (and) whose bodies shine like a brilliant day; (and) magni… | glazed bricks for palace decoration (broken context) |
| 017 (Q003491) | vi 77 | {na₄}pi-i-li (pīli) | {na₄}pi-i-li pe-ṣe-e i-na lip-ta-at {d}nin-kur-ra | I had bull colossi and sphinxes of white limestone created and their forms perfected through the craft of the deity Ninkura, in the territory of the city Balāṭāya. | stone colossi/sculpture of white limestone |
| 017 (Q003491) | vii 24 | {na₄}pi-i-li (pīli) | {na₄}pi-i-li pe-ṣe-e ša E₂.GAL.MEŠ-ia | I made bull colossi with copper features, two of which were overlaid with zaḫalû - silver, (and) bull colossi of alabaster, together with bull colossi and sphinxes of white limestone, hold the door bolts of my palatial halls. | stone colossi/sculpture of white limestone |
| 017 (Q003491) | vii 42 | {na₄}pi-i-li (pīli) | u₃ KUN₄.MEŠ {na₄}pi-i-li GAL.MEŠ | I surrounded their (the palace rooms’) lower courses with slabs of breccia (and) alabaster, and large limestone slabs (and) made (them) an object of wonder. | limestone slabs around base/lower courses of palace terrace or rooms |
| 017 (Q003491) | vii 67 | {na₄}pi-i-li (pīli) | ṣe-er {na₄}pi-i-li tem-me-en-šu₂ ad-di-ma | I laid the foundation of its great wall, Badnigalbilukurašušu, (which means) “Wall Whose Brilliance Overwhelms Enemies,” upon limestone and made (it) 40 bricks thick. | city wall founded on limestone, 40 bricks thick |
| 017 (Q003491) | viii 11 | {na₄}pi-i-li (pīli) | e-la-niš a-di pa-as₂-qi₂-šu₂ i-na {na₄}pi-i-li GAL.MEŠ | I bound together strong mountain stone in the water below and above I expertly carried out its construction with large limestone (blocks) up to its copings. | glazed baked bricks decorating arches, friezes, copings of SW Palace |
| 018 (Q003492) | vii 18 | {na₄}pi-i-[li (pīli) | ki-su-šu₂ i-na {na₄}pi-i-[li GAL.MEŠ u₂-še-pi-ša₂] | In order to [prevent] its foundations fr [om being weakened by rain] and snow, [I had] its base [built] with [large] limest [one] (blocks and thereby) reinforced [its] base. | limestone slabs around base/lower courses of palace terrace or rooms |
| 018 (Q003492) | vii 3' | {na₄}pi-[i-li] (pīli) | na-ki-ri sah-pu ṣe-er {na₄}pi-[i-li] | [...]... I laid the foundation of [its] great [wall, Badnigalbi] lukurašušu, (which means) “Wall Whose Bril [liance] Overwhelms Enemies,” upon lime [stone] and (vii 5´) made (it) 40 bricks thick, measured by [my] large brick mold. Upwards (to the north) and downw [ards] (to the south), I enlarged its battlements to (a width of) 39 bricks, [then] I raised its superstructure up high, to its copings, to (a height of) 20… | glazed baked bricks decorating arches, friezes, copings of SW Palace |
| 018 (Q003492) | vii 48' | {na₄}pi-i-li (pīli) | i-na {na₄}pi-i-li ⸢GAL⸣.[MEŠ u₂-nak-kil ši-pir-šu] | Until I [had (it) reach] the water table, I dug down [into] the water [forty-five nindanu, then] I bound together strong mountain stone [below and above I expertly carried out its construction] with large limestone (blocks) [up to its copings]. | glazed baked bricks decorating arches, friezes, copings of SW Palace |
| 022 (Q003496) | vi 53 | {na₄}pi-i-li (pīli) | i-na nik-lat lib-bi-ia E₂.GAL {na₄}pi-i-li | In a favorable month, on an auspicious day, upon that terrace, with my innate expertise, I had a palatial wing of limestone and cedar in the style of the land Ḫatti and (vi 55) a magnificent palatial wing of Assyrian workmanship, which greatly surpassed the previous one in size and expertise, built through the craft of well-trained master builders, for my lordly residence. | unclear (Nineveh, broken) |
| 022 (Q003496) | vi 62 | {na₄}pi-i-li (pīli) | KA₂.MEŠ-šin i-na {na₄}pi-i-li pe-ṣe-e | I had magnificent bull colossi fashioned from white limestone that was discovered in the territory of the city Balāṭāya and on the right and left I made (them) hold their door bolts. | stone colossi/sculpture of white limestone |
| 023 (Q003497) | vi 48 | {na₄}pi-i-lu (pīlu) | {na₄}pi-i-lu pe-ṣu-u₂ ša ⸢i-na⸣ er-ṣe-et {uru}ba-la-ṭa-a-a | I had bull colossi (text “a bull colossus”) fashioned (from) white limestone that was discovered in the territory of the city Balāṭāya and on the right and left I made (them) hold its door bolt (s). | stone colossi/sculpture of white limestone |
| 025 (Q003499) | ii' 2' | {⸢na₄⸣}[pi-i-li (pīli) | i-na {⸢na₄⸣}[pi-i-li pe-ṣe-e ša i-na er-ṣe-et] | I [had] magnificent [bull colossi fashioned] from [white limestone that was discovered in the territory of] the city Balā [ṭāya and on the right and left] I made (them) h [old their door bolt (s)]. | stone colossi/sculpture of white limestone |
| 034 (Q003508) | 64 | {na₄}pi-i-li (pīli) | at-ta-di tem-me-en-šin E₂.GAL {na₄}pi-i-li {giš}ere-ni tam-šil E₂.GAL {kur}ha-at-ti | I had a palatial hall of limestone (and) cedar, a replica of a palace of the land Ḫatti, (65) and a magnificent palatial hall of Assyrian workmanship, which greatly surpassed (the previous one) in size and splendor, built for my royal residence. | foundation laid with limestone |
