# C_SOURCES.md — medical/clinical source index

Everything listed under **Retrieved** was actually downloaded and read; files are in
`fulltext/` (plain text) and `pdf/`. Items under **Not retrieved** were sought and failed — do not treat
any claim attributed to them as verified.

Findings file: `../../notes/C_medical.md`.

---

## A. Ergot: biology, chemistry, contamination, processing

| Source | Citation | File / link | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Barger 1931 | Barger G. *Ergot and Ergotism: a monograph based on the Dohme Lectures delivered in Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore*. London: Gurney & Jackson, 1931. | `fulltext/Barger1931_Ergot_and_Ergotism_BIUSante_djvu.txt` (OCR of BIU Santé copy, archive.org item `BIUSante_pharma_042461`) | The standard historical + clinical monograph. Used pp. 1–3 (hosts), 23–40 (clinical description, mortality, age), 26–27 (dose), 31–33 (Sennert/Marburg), 60 (Dodart), 65–68 (1581–1597 German outbreaks), 81–83 (Russia 1926–27), 92–93 (infection biology), 211–213 (deterioration on keeping). OCR: "1" often reads as "l", decimals as hyphens. |
| EFSA 2012 | EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain. Scientific Opinion on Ergot alkaloids in food and feed. *EFSA Journal* 2012;10(7):2798, 158 pp. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2798 | `pdf/EFSA2012_ergot_alkaloids_opinion.pdf`, `fulltext/EFSA2012_ergot_alkaloids_opinion.txt` (via Wayback of efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/doc/2798.pdf) | Host susceptibility p.58; epimerisation/stability §3.1 and pp.25–27; cleaning/milling/baking §4.3 pp.52–53; regulatory limits p.20; human ergotism history and outbreak data pp.95–96. |
| Miedaner & Geiger 2015 | Miedaner T, Geiger HH. Biology, genetics, and management of ergot (*Claviceps* spp.) in rye, sorghum, and pearl millet. *Toxins* 2015;7:659–678. doi:10.3390/toxins7030659 | `fulltext/PMC4379517.txt` | Open-flowering vs cleistogamy; host range ~400 grasses; sorting/photocell cleaning. |
| Haarmann et al. 2009 | Haarmann T, Rolke Y, Giesbert S, Tudzynski P. Ergot: from witchcraft to biotechnology. *Mol Plant Pathol* 2009;10:563–577. doi:10.1111/j.1364-3703.2009.00548.x | (full text not downloadable; read via page fetch of PMC6640538) | Infection biology, honeydew, "cool humid weather preceding and during flowering"; alkaloid 0.01–1% dry wt; LSD not natural. |
| Schiff 2006 | Schiff PL. Ergot and its alkaloids. *Am J Pharm Educ* 2006;70(5):98. doi:10.5688/aj700598 (PMC1637017) | (read via page fetch; full text not downloadable) | Alkaloid classes; LSD semisynthetic (Hofmann 1938); sclerotia ~0.15–0.5% alkaloids; Pont-St-Esprit 230 villagers. |
| Young 1981/1982 | Young JC. Variability in the content and composition of alkaloids found in Canadian ergot. I. Rye, *J Environ Sci Health B* 1981;16:83–111 (doi:10.1080/03601238109372242); II. Wheat, 1981;16:381–393; III. Triticale and barley, 1982;17:93–107. | abstracts in `fulltext/PubMed_abstracts_collected.md` | Total alkaloid in sclerotia: rye 0.011–0.452% (mean 0.249%); wheat 0.013–0.307%; barley up to 1.04%. |
| Cherewyk et al. 2023 | Cherewyk JE, Grusie-Ogilvie TJ, Parker SE, Blakley BR, Al-Dissi AN. The impact of storage temperature and time on ergot alkaloid concentrations. *Toxins* 2023;15(8):497. doi:10.3390/toxins15080497 | `fulltext/PMC10467117.txt` | 4-month storage at −20/+4/+22 °C of naturally contaminated ground wheat: no monotonic decay; R-epimers rose 19–87% at 1–2 months. |
| Merkel et al. 2012 | Degradation and epimerization of ergot alkaloids after baking and in vitro digestion. *Anal Bioanal Chem* 2012;404:2489–2497. doi:10.1007/s00216-012-6386-8 | abstract in `fulltext/PubMed_abstracts_collected.md` | Baking degrades 2–30%; duodenal juice re-toxifies ergotamine/ergosine. |
| Krska & Crews 2008 | Significance, chemistry and determination of ergot alkaloids: a review. *Food Addit Contam A* 2008;25:722–731. doi:10.1080/02652030701765756 | metadata only (paywalled; no abstract in Crossref/PubMed) | **Consulted only as a citation**; no content used. |
| Supporting modern reviews (OA, used for cross-checks) | Toxins 2023 C-8-S isomers review (PMC10834577); *Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf* 2026 monitoring/sampling review (PMC13039774); *Foods* 2024 climate effects on ergot in Italian wheat (PMC11202928); *Molecules* 2023 occurrence review (PMC10609535) | `fulltext/PMC10834577.txt`, `PMC13039774.txt`, `PMC11202928.txt`, `PMC10609535.txt` | |

