{{Short description|Mass dancing mania in Strasbourg}}
[[File:Die Wallfahrt der Fallsuechtigen nach Meulebeeck.jpg|thumb|250px|Engraving by [[Hendrik Hondius I|Hendrik Hondius]] portraying three people affected by the plague. Work based on original drawing by [[Pieter Bruegel the Elder|Pieter Brueghel]].]]
The '''dancing plague of 1518''', or '''dance epidemic of 1518''' ({{Lang-fr|Épidémie dansante de 1518}}), was a case of [[dancing mania]] that occurred in [[Strasbourg]], [[Alsace]] (modern-day [[France]]), in the [[Holy Roman Empire]] from July 1518 to September 1518. Somewhere between 50 and 400 people took to dancing for weeks. There are many theories behind the phenomenon, the most popular being stress-induced mass hysteria, suggested by John Waller.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Viegas |first=Jennifer |date=August 1, 2008 |title='Dancing Plague' and Other Odd Afflictions Explained : Discovery News |url=http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2008/08/01/dancing-death-mystery.html |archive-date=October 13, 2012 |access-date=2023-04-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013075434/http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2008/08/01/dancing-death-mystery.html }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Waller |first=John |date=February 2009 |title=A forgotten plague: making sense of dancing mania |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S014067360960386X |journal=The Lancet |language=en |volume=373 |issue=9664 |pages=624–625 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60386-X |pmid=19238695|s2cid=35094677 }}</ref> Other theories include [[ergot]] and religious explanations. There is controversy concerning the number of deaths.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Pennant-Rea |first=Ned |date=July 10, 2018 |title=The Dancing Plague of 1518 |url=https://publicdomainreview.org/essay/the-dancing-plague-of-1518/ |access-date=2023-04-25 |website=The Public Domain Review |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
=== Events ===
The outbreak began in July 1518 when a woman called Frau Troffea began to dance fervently in a street in Strasbourg.<ref name=":0"/> Troffea kept up the constant dancing for a week. Soon, three dozen others joined in.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Andrews |first=Evan |date=August 31, 2015 |title=What was the dancing plague of 1518? |url=https://www.history.com/news/what-was-the-dancing-plague-of-1518 |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=HISTORY |publisher=A&E Television Networks |language=en}}</ref> By August, the "dancing plague" had claimed 400 victims.<ref name=":5" /> Dancers were beginning to collapse. It is said some even died from a stroke or heart attack.<ref name=":5" /> No one knew what caused this reaction, which meant no one understood how to remedy it. By early September, the outbreak began to subside,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bauer |first=Patricia |title=Dancing plague of 1518 {{!}} Facts & Theories {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/dancing-plague-of-1518 |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> when the dancers were sent to a mountain shrine to pray for absolution.<ref name=":5" />

Historical documents, including "physician notes, cathedral sermons, local and regional chronicles, and even notes issued by the Strasbourg city council" are clear that the victims danced;<ref name=":0" /> it is not known why. Historical sources agree that there was an outbreak of dancing after a single woman started dancing,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Midelfort |first=H. C. Erik |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9WXkw2K8O8YC&pg=PA33 |title=A History of Madness in Sixteenth-Century Germany |date=1999 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-4169-9 |language=en}}</ref> and the dancing did not seem to die down. It lasted for such a long time that it even attracted the attention of the authorities; until the council gave up authority to the physicians, who prescribed the afflicted to "dance themselves free of it."<ref name=":4"/> There are claims that guild halls were refurbished to accommodate the dancing, as well as musicians and strong people to help keep those dealing with the dancing mania to stay upright.<ref name=":4" /> This backfired, and the council was forced to ban public dancing as people danced in fear it was a punishment from [[Saint Vitus]]; and to be "free of sin" many joined in on the dancing epidemic.<ref name=":4" /> The council went as far as to ban music, as well.<ref name=":4" /> Those who danced were then ordered to go to the shrine of Saint Vitus, wore red shoes that were sprinkled with holy water and had painted crosses on the tops and soles.<ref name=":4" /> They also had to hold small crosses in their hands; and incense and Latin incantations were part of this "ritual."<ref name=":4" /> Apparently "forgiven by Vitus," word was spread of a successful ritual and the Dancing Plague had ended.<ref name=":4" />