| 034 (Q003508) | 74 | {na₄}pi-i-li (pīli) | KUR-i ib-bab-la it-ti {na₄}pi-i-li pe-ṣe-e ša i-na {uru}ba-la-ṭa-a-a in-nam-ru | I had pendû - stone — whose appearance is as finely granulated as cucumber seeds, considered valuable enough to be an amulet, a stone for speaking (and) being accepted, as well as making storms pass by, (and) keeping illness away from a man, (and) which was brought from the foot of Mount Nipur — and white limestone, which was discovered at the city Balāṭāya, (75) fashioned into bull colossi and I made (them) hold the… | stone colossi/sculpture of white limestone |
| 034 (Q003508) | 76 | {na₄}pi-i-li (pīli) | {na₄}{d}ŠE.TIR tim-me {giš}ere-ni ṣe-ru-ši-in ul-ziz-ma ša E₂.GAL {na₄}pi-i-li ša₂-a-tu | I erected cedar columns over sphinxes of pendû - stone and I positioned the architraves of that palatial hall of limestone (on those columns). | stone colossi/sculpture of white limestone |
| 034 (Q003508) | 82 | {na₄}pi-i-li (pīli) | as-mi₃-iš i-na ki-sa-al-li GAL-i šap-la-nu E₂.GAL {na₄}pi-i-li a-na ri-mit LUGAL-ti-ia | In the great courtyard below the palatial hall of limestone, I had a pedestal of pendû - stone, breccia, and sābu - stone made for my royal residence. |  |
| 035 (Q003509) | r 11'' | {na₄}pi-i-⸢li⸣ (pīli) | [... {na₄}GIŠ].⸢NU₁₁⸣.GAL {na₄}pi-i-⸢li⸣ [...] | [At that time, my] heart [prompted me to... the Rear Palace, which is] inside Nineveh. [... alabas] ter, limesto [ne... b] eams of cyp [ress...] silver, bronze,... [... for review] ing [substantial enemy] booty, [...]... [...] |  |
| 039 (Q003513) | 22 | {na₄}pi-i-li (pīli) | {na₄}pi-i-li ⸢GAL⸣.MEŠ [dun-nu-niš] | In [its] subterranean wat [ers] I [very firmly] bonded reeds below (and) bi [tum] en above with large (blocks of) limestone. |  |
| 039 (Q003513) | 45 | {na₄}pi-i-lu (pīlu) | ra-ma-nu-uš ina er-ṣe-et {uru}ba-la-ṭa-a-a {na₄}pi-i-lu ⸢pe⸣-ṣu-u₂ | In the territory of the city Balāṭāya, white limestone was discovered in abundance, and (then) I created bull colossi (and) sphinxes of alabaster, and slabs of alabaster, as well as magnificent slabs of breccia. | glazed bricks for palace decoration (broken context) |
| 039 (Q003513) | 49 | {na₄}pi-i-lu (pīlu) | E₂.GAL-ia u₂-šal-di-da qe₂-reb NINA{ki} {na₄}pi-i-lu pe-ṣu-[u₂] | (As for) the white limestone that was discovered in the territory of the city Balāṭāya, I had (it) made into bull coloss [i] and sphinxes. | stone colossi/sculpture of white limestone |
| 039 (Q003513) | 60 | {na₄}pi-i-li (pīli) | {na₄}pi-i-li pe-ṣe-e ša E₂.GAL.MEŠ-ia | I made bull colossi of alabaster and copper, two of which were overlaid with zaḫalû - silver, (together with) bull colossi and sphinxes of white limestone, hold the door bolts of my palatial halls. | stone colossi/sculpture of white limestone |
| 039 (Q003513) | 69 | {na₄}pi-i-li (pīli) | {na₄}pi-i-li GAL.MEŠ u₂-ša₂-as-hi-ra a-sur-ru-ši-in | I surrounded their (the palace rooms’) lower courses with slabs of breccia (and) alabaster, and large limestone slabs. | limestone slabs around base/lower courses of palace terrace or rooms |
| 040 (Q003514) | 20'' | {na₄}pi-i-lu (pīlu) | ki-i ṭe₃-em DINGIR-ma {na₄}pi-i-lu | Near Nineveh, in the territory of the city Balāṭāya, by divine will, white limestone was discovered in abundance, and (then) I created bull colossi (and) sphinxes of alabaster, and slabs of alabaster, as well as magnificent slabs of breccia. | glazed bricks for palace decoration (broken context) |
| 040 (Q003514) | 29'' | {na₄}pi-i-lu (pīlu) | {na₄}pi-i-lu pe-ṣu-u₂ ša i-na | (As for) the white limestone that was discovered in the territory of the city Balāṭāya, I had (it) made into bull [colossi] and s [phinxes], and (then) I made their appearance (s) resplendent. | stone colossi/sculpture of white limestone |
| 040 (Q003514) | 36'' | {na₄}pi-i-li (pīli) | {d}ALAD.{d}LAMMA.MEŠ {munus}AB₂.ZA.ZA-a-ti {na₄}pi-i-li pe-ṣe-e ša E₂.GAL.MEŠ be-lu-ti-⸢ia⸣ | I made bull colossi of alabaster and copper, two of which [were overlaid with za] ḫalû - silver, (together with) bull colossi (and) sphinxes of white limestone, hold the door bolts of my lordly palatial halls. | stone colossi/sculpture of white limestone |
| 040 (Q003514) | 42'' | {na₄}pi-i-li (pīli) | {na₄}pi-i-li GAL.MEŠ u₂-ša₂-as-hi-ra a-sur-ru-šin aš₂-šu u₄-mi-šam-ma A.MEŠ di-lu-u₂-ti da-lum | In order to be able to draw water by bucket every day, I had bronze wire chains and bronze cables made and, instead of poles, I had tree trunks and date palm (s) placed over wells. |  |
| 040 (Q003514) | 46'' | {na₄}pi-i-li (pīli) | u₃ ri-ša₂-a-ti u₂-še-piš-ma {munus}AB₂.ZA.ZA-a-ti {na₄}pi-i-li pe-ṣi-i ina KA₂.MEŠ-ša₂ ul-ziz | Moreover, for Tašmētu-šarrat, the palace lady, my beloved spouse, whose form the goddess Bēlet-ilī made more perfect than (that of) all (other) women: I had a palatial hall for lovemaking, happiness, and exultation built, and (then) I stationed sphinxes of white limestone in its gates. | stone colossi/sculpture of white limestone |