## B. Ergotism outbreaks — clinical reports

| Source | Citation | File | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gabbai, Lisbonne & Pourquier 1951 | Ergot poisoning at Pont St. Esprit. *BMJ* 1951;2(4732):650–651. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.4732.650 (PMC2069953) | `pdf/Gabbai1951_BMJ_PontStEsprit.pdf`, `fulltext/Gabbai1951_BMJ_PontStEsprit.txt` (via Wayback of the PMC scan) | Full original text obtained. ~150 mild + ~25 severe delirious cases, 4 deaths. |
| EFSA 2012 on Pont-St-Esprit | see above, p.95 | | "Subsequently it was discovered that this outbreak was due to toxicity of organically bound mercury and not to ergot (WHO-IPCS, 1990; De Costa, 2002; Eadie, 2003)." |
| Urga et al. 2002 | Urga K, Debella A, W/Medihn Y, Agata N, Bayu A, Zewdie W. Laboratory studies on the outbreak of gangrenous ergotism associated with consumption of contaminated barley in Arsi, Ethiopia. *Ethiop J Health Dev* 2002;16(3):317–323. | `pdf/Urga2002_EthiopJHealthDev_Arsi_ergotism.pdf`, `fulltext/Urga2002_Arsi_ergotism.txt` | Also summarises Wollo 1977–78 (93 cases, 47 deaths) and India 1975 (78 affected, C. fusiformis). |
| King 1979 | King B. Outbreak of ergotism in Wollo, Ethiopia. *Lancet* 1979;1(8131):1411. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(79)92050-6 | abstract/metadata only | Content used **via** EFSA 2012 pp.95–96 and Urga 2002. |
| Demeke, Kidane & Wuhib 1979 | Ergotism — a report on an epidemic, 1977–78. *Ethiop Med J* 1979;17:107–113. | metadata only | Same. |
| Krishnamachari & Bhat 1976 | Poisoning by ergoty bajra (pearl millet) in man. *Indian J Med Res* 1976;64:1624–1628. | metadata only (no abstract in PubMed) | Symptom detail taken second-hand from Urga 2002 and a ScienceDirect topic compilation; flagged as second-hand in the notes. |
| Eadie 2003 | Eadie MJ. Convulsive ergotism: epidemics of the serotonin syndrome? *Lancet Neurol* 2003;2:429–434. doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(03)00439-3 | abstract in `fulltext/PubMed_abstracts_collected.md` | East/west of Rhine split; serotonin-syndrome hypothesis. |
| Belser-Ehrlich et al. 2013 | Human and cattle ergotism since 1900. *Toxicol Ind Health* 2013;29:307–316. doi:10.1177/0748233711432570 | abstract only (paywalled) | |
| Merhoff & Porter 1974 | Ergot intoxication: historical review and description of unusual clinical manifestations. *Ann Surg* 1974;180:773–779. | abstract only | Iatrogenic ergotism is gangrenous, not convulsive. |
| Mellanby 1934 | The cause of convulsive ergotism. *J Hyg* 1934;34:83–94. (PMC2170805) | not retrieved (PMC PDF gated) | Vitamin-A co-factor hypothesis known via Barger 1931 pp.23–24. |
| Salvatore/Lippi 2020 | One holy man, one eponym, three distinct diseases. St Anthony's fire revisited. *Acta Biomed* 2020;91(4). (PMC7975928) | `fulltext/PMC7975928.txt` | 83 European ergotism epidemics from 945 AD; gangrenous vs convulsive. |

