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A5NeHCBUBKT8. Announcing tha n&maof
person lor a bounty onice. If J; State oKce $10;
federal offioe $15. Invariably in adranca.
837" The abore Terms and RaU will be
atnaily adhered to.
JSrT.eUHous, Marristre, Birth and Death
Aottaea solicited, and will ba willingly insert-
hi nn.urtHKi,. uDiinariea will be charged
r at adrertisinj rates.
The Foraiatloa of Caves.
It become an interesting question
to And out how this subterranean sys
tem was madej for in so many cases a
valley parses into a ravine, and that
into a cave, that the cause which has
formed one must have formed all. It
requires but a cursory glance to Be at
once that running water was the main
agent. The limestone is so traversed
by joint ami lines of shrinkage that
the water rapidly sinks down into its
mass, and collects in small streams,
which owe their direction to the dip
fthe strata and the position of the
Assure. These channels are being
continually deepened and widened by
the mere mechanical action of the
passage of stones and silt. But this
is not the only way in which the rock
is gradually eroded. The limestone
is composed in great part of pure car
bonate of lime, which is insoluble in
water. It is, however, readily dis
solved in any liquid containing car
bonic acid, which is an essential part
of our atmosphere, and is invariably
present in the rain-water, and is given
off by organic bodies. By tills invisi
ble agent the hard chrvstaline rock is
always being attacked in some form
or another. The very snails that take
refuge in its crannies leave an endur
able mark of their presence in a surface
fretted with their acid exhalations,
which very often pass current among
geologists for the borings of pholades,
and are the innocent cause of much
speculation aa to the depression of the
mountain tops beneath the sea in
comparatively modern times. The
carbonic acid taken up by the rain is
derived in the main from the decom
posing vegetable matter which gener
ally forms the surface of the soil on
the limestone. Its effects jre. to be
wen in a most marked degree in the
bare gray masses of rock termed "pave
ments," that stand out like rochea
rnotttmneta from the purple heather,
and are worn and fissured into the
utrangest possible shapes. Sometimes
the surface is made up of a sheaf of
sword-blades; at others thero are ra
ines and caves in miniature; and
generally the strata is divided into a
fceries ot large angular blocks, which
rock with the greatest freedom. The
minute fossil shells and fragments of
crinoids standing out in bold relief
testify that the agent which has re
moved so much rock is chemical, not
mechanical. This invisible agent is
equally at work in the caves as well
as above ground, everywhere attack
ing the surface even out of the reach
of the streams. The endless varieties
of stalactites and stalagmites are
merely so much solid matter taken by
it out of the rock, ami redeposited
where the excess or carbonic acid in
the water happens to be taken up by a
free current ot air. To it then, as well
ns to tho mechanical power of the
.at ream, the formation and enlarge
ment of caves must be assigned.
Macmulutri'8 Mayazitte.
The Tunnel Under the Sea.
The grand project of tunneling
tinder the sea from Dover to Calais,
which was necessarily suspended
during tho progress of the Franco
Prussian war, has been revived, with
improved prospects of success.
Communications on the subject have
passed between tho French and
English Governments, and it is
thought that the necessary privileges
will soon be accorded, and the pre
liminaries arranged for entering in
earnest upon the work.
Some of the difficulties 1 which it
was feared wo'uld defeat the enter
prise have been dissipated. The en--gincera
who made a survey in 1867
aud 18G8 feared that tho tunnel, if
completed, might prove useless for
want of Buflicieut ventilation. This
apprehension has been disposed of
bv tho opening of the Mont Cenis
Tuunel. It is found that the differ
ence of temperature at the opposite
ends of the tunnel is sufficient to
cause a strong draft and keep the
air perfectly wholesome. The same
cause would doubtless operate as
strongly in tho case ot the Dover
tunnel. Another difficulty appre
hended was a rush of sea water
throush seams in the chalk forma
tion underlying the the channel. In
answer to this, Iho fact is cited that,
in mining operations galleries hare
been success Cull v carried far under
the sea. The obstacle of time has
been largely overcome by the inven
tion of a machine capable of excavat
in" a passage seven l'ect in diameter
and filly-four feet long, in twenty-
four hours. By the use of this ma
chine, it is estimated that tho work
f. be completed within live
ear, instead of ten. as wa at first
.estimated. Thoso Svho have occa
sion to make tho passage on tho sur
face of tho water will hope that a
further exercise of iurenuity will
reuder the completion of tho woik
possible within a much shorter time
man uns.
naii
A Doomkd Entkkfribe. The Suez
-niifl.l Is fiiliuir ud with sand, luis
d like the death-knell of
h rrandest monument of human
?uterprln and skill and patience. The
shifting eaud of the desert will ke the
destruction or me canai. xi me an
nouncement Drove true, the hundred
million dollars which the cutting of
the isthmus cost who msy compute
its cost in human sweat and blood
has been sunk in shifting Baud indeed.
If the accumulation of sand already
threatens to impede navigation, there
will be no such thing as a huez canal
in a few years heuce. ihe company
which carried out the enterprise seems
jnnxious to get rid of the canal at
anything like a reasonable or partial
a-etura of its outlay, ror this purpose
Ihe company has asked the Khedive
to purchase it. The Khedive who
encouraged the work when in course
of construction, seems to lave given
it un as a losing siecuIatiou aud al
though the proposition is supported by
li the authority wnicn a recommen
dation uf a vult&n to hu vassal may
omvey, the Khedive haa refused to
have anvlhiuc mor& to do with the
enterprise.

PKlialDENT GKAXT has appointed
Thursday the thirtieth day of Novem
ber aa a day of National Thanksgiving.
BOLIVAR
VOL. VII.
BEAUTIFUL LEAVEN.
Fading beneath our pressing feet
Strewn upon lawn and lane and street.
Beautiful leaves!
Dyed with the hues of the sunset sky
Falling in glory no silently,
Beautiful learea I
Never to freshen another spring.