| 041 (Q003515) | 1'' | {na₄}pi-i-li (pīli) | {<d>}ALAD.{d}LAMMA.MEŠ u₃ {munus}⸢AB₂⸣.[ZA.ZA-a-ti {na₄}pi-i-li pe-ṣe-e ša E₂.GAL.MEŠ-ia u₂-ša₂-aṣ-bi-ta SI.GAR-ši-in] | [I made...] bull colossi and sp [hinxes of white limestone, hold the door bolts of my palatial halls]. | stone colossi/sculpture of white limestone |
| 041 (Q003515) | 7'' | {⸢na₄⸣}pi-[i-li (pīli) | {na₄}DUR₂.MI.NA.BAN₃.DA {na₄}GIŠ.NU₁₁.GAL ⸢u₃⸣ [KUN₄.MEŠ] {⸢na₄⸣}pi-[i-li GAL.MEŠ a-sur-ru-šin u₂-ša₂-as-hi-ra] | [I surrounded their (the palace rooms’) lower courses with slabs of] breccia (and) alabaster, and [large] lim [estone slabs] (and) made (them) an object of wonder. | limestone slabs around base/lower courses of palace terrace or rooms |
| 042 (Q003516) | 15 | {na₄}pi-i-li (pīli) | AD.MEŠ-ia a-na ri-mit be-lu-ti-šu₂-un u₂-še-pi-šu-ma la u₂-nak-[ki-lu ši-pir-ša₂ UDU.MEŠ šad-di {d}LAMMA ša {na₄}pi-i-li pe-ṣe-e] | They quarried [mountain sheep colossi of white limestone] in the city Tastiate to be their (the palatial halls’) gatekeepers. | stone colossi/sculpture of white limestone |
| 042 (Q003516) | 23 | {[na₄}pi-i-li (pīli) | it-ti {[na₄}pi-i-li GAL.MEŠ dun-nu-niš ak]-⸢si⸣ 3 ME 40 ina 1.⸢KUŠ₃⸣ [GID₂.DA 2 ME] 89 ina 1.KUŠ₃ DAGAL A.ŠA₃ ul-tu ma-a-me | [I] n its subterranean waters [I very firmly bond] ed reeds [below (and) bit] umen a [bove] with [large (blocks of) limestone]. |  |
| 042 (Q003516) | 26 | {na₄}pi-i-li (pīli) | tem-me-[en-šu la e-ne₂-še {na₄}pi-i-li GAL.MEŠ] ki-su-šu u₂-ša₂-as-hi-ra u₂-dan-ni-na šu-⸢pu⸣-uk-šu₂ | In order to [prevent its] founda [tion from being weakened] over the passage of time by cresting flood (s), I surrounded its base [with large limestone (slabs and thereby)] reinforced its base. | limestone slabs around base/lower courses of palace terrace or rooms |
| 042 (Q003516) | 3' | {na₄}⸢pi⸣-[i-lu (pīlu) | ki-i ⸢ṭe₃-em⸣ DINGIR-ma {na₄}⸢pi⸣-[i-lu pe-ṣu-u₂] | [...] Near Nineveh, in the territo [ry of the city] Balāṭāya, by divine will, [white] lim [estone] was discovered [i] n abu [nda] nce, and (then) [I created] bull colossi [and (other) statues with li] mbs of alabaster [that are sculpted from a single stone, (whose) proporti] ons are perfect, (and) [who stand high] o [n their own] ped [estals; sphinxes of alabaster] whose features [are exquisite (and) whose bodies shi… | glazed bricks for palace decoration (broken context) |
| 042 (Q003516) | 15' | {na₄}pi-i-li (pīli) | [u₃ {munus}AB₂.ZA.ZA-a-ti {na₄}pi-i-li pe-ṣe-e i-na lip-ta-at {d}nin-kur-ra] | [I had large bull colossi and sphinxes of white limestone created in the terr] itory of the city Balāṭāya [and their forms p] erfected [through the craft of the deity Ninkura]. | stone colossi/sculpture of white limestone |
| 042 (Q003516) | 33' | {na₄}pi-i-li (pīli) | {na₄}pi-i-li pe-ṣe-⸢e ša⸣ E₂.GAL.MEŠ-ia u₂-ša₂-aṣ-bi-ta SI.GAR-ši-in tim-me URUDU MAH.MEŠ a-di {giš}tim-me {giš}ere-ni GAL.MEŠ | I fastened bands of copper on magnificent copper columns, as well as on large cedar columns, which are the product of Mount Amanus, and (then) I installed (them) upon lion colossi and positioned cross-beams (upon them) as a cornice for their gates. | stone colossi/sculpture of white limestone |
| 042 (Q003516) | 38' | {na₄}⸢pi⸣-i-li (pīli) | mu-šab be-lu-ti-ia ⸢e-mid⸣ {giš}GAN.⸢DU₇.MEŠ⸣-šu₂-un KUN₄.⸢MEŠ⸣ {na₄}DUR₂.MI.NA.BAN₃.DA {na₄}GIŠ.⸢NU₁₁⸣.GAL u₃ KUN₄.MEŠ {na₄}⸢pi⸣-i-li | I surrounded their (the palace rooms’) lower courses with slabs of breccia (and) alabaster, and large limestone slabs (and) made (them) an object of wonder. | limestone slabs around base/lower courses of palace terrace or rooms |
| 043 (Q003517) | 16 | {na₄}pi-i-li (pīli) | it-ti {na₄}pi-i-li GAL.MEŠ dun-nu-niš ak-si 5 ME 54 ina 1.KUŠ₃ GID₂.DA 2 ME 89 ina 1.KUŠ₃ DAGAL A.ŠA₃ ul-tu ma-a-me | In its subterranean waters I very firmly bonded reeds below (and) bitumen above with large (blocks of) limestone. | foundation/substructure in former Tebiltu bed under palace terrace extension |
| 043 (Q003517) | 19 | {na₄}pi-i-li (pīli) | {na₄}pi-i-li GAL.MEŠ ki-su-šu u₂-ša₂-as-hi-ra u₂-dan-ni-na šu-pu-uk-šu₂ a-na 9 ME 14 ina AS₄.LUM GAL-ti UŠ | In order to prevent its foundation from being weakened over the passage of time by cresting flood (s), I surrounded its base with large limestone (slabs and thereby) reinforced its base. | limestone slabs around base/lower courses of palace terrace or rooms |
| 043 (Q003517) | 50 | {na₄}pi-i-lu (pīlu) | {uru}ba-la-ṭa-a-a ki-i ṭe₃-em DINGIR-ma {na₄}pi-i-lu | Near Nineveh, in the territory of the city Balāṭāya, by divine will, white limestone was discovered in abundance, and (then) I created bull colossi and (other) statues with limbs of alabas [ter that] are sculpted from a single stone, (whose) proportions [are perfect], (and) who stand high on the [ir] own pedestals; sphinxes of alabaster whose features are exquisite (and) whose bo [dies] sh [in] e like a brilliant day… | glazed bricks for palace decoration (broken context) |