Events similar to this are said to have occurred throughout the medieval age including 11th century in Kölbigk, Saxony, where it was believed to be the result of demonic possession or divine judgment.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Miller |first=Lynneth J. |date=November 2017 |title=Divine Punishment or Disease? Medieval and Early Modern Approaches to the 1518 Strasbourg Dancing Plague |url=https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/10.3366/drs.2017.0199 |journal=Dance Research |language=en |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=149–164 |doi=10.3366/drs.2017.0199 |issn=0264-2875 |jstor=90020124}}</ref> In 15th century Apulia, Italy,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Soth |first=Amelia |date=2019-01-10 |title=When Dancing Plagues Struck Medieval Europe |url=https://daily.jstor.org/when-dancing-plagues-struck-medieval-europe/ |access-date=2023-04-25 |website=JSTOR Daily |language=en-US}}</ref> a woman was bitten by a tarantula, the venom making her dance convulsively. The only way to cure the bite was to "shimmy" and to have the right sort of music available, which was an accepted remedy by scholars like [[Athanasius Kircher]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gloyne |first=Howard F. |date=March 7, 1950 |title=Tarantism; mass hysterical reaction to spider bite in the Middle Ages |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15413592/ |journal=The American Imago; A Psychoanalytic Journal for the Arts and Sciences |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=29–42 |issn=0065-860X |jstor=26301236 |pmid=15413592}}</ref>

Contemporaneous explanations included [[demonic possession]] and overheated blood.<ref name=":1" />

==Veracity of deaths==
Controversy exists over whether people ultimately danced to their deaths. Some sources claim that for a period the plague killed around fifteen people per day,<ref name=":3"/> but the sources of the city of Strasbourg at the time of the events did not mention the number of deaths, or even if there were fatalities. There do not appear to be any sources related to the events that make note of any fatalities.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Clementz |first=Élisabeth |date=2016-10-01 |title=Waller (John), Les danseurs fous de Strasbourg. Une épidémie de transe collective en 1518 |url=https://journals.openedition.org/alsace/2457 |journal=Revue d'Alsace |language=fr |issue=142 |pages=451–453 |doi=10.4000/alsace.2457 |issn=0181-0448|doi-access=free }}</ref> Ned Pennant-Rea also claims that the final death toll is not known, but if the claims of fifteen people dying per day were true then the toll could be "into the hundreds."<ref name=":4"/>

The main source for the claim is John Waller, who has written several journal articles on the subject and the book ''A Time to Dance, a Time to Die: The Extraordinary Story of the Dancing Plague of 1518''. The sources cited by Waller that mention deaths were all from later accounts of the events. There is also uncertainty around the identity of the initial dancer (either an unnamed woman or "Frau Troffea") and the number of dancers involved (somewhere between 50 and 400). Of the six chronicle accounts, four support Lady Troffea as the first dancer.<ref name=":2"/>

==Modern theories==
=== Food poisoning ===
Some believe<ref name=":1"/> the dancing could have been brought on by food poisoning caused by the toxic and psychoactive chemical products of [[ergot]] fungi ([[ergotism]]), which grows commonly on grains (such as rye) used for baking bread. [[Ergotamine]] is the main psychoactive product of ergot fungi; it is structurally related to the drug [[lysergic acid diethylamide]] (LSD-25) and is the substance from which LSD-25 was originally synthesized. The same fungus has also been implicated in other major historical anomalies, including the [[Salem witch trials]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2014-06-04 |title=The Witches Curse ~ Clues and Evidence {{!}} Secrets of the Dead {{!}} PBS |url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/secrets/witches-curse-clues-evidence/1501/ |access-date=2023-04-25 |website=Secrets of the Dead |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fessenden |first=Maris |date=June 24, 2016 |title=A Strange Case of Dancing Mania Struck Germany Six Centuries Ago Today |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/strange-case-dancing-mania-struck-germany-six-centuries-ago-today-180959549/ |access-date=2023-04-25 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref>