Never to know what thesnmmcr may brine;
Beautiful learea
Withered by wintry frost and oold,
Booa to decay in the common mould,
Beautiful learesi
Ho will tha years that change your tint,
Mark upon us their autumnal print
Beautiful leaves!
So shall wo fall from the tree of time,
Fade like ye, in a frosty clime,
Beautiful leaves
But when the winter of death is rast.
And we wake in eternal spring at last
Beautiful leave 1
May lie, wh paints you every hue.
Form our lives a chaplvt new.
Oh beautiful leaves t
FUX.
Nnrnery Brymesforliltlle Scientists.
FOR T1IE LITTLE BOTANIST.
Little Bo-Peepals
Had lost her wepais,
And whurc do you thick she'll And 'emT
In the Involucre,
By hook or crook, or
She'll make op her mind not to find 'em.
FOR THE CHEMICALCHILD.
Sing a sons; of acids,
Base and alkali,
Four-and-twenty gases
Baked into a pie
When the pie was opened,
Wonderful to say,
Oxygen and nitrogen
Both flew away!
FOR THM ASTROWOMICAI, INFANT.
By-Baby bunting,
Father'H gone star hunting,
Mother's at the telescope
To read the baby's horoscope.
By-Bay buntoid.
Father's found an asteroid;
Mother makes by calculation,
The angle of its Inclination
FOR THE YOTTJfO GEOLOGIST.
Trllobite Graptoblte,
Nautilus pie.
Beas were calcareous,
Oceans were dry,
Eoeene, miocene.
Pliocene, tuff,
Lias and trias,
And that Is enough.
A BONO FOR SF.NTIMENTALISTS.
(A'of M niorr irillu than Hume tec have hcardlatc!.
It never I cease to love.
The moon may change her hue,
And 'mid the stars above
The sun no more burn blue.
Among the woodland trees,
The whales their song may cease,
And oysters at their ease.
May keep their beds In peace.
If never I cease to love.
The cows may catch the croup,
While of the turtledove,
Lord Mayors no more make soup,
The frogs may plow the main,
The tigers hour far above,
The rain beams cease to reign,
If never I cease to love.
The Everglades of Florida.
The Everglades are just a submerg
ed prairie, and they exhibit the man
ner in which the great Western prai
ries were formed. Drain the Ever
glades, (it could bo done), and the
present islands would be hills Bub
merge a prairie, and its hills would
become islands. :No tree is found on
the Everglades, i because they are
constantly covered with water; no
trees are found on the prairies, be
cause they were long covered with
water. Time will come when thi3
vast plain will be clear of water, and
then we shall, have a large surface.
like the prairies, clear of trees, and
fitted for cultivation bv man. In
these little Everglade islands the
palm flourishes, and also the oramre
and every other tree of Florida. The
castor oil plant grows up to be a large
tree of several years' life. The arrow
root aud sweet potato patches merely
require that stirring of the ground
necessary in removing the full grown
roots to cause the younger ones .to
grow and keep on growing It. is
really not necessary to. plant more
than once. It is a lazy man's para
dise. No wonder the Indians were
unwilling to move to the West; it was
not the graves of their fathers tliey
were unwilling to leave, it waa their
potato and pumpkin patches. Their
pumpkin is small, round and sweet;
they cut it open, put in a raccoon or1
opossum, cover it with ashes ana bake
it in the fire. The hunters think it a
superb dish. Another plan is to take
a fish just off the hook, and without
scaling or cleaning, wrap it up in
green leaves and bake it in the same
way. Hunters use a wet newspaper.
It is done when, if you tear a piece of
the wrapping, the skin and scales
come oil with it. You tear off skin
and wrapping from one side, eat the
flesh, turn it over and eat the other,
and throw bones and inside away.
Indians in small numbers are still
found near the Everglades. They do
not like the whites, and are not socia
ble, but there is a talisman that will
move them out of stoicism into cordi
ality, there is a sesame that will open
an Indian's neart ana mouth, and
that is whisky. They aro the only
savages who have never invented an
Intoxicating liquor of their own.
Their only idea of civilization is to
get drunk. Bide into their country,
put up with a Chief, give him whisky
and promise him more, and he and
his are at your service so long as your
whisky lasts. JLippincoiVa Magazine.
Manufacture of Teeth A re
cent computation states the number
of artificial teeth made yearly in the
U mted Elates at three million, I ins
represents, we may suppose, at
lea.st fifteen million toothaches. Min-
era! teeth are now chiefly made, prov
lug more serviceable than any other.
Their ingredient are feldspar, silicia,
and clay, with a few metalio oxides
to produce the natural tints of discol
oration. These substances are ground
to an impalpable powder under water
ami then made into a paste. The
teeth pn cast in brass molds. The
paste which fcrms tho enamel of the
tooth is first introduced, then the pla
tinum rivets, and lastly the iate
which forms the lody of the tooth,
Next ensue powerful pressure, drying
trimming and enajneuug. with.?
wash of ingredients more fusible than
those of tite tooth. 1 hen the glim
mer applies a gum of oxide of gold
and other ingredients. Finally the
tooth goes into a niuftle or ename
Icfm pven, when it is placed on n lay
er of crushe4 nuartz strewed over a
slab of fire resisting flay. After ex
posure to an intense heat tUe 'ootia is
taken out and eooled, henceforward
to remain "beautiful forever," aud
perhaps to lie the despair or some iu
t ure K-.-oloirhst who may discover it
among the remains of the nineteenth J
century.
m-
And now another Bepubliean finv-
m -A 1 1
ernor is in trouble. Aireauy wenae
had n olden impeached in 2s orth Caro
lina, Butler impeached in Nebraska.