| 043 (Q003517) | 64 | {na₄}pi-i-li (pīli) | u₃ {munus}AB₂.ZA.ZA-a-ti {na₄}pi-i-li pe-ṣe-e | I had large bull colossi and sphinxes of white limestone created in the territory of the city Balāṭāya and their forms perfected through the craft of the deity Ninkura. | stone colossi/sculpture of white limestone |
| 043 (Q003517) | 84 | {na₄}pi-i-li (pīli) | {na₄}GIŠ.NU₁₁.GAL a-di {d}ALAD.{d}LAMMA.MEŠ u₃ {munus}AB₂.ZA.ZA-a-ti {na₄}pi-i-li pe-ṣe-e ša E₂.GAL.MEŠ-ia ⸢u₂⸣-ša₂-aṣ-bi-ta | I made bull colossi with copper features, two of which were overlaid with zaḫalû - silver, (and) bull colossi of alabaster, together with bull colossi and sphinxes of white limestone, hold the door bolts of my palatial halls. | stone colossi/sculpture of white limestone |
| 043 (Q003517) | 9 | {na₄}pi-i-li (pīli) | la u₂-nak-ki-lu ši-pir-ša₂ UDU.MEŠ šad-di {d}LAMMA ša {na₄}pi-i-li pe-ṣe-e i-na {uru}ta-as-ti-a-te ib-tu-qu a-na mu-kil KA₂.MEŠ-ši-in | They quarried mountain sheep colossi of white limestone in the city Tastiate to be their (the palatial halls’) gatekeepers. | stone colossi/sculpture of white limestone |
| 043 (Q003517) | 90 | {na₄}pi-i-li (pīli) | u₃ KUN₄.MEŠ {na₄}pi-i-li GAL.MEŠ a-sur-ru-šin u₂-ša₂-as-hi-ra a-na tab-ra-a-te u₂-ša₂-lik ⸢aš₂⸣-[šu₂ u₄-mi-šam-ma A].MEŠ | In [order to] be able to draw [water] by bucket [every day], I had bronze wire chains and bronze cables made and, inste [ad of poles], I had [tre] e trunks and date palm (s) placed over wells. |  |
| 044 (Q003518) | 38 | {na₄}pi-i-li (pīli) | [e-la-niš ESIR.UD.A it-ti {na₄}pi-i-li GAL.MEŠ dun]-nu-<niš> ak-si 5 ME 54 i-na 1.KUŠ₃ GID₂.DA 2 ME 89 [ina 1.KUŠ₃ DAGAL | In the hidden depths of its subterranean waters I very firmly bonded reeds [be] low (and) [bitumen above with large (blocks of) limestone. | foundation/substructure in former Tebiltu bed under palace terrace extension |
| 044 (Q003518) | 52 | {na₄}pi-i-lu (pīlu) | [u₂-kal-lim ra-ma]-⸢nu⸣-uš i-te-e NINA{ki} i-[na er-ṣe-et {uru}ba-la-ṭa-a-a ki-i ṭe₃-em DINGIR-ma {na₄}pi-i-lu pe-ṣu-u₂ a-na mu-ʾu-de-e in]-⸢na⸣-mir-ma | Near Nineveh, i [n the territory of the city Balāṭāya, by divine will, white limestone was di] scovered [in abundance, and (then) I created bull co] lossi of alabaster that [are sculpted] from a sin [gle stone, (whose) proportions are perfect; sphinxes of alabaster whose features are exquisite] (and) whose bodies shine [li] ke a [brillia] nt day; (and) [magnificent] slabs of [breccia]. | glazed bricks for palace decoration (broken context) |
| 044 (Q003518) | 56 | {na₄}pi-i-li (pīli) | [GAL].MEŠ u₃ {munus}AB₂.ZA.ZA-a-ti {na₄}pi-i-li pe-⸢ṣe⸣-[e i-na lip-ta-at {d}nin-kur-ra i]-⸢na er⸣-ṣe-et {⸢uru}ba-la-ṭa-a-a⸣ | I had [large bull colossi] and sphinxes of whit [e] limestone created [in] the territory of the city Balāṭāya and [their forms] perfec [ted through the craft of the deity Ninkura]. | stone colossi/sculpture of white limestone |
| 044 (Q003518) | 61 | {na₄}pi-i-li (pīli) | {[d}ALAD.{d}LAMMA].⸢MEŠ⸣ {na₄}⸢GIŠ.NU₁₁⸣.[GAL a-di {d}ALAD.{d}LAMMA.MEŠ u₃] {⸢munus}AB₂⸣.ZA.ZA-⸢a⸣-ti {na₄}pi-i-li ⸢pe⸣-ṣe-e | I made [bull colossi with copper features, two of wh] ich were overl [aid] with [zaḫa] lû - silver, (and) [bull coloss] i of alabas [ter, together with bull colossi] (and) sphinxes of white limestone, [hold the door bolts of] my [palatial halls]. | stone colossi/sculpture of white limestone |
| 044 (Q003518) | 67 | {na₄}pi-i-li (pīli) | ⸢KUN₄⸣.[MEŠ {na₄}DUR₂.MI.NA].BAN₃.DA {[na₄}GIŠ.NU₁₁.GAL u₃] ⸢KUN₄⸣.MEŠ {na₄}pi-i-li GAL.MEŠ a-sur-ru-ši-in | [I surrounded] their (the palace rooms’) lower courses with slab [s of brecc] ia (and) [alabaster, and] large limestone slabs (and) [made (them) an object of wonder]. | limestone slabs around base/lower courses of palace terrace or rooms |
| 046 (Q003520) | 109 | {na₄}pi-i-li (pīli) | ši-pir-ša₂ {d}ALAD.{d}LAMMA.MEŠ ša {na₄}pi-i-li pe-ṣe-e i-na {uru}ta-as-ti-a-te ib-[tu-qu] | They q [uarried] bull colossi of white limestone in the city Tastiate to be their (the palatial halls’) gatekeepers. | stone colossi/sculpture of white limestone |
| 046 (Q003520) | 119 | {na₄}pi-i-li (pīli) | 4 {na₄}pi-i-li GAL.MEŠ it-ti ESIR.UD.A ak]-⸢si⸣-ma GI.MEŠ a-⸢pe⸣ [u₃ ku-pe-e u₂-šat-ri-ṣa UGU-šu₂-un] | [In a one-half ikû (stretch) of the water’s (natural) course, I bon] ded [together with bitumen four large limestone (blocks)] and [spread] marsh reeds [and rushes over them. |  |