In ''[[The Lancet]]'', John Waller argues that "this theory does not seem tenable, since it is unlikely that those poisoned by ergot could have danced for days at a time. Nor would so many people have reacted to its psychotropic chemicals in the same way. The ergotism theory also fails to explain why almost every outbreak occurred somewhere along the [[Rhine]] and [[Moselle]] rivers, areas linked by water but with quite different climates and crops".<ref name=":3"/>

=== Stress-induced mass hysteria ===
This could have been an example of fully developed cases of [[Functional neurologic disorder|psychogenic movement disorder]] happening in mass hysteria or [[mass psychogenic illness]], which involves many individuals suddenly exhibiting the same bizarre behavior. The behavior spreads rapidly and broadly in an epidemic pattern.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kaufman |first1=David Myland |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/830038162 |title=Kaufman's clinical neurology for psychiatrists. Chapter 18: Involuntary Movement Disorders |last2=Milstein |first2=Mark J |date=2013 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-1-4557-4004-8 |edition=Seventh |location=London |pages=397–453 |oclc=830038162}}</ref> This kind of comportment could have been caused by elevated levels of [[psychological stress]], caused by the ruthless years (even by the rough standards of the early modern period) the people of [[Alsace]] were suffering.<ref name=":3" />

Waller speculates that the dancing was "stress-induced [[psychosis]]" on a mass level, since the region where the people danced was riddled with starvation and disease, and the inhabitants tended to be superstitious. Seven other cases of [[dancing plague]] were reported in the same region during the [[medieval era]].<ref name=":0"/>

This psychogenic illness could have created a [[chorea]] (from the Greek ''khoreia'' meaning "to dance"), a situation comprising random and intricate unintentional movements that flit from body part to body part. Diverse choreas ([[Dancing mania|St. Vitus' dance, St. John's dance]], and [[tarantism]]) were labeled in the Middle Ages referring to the independent epidemics of "dancing mania" that happened in central Europe, particularly at the time of the plague.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cardoso |first1=Francisco |last2=Seppi |first2=Klaus |last3=Mair |first3=Katherina J |last4=Wenning |first4=Gregor K |last5=Poewe |first5=Werner |date=July 2006 |title=Seminar on choreas |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S147444220670494X |journal=The Lancet Neurology |language=en |volume=5 |issue=7 |pages=589–602 |doi=10.1016/S1474-4422(06)70494-X |pmid=16781989|s2cid=41265524 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Winn |first=H. Richard |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/956520317 |title=Youmans and Winn neurological surgery: Clinical Overview of Movement Disorders |date=2017 |isbn=978-0-323-28782-1 |edition=Seventh |location=Philadelphia, PA |pages=573–585.e7 |oclc=956520317}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kaufman |first1=David Myland |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/962453512 |title=Kaufman's clinical neurology for psychiatrists: Involuntary Movement Disorders |last2=Geyer |first2=Howard L. |last3=Milstein |first3=Mark J. |date=2017 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-323-46131-3 |edition=Eighth |pages=389–447 |oclc=962453512}}</ref>

==Pop culture and media==
The event inspired the 2022 choral song "Choreomania" by [[Florence and the Machine]]. It was the third track on the album [[Dance Fever (album)|Dance Fever]], which took its title from the song.<ref>{{cite web|date=15 May 2022|title=On 'Dance Fever,' Florence + the Machine explores her fractured desires|url=https://www.npr.org/2022/05/15/1099021095/on-dance-fever-florence-the-machine-explores-her-fractured-desires|author1=Michel Martin|author2=Kira Wakeam|author3=Cat Sposato|work=NPR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.songfacts.com/facts/florence-the-machine/choreomania|title=Choreomania by Florence + the Machine - Songfacts}}</ref>