## C. Mass psychogenic / sociogenic illness

| Source | Citation | File | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Wessely 1987 | Mass hysteria: two syndromes? *Psychol Med* 1987;17:109–120. doi:10.1017/s0033291700013027 | abstract (verbatim) in `fulltext/PubMed_abstracts_collected.md` | Anxiety vs motor types. Full text paywalled. |
| Bartholomew & Wessely 2002 | Protean nature of mass sociogenic illness. *Br J Psychiatry* 2002;180:300–306. doi:10.1192/bjp.180.4.300 | quotations obtained via page fetch of the Cambridge page (no local file) | Definition; 8 features; motor type "usually persisting for weeks or months". |
| Bartholomew, Wessely & Rubin 2012 | Mass psychogenic illness and the social network. *J R Soc Med* 2012;105:509–512. doi:10.1258/jrsm.2012.120053 (PMC3536509) | quotations via page fetch (XML not served) | Le Roy NY timeline; durations of both types. |
| Bartholomew 1994 | Tarantism, dancing mania and demonopathy. *Psychol Med* 1994;24:281–306. doi:10.1017/s0033291700027288 | abstract (verbatim) | Critique of the MPI label. |
| Bartholomew 2000 | Rethinking the dancing mania. *Skeptical Inquirer* 2000;24(4):42–47. | `pdf/Bartholomew2000_SkepticalInquirer_RethinkingDancingMania.pdf`, `fulltext/Bartholomew2000_SkepticalInquirer.txt` | Full text. Deviant-religious-sect reading; ergot critique; sex ratio. OCR is heavily de-spaced. |
| Waller 2009 (BPS) | Waller J. Dancing plagues and mass hysteria. *The Psychologist* (British Psychological Society) 2009;22:644–647. | `fulltext/Waller2009_BPS_Psychologist_DancingPlagues.txt` | Full text: his trance model, Bourguignon "environment of belief", Strasbourg stressors, modern MPI box. |
| Waller 2008 / 2009 | In a spin: the mysterious dancing epidemic of 1518. *Endeavour* 2008;32:117–121. doi:10.1016/j.endeavour.2008.05.001 · A forgotten plague: making sense of dancing mania. *Lancet* 2009;373:624–625. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60386-X | abstract only (both paywalled; Lancet PDF 403) | |
| Lanska 2018 | The dancing manias: psychogenic illness as a social phenomenon. *Front Neurol Neurosci* 2018;42:132–141. doi:10.1159/000475719 | abstract (verbatim) | "component causes likely included psychogenic illness, malingering, and ritualized behaviors". |
| Donaldson, Cavanagh & Rankin 1997 | The dancing plague: a public health conundrum. *Public Health* 1997;111:201–204. | abstract | |
| Rohmann 2009 | The invention of dancing mania. *Medieval History Journal* 2009;12(1):13–45. doi:10.1177/097194580901200102 | abstract (verbatim, via Crossref) | Dancing mania as a religiously constructed category, Rhine basin 16th–17th c. |
| Hempelmann 2007 | The laughter of the 1962 Tanganyika 'laughter epidemic'. *Humor* 2007;20(1):49–71. doi:10.1515/HUMOR.2007.003 | abstract (verbatim, via Crossref) | Confirms the event; classifies it as motor-variant MPI. |
| Rankin & Philip 1963 | An epidemic of laughing in the Bukoba district of Tanganyika. *Cent Afr J Med* 1963;9:167–170. | **not retrieved** (journals.co.za 403; Wayback 404) | Details used only as reported by Hempelmann 2007 and Waller 2009. |
| Nepal case-control 2020 | Characteristics of adolescents affected by mass psychogenic illness outbreaks in schools in Nepal. *Front Psychiatry* 2020;11:493094. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.493094 | `fulltext/PMC7704439.txt` | 194 cases/190 controls; "a few weeks to months"; trance/possession content. |
| Nepal neuroeducation 2023 | *IBRO Neurosci Rep* 2023;14:435–440. doi:10.1016/j.ibneur.2023.05.003 | `fulltext/PMC10300494.txt` | |
| Ethiopia school 2020 | Ajemu KF et al. Mass psychogenic illness in Haraza Elementary School… *Psychiatry J* 2020;2020:2693830. doi:10.1155/2020/2693830 | `fulltext/PMC7396040.txt` | 12 cases, 87% teenage girls, 1–3 days each, no deaths. |
| Philippines 2015 | Epidemic hysteria following the National School Deworming Day… *WPSAR* 2018;9(1). doi:10.5365/wpsar.2017.8.1.009 | `fulltext/PMC6356045.txt` | 7313 reported adverse events; concluded epidemic hysteria. |
| WHO EMRO 2012 | *Weekly Epidemiological Monitor* 2012;5(22), 27 May 2012: "Mass psychogenic illness in Afghanistan". | `pdf/WHO_EMRO_EpiMonitor_2012_MPI_Afghanistan.pdf`, `fulltext/...txt` | >1634 cases, 22 schools, four years, **no related deaths**. |
| Functional tic-like behaviours 2022 | *Front Pediatr* 2022;10:863919. doi:10.3389/fped.2022.863919 | `fulltext/PMC9309505.txt` | Le Roy 19 cases (18F/1M) Aug 2011–Jan 2012; motor MFI "evolve over weeks to months". |
| Mink 2013 | Conversion disorder and mass psychogenic illness in child neurology. *Ann N Y Acad Sci* 2013;1304:40–44. doi:10.1111/nyas.12298 | abstract | |
| Boss 1997 | Epidemic hysteria: a review of the published literature. *Epidemiol Rev* 1997;19:233–243. | **not retrieved** (OUP PDF 403, Wayback 404, PubMed abstract empty) | Cited nowhere as evidence in the notes. |
| Bartholomew & Sirois 1996 | Epidemic hysteria in schools: an international and historical overview. *Educational Studies* 1996;22(3):285–311. doi:10.1080/0305569960220301 | **metadata only** (no abstract anywhere; publisher 403) | Same. |