Hulock stampeded from Georgia, and
Davis bur"vuj onder 40,000 Democratic
majority in Texas 4 ;id now comes
CSovcrnor Austin, of MinriesHo,iato
court to say that he did not iake a
hnlie of S.noo for sitrning a certain
iHiinwi iiu, as iimrk'wi cu wie -'mi
tilt, by the St. Anthony Eal Demo-
cited for libel stoutly maintains the
truth pf hia alleged ghwder,
BOLIVAll, HARDEMAN COUNTY,
TRIED AXD TELE.
Au O'er TrueNtory of C alifornia Life.
In the year 18ol, there were among
the early settlements ot ban I rancis
co, California, two brothers named
Thompson, who, having come thith
er from an Eastern State at. the be'
1 11 11 ill VI Llin gVlU CAlltllJVUlj
three years before, and labored con
jointly for the more generous favors
of fortune without commensurate re
sult, decided at last to separate for a
a time the one to go to the mines
and work for the fraternal partner
ship there, while the other remained
in the city and improved such chan
ces as ordinary business should offer.
By su ;h an arrangement two prom
ising fields would be worked at once,
and its wisdom was equally obvious
to both young men but when it
came to the question of which of
them should assume the hardships
and perils of a miner's life, 'neither
exhibited an alacrity tg name him
self for the adventure.
To decide this delicate point they
drew lots, by which formula of fate
the elder Thompson was doomed to
become the miner, and accordingly
procured an outfit, and prepared to
leave the city. Before taking the
latter step, however, the miner elect
chose to bring a little romance of his
California life to a climax by wel
ding a young Eastern woman, who,
like himself, had left home to woo
fortune on the Pacific coast; and al
though he could not take her with
him into the wild, comfortless life of
the mines, the satisfaction of feeling
that he had at least secured her for
himself, and had a beloved brother
in whosecarato leave her, gave him
more courage and inspiration for his
departure than might have been pos
sible to him as v. bachelor. Wedded
he was, then, and after a honeymoon
of heroic brevity he consigned his
bride to the protection of his brother,
and bravely marched away with
pick and shovel to the gold fields of
the north. Eager as he naturally
was to dig his -prize from the earth
and hasten back to tho greater prize
left behind, he was yet firmly resolv
ed to deny himself wife, brother and
home, until he indeed be the bearer
of some share of wealth. So when
his first essay in the mines did not
prove wholly satisfactory, he went
sturdily onward into the Indian
country, and, amangst the red men,
adding hunting and trapping to his
mining pursuits. Thence still mov
ing further northward, ho reached
Eraser Itiver when the excitement
about the auriferous yield of that lo
cality was in its height, and there suc
ceeded in digging no les3 than 200
ounces of the precious dust, which
he at once sent by express to his wife
and brother in San Francisco.
From them he had thus far heard
nothing on his travels, for it had
been agreed that they shouid not
write until he ."should be in some
place reached by regular mails but
now ho was impatient to know how
they regarded his present, aud felt
sure that they would devise some
means of torwarding their written
congratulation. The feeling was
vain, however no letter came and.
after months of waiting, the finally
indignant Thompson wrote to a
friend in San Francisco with enqui
ries respecting the silent ones. The
answer came that they had recently
disappeared from the city, together,
having apparently, in their posses-
Diuii ct tviioiuvy;ativ ouiu v a muu j
obtainod no .one knew exactly how.
The miner, of course, kuew whence
the money came but such intelli
gence of its seeming cllect upon
those he heid dearest m the world ap
pealed to his apprehension in a most
sinister seuse. lie believed that he
was doubly betrayed that his wife
and his brother had basely and heart
lessly practiced the blackest treach
ery against him, finally to use the
gold he had sent to help beyond lis
reach. Heart broken ana desper
ate tho the poor fellow thought no
more of any goodly fortune for him
self, but cared only for such wander
ing, wild adventure and savagery, as
should divert him from all retrospec
tive and tender thoughts.
lie joined an expedition to the
Great Salt Lake, as it is called, and
remained iu the wilderness beyond
reach of mail or messenger for sev
eral jTears. Returning finally to
Victoiia, or Fraser lliver, he went
with another expedition to Idaho,
and there, and in Montana he was
lost till ac late as 183G. From the
latter year until 1808 he wss a resi
dent of Salt Lake City, going from
thence to the once famous White
P'ne mines, of Nevada, about eigh
teen months ago. Fortune trailed
not upon his generally listless efforts
he had a lite ot cotmoruess vagabon
dage and the twenty years of his ab
sence from ban r rancisco wrought
such lines in his face aud whiteness
in his hair as forty happier ones
could not have produced.
Some twp weeks ago tho broken,
hopeless, ana embittered man, visi
ted a mining canip not far from the
town of Eureka, Nevada, for the pur
pose of joining a company fitting
out for a trip to Arazonia, and there
says the Eureka Sentinel, telling his
story, he was fated to be delivered
at last from the delusion of twenty
miserable years. In the expedition
preparing for Arazonia, was another
man named Thompson, who, though
neither recogruz nor recognizing
at first proved to uo no other than
our poor miner's recreant brother.
When the poor vagabond wander
er discovered this.despitehis wrongs,
he fell upon Ins brother's neck and
cried like a child and not only did
that brother receive and return the
caress without shame, but he took
the earliest opportunity to reprove
the other for leaving his wile and
brother to suppose, for ncarly
score of years, that he was dead.
The irold had been received, but
without address, or a line to t
11
whither it came
crift. or a "dead
as a living man 6
man's legacy. No
letter lrom tho miner had ever been
received by wife or brother, although
they had fcent many a oue to him.
The wife had at last felt obliged to
conclude that her husbaud was dead
the gold sent had been his dyin
iriftand with the money she bought
1 vulnftblo farm near Sat) J OHC. where
rfn tho wecds of widowhood,
j- f Uj brolher
If v T inn.
i. r
years in W"1.";"";
the
his
grate d ?u;tify t with a fraternal
j tear but now that he saw the living
man before him. nothing was left to
them but a rushing journey to a cer
tain valley farm near San Jose, where
the best, truest, and staunchest, would
at once be the most surprised and hap
piest little woman in the world!