The book series "A Collection of Utter Speculation" released a title "The Dancing Plague: A Collection of Utter Speculation" in 2022. It is a fictional account about the events that happened in Strasbourg.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Byrne |first1=JD |last2=Guilt |first2=Elizabeth |last3=Gregory |first3=Joscelyn |last4=Henley |first4=Deborah |last5=Loftus |first5=C. Owen |last6=Rossman |first6=Jennifer Lee |last7=Thurman |first7=Allison |last8=Updike |first8=David L. |last9=Wenzel |first9=Romy Tara |date=October 2022 |title=The Dancing Plague is coming. A new Collection of Utter Speculation |url=https://lcwallingham.com/2022/09/12/the-dancing-plague-is-coming-a-new-collection-of-utter-speculation/ |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=LCW Allingham |language=en}}</ref>

The 2023 novel, ''The Dance Tree'', by [[Kiran Millwood Hargrave]] is a fictionalized version of the summer of 1518 in Strasbourg.

The event is featured as part of the first season of Watcher Entertainment's "[[Puppet History]]" in the episode "The Dancing Plague".

==See also==
* [[Sydenham's chorea]]
* [[Tanganyika laughter epidemic]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Miller |first=Lynneth |title=Divine Punishment or Disease? Medieval and Early Modern Approaches to the 1518 Strasbourg Dancing Plague |jstor=90020124 |journal=Dance Research |volume=35 |issue=2 |date=Winter 2017|publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]] | issn=0264-2875|doi=10.3366/drs.2017.0199|pages=149–164}}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Backman |first=Eugene Louis |title=Religious Dances in the Christian Church and in Popular Medicine |year=1977 |orig-year=1952 |location=Westport, CT |publisher=[[Greenwood Press]] |isbn=978-0-8371-9678-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Waller |first=John |year=2008 |title=A Time to Dance, A Time to Die: The Extraordinary Story of the Dancing Plague of 1518 |location=Thriplow |publisher=Icon Books |isbn=978-1-84831-021-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Waller |first=John |year=2009 |title=The Dancing Plague: The Strange, True Story of an Extraordinary Illness |location=Naperville, IL |publisher=Sourcebooks, Inc. |isbn=978-1-4022-1943-6}}
*{{Cite book|last=Hecker|first=J. F. C. (Justus Friedrich Carl)|url=https://archive.org/details/00338041.9352.emory.edu|title=The black death and the dancing mania|date=1888|publisher=[[Cassell (publisher)|Cassell & Company]]|others=Woodruff Health Sciences Center Library Emory University|editor-last=Morley|editor-first=Henry|editor-link=Henry Morley|pages=105–192|translator-last=Babington|translator-first=B. G. (Benjamin Guy)|oclc=00338041|author-link=Justus Hecker|translator-link=Benjamin Guy Babington}}

==External links==
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_7608000/7608874.stm "Dancing death"] by John Waller. [[BBC News]]. 12 September 2008.
* "[https://www.strasbourg1518.com Strasbourg 1518]" (dance-theatre production) by Borderline Arts Ensemble. [[New Zealand Festival of the Arts]].  12 March 2020.
* "[https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/proginfo/2020/29/strasbourg-1518 Strasbourg 1518]" (short film) by Jonathan Glazer. BBC. 20 July 2020. 

[[Category:1510s in France|1518]]
[[Category:1518 in Europe]]
[[Category:16th-century health disasters]]
[[Category:Health disasters in France]]
[[Category:Ailments of unknown cause]]
[[Category:Dance and health|Plague]]
[[Category:History of Strasbourg]]
[[Category:Mass psychogenic illness]]
[[Category:Retrospective diagnosis]]