## D. Other proposed causes / comparative neurology

| Source | Citation | File | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Vale & Cardoso 2015 | Chorea: a journey through history. *Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov* 2015;5:tre-5-296. doi:10.7916/D8WM1C98 | `fulltext/PMC4454991.txt` | Paracelsus' chorea imaginativa / lasciva / naturalis; St Vitus chapel at Zabern (Saverne); dancing mania as psychogenic. |
| Oosterveer et al. 2010 | Sydenham's chorea: a practical overview. *Pediatr Neurol* 2010;43:1–6. doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2009.11.015 | abstract | |
| Ibrahim et al. 2023 | Sydenham chorea in Sudan; presentation panorama. *Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat* 2023;19:1671–1679. doi:10.2147/NDT.S417326 | `fulltext/PMC10387241.txt` | n=50, median age 13.7 y (range 7–17), 70% female; 10–40% of acute rheumatic fever; onset 1–6 months post-streptococcal. |
| Hoffman & Vilensky 2017 | Encephalitis lethargica: 100 years after the epidemic. *Brain* 2017;140:2246–2251. doi:10.1093/brain/awx177 | quotations via page fetch | Hyperkinetic form: chorea, vocalisations, myoclonus, hallucinations, sleep inversion; ~1/3 acute mortality. |
| Dale et al. 2004 | Encephalitis lethargica syndrome: 20 new cases and evidence of basal ganglia autoimmunity. *Brain* 2004;127:21–33. doi:10.1093/brain/awh008 | abstract | |
| Angelakis, Bechah & Raoult 2016 | The history of epidemic typhus. *Microbiol Spectr* 2016;4(4). doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.PoH-0010-2015 | metadata only | Used only for the generic typhus picture. |
| Boyer & Shannon 2005 | The serotonin syndrome. *N Engl J Med* 2005;352:1112–1120. doi:10.1056/NEJMra041867 (PMID 15784664) | metadata only (no abstract) | Cited alongside Eadie 2003. |
| Woolf 2000 | Witchcraft or mycotoxin? The Salem witch trials. *J Toxicol Clin Toxicol* 2000;38:457–460. | abstract (verbatim) | "it seems unlikely that ergotism explains much of what went on in colonial Salem." |
| Caporael 1976 / Spanos & Gottlieb 1976 | *Science* 1976;192:21–26, doi:10.1126/science.769159 · *Science* 1976;194:1390–1394, doi:10.1126/science.795029 | **not retrieved** (science.org 403) | Arguments used only as reported by Woolf 2000 and Bartholomew 2000. |