| 046 (Q003520) | 135 | {na₄}pi-i-lu (pīlu) | u₂-kal-lim ⸢ra⸣-ma-nu-uš i-te-e NINA{ki} i-na er-ṣe-et {uru}ba-la-ṭa-a-a ki-i ṭe₃-em DINGIR-ma {na₄}pi-i-lu pe-ṣu-u₂ a-na mu-ʾu-de-e | Near Nineveh, in the territory of the city Balāṭāya, by divine will, white limestone was discovered in abundance, and (then) I created bull colossi and (other) statues with limbs of alabaster that are sculpted from a single stone, (whose) proportions are perfect, (and) who stand [hi] gh on their own pedestals; sph [in] xes of alabaster whose features are exquisite (and) whose bodies shine like a brilliant day; (and) … | glazed bricks for palace decoration (broken context) |
| 046 (Q003520) | 138 | {na₄}pi-i-li (pīli) | ṣi-ra-a-⸢ti ab⸣-ni ki-lal-la-an i-na šad-⸢di-šu₂-un⸣ ab-tuq-ma a-na šip-ri E₂.GAL-ia u₂-šal-di-da qe₂-reb NINA{ki} {d}ALAD.{d}⸢LAMMA.MEŠ GAL⸣.MEŠ u₃ {munus}AB₂.ZA.ZA-a-ti {na₄}pi-i-li | I had large bull colossi and sphinxes of white limestone created in the territory of the city Balāṭāya and their forms perfected through the craft of the deity Ninkura. | stone colossi/sculpture of white limestone |
| 046 (Q003520) | 147 | {na₄}pi-i-li (pīli) | {na₄}pi-i-li pe-ṣe-e ša E₂.GAL.MEŠ-ia u₂-ša₂-aṣ-bi-ta SI.GAR-ši-in tim-me URUDU MAH.MEŠ a-di {giš}tim-me {giš}ere-ni GAL.MEŠ bi-ib-lat {kur}ha-ma-nim me-ser URUDU | I fastened bands of copper on magnificent copper columns, as well as on large cedar columns, which are the product of Mount Amanus, and (then) I installed (them) upon lion colossi and positioned cross-beams (upon them) as a cornice for their gates. | stone colossi/sculpture of white limestone |
| 046 (Q003520) | 151 | {na₄}pi-i-li (pīli) | {na₄}DUR₂.[MI].NA.BAN₃.DA {na₄}GIŠ.NU₁₁.GAL u₃ KUN₄.MEŠ {na₄}pi-i-li GAL.⸢MEŠ⸣ a-sur-ru-šin u₂-ša₂-as-hi-ra a-na tab-ra-a-ti u₂-ša₂-lik aš₂-šu u₄-mi-šam-ma A.MEŠ di-lu-ti | In order to be able to draw water by bucket every day, I had bronze wire chains and bronze cables made and, instead of poles, I had tree trunks and date palm (s) placed over wells. |  |
| 047 (Q003521) | 4' | {na₄}pi-i-lu (pīlu) | [u₂-kal-lim ra-ma-nu-uš i-te-e NINA{ki} i-na er-ṣe-et {uru}ba-la-ṭa-a-a ki]-i ṭe₃-⸢em⸣ [DINGIR-ma {na₄}pi-i-lu pe-ṣu-u₂ a-na mu-ʾu-de-e in-na-mir-ma] | [Near Nineveh, in the territory of the city Balāṭāya, b] y [divine] will, [white limestone was discovered in abundance, and (then) I created bull colossi of alabaster that are sculpted from a single stone, (whose) pro] portions are skillfully [made; sphinxes of alabaster whose features are exquisite] (and) whose [bodies shine like a brilliant day; (and) magnificent] slabs of [breccia....]... | stone colossi/sculpture of white limestone |
| 049 (Q003523) | 14 | {na₄}pi-i-[li] (pīli) | [mu-ṣu-ša₂ i-na] 1/2 IKU [ma-lak] ⸢A⸣.MEŠ 4 {na₄}pi-i-[li] GAL.MEŠ it-ti ESIR.UD.A ak-⸢si⸣-[ma GI.MEŠ a-pe] | [In] a one-half ikû (stretch) of the water’s (natural) [course], I bonded together with bitumen four large limest [one] (blocks) [and] spread [marsh reeds and rush] es over them. As an addition, I to [ok a plot of land] that was five hundred and [... c] ubits long (and) two hundred and eighty cubits [wide from the pla] in of [the city] (and) [I added (it) t] o the fo [rmer] dimensions of the palace. I enlarged (it) [… | foundation/substructure in former Tebiltu bed under palace terrace extension |
| 049 (Q003523) | 19 | {⸢na₄⸣}pi-i-li (pīli) | [tem-me-en]-⸢šu⸣ la e-ne₂-[še] {⸢na₄⸣}pi-i-li ⸢GAL⸣.MEŠ ki-su-šu₂ u₂-ša₂-as-hi-ra [u₂-dan-ni-na] | In order to prevent its [foundation] from being weak [ened] over the passage of [time] by [cresting] flood (s), I surrounded its base with large limestone (slabs and thereby) [reinforced its base]. | limestone slabs around base/lower courses of palace terrace or rooms |
| 049 (Q003523) | 17' | {[na₄}pi-i-lu (pīlu) | {[uru]}⸢ba⸣-la-⸢ṭa⸣-[a-a ki-i] ⸢ṭe₃⸣-[em DINGIR]-⸢ma⸣ {[na₄}pi-i-lu pe-ṣu-u₂] | Near Nin [eveh, in the territory of the city] Balāṭā [ya, by divine] wi [ll, white limestone] |  |
| 049 (Q003523) | 6'' | {na₄}[pi]-i-[li (pīli) | {[d]}ALAD.{d}LAMMA.MEŠ ⸢u₃ {munus⸣}AB₂.ZA.ZA-a-ti {na₄}[pi]-i-[li pe-ṣe-e] | [I had] bull colossi and sphinxes of [white lim] es [tone created and their forms perfected] through the craft of [the deity] Ninkura, in the territory of the city [Balāṭāya]. | stone colossi/sculpture of white limestone |
| 050 (Q003524) | 14 | {na₄}pi-i-li (pīli) | [mu-ṣu-ša₂ i-na 1/2 IKU ma-lak A.MEŠ 4 {na₄}pi-i-li GAL.MEŠ it-ti ESIR.UD.A ak]-⸢si⸣-ma GI.MEŠ ⸢a⸣-pe | [In a one-half ikû (stretch) of the water’s (natural) course, I bonded to] gether [with bitumen four large limestone (blocks)] and [spread] marsh reeds [and rushes over them. | foundation/substructure in former Tebiltu bed under palace terrace extension |
| 074 (Q003548) | 1 | {na₄}pi-i-lu (pīlu) | {m}{d}30-PAP.MEŠ-SU MAN ŠU₂ MAN KUR aš-šur {na₄}pi-i-lu pe-ṣu-⸢u₂⸣ | Sennacherib, king of the world, king of Assyria: (With regard to) the white limestone that had been discovered by the will of the gods in the territory of the city Balāṭāya for the construction of my palace, I had the soldiers of enemy settlements and insubmissive troops of the mountains whom I had captured wield iron axes and picks [and] they quarried large bull colossi for the gates of my palace. | glazed bricks for palace decoration (broken context) |