"Ere this," concluded tho 6tory,
"there has been a meeting." The de
cline of life will pass in ease, com
fort, and happiness to a man who for
twenty years believed himself the
victim of woman's perfidy.
Paper C'lothin
In civilized countries, the manufac
turing of paper into various articles ot
clothing has only been the business
of a very brief period, but among bar
barous people it is an industry that has
been cultivated for years. With us,
the employment still remains in its
infancy, and it has taken us many
years to master the difficulties attend
ing its introduction. At first, our
manufacturers confined their produc
tion almost entirely
to collars, cufla,
frills, and similar minor articles.
Prejudice having been in a great meas
ures overcome, our inventors extended
their area of production to many fa
brics of universal use, but requiring
greater strength and pliability than
those worn about the neck or arms.
Tha garments made by this proc ss
failed to answer the requirements of
our day, and were not received with
general favor.
At this juncture of affairs, it remains
for an English inventor to solve the
difficulty, and give us a really servi
ceable paper fabric. It is a mixture of
various animal and vegetable sub
stances, the former being wool, fcilk,
and skins; the lattei flax, jute, hemp,
and cotton. These articles are all re
duced to a floe pulp, bleached and
then felted by machinery. The mix
tuic of these several substance pro
duces a fabric of vronderful flexibiiity
aud strength. It can be sewed to
gether with a machine aa readily as
woven fabrics, and makes as strong a
seam.
Tbis paper is of a very serviceabl na
ture, aud is made into table-cloth,
napkins, handkerchiefs, pants, cur
tains, shirts aud other articles of dress.
The petticoats made from this felted
paper are of very elaborate design,
and wonderful beauty. They are
either printed or stamped, and bear so
close a resemblance to linen or cotton
goods of like description as to almost
d-fy the scrutiny of tbe ablest experts.
The stamped open-work j shirts dis
play a delicacy of pattern that it
would te almost irapossiule to imitate
by any ordinary skill with the needle.
Imitation blankets and chiutz for
bed, '.furniture, or curtains, are also
made very cheaply. Embossed ta-
bie-cloths and figured napkins made
of felted paper, so closely resemble
the genuine d;mas.k linen as to palm
ed off upon the unsuspecting as the
genuine article.
In liermany, paper napkins have
been used for several years. Their
Cost is but a trifle, and they pay for
themselves before they are required to
be caul aside.
Felted paper is capable of being
made into lace, fringe, and trimming;
and for these several purposes it I
unequaled in point of cheapness aud
durability. Imitation leather is also
made from the same material, which
is perfectly impervious to water. It is
soft aud pliable, and is a very useful
fabric for covering Jurniture, making
into shoes, for belts, aud for many
other purposes.
Iu China and Japan, paper clothing
has long been worn by the inhabitants.
It i3 very cheaply produced there, a
good paper coat costing only ten cents,
while the expense of an enure suit is
limited to twenty-five cents. United
Mates jconomtst.
JIUSHHOOM CONCERNS.
A Few KntrtrCMtive Facts About Life
Insurance,
ccording to the reports made to
the Life Insurance Superintendent of
the State of New York, there are sev
enty-one life insurance companies do
ing business in the United estates,
with aggregate assets of over $243,-
000,000. Twenty-nine of these, which
were organized from two to seven years
since, show an aggregate deficit of
over 1,3S2,000. And the peculiar fea
tures of tbe matter Is that, notwith
standing this enormous deficit, they
have during the year 18701 paid to
stockholders dividends amounting in
the aggregate to $172,000. The ques
tion that naturally arises in this
connection is why do these compan
ies jeopardize the Interests of policy
holders by paying these large divi
dends to stockholders, instead of al
lowing the profits to go toward mak
ing up their deficits?
I here is another class of oompanies,
twenty-nine in number, which are
only able to show a surplus of premi
ums by reckoning their premium
notes as assets. Some of the best au
thor! tes on life insurance hold that
premium notes are not assets. If notes
are assets, why not take all notes and
be done with it, charging simply the
interest? These same companies
showadtficit of over ?26,000,000 in
cash. We might ask, what does the
Superintendent, Mr. Miller, proposes
to do with such companies? loes he
intend to serve them as he has done
the Farmers' and Mechanics' Life, the
Merchants' Life and the Great Wes
tern Life Insurance Companies, by
compelling them to wind up their af
fairs aud cease to do business? It
seems but just that he should do so to
protect the public generally agaln&t
imposition and probable disaster. The
remaining thirteen companies are, it
appears by Mr. Miller's report sound
and reliable, from the fact that they
have a surplus, over and above all lia
bilities, of over ?10,000,0000 au aver
age of nearly $800,000 each. It ia not
to be presumed that the fifty-eight
companies referred to are hopelessly
bankrupt. Provided no serious epi
demic, causing large loss of life, over
takes them, they may continue to do
business and pay losses indefinitely.
But fince the great Chicago disaster,
which proves fatal to so many fire in
surance companies that conducted
their business in the same manner,
it would seem to be the part of wisdoui
to inquire into the condition of all life
insurance companies, and to com pell
all who show dificits to either quit
bustnessorplacethemselvesupon a ba-si-Jaiiuh
as would enable tbemto weather
the death-storm that ah epidemic is at
any tune liable to occasion. Would
it not ie well for the btate authorities
to look into this important matter with
a view to protect the people by rroier
legislation aga'rust imposition and loss?
w hue we shMi nave noting to say
against life insurance as a whole, we
shall ever insist upon the suppression
of the bogus mushroom concerns,
which, from their own showing, must
inevitably l-o io the wil when the
i storm comes aud the policy-holders
stand must iu need of the benefit
for which they have paid bo liberally.
JO O JU Jj Jjj JL tl. o
TENNESSEE, DECEMBER 1, 1S71
A $25,000,000 Diamond.