## E. Physiology of prolonged exertion

| Source | Citation | File |
|---|---|---|
| IOC heat working group 2021 | Prehospital management of exertional heat stroke at sports competitions. *Br J Sports Med* 2021;55:1405–1410. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2020-103854 | `fulltext/PMC8639927.txt` |
| Scalco et al. 2016 | Exertional rhabdomyolysis: physiological response or manifestation of an underlying myopathy? *BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med* 2016;2:e000151. doi:10.1136/bmjsem-2016-000151 | `fulltext/PMC5117086.txt` |
| Knechtle & Nikolaidis 2018 | Physiology and pathophysiology in ultra-marathon running. *Front Physiol* 2018;9:634. doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.00634 | `fulltext/PMC5992463.txt` |
| Knechtle et al. 2019 | Exercise-associated hyponatremia in endurance and ultra-endurance performance. *Medicina* 2019;55:537. doi:10.3390/medicina55090537 | `fulltext/PMC6780610.txt` |
| Armstrong et al. 2025 | Exercise-associated hyponatremia: serum sodium, symptomatology, severity, and sport specificity. *Open Access J Sports Med* 2025;16:159–177. doi:10.2147/OAJSM.S556848 | `fulltext/PMC12630018.txt` |
| Kim et al. 2012 | Cardiac arrest during long-distance running races. *N Engl J Med* 2012;366:130–140. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1106468 | abstract |
| Hew-Butler et al. 2015 | 3rd International EAH Consensus Development Conference. *Br J Sports Med* 2015;49:1432–1446. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2015-095004 | metadata only |
| Bouchama & Knochel 2002; Epstein & Yanovich 2019 | *N Engl J Med* 2002;346:1978–1988; 2019;380:2449–2459 | metadata only (NEJM has no free abstracts) |
| Dance marathons (popular sources only) | Guinness World Records feature (2023); Mental Floss "Death, Desperation, and Dollars" ; Wikipedia "Dance marathon" citing Keraghosian, *SFGATE*, 11 Apr 2021; Calabria FM. *Dance of the Sleepwalkers: the dance marathon fad.* Bowling Green State Univ. Popular Press, 1993 (**not consulted**) | no local copies | **Popular sources — flagged as such in the notes.** Contemporary newspaper verification failed (Chronicling America API 404, NYS Historic Newspapers 403). |

## F. Context: grain in Alsace

| Source | Citation | File |
|---|---|---|
| Holzwart-Schäfer 2000 | Holzwart-Schäfer I. *Getreideanbau im Elsaß, Versorgungslage Straßburgs und Basels und der Handel mit elsässischem Korn (14.–16. Jahrhundert)*. Magisterarbeit, Univ. Tübingen, 2000. https://publikationen.uni-tuebingen.de/xmlui/handle/10900/47146 | `fulltext/HolzwartSchaefer2000_Getreideanbau_Elsass_Strassburg.txt` (PDF not copied; 8 MB, at the URL above) |
| Hecker 1859 | Hecker JFC (trans. Babington BG). *The Epidemics of the Middle Ages*. London: Trübner, 1859. | `fulltext/Hecker1859_Epidemics_of_the_Middle_Ages_djvu.txt` (archive.org `epidemicsofmiddl00heck`) |

**Caution on Hecker.** His St Vitus's Dance section (pp. 84–86) heads the Strasbourg material **"in the
year 1418"** and footnotes the "Viel hundert fingen zu Strassburg an…" verses to Königshoven. The notes
`A1_council_record.md` and `A2_chronicles.md` show that **1418 is a misreading of "&c. XVIII" introduced by Schilter in 1698** and
copied by Hecker (1832) and Babington (1859); the documents are genuinely 1518, and Martin 1914
corrected the date. See `../../notes/A1_council_record.md` §2.8 and `../../notes/A2_chronicles.md` §0.1.
Hecker's p. 84 footnote also quotes Burton (*Anatomy of Melancholy* I.15) on magistrates hiring
musicians and on sufferers who "cannot abide" red clothes — a seventeenth-century topos, not 1518
evidence.

## G. Sought and NOT obtained (do not cite as read)

- **Backman EL. *Religious Dances in the Christian Church and in Popular Medicine* (London: Allen & Unwin, 1952)** — archive.org lending item `religiousdances0000loui`; full text and search-inside both 403.
- **Matossian MK. *Poisons of the Past: Molds, Epidemics, and History* (Yale UP, 1989)** — archive.org `poisonsofpastmol0000mato`, restricted.
- **Midelfort HCE. *A History of Madness in Sixteenth-Century Germany* (Stanford UP, 1999)** — archive.org `historyofmadness0000mide`, restricted.
- **Waller J. *A Time to Dance, a Time to Die* (Icon, 2008)** — not available.
- **Rohmann G. *Tanzwut* (Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2013)** — not available (his 2009 article abstract was obtained).
- Boss 1997; Bartholomew & Sirois 1996; Rankin & Philip 1963; Caporael 1976; Spanos & Gottlieb 1976; Krishnamachari & Bhat 1976 (full texts).
- Contemporary 1923 newspaper coverage of the Homer Morehouse death.

## H. Access notes for whoever continues

- PMC scanned PDFs are behind a proof-of-work cookie: `pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMCxxxxxxx/pdf/...` returns an interstitial. **Workaround that worked:** `https://web.archive.org/web/2020id_/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMCxxxxxxx/pdf/<file>.pdf`.
- Europe PMC XML works for born-OA articles: `https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMCxxxxxxx/fullTextXML`.
- EFSA/Wiley PDFs are 403 direct; the 2014 Wayback snapshot of `efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/doc/2798.pdf` works.
- Google Books API was rate-limited (HTTP 429/500) throughout; archive.org search-inside returns 403 for lending-restricted items.