| 132 (Q003937) | 1 | {na₄}pi-i-li (pīli) | E₂.GAL {m}{d}30-PAP.MEŠ-SU MAN ŠU₂ MAN KUR aš-šur u₂-ra-a-ti {na₄}pi-i-li pe-ṣe-e ša a-na ṣa-at u₄-me la u₂-tab-ba-la ⸢ka⸣-[mu]-⸢nu⸣ u₂-še-piš | Palace of Sennacherib, king of the world, king of Assyria: I had horse troughs of white limestone built so that fu [ng] us cannot carry (them) off (into death) in the future. | horse troughs of white limestone (palace) |
| 136 (Q003941) | r i' 9' | {na₄}pi-i-li (pīli) | ina me₂-eh-ret ⸢KA₂.GAL⸣ MURUB₄ URU ina a-⸢gur₂⸣-[ri {na₄}pi-i-li pe-ṣe-e] | (r i' 9') I had [a bridge] con [structed] opposite the Citadel Gate with paving ston [es of white limestone] for the passage of my lordly chariot. | bridge/causeway opposite the Citadel Gate (with white limestone) |
| 138 (Q003943) | r ii' 3 | {na₄}⸢pi⸣-i-li (pīli) | as-kup-pat {na₄}⸢pi⸣-i-li rab-ba-a-te ki-su-u-šu₂ u₂-ša₂-as-hi-ra | In order to prevent its foundation from being weakened over the passage of time [by] cresting flood (s), I surrounded its base with large limestone slabs (and thereby) reinforced its base. | limestone slabs around base/lower courses of palace terrace or rooms |
| 151 (Q003956) | o i' 11 | {na₄}pi-i-li (pīli) | [ša {na₄}pi-i-li pe-ṣe]-⸢e⸣ ina {uru}[ba-la-ṭa-a-a] | So that the construction of [my] pala [ce might be carried out correctly and] that my handiwork be comp [leted, at that time, the god Aš] šur and the goddess [Ištar revealed to me the presence of whit] e [limestone] in the city [Balāṭāya....] | stone colossi/sculpture of white limestone |
| 155 (Q003960) | o 3' | {⸢na₄⸣}[pi-i-li (pīli) | [a-di KI.MAH] ⸢si⸣-mat mi-tu-tu ina {⸢na₄⸣}[pi-i-li ...] | [...]... [...] did not know, moa [t (s)... the one who makes brickwork structures (lit. “the craft of the god Kulla”) secure, from buildings for the living to tombs be] fitting the dead (made) from l [imestone,...]: | tombs of limestone |
| 168 (Q003973) | 19 | {na₄}pi-i-li (pīli) | ina {na₄}pi-i-li NA₄ KUR-i ša₂ ma-na-a-ma ina KUR aš-šur{ki} la i-pu-šu₂ | “the craft of the god Kulla”) secure, from buildings for the living to tombs befitting the dead (made) from limestone, stone from the mountains, with which none of (20) the kings of the past (who came) before me in Assyria had used, circumspect ruler whose dominion is more praised than (that of all) kings who sit on (royal) daises, the support of his land, the one who is trustworthy in battle and combat, (and) the pr… | tombs of limestone |
| 168 (Q003973) | 31 | {na₄}pi-i-li (pīli) | ne₂-me-eq ka-ku₃-gal-u-ti ina {na₄}pi-i-li NA₄ KUR-i UŠ₈-šu₂ ad-di-ma | In a favorable month, on a propitious day, through the craft of the purification priest (and) the wisdom of the exorcist, I laid its foundation with limestone, stone from the mountains, and I raised its superstructure. | foundation laid with limestone |
| 169 (Q003974) | 5 | {na₄}pi-li (pīli) | ina {na₄}pi-li BABBAR-e te-men₅-šu₂ ad-di | Sennacherib, king of the world, king of Assyria, the one who fashioned image (s) of (the god) Aššur and the great gods, I: With white limestone, I laid the foundation (s) of the courtyard of Ešarra, the palace of the gods. | Aššur: Ešarra parapet/courtyard |
| 171 (Q003976) | 6 | {na₄}pi-i-li (pīli) | ina {na₄}pi-i-li NA₄ KUR-i | Sennacherib, king of the world, king of Assyria, the one who fashioned image (s) of (the god) Aššur and the great gods: With limestone, stone from the mountains, I raised this akītu - house as high as a mountain, from its foundations to its crenellations. | Aššur: akītu-house |
| 172 (Q003977) | 6 | {na₄}pi-li (pīli) | ina {na₄}pi-li BABBAR-e te-men₅-šu₂ ad-di | Sennacherib, king of the world, king of Assyria, the one who fashioned image (s) of the deities Aššur, Anu, Sîn, Šamaš, Adad, Nergal, Ištar of Bīt-Kidmuri, Bēlet-ilī, and the (other) great gods, I: With white limestone, I laid the foundation (s) of the akītu - house, the residence of (the god) Aššur, my lord. | Aššur: akītu-house |
| 173 (Q003978) | 9 | pi-i-lu (pīlu) | qe₂-re-ti AN.ŠAR₂ ina pi-i-lu | Sennacherib, king of the world, king of Assyria, the one who fashioned image (s) of the deities Aššur, Šerūa, Anu, Sîn, Šamaš, Adad, Ištar of Bīt-Kidmuri, Bēlet-ilī, Kaka, Ḫaya, Kusu, Lumḫa, Dunga, Egalkiba, and the (other) great gods, I: With limestone, stone from the mountains, I laid the foundation (s) of the akītu - house for the festival of the feast of (the god) Aššur. | Aššur: akītu-house |
| 174 (Q003979) | 5 | {⸢na₄⸣}pi-i-li (pīli) | {⸢na₄⸣}pi-i-li NA₄ KUR-i eš-[šiš] | [(...)], and the (other) great gods, I: [With] limestone, stone from the mountains, I had the akītu - house of the steppe [(for)] the festival of the feas [t] of (the god) Aššur, built an [ew] from its foundations to [its] crenellations and I raised (it) [as high as a mountain]. | Aššur: akītu-house |