Usw a Ueorjflau Lust his rrliii:P.
From a recently published work by
Dr. Stephenson on the geology, min
eralogy, etc., of the State of Georgia,
we take the following interesting ac
count of the Diamond miues of Hall
County. Many of the old citizens of
the State, says the Atlantic New Era,
will recognize the singular adventure
related by tbe author, of Dr. Loyd, in
connection with the diamond-hunting
hi that valuable section of the
State:
Banning parallel with the maible 13
the immense ledge of itacolumite, or
elastic sandstone, the matrix of the
diamond. It extends throughout the
country for thirty miles, aud in every
gold deposit or branch mine near it,
have been found splendid diamonds
by the gold washers, who, being total
ly ignorant of their nature 01 value,
either lost or destroyed most of them.
Some were sent to Europe to be cut
and set in inwplrv. but most, of them
Lwere lost Some of them are still in
the hands of the finders, who keep
them as mementoes, in their rough
state, ing entirely ignorant of their
nature or value, none were picked up
but such as were without incrustation,
which in Brazil and Golcouda atnouut
to only the one-tenth part of the
rhole product. Four-fifths of all the
diamonds found in any country are
small, and only fit for mechanical
purpose in general, being less than a
half carat, or from one to two
grains. The carat is a fractiou less
than four grains (three and one-sixth),
but in all, estimates and sales in the
carat is put at four grains. It origina
ted from the use of the seed of a plant
in the East Indies, in the sale of dia
monds. This berry, which grows on
ly in that region, though not very ac
curate, answered the purposes of the
semi-civiiized Indians for several thou
sand years.
The yield ia Brazil, for forty years,
from tbe labor of front thirty thousand
to sixty thousand bands, ranged l
tween one thousand and twelve hun
dred ounces. Of this largo amount
they rarely found more than three or
four, and never more than ten, that
weighed more than thirty carats.
These facts strongly confirm the opin
ion that, when developed, Hall .Coun
ty will be as rich in diamonds as Bra
zil, and contain even a larger per cent
of sizable ones of the first water. In
washing for gold, all the larger ones
would, from the construction of the
machines, necessarily le lost or thrown
away with the quartz gravel with
which they are associated, and only
such as passed into the refller?, with
the grains of gold and line sand, would
be found in tbe panning after the day's
work was done. All of those found in
Hall County were thus found, weigh
ing from two to six carats, soma fw
les, aud three were of large size. One
-of these as before stated, was broken
up to sr ethe cuse of their lustre, by
the iznoran miners. Another whs
used for years, by the boys, as a "middle-man"
in playing marbles; and the
largest one by far was lost by Dr. Loyd,
who was employed to oversee thirty
negroes in working the Glade Gold
Mine, a deposit twelve miies northeast
of Gainsville.
Du.ing the four years bo was em
ployed, he picked out of the pand of
the paunings for gold every night, af
ter the day's washing was over, about
half a pint of pretty stones, which he
gave to his wife, who put them in an
old cupboard, except such as the chil
dren took a fancy to, which were gen
erally lost. When the cupbord was full
she made a little bag, and put them
into that for future amusement. Some
of these, from their size and reputed
lustre, must have been worth from
twenty thousand to fifty thousand dol
lars. But the "big one" was found by
himself whilst working iu the pit in
place of a sick hand. He said that
about two hours by sun (he had no
watch), while raising a gravel, be
found a stone just like the little ones,
except that it was bright and shining
only on one side, the other side being
covered with a crust of brown stuff.
1 1 was alout the size of a "guinea egg."
Being hard pushed to keep the wheel
barrows filled with gold gravel, so as
to furnish grit for constant washicg,
he laid it on the bank, by a gum tree
which stood close by, until night,
when he intended to take it up to the
cabin and give it to his wife and chil
dren, as being the largest of the pret
ty stones he had found. But when
night came the machines were empti
ed of their gold sand, and in the hurry
of the moment he forgot all about the
pretty stone. Twelve years afterward
he was shown a rough diamond, and
at once recognized the contents of the
mustard bottle," and the "big
one" he had laid up bv the gum-tree.
Soon after be found the "big pretty
stone," the lease expired, aud the
company who employed him sent
home the bands and quit work. About
the same time Mrs. Loyd died; and
his daughter, who had reached wo
manhood, married, and moved away
to Southwestern Georgia, and took the
little furniture they had, among which
was the cupboard which then contain
ed the fated bag. When he became
satisfied of the value of the stones, he
at once left Atlanta, where he was
keeping the Washington Hall, and
went to his daughter; but she had no
knowledge of the bag or mustard bot
tle. They were gone. He then
went to tbe mine, and looked long
and anxiously for the stone by the
gum tree. Io tree was there, the
ground had been cleared and cultiva
ted in corn for ten years. He looked
in vain for any sign of. the place.
None existed. He now washed the
gravel from the heaps where he
thought it was, for weeks and months
but be found it not. Discouraged, and
weary of hunting, he returned to At
lanta to die. From his description of
its size and character, there can b no
doubt of it being a diamond; and being,
as he described it, "about as large as a
"guinea egg." must, if pure, have
been worth about twenty-five million
dollars.
English Opinion of American Ex
ERiiy. The London 'J'imeg of the loth
inst. concludes a review of the probable
effects of the Chicago fire upon British
interests with the following paragraph
"In the midst of all the contusion and
loss, it is necessary to bear in mind the
vigor and elasticity with which the
American people meet and repair every
adversity. The consequences of the
two fires which within the past thirty-
five years have devastated the business
portions of 2s ew York were encountered
with a promptitude which soon eilace'J
their traces, and at a later period a like
visitation at ban 1 rancisco caused a
still greater development of indouiil able
energy. Hence it is sonic satisfacatlon,
in the midst of the present disaster, to
predict that, whatever may be its mag
nitude, there will be nothing more as
touishing in connection with it than the
way i:i which the sufferers will effect
the work of re.-toraLion."
And this prediction, it may be ad dtd
is in f ull course of verification.
An attacked ccuple Oyster shells
Curiosities of Meniorr.
John Kcmble used to say that he
could learn a whole number of th.
Morning Post in four days; ano
Gen. Christie made a similar asser
tion, but it is not known how far ci
ther of them verified this statement,
Robert Dillon could repeat in the
morning 6ix columns of a newspaper
he had read over night. During the
repeal debates in the house of com
mons thirty-seven years ago one of
the members wrote out his speech,
sent it to the re w spapers, and repeat
ed it to the house in the evening; it
was found to be the same verbatim
a that he had writteu out. John
Fuller, a land agent in Norfolk,
could remember every word of a ser
mon, and write it out correctly after
going home; this was tested by
comparing his written account with
the clergyman's manuscript. Scnli
ger could repeat a hundred versea or
more after having read thern a single
time. Seneca could repeat 2,000
words on hearing them once. Mag
liabecchi, who had a prodigious
memory, was once put to a severe
test. A gentleman lent him a manu
script, which wa3 read and returned.
The owner, some time afterward,
pretending he had lost it, begged
Magliabecchi to write out as much
as he could remember; whereupon
the latter, appealicg to his memory,
wrote out tho whole essay. Cyrus,
if some of tho old historians are to
be credited, could remejnber the
name of every soldier in his immense
army. There was a Corsican boy
who could rehearse 40,000 words,
whether 6enso or nonsense, as they
were dictated, and then repeat them
in a reversed order, without m v i p
a single mistake. A physiciavof
Massachusetts, about half a century
ago, could repeat the whole of "Para
dise Lost" without mistake, although
he had not read it for twenty years.
Euolcr, the great mathematician,
when he became blind, conl.l repeat
the whole of Virgil's "linid," and
could remember the first line and the
last line on every page of the par
ticular edition which he had been
accustomed to read before he became
blind.
One kind of rclnlivo memory
may he considered as the result of
sheer hard work, a determination to
wards one particular achievement,
without reference either to cultiva
tion or to memory on other subjects.
This is frequently shown by persons
in humble life in regard to the Bible.
An old beggarman at Stirling,
known pome" forty years ago as
Blind Aleck, afforded an instance of
this. He knew tho whole of the Bi
ble by hert, inasmuch as if a sen
tence were read to him, he could
name book, chapter ar.d verse; or if
the book, chapicr and verse were
named, he could give tho exact
words. A gentleman, to test him,
repeated a verse, purposely making
one verbal inaccuracy Aleck hesi
tated, named fhc place where the
passage is to be found, but at the
same time pointed out the verbal er
ror The isame gentleman asked him
to repeat the ninetieth verse of the
seventh chapter of tha book of Xiim-.
ber. Aleck almost instantly re
plied, '-There is no such verse; that
chapter has ouly eighty-nine verses."
Vaccination and Disease.
The most experienced vaccinators,
en the oue hand, and those who have
had most to do with the treatment of
infantile ailracnt3, on tho other, agree
in the beiief that disease is not com
municable by vaccination. Mr. Mar
son, an Euglish physician, in the per
formance of more than fifty thousand
vaccinations, has never seen other
disease communicated with the vac
cine disease, nor does ho believe in
the popular reports that they are 60
communicated." Mr. Lee, whoso
observations are equally extensive,
ha3 borne similar testimony. Dr. TV.
Jenner, who in six years had Bome
thirteen thousand sick adults and
children under observation, states
"that in no case had he reason to be
lieve or even to suspect, that any con
stitutional taint had been conyeyed
from one person to another by vacci
nation." Duriug a period of seventeen
years jDr. West treated tventy-6ix
thousand infanta and children with a
like experience and Prof. Paget, after
an extensive familiarity with the dis
eases of children, expresses the opin
ion that the worst which can be
charged upou vaccination is that, by
disturbing for a time the general
health, it may rarely give opportuni
ty for the external manifestation and
complete evolution of Eome constitu
tional affection which but for It
might have remained rather longer
latent.
Where every person in a commu
nity ha3 been vaccinated, there is lit
tle chance for small-pox to obtain a
foot-hold and it is also verv certain
that the presence of the unvaccinatcd
is a standing invitation to the devcl
opemcnt and spread of epidemics.
The opponents of vaccination, and a
far larger number who from ignor
ance or carelessness neglect the pre
caution, thus become, bo far as the
public health ia concerned, a "dan
gerous class," whch like other dan
gerous classes it ia for the interest of
the community at large to remove.
Galaxy.
Irish Bulls.
The Iri.h, rightly or wrongly, get
credit for almost all the bulls that go
the rounds of the papers. It was an i
Irishman who wanted to find a plnc
where there was no death, that he
might go and end his days there. It
was an Irish editor that exclaimed,
when "speaking of the wrongs of Ire
land, "Her cup of misery has been
forages overflowing, aud'is not vet
full." It was an Irish newMiaper that
said of Itobespierre that "he left uo
children behind him except a brother,
who was killed at the same time." It
was an Irish Coroner who, wiien ask
ed how he accounted for an exf or
dinary mortality in Limerick, replied,
sadly: "I cannot tell. There are peo
ple dying this year that never died
before." It was an Irish handbill
that announced, with loundless liber
ality, in reference to a great political
demonstration in the Eodunda, that
"Ladies, without distinction of sex,
would le welcome." Sir Boyle Boche
said: ".Single misfortuuen never come
alone, and the greatest of all osnible
misfortunes is generally followed by a
much greater,-' An eminent spirit
merchant in Dublin announce iu an
Irbdi paper, that he has still a small
quantity of the whisky on hand which
was drunk by George IV., when m
Dublin.
NO. 19.
Arsenic ia Wall Paper.