| 175 (Q003980) | 9 | {na₄}pi-i]-⸢li⸣ (pīli) | [EDIN ina {na₄}pi-i]-⸢li⸣ NA₄ [KUR]-i eš-⸢šiš⸣ | Sennacherib, king of the world, [king of Assyria], the one who fashioned image (s) of the deities Aššur, [Mullissu], Šerūa, Sîn, Nik [kal], Šamaš, Aya, Anu, Antu, Adad, Šala, Ištar of Bīt-Kidmuri, [Bēlet] -ilī, Ḫaya, Kusu, [Lumḫa], Dunga, Egalkiba, [and the] (other) great gods, [I: With limes] tone, stone from the [mountai] ns, [I had] the akī [tu] - house [of the steppe built] anew [and] I raised (it) as high as a m… |  |
| 178 (Q003983) | 4 | {na₄}pi-i-lu (pīlu) | bal-til{ki} ina {na₄}pi-i-lu | Sennacherib, king of the world, king of Assyria, the one who fashioned image (s) of (the god) Aššur and the great gods, I: With limestone, stone from the mountains, I laid the foundation (s) of the Step Gate of the Palace, which is in Baltil (Aššur). | Aššur: Step Gate (mušlālu) of the palace |
| 181 (Q003986) | 6 | pi-i-⸢li⸣ (pīli) | DU₃-uš-ma ina pi-i-⸢li⸣ | I, Sennacherib, king of Assyria, the one who fashioned image (s) of (the god) Aššur and the great gods, built this house for my second son Aššur-ilī-muballissu, who (is) in the service of (the god) Aššur, and I laid its foundation (s) with limestone, stone from the mountains. | foundation laid with limestone |
| 182 (Q003987) | 6 | pi-i-li (pīli) | DU₃-ma ina pi-i-li | I, Sennacherib, king of Assyria, the one who fashioned image (s) of [(the god) Aššur] and the great gods, built this house [for] my second son Aššur-ilī-muballissu, who was created for the service of (the god) Aššur, and I laid its foundation (s) with limestone, stone from the mountains. | foundation laid with limestone |
| 184 (Q003989) | 6 | pi-i-li (pīli) | UŠ₈-šu₂ ina pi-i-li NA₄ KUR-i | I strengthened and laid its foundation (s) with limestone, stone from the mountains. | foundation laid with limestone |
| 205 (Q004010) | 4 | {na₄}pi-i-⸢li⸣ (pīli) | DU₃-ma ina {na₄}pi-i-⸢li⸣ NA₄ KUR-i | Sennacherib, king of the world, king of Assyria, the one who fashioned image (s) of (the god) Aššur and the great gods, I: I built a house for Aššur-nādin-šumi, my eldest son, and laid its foundation (s) with limestone, stone from the mountains. | foundation laid with limestone |
| 226 (Q004031) | 8 | {na₄}pi-i-li (pīli) | hu-du-du-ti ša {na₄}pi-i-li pe-ṣi-i u₂-šak-bi-is | I had an aqueduct constructed (by packing down) white limestone over deep wadis (and thereby) enabled those waters to flow over it. | Jerwan aqueduct over wadis (limestone) |
| 227 (Q004032) | 2 | {na₄}pi-i-li (pīli) | [... UGU na-ah-li hu-du-du]-ti ša {na₄}pi-i-li u₂-ša₂-ak-bi-is ti-tur-ri A.[MEŠ ...] | [Sennacherib...]: I had a [can] al d [ug] over a long distance, from the Ḫusu [r] River [...] I had an aqueduct constructed (by packing down) limestone [over dee] p [wadis (and thereby)...] water [s...]. | Jerwan aqueduct over wadis (limestone) |
| 1016 (Q004072) | o 19' | pe-e-li (pēli) | [...] x.MEŠ 2 {d}ALAD.{d}LAMMA ša₂ pe-e-li ⸢pe⸣-[ṣe-e] | two bull colossi of wh [ite] limestone [...] the gate of that watercourse, I had erected. | stone colossi/sculpture of white limestone |
## 9. URLs fetched (status)
- URL fetch log for E (Viggiano + RINAP 3 materials)
- OK  https://riviste.fupress.net/index.php/asiana/article/view/3351  (landing page, metadata; HTTP 200)
- OK  https://riviste.fupress.net/index.php/asiana/article/download/3351/2504  (PDF 9.1 MB, HTTP 200)
- OK  https://web.archive.org/web/2025id_/https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/rinap3/  (index; snapshots 2023-2026)
- 404 https://web.archive.org/web/2022-2025id_/https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/rinap3/cbd/akk/  (directory not archived)
- 404 https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/rinap3/cbd/akk/index.html
- OK  https://web.archive.org/web/2022id_/https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/rinap3/cbd/akk/onebigfile.html  (glossary, 4.3 MB, snapshot 2022-09-21; identical for all years)
- OK  https://web.archive.org/web/2025id_/https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/rinap3/corpus/  (text list)
- OK  https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/rinap3/cbd/akk/x000002380.html  (agurru entry page, no instances)
- 404 https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/rinap3/cbd/akk/akk.r000066.html  (instance list not archived; CGI distprof not archived)
- 503 https://web.archive.org/cdx/search/cdx?url=oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/rinap3/cbd/*  (first try: IA "temporarily offline"); second try OK
- OK  https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/json/rinap-rinap3.zip  (ORACC JSON corpus, 11 MB, snapshot 2022-09-21)
- OK  https://isac.uchicago.edu/sites/default/files/uploads/shared/docs/oip2.pdf  (Luckenbill 1924, OIP 2, 6.3 MB)
- OK  https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/rinap3/Q003476/
- OK  https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/rinap3/Q003477/