A correspondent of the British
Medical Journal writes: "Hitherto
it has been generally supposed that
papers entirely green, and of a very
bright shade of green, were arseni
cal but the fact is, as proved by the
tho analysis of eminent chemists,
that every paper which contains any
green in the pattern, uo matter how
little, or of what shade, as a general
rule contains arsenic, and is, there
fore, injurious to health. One shade
of green is no safer than auother, for
the very palest green frequently con
tain large quantities of arsenite of
copper, the brilliant color of which
is tond down to any degree of pale
ness by the addition of chalk, aud
sometimes of white lead; the result
being that pale green papers often
contain just as much arsenic as those
of brighter color. The quantities or
arsenic used in green papers appear
almost unlimited, varying from the
fractional part of a grain up to the
frightful amounts of six, nine, four
teen grains and upwards to the square
foot. I have besido rce some pale
green papers, the analysis of which
give these amounts, and the illness
produced by those papers proved in
some cases all but fatal. I have also
by me a paper with green leaves on
a white ground, containing no less
than eight grains to the square foot,
which caused most serious illness.
"When th) atmosphere of dwel
lings all over the kingdom, in town
and country, is thus more or less
poisoned with arsenic, the most vol
atile and the most 6ubtle of all pois
ons, need we be surprised at the in
creasing prevalence of various forms
ot disease? Investigation of this
subject i3 earnestly called for. I
cannot but regard it as a matter of
great national importance, nffecting
masses Of our population physically,
mentally, and moral'y, to an extent
little conceived of at present. There
appears good reason for believing
that a ve:y large amount of sickness
and mortality among all classes ip
attributable to this cause, and that It
may probably account for many of
the mysterious diseases of the pres
ent day, which 60 continually baffle
all medical skill.
"Arsenic being exceedingly vola
tile, its effects by inhalation, both of
gaseous cminations from the papers,
and of tho lino impalpable dust
thrown off at all temperatures, are
highly dangeroup, producing symp
toms both chronic and acute, which
stimulate various forms of disease.
I say stimulate, because I have 6ecn
cases where the eymptoma of va
rious diseases were produced by the
irritation of the entire mucous mem
brane, and consequently of the whole
system, resulting from the occupa
tion of rooms with arsenical wall
papers; and on tho removal of those
papers thepymptoms gradually sub
sided, thus proving that they were
the result of tho irritation, and not
of organic disease. But it would
seem not improbable that prolonged
exposure to the same poisonous in
fluence may in time produce thoso
diseases which are at first only etim
U luted.
'Having witnessed the effects of
slow poisoning by arsenical papers
in my own family and household
during a number of years, and bar
ing suffered severely myself from the
same cause, I speak from personal
experiouce. During a period of
twelve years we were rarely free
from illness in some form or other.
No fewer than twelve physicians,
several of eminence, were consulted
In London and elsewhere. They a'l
agreed as to the diseased conditions
which existed, but not one succeed
ed more than a temporary relief.
Children and adults of both sexes,
including several servants, and num
bering altogether fourteen, all suffer
ed. The peculiar nature and obsti
nacy of tho symptoms were such that
I conld not but think sometimes
that some hidden cause was at work,
which analysis of the papers of rooms
occupied during those twelve years
has since proved to be indisputably
the case. The idea that arsenical
papers were the cause of illness
was suggested by the perusal of a
little book not long since published,
entitled, "The Green of tho Period,"
which gives much valuable informa
tion on the subject, and was put into
my hands by a physician who was
attending us. The proof that such
was really tbe case lies in the fact
that on removiug 11 the papers con
taining green, the eymptoma were
greatly relieved."
Density of the Earth's Interior.
It is known that wlentifie men
commonly nesume that the density of
the globe increases toward tho centre
in arithmetical progression. Mr.
Ericeson, in a recently published pa
per on this subject, argues that such
an assumption is not sustained by
sound rea-oning. Thus, at a distance
of onlv 1-20 of tho earth's radius, or
l,044,0i)0 feet from the surface, the
weight of a superincumbent mass of
fused granite would exceed nine hun
dre thousand pounds to the square
inch, equal to six thousand atmos
pheres. Under this pressure the
weight of air would be eeventy times
that of water, and thirty-five times
that of the heaviest metals. Gold, at
tho point of fusion, In seven times
heavier than filled granite, while
neither of those solids loses more than
3-100 of ppecifie gravity on melting
heat n fact which proves conclusive
ly that high temperature of metals
and minerals is not incompatible with
crrct density.. Hence, fused granite.
in the earth's Interior, may be many
times heavier than the cold mineral
at the surface.
Mr. Erievfeon argues, therefore. In
view of the phenomena than present
ed, that unless physicists are prepar
ed to dispute the assumption that fus
ed granite, under a pressure or nine
hundred thousand pounda to tho
square inch, will have its f-icciflc
gravity doubled involving a dcnf-lty
less than one third of fu.M-d gold not
subject to compression it must be ad
mitted that the specific gravity of the
earth, at the depth of 1-20 of the radius,
1 ii, .1.1 1
1 so great, tuai 11 me ucnsnj unrnru
tific men have assumed, increases in
arithmetical progression toward the
centre, our planet would be many
times heavier than it is. Mr. Erhe-
Kon. therefore, reicrts the usually ac
cepted theory 011 this subject, and
ev'tii if his grounds for doing soapiear
not, at first thought coiivmung, i;.-y
are by ho means wannug iu piau.-i
bihty.
Tho question
time is it?
of the hour what
Chairs, Off and On.
There can be no doub that origin
ally chairs were not chairs, but ctooU.
If Eli bad lived in our time he would
have sat in a chair and could have not
fallen backwards when the- pad news
come that the ark was taken.
King Alfred the Great's throne is
said to have been a three-legged stool.
A great step was taken when stools
advanced from three legs to four. But
chairs ought to make progress, for we
notice thp.t they always put their best
feet foremost. Of course, even from
the first, the rudest seats might have
their nakedness covered by rich tapes
try and cushions.
An ancient French thron6 which Na
poleon I. used at Boulogue, when he
thought he could conquer England, is
made of bronze and gilded. Its sides
are formed of two strange animals,
and it has a canopy above. Its ma
ker, from a simple workman, rose to
be such a great gun that he was can
onized. It Is usually safe from intru
sion, having no seat, but it Is provided
with a seat of clcth or satin, when it
is used.
We really know very little about an
cient chairs sq chary have historians
leen of information on this head. It
seems that benches of wood and Ftone
were formerly used even by royal per
sonages, so that kings and queens
stood, or rather sat, on the same foot
ing as the commonest people now do.
Some ancient specimens of chairs are
by no means comfortable.
They are perfectly straight in the
back and so high that one's feet do
not touch the floor. They are aluo
very hard, not even beiog made of
soft wood. Those that had arma used
them aa weapons of otlence, to poke
into their sister's ribs or raife bis el
bows as high as his shoulders. It is
said that a priest invented them, and
it must have been by way of inflicting
penance, or else of kf eping bis hearers
still while lie lectured them.
To 4 take a chair" was formely a
very serious business, especially if a
king or queen was preteut. At the
court of Edward VI., of England, the
king's eister might not take a chair at
all, but must sit on a bench, and the
Florentine ambassador iaid he saw
the Princess Elizabeth drop on ont
knee five times before her brother, ere
she took her place, which bv thae
time she must have needed So the
Prince of Wa'es had to squat on a
camp-stool when be visited tbe Queen
of France, so determined was she to be
looked up to.
The Archduke Charles once went to
visit Catherine of Braganze, the widow
of Charles II., in Lisbon. He acnt
word that he was coming, aud though
she was confined to her oed with an
attack of erysipelas, she replied that
she was "dying to see him." Iu this
interview the duke, with all his arch
ness made a breach of Portuguese
etiquette in leaving the room before
his chair was taken out, and the court
was very much shocked at his bad
manners.
Louis XIV., of France, wished bis
dfuighter-iu-law to visit ex Queen
Mary, wife of James II., of England.
The dauphuess, however, would not
go lecause she could not sit iu an arm
chair in the queen's presence, but In
stead went to bed, and staid there sev
eral day. The French King's brother
complained that the Queen ueither
kissed him nor gave him an arm-chair.
The Queen at last gave way as far as
the kissing went. Then the duchesses
demanded thst King James fchould
kiss them. They WDu'd have his
arms if they could not have those of
his chair.
In those days if iittle Ixiys happen
ed to be princes, they were ierebed on
lofty arm chairs, and if tall ladies
chance! to le only duchesses, tln-y
were compelled to cramp themselves
on low stools. King James, though
an exile, had to confer empty tith s
on his attendants, in older that they
might sit down at all at the French
court. A struggle was sometimes
caused when there was ouly one arm
chair in a room. A single cane chair
would thus rouspthe spirit of a Cain.
2 WJ.11 s uomjianton.
A Persian Tale.
There was once a princo. who.
having been much displeased with
one ot his noblps, determined to
punish him. The princo command
ed that he Bhould be shut up in a
high tower. In this tower thore
was only one entrance, which was
walled up Immediately after the no
bleman had been placed there. Thus
all hope of escape Bcpmcd to bo cut
off, and the unhappy man was left to
perish, inside the tower there was
a long winding 6taircase, by which
the prisoner reached the top. While
looking down from thero he observ
ed his wife, who hd come, indul
ging a faint hope that Bhe might bo
able, by some means or other, to aid
her husband in escaping from hia
place of confinement. On inquirin
if she could be of any service to him,
he replied "Oh, res go and pro
cure a black beetle, a little grease, a
skein of silk, a skein of twine, and a
long rope." The poor wife hastened
to obtain what her husband aoked
for, wondering, no donbt, at tho
strangeness of his request. She
soon returned, furnished with the
thiDgs. Her husband then directed
her to put the grease on the beetle'
head, to fasten the Bilk to its hind
leg, the twine to the silk, and the
rope to the twine, and then to plsco
the beetle on the wall of Ihe tower.
On being set at liberty on the wall,
the beetle smelling the grease on ita
head, and not being able to discover
where it was, crept up the tower in
search of it, till it arrived at the top.
The nobleman caught it, and, taking
the silk from its hind leg, carefully
drew it up. When he came to the end
of the silk, he found the twine, and
next became to the rope. Fastening
this to a crook, he thus made hia es
cape. a
Spontaneous Combustion of Rags,
In view of the recent destruction of
Chicago, It will not be a mias to frpeak
of some late experiments in spontane
ous cnnbusMori. A Detroit chemist,
last March, took a piece of threadbare
cetton cloth, fmeare 1 It with boiled
lineed oil, and packed it in the center
of a che-t filled with paper and rags.
Although the room was not tight and
the we.'dher was cold, there was a
smell" of fire alxut the trunk in eight
days- Unpacking it the ejcperimenter
found the rag half charred. In April
he made a similar experiment with a
pair of painter's overhalls, which he
rolled up with pine shavings, and
crowded In next to the roof boards of
aloft. Iu a week the smell of smoke
alarmed a we rkman lu the next room,
and the overhalls were found to be on.
fire. And during tbe hottest weather
a handful of old cotton rags, nok
smeared with oil, became hot iiugb,
when hung up in a tin kox in thefuii,
to light matches whiol had If en
placed among them There facU fahow
the uecessity of caution in putting aw
rags, esjeei&Hy tboe that iriajr U
saturated with oil, benzine or oittria-.
ilimuiatle subbtance.
A Catholic Uidon has been organiz
ed in the city of New York, under the
auspices of Archbishop McCloskey, to
invite the whohs Catholio world to
unie in the effort to reinstate the Ho
ly Either; also to conlrovt ne the ten
dency of the age to materialism, and
to neutralise the effect of the di!y
presa on the minds of the people.