- OK  https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/rinap3/Q003478/
- OK  https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/rinap3/Q003481/
- OK  https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/rinap3/Q003482/
- OK  https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/rinap3/Q003489/
- OK  https://web.archive.org/web/2025id_/https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/rinap3/Q003492/
- OK  https://web.archive.org/web/2025id_/https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/rinap3/Q003513/
- OK  https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/rinap3/Q003515/
- OK  https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/rinap3/Q003516/
- OK  https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/rinap3/Q003517/
- OK  https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/rinap3/Q003518/
- OK  https://web.archive.org/web/2025id_/https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/rinap3/Q003520/
- OK  https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/rinap3/Q003523/
- OK  https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/rinap3/Q003524/
- OK  https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/rinap3/Q003941/
- OK  https://web.archive.org/web/2025id_/https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/rinap3/Q004000/
- OK  https://web.archive.org/web/2025id_/https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/rinap3/Q004001/
- OK  https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/rinap3/Q004002/
- OK  https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/rinap3/Q004004/
- OK  https://web.archive.org/web/2025id_/https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/rinap3/Q004005/
- OK  https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/rinap3/Q004006/
- OK  https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/rinap3/Q004007/
- OK  https://web.archive.org/web/2025id_/https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/rinap3/Q004024/
- OK  https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/rinap3/Q003497/
- OK  https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/rinap3/Q003475/
- OK  https://web.archive.org/web/2025id_/https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/rinap3/Q003496/
- OK  https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/rinap3/Q003499/
- OK  https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/rinap3/Q003508/
- OK  https://web.archive.org/web/2022id_/https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/rinap3/Q003509/
- OK  https://web.archive.org/web/2025id_/https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/rinap3/Q003514/
- OK  https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/rinap3/Q003521/
- OK  https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/rinap3/Q003548/
- OK  https://web.archive.org/web/2025id_/https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/rinap3/Q003937/
- OK  https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/rinap3/Q003943/
- OK  https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/rinap3/Q003956/
- OK  https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/rinap3/Q003960/
- OK  https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/rinap3/Q003973/
- OK  https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/rinap3/Q003974/
- OK  https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/rinap3/Q003976/
- OK  https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/rinap3/Q003977/
- OK  https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/rinap3/Q003978/
- OK  https://web.archive.org/web/2025id_/https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/rinap3/Q003979/
- OK  https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/rinap3/Q003980/
- OK  https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/rinap3/Q003983/
- OK  https://web.archive.org/web/2025id_/https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/rinap3/Q003986/
- OK  https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/rinap3/Q003987/
- OK  https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/rinap3/Q003989/
- OK  https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/rinap3/Q004010/
- OK  https://web.archive.org/web/2025id_/https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/rinap3/Q004031/
- OK  https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/rinap3/Q004032/
- OK  https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/rinap3/Q004072/
- OK  https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/rinap3/Q004018/
- OK  https://web.archive.org/web/2023id_/https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/rinap3/Q004028/
- OK  https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/rinap3/Q003498/
- OK  https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/rinap3/Q003505/